Graduate Studies and Research 1

School of Graduate Studies and Research

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Summer 2003

Youngstown State University

Cleaning the environment

here is a toxic “black mayonnaise” layer in the sediment of the Mahoning River, and industrial solvents seep into the groundwater at various sites in Ohio. Dr. Carl Johnston, professor, Department of Biology/ Environmental Studies Program, is conducting research at YSU with the cooperation and support of BioRemedial Technologies, Inc., (BRT) in Hermitage, PA, to eliminate these contaminants from the environment. Johnston has been collaborating with BRT on different projects for approximately two years, with BRT providing grant money to fund the research. This year Johnston and the Department of Biological Sciences are researching bioremediation of contaminants in two projects: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in riverbed sediment, and trichloroethylene (TCE) and benzene in groundwater. BRT is also

In this Issue: Tod Porter Peter J. Kasvinsky Tammy King Karen Duda Douglas Price Graduate Studies

The above collage represents the steps in the research process of Dr. Carl Johnston and his team of graduate students who have been working on various projects throughout the year.

providing funding for both of these projects. The Science of Bioremediation

“Bioremediation is using

organisms for cleaning up toxic material,” Johnston said. These organisms could be bacteria, fungi, algae, or even earthworms. Johnston stated that his team of Please see Environment page 11

Volume 29, Issue 1

Professors create computer program for economics ....... 2 The Dean’s Corner: Measuring Success.......................... 3 Professor working to expand criminal justice program.... 4 Community concept studied.......................................... 5 Wet Conversion: Changing wood into fuel...................... 6 2003-2004 Research Professorships............................... 9

2 Youngstown State University

Professors create computer program for economics

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conomics students will soon have the opportunity to experience the excitement of earning Microsoft-level profits or the pain of crashing into bankruptcy like Enron. The Departments of Economics and Computer Science and Information Systems are creating a computer simulation program for use in economics classes, and they are gathering data in preparation for testing the simulation’s effectiveness. The program will allow students to participate in two different types of economies, barter and monetary, by logging onto the Internet. “I think it adds something different to the classes because the students will be able to get a better feel for market dynamics,” said Tod Porter, chair of Economics and head of this project’s committee. The other faculty members involved in the project are Dr. Teresa Riley, professor of economics; Dr. “Students will realize that a classmate is getting a higher profit than they are, so they get motivated to out-do them. It is an intensity that is sometimes hard to generate in an economics class.” — Dr. Tod Porter

Rochelle Ruffer, associate professor of economics; Dr. Ebenge Usip, professor of economics; and Dr. Kriss Schueller, associate professor of computer science and information systems, who is working on the software for the project. The project is being funded by a $75,000 grant from the National

From left to right, Dr. Teresa Riley, Dr. Rochelle Ruffer, Dr. Tod Porter, Dr. Kriss Schueller and Dr. Ebenge Usip discuss the economics computer simulation program.

Science Foundation, the first national grant the department has received. Porter said the project is exciting from a research standpoint because this is a large-scale study. The team is hoping to involve about 1,000 students. Porter noted that similar studies in economics have had fewer than 100 observations. The Markets

The two simulations that will be used in classrooms are Jeremy’s Market and Adam’s Market, named after Jeremy Bentham and Adam Smith. Jeremy’s Market is a barter economy in which students produce two goods. The students then have the opportunity to either consume what they have produced or trade the output with other students. Adam’s Market is a monetary economy in which students play two separate roles as head of a household

and head of a firm. As the head of a household, the student has to decide how many hours he or she is going to work and what goods they are going to purchase. As the head of a firm, the student has to decide how much labor to hire and how much output to produce. “The point is that students are making offers to sell labor or sell output, and they are waiting to see if other students are going to accept those offers. So all the prices are being determined by the purchases that students are willing to make,” Porter said. The economies gradually become more complicated as the simulation progresses, and students will have the opportunity to purchase additional equipment for their business, issue bonds, and borrow money. Please see Economics page10

