INTERN NSHIP REPO ORT ATT Noon Pakisttan Ltd d. Bhalw wal, Saargodha
SUBM MITTED TTO:‐ M MALIK IZZHAR HU USSAIN G.M OF NURPUR) (G MITTED B BY:‐ SUBM M Masooma a munir BS((Hons)FO OOD SCIENCE A AND TECH HNOLGY Y
DURA ATION OFF INTERN NSHIP:‐ 2 MO ONTHS (MARCH AND AP PRIL)
1
Sr.#
Outlines
1.
Acknowledgement, Abstract
2.
Introduction
3.
International Certifications
4.
Departments
5.
Milk collection system
6.
Milk Reception
7.
Test Performed in Reception Lab Organoleptic tests Qualitative tests Quantitative Tests Adulteration tests
8.
Dairy processing Pasteurization section
9.
10.
Flow diagram of pasteurization Pasteurization step Standardization and toning Powder plant Butter Section
11.
Flow diagram of ghee and butter White Butter Yellow Butter Salted Butter Slightly Salted Butter Shelf life Cheese
12.
Cheddar Cheese Spicy Cheese Mozzarella Cheese
13.
UHT Section 2
UHT flow diagram UHT Process Steps Aseptic Packaging Capacity 14.
UHT Lab Analysis
15.
Tests For Insuring Packaging Safety
16.
Keeping quality lab
17.
Microbiology lab
CIP (Cleaning In Place) Section 18.
Function Of Various Cleaning Agents In CIP C.I.P STEPS
19.
Technical Data sheet
20.
Suggestions
3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah who is the most merciful and beneficial. All and every kind of praises is upon Allah Almighty, the strength of universe, ever help in darkness and difficulties. All and every kind of respect to Holy Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) for being a unique, comprehensive and everlasting source of guidance and knowledge for humanity I am also thankful to the general management of NURPUR, MALIK IZHAR HUSSAIN , all the Managers, officers and employees of Noon Pakistan Limited for their co‐operation and support during my internship. I would like to pay sincere thanks to my Director Dr. Sarfraz Hussain, Institute Of Food Science and Nutrition, UOS of his sincere cooperation during my internship. Words do not come easy for me to mention the feelings of humble obligations towards my sweetest and affectionate parents who have been models of human values for me, who always encouraged me throughout my career and remember me in prayers and always wished to see me glittering high on the skies of the success.
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ABSTRACT I did my internship in Noon group of industries. This report covers the activities and responsibilities that I performed during my internship at Noon diaries. Noon dairies are the National Company with a burning passion to take on the national market. In the culture of dairy industries Nurpur has distinguished place in Pakistan. The report starts with the prologue of the company, the intention, its products, and its structure covering all the departments, furthermore it includes information about labs and processing section of different products. The assignment was to work with a professional organization to get professional experience of the office routines and the working of the organization at the initial level. I worked there as an intern for the 2 months. I learned a lot of things related to its product and there production. I leant many other things that will help me a lot when I will start my professional career. I was assigned to work from reception lab where I performed practices related to raw milk which includes qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis and adulteration tests on milk to check the quality of milk in order to maintain the high quality of milk and products. Then I was assigned in Quality control lab in Chemical Lab. All the analysis regarding physical and chemical properties of line and finished product were performed. Then I visited different sections of processing area started from processing pasteurized milk and then processing of butter, Desi ghee, cheese section UHT milk and processing of fruit drinks and nectars. Then I learnt to testify UHT products in UHT Lab. Then I started my work in Microbiological Lab In order to ensure a microbiologically safe product the Quality Assurance department has a well‐established Microbiological section for analysis of line and finished product. Here I performed tests on different dairy products juices to ensure microbiologically safe products. All these areas are hygienically clean. They are properly sanitized regularly. Members of processing section wear lab coats and cap to maintain hygienic conditions. 5
NOO ON DAIRIES ´S CHR RONICLE AND PRO OLOGUE Noon Pakk limited (No oon Dairies) is part of No oon Group o of Industriess started by N Noon Dynasty in 1968. NURPUR is the brand namee of NPL. Thee NPL is producing a num mber of food d productss both for consumers and industrial users. Nurpur stands for with Health, EEnergy and Taste, beingg the vital in ngredients. N National team ployees are committed c tto consisten ntly providin ng of collectors, packerrs, processors and emp Nectars, Buttter, Cheese, milk powdeer safe, high‐quality Hyygienic Milk,, Pure Juicess, Healthy N oducts whilee protecting the environment in which w these products arre and otheer dairy pro manufactured and processed. Nurpur got the award d of “Brand d of the year 2008” fo or ng best quality Butter in competition n held by ISO O Certificatio on Companyy. producin This won nderful succeess is due to o strategic planning of achieving goaals through devoted harrd work and d commitme ent. Nurpur iss dealing in ffollowing product rangee; i.
D Dairy Product ts
ii.
Processed Pro oducts
iii.
