Supplementary information Supplementary information materials and methods Data collection Satellite data for area in coastal reclamation intensity index (RI) Reclamation data, including data on each reclamation type, were based on information covering a 30 year period, from 1979–2010. Spatial data were broadly divided into five time periods, based on available satellite images for the following periods:

1979–1990,

1990–1995,

1995–2000,

2000–2005

and

2005–2010.

Reclamation types, from provinces along the entire coastline, comprised information relating to mariculture, salt pans, ports and other industrial constructions, quantified on the basis of GIS and Remote Sensing interpretation for the area data in RI. Landsat Multi-spectral scanner (MSS) and Thematic Mapper (TM) data were from the time periods of 1979–1990 and 1990–2010, respectively. Both of these kinds of data have been widely used in coastal research because they represent long-term records of global land-sea conditions with tens of meters spatial resolution. ERDAS Imagine 9.1 and ArcGIS 9.0 software were used for all reclamation data of coastal wetlands. For detailed information on GIS and Remote Sensing interpretation for the study regions see the WebFigures S1–S3.

1

WebFigure S1. Changes in areal extent of coastal reclamation in Region 1 (Yellow Sea), between 1979 and 2010, mapped at a 5-km grid resolution.

2

WebFigure S2. Changes in areal extent of coastal reclamation in Region 2 (East China Sea), between 1979 and 2010, mapped at a 5-km grid resolution.

3

WebFigure S3. Changes in areal extent of coastal reclamation in Region 3 (South China Sea), between 1979 and 2010, mapped at a 5-km grid resolution.

Utilization intensity data in coastal reclamation intensity index (RI) Data on China’s mariculture production, sea salt production, port freight, electricity generation, and crude oil output for each coastal province along the entire China coastline were obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China (http://www.stats.gov.cn/ ). For the determination of the utilization intensity data in RI, we assumed that a higher production figures from mariculture, as well as industries associated with sea salt, port freight, electricity generation and crude oil, could potentially be used as indicators of prevailing environmental impacts. For example, a high production figure associated with mariculture will result in increased employment opportunities, biodeposition rates, higher levels of bait and drug production from cultured organisms, and higher levels of physical and biochemical processes, all of which could significantly impact on the marine 4

environment. Sea salt production potentially represents the extent of human labor and intensity of damage to vegetation, salinity levels that are intolerable for organisms, soil compaction, and hydrological dynamic changes from seaward to landward areas. Port freight potentially represents the extent of hydrological and sedimentation disturbance, oil emissions, spillage into coastal waters, and general pollution of other chemical materials associated with oil. Other industrial constructions mainly comprise electric power plants and petrochemical industries. Similarly, increased generating capacity potentially represents extensive increases in water temperature and waste discharge. Petrochemical industries are potentially representative of the extent of physical disturbance, from cargo ships, oil emissions or spillage, into coastal waters.

Coastal reclamation intensity index (RI) in our study We assembled data for four major types of coastal reclamation (mariculture, salt pan, port, and other types of industrial construction) likely to have diverse impacts on species diversity and the biomass of macrozoobenthos in coastal waters. The formula used in our study for developing and calculating RI can be written as follows: RI =

Ram Ras Rap Rac Rtm Rts Rtp Rtc        Ramm Rasm Rapm Racm Rtmm Rtsm Rtpm Rtcm

Where RI is the compounding coastal reclamation intensity index that comprises two parts: Ra (occupied area of coastal wetlands) and Rt (intensity of utilization for each reclamation type). The two independent parts of Ra and Rt were included in the study because we believed that coastal reclamation not only related to the size of the occupied area, but also to the reclaimed area associated with different types of utilization. Different utilization types contributed to diverse effects. In the above formula, Ra and Rt represent the net increased reclamation area and each specific utilization intensity associated with each reclamation type, respectively. Ram, Ras, Rap, and Rac represent new increasing reclamation areas that are respectively associated with mariculture, salt pans, ports, and other industrial constructions (per year per unit length of coastline) in each study region at a particular time period. Rtm, Rts, Rtp, and 5

Rtc respectively represent net increasing mariculture production associated with mariculture, crude salt production of salt pans, quantity of port freight, crude oil output and electricity generation of construction (per year per unit length of coastline) in each study region at a particular time period, and Ramm, Rasm, Rapm, Racm, Rtm, Rts, Rtp, and Rtc are their respective means across all of the study regions and all of the time periods. For the other constructions, we normalized the crude oil output and electricity generation by means of mean values across all of the regions and all of the time periods, to obtain a normalization value. We then added the two values, after which we again normalized the data. The final normalized value represents the utilization intensity for the other constructions, including the petrochemical constructions and electric power station constructions. The square root transformation was applied to produce a more even distribution and to reduce the influence of outliers (Allan et al. 2014).