Graduate Studies and Research 3

Dean’s Corner: Measuring Success

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uccess is measured in pie charts and tables, and, in many instances, the people who helped achieve the standards are reduced to shaded lines and half-circles. But Peter J. Kasvinsky, dean of the School of Graduate Studies and Research, looks beyond charts and graphs and credits the 17 percent increase in grants funded in 2001– 2002 to the faculty. The 2001–2002 Annual Report of Activities for the Office of Grants and Sponsored Programs (OGSP) documents the increase, and Kasvinsky stated that these numbers are “indicative of a faculty that is very involved in getting grants, and that is a good thing for the University.” It’s a good thing because federal grants produce a greater payout to the University. For instance, the increase in federal grants is the result of 15 federal grants being funded. Those 15 grants generated $2,351,554. By comparison, during the same fiscal period, 58 state and local grants were received, and 26 private and industrial grants were received. These grants generated $1,199,826 and $824,305, respectively. “This means that we, as an

17%

29%

institution, would be much wiser to go after federal grants because they provide a greater income to the institution,” Kasvinsky said. Kasvinsky and Dr. Edward Orona, director of the OGSP, encourage faculty members to apply for federal grants. “I let faculty know what is available, and I also provide support and budgeting assistance for grants,” Orona said.

We want the faculty efforts to be successful. As YSU develops a better track record for federal grants, the numbers will continue to grow.” — Dr. Edward Orona He also provides assistance in editing proposals and looking for requests for proposals that can be directed to the appropriate department. With only one-third of federal grants being funded, Orona knows how competitive the process can be, and the grants that are funded now can potentially mean a steady increase of funding in the future. “We want faculty efforts to be successful. As YSU develops a better track record for federal grants, the

Integration of Teaching, Research and Service

The University’s mission is to integrate teaching, research, and service. The grants and contracts received for each of these functions are balanced, as teaching is 34.2 percent, research is 33.2 percent and service is 32.6 percent. Kasvinsky’s long-range goal is to tip the balance and have the graph read: research at 50 percent, and 25 percent each for service and education. “The research grants are the ones, in most cases, that pay back Please see Dean’s Corner page 10

Dollars Received FY 2002

Awards Received FY 2002

27%

State/Local 54% Private/Industrial Federal 54%

numbers will continue to grow,” Orona said. The first quarter report of grant activity for fiscal year (FY) 2003 from the OGSP illustrates this growth. Compared to the first quarter of FY 2002, there was a 24 percent increase in the number of submitted proposals, from 25 to 31, and a 40 percent increase in the number of funded proposals, from 15 to 21. This also produced a 28 percent increase in the actual dollars received from $982,702 to $1,262,115.

54%

19%

State/Local; $1,199,826 Private/Industrial; $824,305 Federal; $2,351,554

The Awards Received graph illustrates the percentage of awards given to the University. The Dollars Received graph illustrates the awards that produce the most money. Even though there is a smaller percentage of federal awards, these awards generate more money for the University.

4 Youngstown State University

Professor works to expand Criminal Justice program

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ne of the fastest growing fields of study is criminal justice. Criminal justice is a diverse discipline offering students many different avenues of study, such as criminology, victimology, law enforcement, corrections, prelaw, legal processes, forensic science, private security, and asset protection. Dr. Tammy King, chair and professor of Criminal Justice, said it is impossible for one University to offer all these courses to students, so Youngstown State University is teaming up with The University of Akron, Cleveland State University, and Kent State University to explore the possibility of operating a distance-learning community. The learning community will combine the strengths of each University’s program. Kent State and YSU offer undergraduate and graduate degrees in criminal justice; YSU and The University of Akron have a police academy. Akron offers

“It is hoped that each University will have one course that would be transmitted to the other institutions.” — Dr. Tammy King a minor in criminal justice in its political science department, and Cleveland State University offers a minor in criminal justice in its sociology department.

“The Universities offering degrees in criminal justice can enhance the two Universities that offer only minors. The Universities offering minors in criminal justice are housed in diverse disciplines. They can enhance the two Universities offering degrees by bringing in study and coursework from political science and sociology,” King said. Building the program and filling the gaps

The program was awarded a $3,000 readiness grant from the Ohio Learning Network to help set up the learning community at each school. The learning community will consist of eight members, two from each school. One of the two representatives will be a full-time faculty member whose responsibility will be to teach the course in the area of criminal justice or criminology. “It is hoped that each university will have one course that would be transmitted to the other institutions,” King stated. The eight-member learning community came together to discuss the gaps in criminal justice education. Once the gaps were found, a faculty member in one of the schools who has an expertise in that area will teach

Dr. Tammy King, chair of the Criminal Justice Department, is using an Ohio Learning Network Grant to expand the Criminal Justice Program to include classes from The University of Akron, Kent State, and Cleveland State.