Frruit Products
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COMPA ANY AGEES: 1972 1984 1998 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011
Milk powder p SM MP & FCM MP, Butteer oil(Ghee),Butter Cheesse(Cottagee & Processsed Ched ddar cheese) Pasteu urized millk Butterr 10g, Jam m 15g(straw wberry, apple), Maarmalade, Honey y UHT Cream, C U UHT Milk (brik) ( Flavorred Milk(S Strawberrry, Mangoo)250 ml Nectars & Puree Juices 10000ml Fruit Drinks 2550ml,ISMP P,FCMP,M Mozzarellaa Cheese Nurpu ur Chai Mix(Dairy M W Whitener) )(250ml,2000ml) Juicess & Nectarrs 200ml Flavorred Milk(C Chocolatee, Badam Zafran) Z YOG GO YOGO O Drinkingg yogurt
NTION OF F INDUST TRY: INTEN Nurpur iss committedd to supply the t consumeer and our cuustomers witth the finestt, high-qualitty products and to lead d the industrry in healthyy and nutritiious productts. Nurpur supports s thesse c in all a its businesss goals witth a corporatte philosophhy of adherinng to the highhest ethical conduct dealings, treatment of o its employyees, and soocial and envvironmental policies. Thhe Companyy's ment is baseed on increeasing revennue by improving saless strategy, focusing annd commitm investingg in profitab ble and poppular brandss and to proomote mutuual trust witth customerrs, supplierss, employeess, shareholdeers and comm munity.
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INTERN NATIONA AL CERTIFFICATION: NOON PA AK LIMITED is the only d dairy compan ny that undeertakes 21 rigorous quality tests to ensure th he best quality of the en nd products. This is the o only Food Co ompany in Pakistan which haas following international certification.
1
ISO-22000:2005 (Bu ureau Verittas)
2 ISO‐900 01:2000 Ce ertification n
3 Halal Cerrtified
(Bu ureau Verittas)
4 PSQCA
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5 HACCP
. RTMENTS DEPAR n possessed 5 de paartments whiich are; Mainly nurpur
ministration n block; 1. Adm In this, tthese departm ments are included
Mannagement
Hum man resourcees
Marketing
Finaance
2. Quallity assuraance deparrtment; In this, thhese departm ments are inccluded
Receptiion lab
Qualityy control lab
UHT LA AB
Microbiiological labb
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3. Production department; In this, these departments are included
Reception Pasteurization Standardization Ghee & butter making Milk powder production
UHT UHT milk UHT drinks & nectars UHT cream UHT chai mix Packaging of jam & marmalades
Cheese making 4. Maintenance department
Electrical
Mechanical
Utilities
Maintenance of compressor Ammonia compressor Ice water compressor Air compressor
Maintenance of boilers
5. Milk Procurement Department (MPD) The Milk Procurement Department (MPD) has responsibility to collect the milk from the area & maintain the supply the milk in the adequate quantity. MPD ensure and streamline the regular supply of milk according to quality standards and budget requirements of NOON DAIRIES.
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MILK RECEPTION AND QUALITY CONTROL LAB
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MILK COLLECTION SYSTEM
According to following system the collection of milk in NOON DAIRIES takes place, Farmer
Mini Supplier
Contractor
↓ ↓ ↓
VMC
VMC
Sub Center
VMC
↓
↓ Main Center ↓ Factory VMC is the abbreviation of Village Milk Collection Centers. In VMC’s from Farmers, Mini suppliers and Contractors the collection of milk takes place. These VMC’s provide milk to Sub Milk Collection Centers. From these Sub Milk Collection Centers the milk is providing to Main milk Collection Centers like Bhera, Mandi Bhawaldin, and Sahiwal Centers etc. These main centers have the chilling facilities. In these main centers the basic analysis of milk takes place for checking their quality. After that the good quality milk is transferring to the Factories via Milk Collection Tankers.
MILK RECEPTION When the tanker enters into the NPL premises, a token is a lot to driver that has following: 1 Name of the supplier/Area. 2 Number of the tanker. 3 Token # allotted by the gate keeper. 12
4 Anything attached to the truck e.g. Tire, bag. Then the truck goes to the parking area from where sample is taken by the Reception Lab technician. Then reception lab technicians perform the tests needed, if the results are ok, milk is graded as A and B, the stamp (ACCEPTED) is marked on the token, while C grade milk is rejected then the accepted truck goes to the Weigh Bridge where it is weighed. Then truck comes to the receiving area where finally the reception of the milk takes place by the centrifugal pumps, chilled at 10°C and is stored into the silos. Then the empty truck again goes to the weigh Bridge & again weighed & finally goes out of the NPL. Weight of milk = Total Weight ‐ Empty tanker weight Volume in liters of milk = weight in kilogram /specific gravity of that milk
Reception Lab Activities Reception lab is a place where the composition of milk and milk adulteration is usually determined by a number of tests on arrival and adulterated milk is not accepted. A)
Sampling of Raw Milk
Milk is thoroughly mixed with the plunger for 1‐2 minutes, then the sampling is done by lab technician with the help of sampler, called knoppy. Types of Sample: Composite Sample: Mixed sample is taken from all the portions of a tanker in equal amount. The amount of composite sample is 1000ml. Separate Sample: Sample taken from a single portion of the tanker is called separate sample. The amount of separate sample is 1000ml.
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TESTS OF MILK IN QUALITY ASSURANCE LAB Reception Lab In reception lab 4 types of tests are performed which are given below; 1.
Organoleptic tests
2.
Qualitative tests
3.
Quantitative tests
4.
Adulteration tests
Quantitative Tests: o Salt test o Fat test o Lactometer reading o Solid not fat (SNF) o Protein test
Adulteration Tests It includes determination of o Glucose o Sucrose o Detergent o Starch o Urea o Sorbitol o Boric acid test o Formalin test 14
ORGANOLEPTIC TESTS
Taste Check taste of milk. It should not give odd taste.
