Supporting the driver in conserving energy and reducing emissions Interim Results & Field Trials

For more information, visit: www.ecodriver-project.eu Stay in touch by joining the ecoDriver Forum and LinkedIn group at: www.ecodriver-project.eu/get-involved

Duration: 1 October 2011 – 30 September 2015 (48 months) Total cost: €14.5 million EU contribution: €10.7 million

ecoDriver is an integrated project and receives funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement no. 288611

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Supporting the driver in conserving energy and reducing emissions

ecoDriver The 4-year ecoDriver project (2011 to 2015) is developing and trialling applications to encourage the adoption of green driving through dedicated multimodal human machine interfaces (visual, acoustic and haptic messages are being tested). The aim is to achieve a 20% reduction of CO2 emissions and fuel consumption for road vehicles where the ecoDriver system is used. The project also models future scenarios where such applications could achieve significant reductions in CO2 emissions across road transport in Europe.

Environmentally friendly driving, or eco-driving, is an increasingly important topic given the real contribution it can make to saving fuel and reducing carbon emissions. Drivers often do not realise the amount of influence their driving style has on their vehicle’s fuel consumption, potentially leading to significant unnecessary emissions and increased fuel costs. The goal of eco-driving applications is to assist drivers of cars, buses and trucks in optimising their driving behaviour in different circumstances. This will improve energy efficiency, without compromising safety.

The systems developed by the project will enable drivers to receive eco-driving recommendations during their trip. These are adapted to their driving style and to the vehicle characteristics in order to maximise user acceptance. After the trip, drivers can (as an option) be informed about their performance and receive further advice. Through different means, the system will continuously encourage users to modify their driving behaviour, thus saving them money on fuel and reducing their carbon footprint.

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Change in CO2 emissions by sector (2010 to 2011) and Transport sector contribution to total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (2011). Source: European Environment Agency (www.eea.europa.eu) 3

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Key outputs

Sub-Project 1: Supporting drivers in eco-driving

The main outputs of the project will be:

This sub-project provided a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of powertrains, ecodriving support systems, Human-Machine Interfaces (HMI), behaviour change strategies and user expectations (see Deliverable 11.1 in the Library section of the ecoDriver website).

• The Full ecoDriver System (FeDS) – a built-in after-market application for passenger cars, with separate versions adapted for commercial vehicles (lorries and buses) • Eco-driving support in cars via nomadic devices (development of a smartphone application) with an adapted human-machine interface to allow safe use when driving •

Feedback and information strategies which are tailored to different types of drivers, vehicles and situations. Drivers’ personalities and behaviour typologies will be differentiated in order to increase acceptance and use of the green driving applications (for example catering for drivers with a relaxed style of driving or those with a more sporty style)

• Eco-driving back office analysis software for commercial fleets • Analysis of costs and benefits of the applications and scaling up their effects from localised trials to the EU level

Progress so far The technical work in ecoDriver is divided into five Sub-Projects (SP1 to SP5). SP1 explores how drivers can be supported using a variety of modalities and applications, in cooperation with SP2 which develops real time energy use and emissions algorithms. These two SPs are now completed. The real-world trials of the ecoDriver systems and applications form SP3, which is currently underway.

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Indicating to drivers whether or not they are driving in an energy-efficient way, for example via a red or green light on the dashboard, would be simple. However users of such a basic green driving system became frustrated, as it showed them that they were not eco-driving but it did not explain the reasons or how they could improve. Eco-driving may not directly receive a warm welcome. Although the need for a more environmentally friendly lifestyle is evident, only a few are willing to adapt their own lifestyle, let alone their driving style. The ecoDriver project is exploring ways to increase the compliance of drivers with the advice on optimal green driving speeds. Through a number of driving simulator experiments and instrumented vehicle studies, the project tried different advice strategies to find out: • • •

which work and which do not, how the information can best be presented to the driver (through visual or haptic means) and when and in which form advice or feedback can best be presented.

The project has identified events (such as approaching a lower speed limit) for which the optimal cause of action can be conveyed to the driver, together with the reason for that action. The system can then provide information on how well the driver performed. The different developments are implemented in existing systems by manufacturers (CRF, BMW, Daimler, TomTom) and a new system (FeDS) is developed comprising all the ecoDriver features.

Later in the project, SP4 will evaluate the effectiveness of the systems in terms of fuel consumption, CO2 emissions, driver acceptance and behaviour, comparing nomadic and integrated devices. Lastly, SP5 will estimate potential Europe-wide impacts by scaling-up the results obtained during the test trials. The impacts of future technological, political, and lifestyle scenarios on green driving support systems and on CO2 emissions will also be explored.

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It went on to identify the best means of securing maximum driver compliance with high quality advice on adopting an energy-saving driving style. For many drivers such advice could be to drive more slowly than they normally would. For others it could mean that they should accelerate or decelerate more smoothly. Others could switch off their engine more often, while a few drivers may not need any advice. The challenge was to develop techniques of changing very diverse driving habits.

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Sub-Project 2: Real-time calculation of energy use and emissions

Sub-Project 3: Real-world trials

This work, which finished in the summer of 2013, derived powertrain models to accurately estimate CO2 emissions, and validate such algorithms using real measurements. Models of the vehicles taking part in the field trials were developed and then integrated in eco-driving algorithms. This enables the system to analyse how the driver performed in the recent past and what he or she should do in the near future in order to further reduce emissions and fuel consumption. This analysis is based on the vehicle and its surroundings (monitored for example via radar and map data).