the class. All classes will be taught over the distance-learning network, so students who attend one of the universities can take a class at another university. “Given budget cuts in state funding for higher education, and the expanding role of criminal justice in today’s society, collaborative, cross-institutional teaching will allow programs to grow and develop in a cost-effective fashion,” King stated. Evaluation and Benefits of the Program

Students will be evaluated by tests on the knowledge gained from participating in the crossPlease see Justice page 5

Graduate Studies and Research 5

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Community concept studied

beam a class from one institution to r. Karen Duda, chair and another. professor, Computer Science The program is designed to and Information Systems, is the project manager of the Youngstown have a teacher at one institution State University learning community in a classroom wired with cameras and microphones. As the instructor that is contributing to the body teaches, the lesson is simultaneously of knowledge of effective online broadcast to a classroom at another education. “One important piece institution. For example, the pilot is to look at what are well-designed study’s main classroom was at the methods of assessment for online and distance learning,” Duda stated. Mahoning County Career and Duda received two grants from “I don’t think everyone is aware the Ohio Learning Network (OLN) of the Ohio Learning Network.” to study and assess online learning. — Dr. Karen Duda Youngstown State University was one of 31 colleges and universities Technical Center (MCCTC), and the in Ohio to receive the grants. class was beamed to Canfield High The members of the YSU School. Learning Committee are Dr. John “Doing the pilot study Sullins, who teaches web page allowed us the privilege of design, Steve Bennett, part-time having a relatively low number of instructor, and Virginia Phillips, students to determine some of professor, Computer Science and the communication, technical, and Information Systems. planning issues,” Duda said. The pilot program taught the Pilot Program team how to have an effective video The first grant provides $3,000 transmission while preserving the interaction between teacher and for each site to set up a pilot study. student. “We are looking at how we The pilot program offers a basic continue to foster that interaction programming course using online while at the same time reaching as tools and the V-TEL system to

broad an audience as we can,” Duda stated. Each of the 31 sites compiles a case study, and they regularly meet to share their information and to listen to presentations on issues dealing with distance learning. When the learning communities meet, one person records all the things that went right and wrong. These records are available so other learning communities know how to deal with similar problems, Duda said. Expanding the Pilot

The YSU learning community was also granted $25,000 from the OLN to expand the pilot. “The two projects go together. If you received the first grant, you were allowed to apply for the second grant,” Duda stated. A main part of the second grant is what Duda called the deliverables: Is the team committed to developing audio and visual tools to help students learn either in programming case studies or visual explanations? Please see Pilot page 10

Justice Continued from page 4

institutional classroom experience. The instructors in the class will be asked to comment on their experience and to evaluate student performance. A benefit of the program is that teachers with an expertise in a given field can reach students in a regional area. The program will save the universities money by offering more classes without having to hire new faculty members. “Finally, the program will help the students to better shape their educational program to meet the

careers they have selected,” King stated. The individuals involved in the program are the following: from YSU, King and Dr. Eric S. See, Criminal Justice; from Kent State, Dr. Nawal Ammar, Dr. Pamela Tontodonato and Dr. James Kessler, both from Justice Studies; from The University of Akron, Dean Roger Creel, David J. Louscher and Dr. Nancy E. Marion, both from Political Science; and from Cleveland State University, Dean John Hunter and Dr. Peter Meiksins, Sociology. l

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Changing wood into fuel

r. Douglas Price, professor, Chemical Engineering, is using concepts of nature to help shape a cleaner, more fuel-efficient future. To accomplish this, Price mimics the way nature produces oil and gas. In nature’s process, plant material that died thousands of centuries ago is compressed under layers of soil, where the high pressure and temperature have caused the plants to break down into natural gas and petroleum. Price’s methods involve placing willow wood in a pressure cooker and finding the right ratio of temperature to pressure to create natural gas, a process that takes a couple of hours as opposed to hundreds of years. From Crop to Fuel

Willow wood is the material Price decided to use because SUNY College of Enviromental Science and Forestry at Syracuse was doing test plantations of willow wood in New York, Pennsylvania, and Michigan. The willow wood was also attractive because of its quick growth and the large amount of wood fiber yielded per acre. The wood also grows back from the stump, so it seldom has to be replaced. Price’s job is to take the raw material and find out how to convert that to energy. He hopes to find a way to eliminate fossil fuels, especially oil and coal. “It will give us a new source of energy without relying on foreign imports,” Price said. Even though coal is produced in the United States, coal produces acid rain and greenhouse gases when burned. The benefit to using wood as an energy source is that carbon