Smell Take in the aroma of milk. It should be of milky odour.
Appearance Milk should be of uniform color and texture.
QUALITATIVE TESTS 1- To check temperature of milk Apparatus: Glass Thermometer, glass beaker Procedure Thoroughly mix the sample to get representative sample. Dip calibrated thermometer bulb in it in such a way that it should not touch the bottom and walls of beaker. Allow to stay thermometer in sample for a time that no more move up and down. Note the reading of thermometer. Temperature of milk should be between 4 - 6 degrees Celsius. Precaution: The thermometer should be clean and properly calibrated.
2- pH: pH of milk is checked by dipping pH meter in the milk. For raw milk the best pH is between range of 6.60 ‐ 6.80 15
Precaution: The pH meter should be clean and the probe should not touch walls of beaker or its bottom.
3- Clot on boiling test: Scope: It is done to check the quality of milk for its fitness for processing. Apparatus Test tube, spirit lamp, pipette, test tube holder. Procedure: Take 4‐5ml milk sample in test tube with pipette. Heat the milk on burner spirit lamp to boiling point. Result: After boiling if test tube is clear note it as "‐ve" and if clots appear then note it as "+ve".
4‐ Determination of Acidity Apparatus: Pipette, beaker and burette Procedure: Take 9ml milk sample in beaker with help of pipette. Add 3‐4 drops of 1% phenolphthalein solution, as indicator. Slowly add 0.1 NaOH from burette drop by drop with constant stirring of sample in beaker. Titrate till light pink end point. Note the burette reading and multiply with 0.1 to get acidity 16
5- Alcohol precipitation test: Scope: To Check the Heat Stability of milk during heat treatment. Apparatus: Test tube, pipette Reagents: Ethanol 68% Procedure: Take 2ml milk sample with the help of pipette in a clean dry test tube. Add 2ml of ethanol in test tube. Invert the test tube 2‐3 times. Observe the grain or precipitate formation along the walls of the tubes Results: If precipitation occurs, then record the test as "+ve"
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QUANTITATIVE TESTS 1‐ Determination of Fats in Milk Apparatus: Butyrometer, pipette (10.94mm), Butyrometer stopper, Butyrometer stand, Centrifuge machine, Auto measure, Reagents: Sulphuric Acid, Iso‐Amyl Alcohol Procedure: Warm milk sample up to 40 °C and thoroughly mix it. Cool it at 20°C. Measure out 10 ml of sulphuric acid in a butyrometer. Add 10ml of milk and 1ml of isoamyl alcohol into butyrometer. Insert stopper into the butyrometer. Mix the content well by inverting the butyrometer several times. Place butyrometer in centrifuge machine (1100 ppm for 3 min) for raw milk. And 10 min in case of homogenize milk. Note the fat column in the neck of butyrometer. Express the result in percentage of fat in milk.
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2‐ Determination of %Salt (NaCl) in Milk: Apparatus: Burette, pipette, beaker (100ml), flask (1000ml) Reagents: 0.1N silver nitrate solution, 10% potassium chromate solution Procedure: Take 9ml well mixed sample of milk in a 100ml beaker with pipette. Add 3‐4 drops of potassium chromate solution being used as indicator. Titrate the sample against 0.1N AgNO3. Before titration make sure that level of 0.1N AgNO3 is at "0" mark. Add 0.1N AgNO3 solution drop by drop from burette until light brown color appears. This is the end point and no more AgNO3 should be added. Note reading from burette. Calculate the percentage as below: Number of ml of N/10 AgNO3 solution used multiply by 0.065 = %salt 19
3‐ Lactometer Reading Apparatus: Cylinder Procedure: Heat the sample to 40°C and then is cooled down at 20 °C. The cylinder and lactometer are rinsed with milk, cylinder has capacity of 300‐350 ml. now pour milk in cylinder and then place lactometer. Then add little more milk to remove the foam and then check the reading. If temperature of milk is 20 degrees Celsius then reading is correct but if increases or decreases then add or minus 0.2per each degree rise or fall in temperature. For raw milk LR reading should be in range of 19‐28. SNF Calculations: For SNF calculations we require to know the values of LR and FAT. We can find SNF of milk by putting values in the formula (LR/4+0.72)+0.22 multiply by FAT%)
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4) Determination of Protein Apparatus: Pipette, Stand, Beaker, Burette Reagents: 0.1N NaOH, Phenolphthalein, Formalin Procedure:
Take 10ml milk in beaker.
Add 1ml Phenolphthalein indicator.
Titrate it against 0.1N NaOH
Then note reading as V1 then add 2ml of formalin and stay for 5 minutes.
Then titrate against 0.1 N NaOH (note reading for 0 – V1).
Then take 10ml distilled water and add 1ml phenolphthalein and titrate against 0.1 N NaOH and note it as V2.
Formula: V1‐V2*1.94 protein If on the basis of SNF is calculated by Answer of above multiply by 9/SNF of milk.
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ADULTERATION TESTS
1‐ Detergent Determination in Milk Purpose: To determine the adulterations in the milk like carbonates and bicarbonates. Apparatus: Petri dish, Pipette Reagents: 10% Rosalic Acid, 95% Ethyl Alcohol Procedure:
Take 5ml of milk sample in a clean and dry pipette.
2) Then add 5ml of 95%Ethyl Alcohol in it.