Biological response variables in effect size Effect size in Hedges’ d was used to calculate average annual changes in the species diversity and biomass of marine macrozoobenthos, through divided interval time t (years) at a particular time period. Effect size, a simple way of quantifying the difference between two groups, has many advantages over the exclusive use of tests of statistical significance (Lajeunesse and Forbes 2003). In our study, we compared results among studies at a particular time period by calculating biological changes that varied with time, as Hedges’d, a measure of likely effect size d. Data relating to biological response variables, for calculating effect size, were collected by means of a comprehensive literature survey of studies on species diversity and biomass of macrozoobenthos that were characterized by variability and the use of various methods for reporting species diversity (Shannon–Viener index), species richness (Margalef species richness index), and biomass (g/m2) of coastal waters. Such studies included the following keywords: intertidal zones, subtidal zones, inshore and offshore waters, coastal waters. Data associated with these studies were collected 6

during the 1979–2010 period from our study regions. We conducted searches of the following databases: Web of Science, Google Scholar, Elsevier Sciencedirect, and Springer Online Journal, from studies published between 1979 and 2010, using the following keywords: ‘macroinvertebrates,’ ‘macrozoobenthos,’ ‘macrobenthic fauna,’ ‘benthos’ and ‘zoobenthos’, as well as CNKI in Chinese using the keywords:“底栖生物”. From the search results, we selected papers that met the following criteria. First, the study was performed in intertidal, subtidal, inshore or offshore waters. Second, the authors comprehensively reported the species diversity, species richness and biomass in their study ecosystems in a given year (investigated year or experimental time), or the variation of these variables. Third, the reported data should at least contain one of the following taxonomic groups (Polychaeta, Mollusca, Crustacea, and Echinodermata). After locating data that met our criteria we extracted and stored relevant information. In all data sets we recorded the research site, the investigating or study year, number of taxonomic groups, abundance, biomass, species richness and diversity. Some of the data on species diversity—consisting of species biodiversity and species richness of each taxonomic group—were extracted directly from the literature, while some were calculated indirectly, according to the number of species in the research publication. Calculating effect size For this study we calculated an effect size d as follows: d

XL  XF J SDPooled×t

where XL and XF are the means for the latter year time (L) and former year time (F) groups, respectively; SDPooled is the pooled standard deviation; J is a weighting factor based on the number of replicates (N) per treatment (year), and t is the time interval at a particular time period. SDPooled is computed as follows:

SDPooled 

( NL  1)( SDL)2  ( NF  1)(SDF) 2 NL  NF  1 7

where SDL and SDF are the standard deviations of the latter year time (L) and former (F) groups, respectively; NL and NF are respective data sizes; and J is a correction for bias due to small, or different, data sizes by weighting studies, according to the following formula: J  1

3 4( NL  NF  2)  1

Hedges’d is a unit-free index, which ranges between -∞and +∞ and estimates the size of the impact and its direction. Therein, zero d values signify no difference in the variable measured between latter year time and former year time in coastal reclamation zones. Positive and negative d values denote a general trend for an increase or decrease, respectively. Because tidally-driven variation in salinity and water levels, which characterize most estuarine systems, exert a strong selectional pressure (Webb et al. 1997), taxonomic diversity and numbers of species tend to be low (Costanza et al. 1997). For this reason the same plots or regions were used to calculate the potential effect sizes of response variables, thus avoiding large data variations between estuaries and relatively stabilized coastal wetlands. In the case of other study sites, mentioned in the literature, we used average measured values as being representative for the particular year when the study took place.

Results Sensitivity analysis

8

WebFigure S4. Pearson’s correlation analysis between original RI values in equal weights and recalculated RI that give random weights. Given that the calculation of RI (in the formula) comprised two parts of area and a specific utilization intensity to each coastal reclamation type, random weights were given to each component of the two integrate parts, but the two random weights summed to 1.0 (A); Random weights were given to each component (four reclamation types) within the two integrate parts (area and utilization intensity) and each part of the four components summed to 1.0 (B). The line indicates that the model fits for the original RI value and recalculated RI, when giving random weights.

9

WebFigure S5. Pearson’s correlation analysis between original RI values and recalculated RI after removing individual reclamation type (A, port; B, salt pan; C, mariculture and D, other industrial constructions) and two reclamation types (E, salt pan and port; F, port and mariculture; G, saltpan and mariculture; H, mariculture and construction; I, port and construction) as well as three reclamation types (J, port, salt pan and mariculture; K, salt pan, mariculture and construction; L, port, salt pan and construction). The line indicates that the model fits for the original RI value and for the recalculated RI after removals.

10

WebFigure S6. Histogram and distribution curve of Pearson’s correlation coefficients r from 5000 iterations, using the threshold-based approach to add a certain numerical value to the original RI; for each time, we randomly assigned the numerical value at a certain threshold interval, to add to the two integrate parts (area and utilization intensity) in the original RI, recalculated the RI, and 11

then calculated its correlation with the original RI values. The numerical interval in each figure represents the added threshold. WebTable 1. Coastal reclamation rates of change by regions, 1979–2010

Port Region 1 1979–1990 2 1990–1995 385 1995–2000 47 2000–2005 1562 2005–2010 2540 Region 2 1979–1990 2 1990–1995 10 1995–2000 4 2000–2005 193 39 2005-2010 Region 3 1979–1990 1 1990–1995 5 1995–2000 18 2000–2005 8 2005–2010 43

Salt pan Mariculture Construction Total area 1 48 0 171 13

617 2209 1449 2710 7802

16 70 57 228 2619

636 2711 1554 4670 12975

44 0 0 0 0

1253 3077 740 5563 3546

45 30 4 3662 342

1345 3116 748 9418 3926

0 0 0 0 0

27 128 38 140 130

37 40 7 29 73

66 173 63 177 247

Notes: Coastal reclamation rates of change by calculating the reclaimed area in square meters (m2) per year per 1000 km coastline. Region 1: close to Yellow Sea; Region 2: close to East China Sea; Region 3: close to South China Sea.

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