Dr. Douglas Price and student Matt Thomas stand next to the pressure unit that they use for the wet conversion of the willow wood. dioxide released was taken out of the atmosphere when the plant was growing. Thus, there would be no net carbon dioxide emissions. The first stage is to try to find a way to get the maximum amount of energy from the wood. “Wood has a lot of moisture content in it, and if you take a fresh tree, it is 50 percent water. If you take willow wood, it is 70 percent water. It is so wet you lose most of the energy because of the moisture,” Price said. Price, along with two students,

senior Nick Hagglund and junior Matt Thomas, are using a new process that uses the natural moisture in the wood to their benefit. The process is called “Wet Conversion.” It is this process of pressure and temperature that copies the natural process in the environment. “What we are doing is taking the wood material and applying high temperature and pressure. Under these conditions wood breaks down Please see Process page 8

Graduate Studies and Research 7

Wet Conversion

The collage represents the cycle of attempting to convert wood into fuel. The cycle begins in the top lefthand corner with a crop of willow wood. The wood is gathered and sent to Dr. Douglas Price, Chemical Engineering, where graduate students and he place the wood in a pressure chamber to mimic nature. The wood in the upper right-hand corner is a piece of wood that has not been pressurized. The piece below it is one that has been in the pressure chamber at a temperature of 250 degrees Celsius. The piece to the left of that is one that was in the pressure chamber at a temperature of 340 degrees Celsius.

8 Youngstown State University

Process Continued from page 6

to produce a natural gas called methane. It also produces a large amount of hydrogen gas,” Price explained. This process in nature produces very little hydrogen, but in the laboratory more hydrogen is produced. This is good because fuel cells require hydrogen to operate. “There has been some talk and research to use fuel cell technology to solve the global emissions problems,” Price said. Hydrogen is generally produced at oil refineries. On the East Coast and the Gulf Coast, there is a large source of hydrogen from these refineries, but the interior part of the country produces less hydrogen. The “wet conversion” process could solve the hydrogen problem for the interior of the country.

The researchers are in the first phase of the project. They are trying to optimize conditions so the process can be a valid hydrogen generator to compete with other types of hydrogen technology, including fuel cells. “In order to come up with fuel cell technology, you have to have fuel for it. And if you don’t have that, there is no sense in applying a lot of research towards making it work,” Price said. Continuing Research

Price, Hagglund, and Thomas are still searching for funding to continue this project. Price said they are working to optimize conditions in the pressure cooker, and they have to continue to analyze the byproducts of the experiment. One such product is a liquid

that is produced. Price said there are many compounds in the liquid, and they are trying to figure out what each compound is and how it can be useful. If they determine that the liquid is not useful, they have to find a way to make it a gas. The group also has to determine if the process could be economically beneficial by calculating how much wood is needed to produce the gas and how much gas can be extracted from the product. “What we are doing is looking at different temperature, time combinations and conditions that give us the best fuel gas,” Thomas said. The team will continue to calculate these equations as they search for funding by applying for grants and giving presentations at conferences. l

Commercialization Possibilities Hydrogen

Biomass Feed

Wet Conversion

Liquid/Solids to Energy Recovery And Separation

Steam Turbine

Turbine Generator

Steam Condensate

The above diagram illustrates how a biomass substance, such as willow wood, can be used to produce energy in a commercial setting.

Graduate Studies and Research 9

Youngstown State University 2003–2004 Research Professorships 1. James H. Andrews, Physics & Astronomy Investigations of Charge-Transport Mechanisms in Polymer/Liquid Crystal Composites Using Holographic Time-of-Flight Measurements

11. Alina Lazar, Computer Science & Information Systems Agent-Based Social Simulation on Parallel Computers

2. L. Diane Barnes, History Hammer and Hand in the Upper South: Artisan Workers in Petersburg, Virginia, 1820-1865

12. Sheen Xin Liu, Accounting & Finance Effect of Executive Stock Options on the Risk of a Firm

3. Rebecca Barnhouse, English The Hatfield Serfs

13. Kenneth L. Miller, Counseling Demographic and Cognitive Predictors of Cultural Discriminatory Behaviors Among Secondary School Students, Teachers, and Administrators