3) At last 2‐3 drops of rosalic acid in it.
Result: Positive Test: If the color is blue then test is positive. Negative Test: If the color remains unchanged like the color of Rosalic acid then the test is negative.
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2‐ Starch Determination Apparatus; Pipette, Petri Dish, Water bath, beaker Reagents: 0.1 N Iodine: Weigh 12.69g Iodine and add sufficient quantity of ethanol to make total solution 1000ml. Procedure:
Take 4‐5 ml of milk sample in the clean and dry test tube.
Warm the milk sample near to boil in the water bath.
Pour the milk sample in the Petri dish.
Then add 2‐3 drops of Iodine in the milk sample.
Shake the Petri dish slowly and gently.
Carefully observe the color of Petri dish.
Results: Positive Test: If the black or dark blue spots appear the test is positive. Negative Test: If no black spots or precipitations then test is negative. 3)
Glucose Determination in Milk
Apparatus: Glucose Strip, Beaker Procedure:
Take the milk sample in the beaker. 23
Dip the Glucose strip in the beaker containing the milk sample.
Observe carefully the color of the glucose strip.
Result: Negative: If color is yellow then test is negative. Normal: If color of the strip changes to light green then glucose contents are in normal range. Positive: But if color is highly green then it is positive.
Urea Determination in Milk Appratus; Volumetric flask, Test Tube, Pipette Reagents:
Phenol Red
Urease 0.2%: Take 0.2g urease and 10 ml of K2HPO4 (10% in distilled water) and add sufficient quantity of distilled water to make total solution 100 ml.
Procedure:
Take the 2ml mixed milk sample in the test tube.
Add 2ml urease solution in the test tube containing the milk sample.
Add 0.2ml phenol red in the test tube containing the milk sample and urease solution
Incubate the test tube at 40‐45˚C in the water bath for 10 min.
Observe carefully the color of the test tube contents after incubation.
Result: Negative: 24
If color of the test tube contents does not change (i.e. if it retains the previous color) then test is negative. Positive: If color of the test tube contents changes from orange to pink then it is positive.
1‐ Sorbitol Determination of Raw Milk Apparatus: Pipette, Test Tube Reagents: Reagent A (NaOH), Reagent B (Ferrous Sulphate) Protocol:
Take 1 ml of milk sample in the clean test tube at 15‐ 20˚C.
Then add 1ml of reagent A and 2ml of reagent B in the test tube containing milk sample.
Shake well and stay for 3 min.
Carefully examine color, sticking and settling of test tube contents.
Results: Positive Test: Light yellow color Sticking with wall of test tube. Settling of viscous solution at the bottom of test tube 25
5‐ Sugar(Sucrose) Determination in Raw Milk Apparatus: Pipette, Water bath, Test tube, Pipette 1ml, Reagents:
HCl
Naphthol 10%: Dissolve 10g naphthol in ethanol and add sufficient quantity of ethanol to make total solution 100ml.
Procedure:
Take 0.5 ml of milk sample in the clean and dry test tube.
Then add 3ml of conc. HCl in the milk sample
Then add 2‐3 drops of naphthol10% in the test tube.
Place the test tube in the water bath for 10 sec.
Let the test tube to cool down.
Carefully observe the color of test tube contents.
Results: Positive Test: If the violet deep color appears then the test is positive.
FINAL PRODUCTS TO BE EVALUATED IN QUALITY CONTROL LAB.
o Milk Powder: It includes; I. Skimmed milk powder.(SMP) II. Full cream milk powder.(FCMP) 26
1‐ Acidity of Milk Powder Purpose: To determine titratable acidity in dry milk powder. Apparatus: Balance (sensitivity = 0.01 gram), Burette (0‐25ml),Stirring rod of solid glass, Pipette, Glass beaker (100 ml). Reagents: 1% Phenolphthalein solution, 0.1 N NaOH Solution. Procedure:
Using mixer dissolve in 100 ml of distilled water. o 10 grams in case of skim milk powder. o 13 grams in case of whole milk powder.
Allow the sample to stand for approximately 1 hour, and then stir gently.
Pour 17.6ml of sample solution using a pipette into a 100ml beaker.
Add few drops of phenolphthalein and titrate with 0.1N NaOH solution until a faint pink colour persists for 30 seconds.
Note and record the volume of NaOH used and calculate the titratable acidity as Acidity (as % lactic acid) = ml of 0.1N NaOH used / 20
2‐ Fat Test – Milk Powder Purpose: Apparatus: Butyrometer (0‐4% scale for SMP & 0‐35% for FCMP), Butyrometer stopper, Butyrometer stand, Weighing balance, Pipette, Centrifuge Machine. 27
Reagents: Sulphuric acid (density = 1.820 ‐ 1.830 gm/ml) clean, colourless, free from fat. Iso‐ Amyl alcohol (density = 0.811 gm/ml) free from water, acid and fat. Procedure:
Pour successively into Butyrometer, 10 ml of sulphuric acid.
Add 2 ml of distilled water, Add 2.5 grams milk powder sample 1 ml of Iso Amyl Alcohol.
Stopper the Butyrometer and mix well the contents by shaking.
Spin in centrifuge for 10 minutes.
After centrifugation, take butyrometer out of the centrifuge machine.
Note the fat column in the neck of the butyrometer.