Real world trials start between October 2013 and March 2014 across seven European countries involving twelve different fleets due to the requirements of data collection and experimental design. Sixty-six vehicles will be used, including passenger cars, Light Commercial Vehicles (LCVs), trucks and buses. With respect to types of powertrain, the fleet comprises petrol and diesel Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs), hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles. Some of the trials will be on fixed routes, allowing comparison between different drivers and vehicles with and without the ecoDriver systems (either the embedded FeDS or applications on nomadic devices). Other trials will be naturalistic, without fixed routes, to show how drivers user the ecoDriver systems when they are free to decide. Overall, 190 drivers will take part in the trials.

VEHICLE

VEHICLE & SURROUNDINGS

HOW DID YOU DRIVE?

ANALYSIS

Data gathered during the trials will be provided to SP4 and SP5 in order to evaluate the savings in CO2 emissions and fuel use to be assessed, as well as driver usage and feedback.

CONSTRAINTS

ADVICE

WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?

WHAT’S GOING ON?

Schematic overview for the Full ecoDriver System (FeDS)

There are several algorithms, suitable for PCs, smartphones, nomadic devices and for integrated dashboards, which have all been fine-tuned using simulations. Although the on-road trials will start in late autumn 2013, these algorithms have already been tested in some vehicles together with other soft- and hardware. One example is an electric vehicle: the Nissan Leaf, which is equipped with the Full ecoDriver System (FeDS).

Test site locations SWEDEN Location: Linköping Partner: VTI

UK

System to be tested: - Full ecoDriver System

Location: Leeds

• 1 Car • 10 Drivers

Partner: University of Leeds System to be tested: - Aftermarket System

NETHERLANDS

• 10 Buses • 30 Drivers

Location: Nationwide Partner: TomTom System to be tested: - Aftermarket System

SPAIN

• 15 Trucks/LCVs (Light Commercial Vehicles) • Over 10 Drivers

Location: Vigo Partner: CTAG System to be tested: - Full ecoDriver System • 12 Cars • 50 Drivers

GERMANY Location: Munich, Aachen, Stuttgart and Nationwide

FRANCE Location: Versailles Partner: IFSTTAR Systems to be tested: - Full ecoDriver System - Android System • 12 Cars • 30 Drivers

ITALY Location: Turin Partner: CRF System to be tested: - Full ecoDriver System • 3 Cars • 10 Drivers

Partner: BMW IKA - RWTH Aachen University Daimler TomTom Systems to be tested: - Full ecoDriver System - Proprietary Daimler System - Aftermarket System • 2 Cars • 11 Trucks/LCVs • 40-50 Drivers

What will it look like? The following images are examples from the Full ecoDriver System (FeDS). Other versions of ecoDriver systems have also been developed: a proprietary Daimler system for trucks (based on FeDS but using different software), an aftermarket system and a Smartphone application.

Main ecoDriver screen This screen is designed to use while driving. In it, the driver has important and synthesised information for eco-driving.

1. Icons

On top of this screen there are 4 icons to show the status of the system.

From left to right: • Power connection: Shows if the device is connected or not to the power supply. • GPS (Global Positioning System) information: Indicates if the system receives GPS information from satellites. • OBD (On-Board Diagnosis) information: icon that indicates that the system gets CAN (Controller Area Network) information. • Radar: information about the reception of the front radar installed on the car.

2. Gear information

The current gear engaged appears in white. The recommended gear is shown through arrows. An arrow pointing upwards indicates that the driver should shift up. A downwards arrow indicates the opposite. No arrow means that the driver is already in the best gear for eco-driving.

5. Tree

The system uses the ecological graphical design of a tree, with oxygen bubbles, to show the global score achieved by the driver from all the actions performed by following (or not following) the system’s recommendations. The score is calculated taking into account acceleration, deceleration, cruising, shifting and idling. More bubbles mean that the driver has a good score, achieved following the system recommendations. There are eleven possible status of the tree, from no bubbles to full of bubbles, taking into account that every bubble can be small or complete.

6. Buttons

At the bottom of the screen there are 3 buttons: • Driver button: it offers access to screens for driver profile edition. • Advice and Feedback buttons: They allow activation or deactivation of the pop ups with information for incoming events (“Advice”) or feedback about how suggested actions were performed (“Feedback”).

Pop ups During driving, some relevant information is generated by the FeDS and is shown on the HMI by pop ups. They appear on the main ecoDriver screen covering the lower half of the screen, leaving available the gear and speed information. The pop ups advise on upcoming bends, gradients, preceding vehicles and speed recommendations, whilst also giving information about an action to perform. In the example, the driver is approaching a bend and the system recommends taking the foot off the accelerator in advance to reach the bend at the lower speed which is recommended on the speedometer in the image.

3. Speedometer

Next to the gear recommendation, information about the speed is available. The blue needle represents the current speed in km/h, as in a common speedometer. The green area on the speedometer shows the eco-speed, this means, the best speed (or speed range), for an eco-driving style. The green speed depends on the road limits, car configuration, powertrain, vehicle ahead, etc.

4. Level indication

On the left side of the tree there is an avatar on a couple of coins. These coins represent the level that the system gives to the driver taking into account the driving behaviour of all the previous trips. There are four possible levels: No level (no coins), beginner (1 coin), medium (2 coins) and expert (3 coins). The driver can be promoted or demoted from one level to other, depending on how the recommendations of the systems have been followed.

Trip information screen At the end of the trip, a summary of information is shown to the driver in order to inform about the actions performed in the 5 dimensions (acceleration, deceleration, cruising, shifting and idling). The global score, duration and date are also shown. The button “Tips”, at the bottom of the screen, opens a new screen with some tips related to the results of the trip. Tips about the dimensions with lower scores (like cruising and idling in the example) would be shown. This information can be checked at any time in more detail (including in graphical format) in other screens of the application, as they are stored.