4. Chester Cooper, Biological Sciences Macrophage Responses to Infection by Penicillium marneffei 5. Rosemary D’Apolito, Sociology and Anthropology A Longitudinal Study of Women’s Participation in the Public Sector 6. Thomas Diggins, Biological Sciences Assessment of Potential Aquatic Habitat Restoration Sites in the Buffalo River Area of Concern (AOC) 7. Betty Greenway, English Young Adult Literature about the Middle East 8. William Greenway, English The Tower of Babel 9. Carl G. Johnston, Biological Sciences Effect of Bioremediation on Microbial Community Structure 10. Nancy C. Landgraff, Physical Therapy Functional Outcomes in Clients with Carotid Occlusive Disease

14. Virginia R. Monseau, English Teaching the Novels of Robert Cormier 15. Qi Jiang, Sociology and Anthropology A Longitudinal Study of Women’s Participation in the Public Sector 16. Michael Serra, Chemistry Using Mutants to Investigate the Pattern of Site-Specific Oxidation and its Dependence on Protein Structure 17. Thelma Silver, Social Work Policy Leadership: Outcome Evaluation-Follow-up Study 18. Ronald P. Volpe, Accounting & Finance Financial Basics Revisited: Perceptions, Reality, and Individual Responsibility for Personal Financial Literacy in the Process of Building Wealth and Reaching Financial Goals 19. Yaqin Wang, Economics Modeling Futures Markets Uncertainty Using Robust Control Theory

10Youngstown State University

Pilot

Continued from page 5

The expansion will occur this year, and Duda is planning to have students help with case studies and visual explanations. Each of the 31 locations will be able to see these developments on the OLN website at OLN.org. The program will offer college courses that will be transferred from YSU to other universities, colleges, and high schools. But the expanded pilot will transmit the MCCTC course to YSU. Once the distance learning program is operating, Duda hopes the programs will focus on three audiences: College Tech Prep

“The Ohio Learning Network is trying to get the state to realize that it needs options for enhancing learning.” — Dr. Karen Duda students, high school students, and Senate Bill 140 students. The College Tech Prep students may not be interested in going to college, but they will have the opportunity to be mentored. The high school students who are planning to go to college will have

the opportunity to take low-end courses before entering college. The Senate Bill 140 students are those students who qualify to come to college their junior or senior year. They will be able to take some of the courses from their high school or from another location wired to YSU. Final Results

Though the numbers are low now, Duda said that if these types of programs continue to expand, a classroom could have over 300 people sitting in different parts of the country. For now, teams will continue to meet and learn from each other. “At the end of this we should be able to publish what our perceptions were at the beginning and how they evolved over the year span of the grant,” said Duda. Duda stated that Ohio should be commended state-wide for this initiative because it is a state endeavor to look at online learning. “I don’t think everyone is aware of the Ohio Learning Network. It is trying to get the state to realize that it needs a lot of options for enhancing learning.” l

Dean’s Corner Continued from page 3

the greatest amount of indirect costs to the institution, and we use that as a flexible resource to support scholarship on campus,” Kasvinsky said. The research grants also help support economic development in the community because they provide the technical infrastructure needed within the University, Kasvinsky added.

Kasvinsky is excited about the grants increase and the future of the University. Orona said that growth was accomplished because “the Dean has reinvested the recovered indirect costs into the Research Incentive Fund, which provides in-house grants for faculty and allocates matching funds for research equipment.” l

Economics

Continued from page 2

The Goals of Simulation

The goal of the project is to make the simulation not only tie in with the course material, but also to help students understand how these different markets function. Porter said he believes that students will have fun with the simulation and this, in turn, will make the class more exciting. “Students will realize that a classmate is getting a higher profit than they are, so they get motivated to outdo them. It is an intensity that is sometimes hard to generate in an economics class,” Porter stated. The software is designed so faculty members can mediate and control the simulations by assigning students to different groups with different characteristics, so one group will be more productive in one product and another group will be more productive in another product. Porter used beta versions of the software last year. The researchers will compare data of students’ attitude and performance of those that use the software to those that did not use the software. Dr. Usip, Dr. Riley and Dr. Donald Milley, Professors of Economics, are gathering the data. This year, the software will be used in all sections of Principles I, and then the group will survey the students and compare these results to previous results. The software is going to be distributed nationally. Porter said two major publishers have indicated an interest.l