3‐ Moisture Test – Milk Powder Purpose: To determine moisture percentage in milk powder with the help of moisture analyzer Apparatus: Moisture analyzer, Aluminum boat, Spoon. Procedure:
Set the temperature of moisture analyzer to 90 °C and timer to 6 minutes.
Take 2 ‐ 4 grams of sample in aluminum boat place it on the balance in the moisture analyzer.
Distribute sample evenly over the entire aluminum boat for quick evaporation.
Close the chamber of moisture analyzer.
Push ON/OFF switch to set the equipment in operation.
After specified time, screen will display the reading showing percent loss in initial weight (i.e. moisture percentage). 28
4‐ Bulk Density – Milk Powder Purpose: To determine the bulk density of dry milk powder. Apparatus: Balance (sensitivity 0.1 gram),Brass cylinder with detachable top, volume of cylinder should be exactly 100 cubic centimeter, Spatula. PROCEDURE:‐
Weight the cylinder without the top.
Put the top on the cylinder and fill up to the rim with Powder using a spoon.
Rotate BD machine 25 times, remove the top and scrap off Powder with the help of a spatula.
Weigh the cylinder, the weight of the powder indicates Powder Bulk Density.
Powder Bulk Density = Weight of the powder / 150
5‐Solubility Index‐ Milk Powder Purpose: To determine the solubility index (ability to dissolve in water) of dry milk powder. Apparatus: Balance (sensitivity 0.1 gram), Solubility index tubes (15 ml), Centrifuge machine Procedure:
Weigh out 10 grams of Skim Milk Powder or 13 grams of Whole Milk Powder and transfer to
100 ml of distilled water at 24 °C in a 500ml beaker.
Mix the contents, wait for 15 minutes.
Fill in solubility index tubes with samples and place them in centrifuge machine for 5 minutes. 29
After first centrifugation, take out tubes ,drain OFF sediment free liquid carefully.
Fill in the tubes with distilled water up to the marked point and disperse the sediment in tubes with a piece of wire.
Place the tubes in centrifuge machine for 5 minutes and then check the amount of sediment in mille liters.
6‐SCORCHED PARTICLES TEST:
Sample is mixed to make 10% solution in distilled water and stayed for 5 minutes. Then check black particles. If Black particles present then milk powder is of B‐grade. If not then it’s A‐grade
o CHEESE ANALYSIS Types of cheese evaluated in QC lab 1. Cheddar cheese 2. Mozzarella cheese 3. Spicy cheese 4. Green cheese
1. Fat test; Take 10 ml sulphuric acid in butyrometer (87‐90%) Then add 2.5g of minced cheese sample Add amyl alcohol 1ml then volume is raised by adding 3 – 5 ml distilled water Fit the cork Then place in gerber machine, its temp is 63‐65ºc and rpm is 1100 Place it 4 mins 30
After this constant fat reading is achieved
2. Acidity test; 3g of minced sample of cheesed is mixed with 10ml distilled water 1 ml of phenolphthalein indicator is added. This sol is titrated against 0.1 normal NAOH reading is multiplied with 0.3.
3. Salt test; Take 2.5g of cheese sample and add 9ml distilled water in it with the addition of2‐3 drops of potassium chromate as an indicator. Titrate it against silver nitrate. Final reading is multiplied with 0.234. End point Brick red color or yellowish brown color
4. Moisture test; 2.5g of sample is taken. Wt of empty dish is w1. Wt of empty + sample is w2. Place this on oven at 4 hrs at 100ºc, Then remove it and place it in dedicator for cooling. Then weight it again. W3 = wt after drying.
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D RY PRO DAIR OCE ESSIING G,
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MILK PROCESSING Storage of milk for production lines: Milk is brought to inner silos or holders from the outer large silos through pumps to be used for production of dairy products and is stored at less than 10°C. Raw Milk Silos Capacity Raw Milk Silo 1
75000 Lt
Raw Milk Silo 2
50000 Lt
Raw Milk Silo 3
50000 Lt
PASTEURIZATION SECTION Pasteurization Introduction The process of pasteurization was named after Louis Pasteur who discovered that spoilage organisms could be inactivated in wine by applying heat at temperatures below its boiling point. The process was later applied to milk and remains the most important operation in the processing of milk. Definition: The heating of every particle of milk or milk product to a specific temperature for a specified period of time without allowing recontamination of that milk or milk product during the heat treatment process. Milk is pasteurized in order to inactivate the enzymes and destroy the pathogenic microorganisms. The extent of microorganism inactivation depends on the combination of temperature and holding time .The shelf life of the milk is increased up to 7‐8 days after pasteurization.. Milk is pasteurized by plate heat exchanger. which has 4 sections i.e. 33
I.
Heating section
II.
Regeneration 1
III.
Regeneration 2
IV.