Graduate Studies and Research 11

Environment Continued from page 1

students uses bacteria found in the environment that are able to degrade contaminants. In past work with a biotech company in Montana, Johnston used fungi to clean up soil contaminated with mixtures of explosives (TNT, HMX, and RDX) and other toxins. Since he has been at YSU, Johnston has been working with indigenous, or native, microbes in the environment for bioremediation. Jennifer Humphries, Michael Schlais, and Tammy Diglaw, graduate students in Johnston’s laboratory, are

“It’s amazing to see an otherwise healthy river with a toxic quicksand layer.” — Dr. Carl Johnston working on three separate projects that use indigenous bacteria to degrade PAHs, TCE, and benzene. “Toxic black mayonnaise”

Johnston is leading a multidisciplinary team of scientists and engineers who have submitted a proposal to YSU to set up the Center for Environmental Monitoring and Restoration that will focus on the Mahoning River. Bioremediation of these toxic materials is included in the scope of the research. “The rise of industry along the Mahoning River introduced PAHs from coking operations into the river water. The PAHs settled from the river water onto the river bottom and river banks forming a black sludge, black like licorice, with the consistency of mayonnaise and with a strong oil or grease smell,” Johnston said.

“It’s amazing to see an otherwise healthy river with a toxic quicksand layer,” he added. The group has selected native bacteria that use these toxic carbon molecules as an energy source. “Our strategy is to optimize conditions so these native bacteria will quickly consume the PAHs,” Johnston says. Johnston, Dr. Amy Ash, microbiologist from BRT, and graduate student Tammy Diglaw are growing cultures of PAH-degrading bacteria. Diglaw is planning to inject her bacteria into contaminated sediment and monitor the effects on contaminant concentration and Jennifer Humphries identifies changes in the bacteria community. native bacteria in contaminated groundwater. The team is hoping that bioremediation will be used a master’s degree student, Jen mainly to remediate contaminated Humphries, to work in the lab riverbank sediments. Johnston to discover which nutrients and said the riverbank topsoil is not as additives could be used to optimize contaminated. But there is a deeper cultures of native microbes, which contaminated zone in some areas. could be injected into contaminated In these areas, the treatment would groundwater. be directly injected into the PAHJohnston says they are working contaminated zone. with cultures of microorganisms taken from contaminated Purifying groundwater groundwater. They selected bacteria that degrade TCE and are Johnston is also working with a determining optimal conditions for grant from BRT to explore the use TCE degradation. The cleanup goal of indigenous microbes to eliminate is to have less than one part per TCE from groundwater. billion TCE in groundwater. The TCE is an industrial solvent TCE concentration is one part per used in dry cleaning and in million at the undisclosed site where many other industrial processes. they are working, There are many Department Since it is difficult to detect of Energy (DOE) sites where changes in TCE concentration at uranium was processed. At these such low concentrations, they set up sites, underground plumes of laboratory tests where C-14 labeled groundwater are contaminated with TCE is injected. The labeled TCE both TCE and another radioactive makes it much easier to track the material. changes in TCE concentrations. “The DOE has been interested Once the nutrients and bacteria in exploring the use of indigenous are added to the system, they microbes,” Johnston said. BRT Please turn to Groundwater p. 12 allotted grant money to allow

12Youngstown State University

Groundwater Continued from page 11

degrade the TCE, and the byproduct is carbon dioxide. “We look at the carbon dioxide and measure that, so it gives us a very good method for detecting changes in the TCE concentration.” Collaboration

Johnston said he has enjoyed the cooperation from BRT. BRT has provided grants for research projects and provided summer research assistantships. “We are using the resources of the university to look at real world problems. Students like to have projects that have real-world application,” Johnston stated. Johnston said that this is a blueprint on how to cooperate between a company and the university so everyone gets what he or she needs from the partnership. “It has been a very positive relationship,” he added. l

School of Graduate Studies and Research Dr. Peter J. Kasvinsky, Dean Youngstown State University Youngstown, OH 44555 Writer and Editor: Brian P. Hall Graduate Student, English Advisor: Dr. Julia M. Gergits Department of English, Chair Photographic Assistance: Jim Evans Department of Media Services Photo Collages: Brian P. Hall

Youngstown State University Youngstown, Ohio 44555

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