Cooling section
Separator and homogenizer also used to separate and to homogenize the cream respectively The following steps take place in the process of Pasteurization: 1)Balance tank: From the silo milk comes in balance tank through a centrifugal pump. Balance tank have a central float ball, which controls the quantity of incoming milk by a valve & maintain the milk level as needed by the process. 2)Filter Milk comes through the sieve filter passing through centrifugal pump goes to the Regeneration No.1 (Pump functions to create greater pressure in milk as compared to the heating media to prevent mixing in case of leakage of gaskets.) 3)Regeneration No.1 By passing through the filter milk goes to regeneration no.1, where the temperature of the milk is raised to 50‐55oC by regeneration method. 4)Separator From regeneration no.1 milk goes to separator that will separate the extra butterfat from the milk in the form of cream and it will also remove the unwanted material in the milk (Sludge). Separator works at 5400 RPM. 5) Homogenizer From deodorizer milk goes to homogenizer in which milk is passed through nozzle at high pressure of 100‐150 bar as a result fat globules are converted into smaller particles (1micrometer). 34
6) Regeneration No.2 Then the milk goes to regeneration no.2. It is also part of plate heat exchanger (PHE) in which milk is heated to 65oc. 7) Heating Section: In the heating section temperature of milk is increased to 88‐90oC with help of hot water. Flow Diversion Valve: If temperature of milk is less than 85oC, it will not go towards holding tubes, it is delivered back to balance tank by flow diversion valve for reprocessing. It is manually operated. 8) Holding Tubes: Here milk stays for 11‐15 seconds at 88‐90oC, so that enzymes like phosphatase, lipase etc. are inactivated and microbes are killed. 9) Regeneration no.2 Now milk moves back in regeneration no.2. to warm the incoming cold milk of balance tank. So in this way energy is conserved. Here temperature of milk drops to 60‐65oc. 10) Regeneration no.1 Pasteurized milk heated the incoming cool milk to save the energy. Here the temperature of the milk drops to 45‐50oc. 11) Cooling Section: In cooling section the temperature of the milk drops to 4‐6oc due to chilled water. Pressure Differential For contiunuous pasteurizing, it is important to maintain a higher pressure on the pasteurized side of the heat exchanger. By keeping the pasteurized milk at least 1 psi higher than raw milk in regenerator, it prevents contamination of pasteurized milk with raw milk in event that a pin‐hole leak develops in thin stainless steel plates.
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Plate heatt exchanger Standard dization & To oning: Here thee milk is stan ndardized acccording to tthe standard ds of NOON DAIRIES. Staandardizatio on (adjustm ment of SNF)) and Toningg (adjustment of Fat) aalways take place in thee silos havin ng nd condenseed agitatorss so fat and SSNF of pasteeurized milk with cream, water, milk powder an milk adju usted to a set s level for each prod duct . The condensed c ( (condensed skim milk) is added to o increase the SNF & LR w while cream m is added to o fat. The Stan ndardization Plant: In Stand dardization Plant, milk is standardizzed, i.e. the recipe ratio of the product which w we want to o make, is se et. The most important ccomponent o of the recipee is the fat percentage Standardization Ap pparatus:
3 36
Separattor is used fo or the purpo ose of standardization. A separrator is a cen ntrifugal devvice that sep parates milk into cream aand skim milk. Separattor also acts as a clarifier. Separattor’s speed aand time of centrifugatio on give requ uired standards of fat in milk.
3 37
PASTEURIZED MILK PACKING Pasteurized milk is packed in 1000ml, 500ml volumes in handy and hygienic packaging. Nurpur Whole Pasteurized Milk has 3.5% Butter Fat and 9% SNF, free from additives. Nurpur fresh pasteurized milk has been its guarantee quality label for many years. Process Flow Diagram of Pasteurized Milk Receiving of raw milk ↓ Weighing ↓ Out ← Rejected ↑ ← Lab. Sampling and analysis ↓ If Accepted ↓ Reception ↓ ↓ Chilling ↓ Raw milk storage ↓ Balance tank ↓ Pre‐ heating 1 50‐55°c ↓ Storage Cream ← Skim milk / cream separa on 38
↓ Homogenization 100‐150 bars ↓ Pre‐ heating 2 65°c ↓ Pasteurization (88‐90)°c ↓ Holding section (88‐90)°c for 11‐15 sec ↓ Regeneration ‐2 (temp. drop upto 60‐65°c) ↓ Regeneration – 1 (temp. drop upto 45‐50°c) ↓ Cooling section 4°c ↓ Storage in Pasteurized standardized milk in pasteurized milk tank ↓ Packing machine 39
POWDER PLANT
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MILK POWDERS There are mainly THREE types of powders produced in powder plant.
Skimmed milk powder (SMP)
Instant skimmed milk powder (ISMP)
Full cream milk powder (FCMP)
There are two powder plants in Nurpur
Old milk powder plant It has tubular evaporator
New milk powder plant It has plate heat exchanger double effect evaporator There are two main sections of powder plant
Evaporation section Drying section
. Evaporation The heat-treated milk is then fed into an evaporator. In the evaporator the preheated milk is concentrated from around 9.0% Milk is taken in balance tank of evaporator at 5 to10 C with the help of pump. Milk is then reaches to condenser with the help of flow control valve, through density transmitter which determine specific gravity of the milk. In condenser heating of milk start and reaches to41C. In condenser milk is milk is fed in to holding tubes 180sec now the milk is filtered and then goes to homogenizer at 80 bar pressure and then to 40 bar pressure Homogenization can be carried out in one or two stages. The pressure of the first stage of the homogenizer is from about 50 to about 250 bars. . It is important in this case that the fat part of the milk is completely homogenized together with an appropriate part of the non-fat solids and water.
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Drying Section Condensed milk goes to drying chamber through four nozzles of a spray drier at a temperature of 155‐190˚C .Spray drying involves atomizing the milk concentrate from the evaporator into fine droplets . This is done inside a large drying chamber in a flow of hot air (up to180˚C) using high pressure nozzles. Much of the remaining water is evaporated in the drying chamber, leaving a fine powder of Around 6% moisture. Final drying takes place in a fluid bed in which hot air Is blown through a layer of fluidized powder removing water to give product with moisture Content of 2‐4% the powdered milk leaves the chamber at temperature of 55‐65˚C. Packaging and Storage Milk powders are immensely more stable than fresh milk but protection from moisture, Oxygen, light and heat is needed in order to maintain their quality and shelf life. Milk Powders readily take up moisture from the air, leading to a rapid loss of quality and caking or Lumping. Milk powder is packed into either plastic bag in bulk. WMPs are often packed under nitrogen gas to protect the product from oxidation and to maintain their flavor and extend their keeping quality. Packaging is chosen to Provide a barrier to moisture, oxygen and light. In Nurpur WMP and SMP is packed in 25 kg of bags 42
NEW POW WDER PLANT Silo+Holder
8°°C
13°C
6 66°C
64°C C
75°C
58°C W L 78°C
W LL
Waater Line Cond denser
k Powder Full Crream Milk For over 30 years, Nuurpur FCMP P because off its high quaality is a largge selling braand of Nurpuur 28% fat, it meets m the requuired quantitty of essentiial fatty acid ds and caloriees in market. With 25-2 i obtain esspecially from butter fatt plus all thee same impoortant vitamiins and mineerals found in other millks. It is pack ked in 25 kgg bags.
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Skimmed Milk Powder: Nurpur is one of the major market shareholders of SMP in Pakistan, mainly because of its quality. As “Nurpur SMP” has less than 1.5 % Butterfat so Nurpur Skim/Slim Milk has virtually less fat and cholesterol and very few calories, plus all the same important vitamins and minerals found in other milks.
Process Flow Diagram of MILK POWDER FC milk/ skim milk in tank ↓ Balance tank ↓ Condenser ↓
Pre- heater -1 ↓ Pre- heater -2 (90-95)ºc ↓ Calendia – 1 ↓ Calendia -2 ↓ Atomizer ↓ Dryers ↓
↙↘ Cyclone ‐1 cyclone‐2
↘ ↙ Transport system cyclone ↓ Bagging hopper ↓ Final packing ↓ Storage 44
CHEESE & BUTTER
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BUTTTER Butter is essentially the fat of the milk. It iss usually maade from sw weet cream and is salted d. o be made frrom acidulatted or bacteeriological so oured cream m and salt lesss Howeverr, it can also (sweet) butters b are also availab ble. Well intto the 19th century buttter was still made from cream th hat had been n allowed to stand and sour naturally. Today's co ommercial b butter makin ng is a prod duct of the knowledge and experieence gained d over the yyears in succh matters aas hygiene, bacterial accidifying and d heat treatm ment, as welll as the rapiid technical developmen nt m no ow used. Th he commerccial cream separator waas that has led to the advanced machinery nd of the 19 9th century; the continu uous churn h had been commercializeed introduceed at the en by the middle of the 20th centurry. oducers of butter and bu utter produccts in Pakistaan, processeed Nurpur iss one of the leading pro from thee best fresh milk. With 80% fat in Nurpur N Buttter, not onlyy you will geet energy bu ut also bodyy required eessential fattty acids. Nurrpur butter is made from m cow’s milkk, which roam m freely an nd eat fresh green grass all year ro ound. That’ss what givess Nurpur bu utter the rich, creamy ttaste that naature intendeed. Nurpur b butter is avaailable in con nsumer packkaging and fo or industrial processorss. Innovation is the maain focus. Primary exam mples includ de the yellow me. In Pakiistan, Nurpu ur butters in tubs avaailable undeer the “Nurrpur butter”” brand nam premium buttters. Nurpur also exportts butter to many counttries. markets a range of p Spread the golden ggoodness of Nurpur Buttter and relissh the very special deligght of its ricch better. creamy taste. You neever had it b Types off Butter Two Typees of Butter:: i.
packed in 1 W White Butter 1 Kg and 5 Kgg packing
ii.
Yellow Butterr packed in 1 10 gms, 20 ggms, 50 gms,, 100gms, 20 00 gms in 1 K Kg and 5 Kg packing 4 46
PROCESS DISCRIPTION If the cream is separated by the butter manufacturer, the whole milk is preheated to the required temperature in milk pasteurizer before being passed through a separator. The cream is cooled and led to a storage tank where the fat content is analyzed and adjusted to the desired value, if necessary. The skim milk from the separator is pasteurized and cooled before being pumped to storage. It is usually destined for concentration and drying From the intermediate storage tanks, the cream goes to pasteurization at a temperature of 95°C or more. The high temperature is needed to destroy enzymes and micro-organisms that would impair the keeping quality of the butter. In the aging tank, the cream is subjected to a program of controlled cooling designed to give the fat the required crystalline structure. The program is chosen to accord with factors such as the composition of the butterfat, expressed, for example, in terms of the iodine value which is a measure of the unsaturated fat content. The treatment can even be modified to obtain butter with good consistency despite a low iodine value, i.e. when the unsaturated proportion of the fat is low. As a rule, aging takes 12 - 15 hours. From the aging tank, the cream is pumped to the churn or continuous breakdown via a plate heat exchanger which brings it to the requisite temperature. In the churning process the cream is violently agitated to breakdown the fat globule, causing the fat to coagulate into butter grains, while the fat content of the remaining liquid, the buttermilk, decreases. Thus the cream is split into two fractions: butter grains and buttermilk. In traditional churning, the machine stops when the grains have reached a certain size, whereupon the buttermilk is drained off. With the continuous butter maker the draining of the buttermilk is also continuous. After draining, the butter is worked to a continuous fat phase containing a finely dispersed water phase. It used to be common practice to wash the butter after churning to remove any residual buttermilk and milk solids but this is rarely done today. Salt is used to improve the flavor and the shelf-life, as it acts as a preservative. If the butter is to be salted, salt (1-3%) is spread over its surface, in the case of batch production. In the 47
continuouus butter maaker, a salt slurry is addded to the butter. b The ssalt is all disssolved in thhe aqueous pphase, so thee effective salt concentraation is apprroximately 10% in the water. w After sallting, the buutter must bee worked viigorously to ensure evenn distributioon of the sallt. The workking of the butter b also innfluences thee characterisstics by whicch the produ uct is judgedd aroma, taste, t keepin ng quality, appearancee and color. Working is required to obtain a homogennous blend of butter grranules, waater and saltt. During working, w fat moves from m globular to free fat. Water W dropleets decrease in size durinng working and should not be visible d o on in properrly worked butter. Oveerworked buutter will bee too brittle or greasy depending whether the t fat is harrd or soft. Soome water may m be addedd to standarddize the moiisture contennt. Precise ccontrol of com mposition iss essential foor maximum yield. The finisshed butter iss dischargedd into the pacckaging unit, and from thhere to cold storage.
Butteer Churn
B Butter grain ns and butteer milk read dy for separration 4 48
Removal of b butter into trrolley
Flow line of Butter
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CHEESE: According to the National Dairy Council, "All cheese is made from milk, but different manufacturing and aging processes are used to produce the array of cheese available today. Cheese is made by coagulating or curdling milk, stirring and heating the curd, draining off the whey (the watery part of milk), collecting and pressing the curd, and in some cases ripening. Three types of Cheese 1. Cheddar cheese packed in slices with weight of 200gms, and 1000gms while in cakes with 225gms and 2000gms 2. Cottage cheese packed in cakes with weight of 200gms 3. Spicy cheddar cheese packed in cakes weight 225gms Rich source of protein especially casein protein deficiency is fulfilled by cheese. Cheddar and Cottage cheese produced from fresh milk. For making Cheddar cheese first of all Green cheese is made. Nurpur offers a wide range of delicious cheeses in market. Nurpur’s deliciously unique Cheddars are slow matured for a superior taste. They’re made the right way for a fuller flavor and a taste you can trust. All cheeses are made from fresh pasteurized cow milk, each subject to a different process to ensure unique taste and presentation. The basics of cheese making The process of cheese making is an ancient craft that dates back thousands of years. By today's standards of industrial technology, the process of cheese making is still a complicated one which combines both "Art" and "Science" together. The subject of cheese has been extensively investigated by many research groups in many countries, and in‐depth information has been reported, for example, by Kosikowski (1982), Scott (1986), Robinson (1993) and Fox (1993).
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Making G Green Cheesse from Curd dled Milk Cheese making m capitalizes on the curdling of milk. Firrst, the milkk is carefully selected to t make surre there are no antibiotics or harmfful agents th hat could afffect the proccess. The milk is then heated h and held h at a givven temperaature for a short period d to destroyy any harmful bacteria (i.e. pasteurization). Sp pecial starterr cultures arre then addeed to the warm milk an nd ugar into lacctic acid. Th his acidifies the milk at a change aa very small amount off the milk su much fasster rate and d prepares itt for the nexxt stage. Ren nnet (mainlyy chymosin) is then addeed to the m milk and with hin a short ttime a curd is produced d. The resulttant curd is then cut intto small cubes, and heat h is applied to start a shrinkin ng process which, with h the stead dy on of lactic aacid from th he starter cu ultures, will cchange it intto small size ed grains. At a productio carefully chosen point the curd grains are aallowed to ffall to the bo ottom of the cheese vaat, over liquid, which consiists of water, milk sugar and album men (now caalled whey) is the left‐o drained off and the curd grainss allowed to o mat togeth her to form large slabs of curd. Th he d, and salt is added to prrovide flavorr and help preserve the cheese. Lateer, slabs aree then milled it is presssed, and subsequently packed in vvarious sized d containers for maturin ng.That is th he basic method for maaking what iss known as aa hard‐presseed cheese.
Cheese milk culture e and renne et addition and mixing in n cheese vatt
Curd d setting 5 51
Cuttin ng the curd
Cooking the curd
Draining of wheyy
eddaring Che
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Salting after milling
Cheesee block fillingg and preparing for presssing
Pre essing:
Vacuu um sealing o of Green che eese block 53
Process Flow Diagram of Green Cheese
Pasteurized &
→ Lab analysis Standardized Cheese milk ↓ Temp setting ↓ Culture addition ↓ Rennet addition ↓ Ripening ↓ Cutting of coagulum ↓ Cooking ↓ Block cutting at 0.3% acidity ↓ Milling ↓ Salt addition ↓ Cheese block filling & pressing ↓ Storage ↓ Vacuum sealing ↓
Storage for purpose of Green cheese aging at < 10°C ↓ Cleaning of Aged Green cheese block 54
↓ Cutting Of green cheese ↓ Mincing ↓ Cooking and Addition OF additive ↓ Filling Cheddar cheese in moulds ↓ Storage at