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Subject Categories Click on Subject Category below: Anthropology Archaeology Astronomy and Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Biochemi...
Author: Milo Hodges
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Subject Categories Click on Subject Category below: Anthropology Archaeology Astronomy and Astrophysics Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Business and Finance Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Chemistry Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Computer Sciences and Technology Economics Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Engineering and Technology Geology and Mineralogy Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences History Law and Jurisprudence Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Literature (Creative Writing) Mathematics and Statistics Medicine and Health Microbiology and Immunology Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Performing Arts and Music–Criticism and Practice Philosophy Physics Physiology and Pharmacology Plant Sciences Political Science/International Relations Psychology/Education Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Sociology/Demography Theology and Ministerial Practice Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Zoology

Anthropology Adams, Robert McCormick Adler-Lomnitz, Larissa Appadurai, Arjun Bailey, Frederick George Barth, Fredrik Bateson, Gregory Beall, Cynthia M. Benedict, Ruth Fulton Berlin, Overton Brent Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich Boas, Franz Bowditch, Ingersoll Braidwood, Robert John Brew, John Otis Brigham, William Tufts Brooks, Alison Spence Brown, James Allison Byers, Douglas Swain Cabot, William Brooks Campbell, Clarence Gordon Carneiro, Robert L. Carr, Lucien Chang, Kwang-chih Clark, John Desmond (J. Desmond) Clifford, James Cohn, Bernard Samuel Colson, Elizabeth Florence Comaroff, Jean Comaroff, John Lionel Conklin, Harold Colyer Coon, Carleton Stevens Cordell, Linda S. DaMatta, Roberto Augusto D’Andrade, Roy G. Das, Veena Davis, Allison (William Allison) Descola, Philippe

DeVore, Irven (Boyd Irven) Dillehay, Tom D. Dixon, Roland Burrage Dodge, Ernest Stanley Donnan, Christopher B. Douglas, Mary Margaret Du Bois, Cora Alice Dumont, Louis Charles Jean Dundes, Alan Durand, Jorge Duranti, Alessandro Dyson, Jr., Robert Harris Earle, Timothy Eckert, Penelope Dorothy Edgerton, Robert B. Eggan, Fred Russell Eiseley, Loren Corey Ellison, Peter T. Erlandson, Jon McVey Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evan Fallers, Lloyd Ashton Farabee, William Curtis Farmer, Paul Edward Fash, Jr., William L. Feld, Steven Fernandez, James W. Firth, Raymond William Ford, Richard Irving Fortes, Meyer Foster, Jr., George McClelland Fowler, Catherine S. Freyre, Gilberto de Mello Friedl, Ernestine Friedrich, Paul Gal, Susan Garn, Stanley Marion Geertz, Clifford James Gellner, Ernest Andre

Gluckman, Max (Herman Max) Goddard, Pliny Earle Goodenough, Ward Hunt Goody, John Rankine Grayson, Donald K. Greenberg, Joseph Harold Greenhouse, Carol J. Grove, David C. Gumperz, John J. Guyer, Jane I. Hammel, Eugene Alfred Hannerz, Ulf Harvey, David Haury, Emil Walter Hawkes, Kristen Helm, June Herzfeld, Michael Hill, Jane H. Holmes, William Henry Hooton, Earnest Albert Howell, Francis Clark Howells, William White Hrdlicka, Ales Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer Hurtado, Ana Magdalena Hymes, Dell Hathaway Irvine, Judith Temkin Jablonski, Nina G. Johnson, Frederick Kenoyer, J. Mark Kertzer, David I. Kirch, Patrick Vinton Klein, Richard George Kluckhohn, Clyde Kay Maben Konner, Melvin J. Kottak, Conrad Phillip Kroeber, Alfred Louis Lamberg-Karlovsky, Clifford Charles Latour, Bruno Leach, Edmund Ronald

Leakey, Mary Douglas Nicol Leakey, Richard Erskine Frere Lee, Richard Borshay LeVine, Robert Alan Levi-Strauss, Claude Levy, Robert Isaac Levy, Thomas Evan Lewis, Oscar Li, Ling Linton, Ralph Lock, Margaret Lounsbury, Floyd Glenn Lovejoy, C. Owen Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Marcus, Joyce Margolis, Maxine L. Maudslay, Alfred Percival Maybury-Lewis, David Henry Peter McAllester, David Park Mead, Margaret Milton, Katharine Mintz, Sidney Wilfred Moore, Sally Falk Morgan, Lewis Henry Morris, Craig Moseley, Michael Edward Murdock, George Peter Nader, Laura Nicolaisen, Agnes Ida Benedicte Ochs, Elinor Ruth Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko Oliver, Douglas Llewellyn Ortner, Sherry Beth O’Shea, John Michael Peacock III, James Lowe Pelzel, John Campbell Pickering, Charles Pilbeam, David Roger Piperno, Dolores Rita

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Plog, Stephen Powell, John Wesley Putnam, Frederic Ward Rainey, Froelich Gladstone Rappaport, Roy Abraham Redfield, Robert Redmond, Elsa M. Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Richards, Audrey Isabel Roberts, John Milton Romney, Antone Kimball Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius Rosaldo, Jr., Renato Ignacio Rouse, Irving Sahlins, Marshall David Sapir, Edward Schneider, David Murray Seler, Eduard Shapiro, Harry Lionel Shapiro, Judith R. Sharer, Robert James Shweder, Richard Allan Singer, Milton Borah Smith, Bruce David Spencer, Charles S. Sperber, Dan Spier, Leslie Spinden, Herbert Joseph Spiro, Melford Elliot Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar Stanish, Charles Steinmetz, Sebald Rudolf Stocking, Jr., George Ward Strathern, Marilyn Strier, Karen B. Tambiah, Stanley Jeyarajah Tozzer, Alfred Marston Traxler, Loa Paulette Turner, Victor Witter

Verdery, Katherine Maureen Vogt, Jr., Evon Zartman Wagley, Charles Walter Walker, Alan Cyril Wallace, Anthony Francis Clarke Warner, William Lloyd Washburn, Sherwood Larned Watson, James Lee Watson, Rubie S. Wertsch, James V. Whiting, Beatrice Blyth Whiting, John Wesley Mayhew Wissler, Clark Wolf, Eric Robert Woolard, Kathryn Ann Worthman, Carol M. Wrangham, Richard W. Wulsin, Frederick Roelker Yalman, Nur Osman Zeder, Melinda A. Back to Subject Index

Archaeology Albright, William Foxwell Ballard, Robert D. Bard, Kathryn A. Bass, George F. Beazley, John Davidson Bernal, Ignacio Betancourt, Philip P. Bieber, Margarete Bietak, Manfred Bittel, Kurt Blegen, Carl William Bowditch, Charles Pickering Brown, James Allison

Caskey, John Langdon Caso y Andrade, Alfonso Chase, George Henry Clark, John Grahame Douglas Clarke, Joseph Thacher Cooke, Richard G. Curtius, Ernst Deagan, Kathleen A. di Cesnola, Luigi Palma Dillehay, Tom D. Dinsmoor, William Bell Dorpfeld, Wilhelm Earle, Timothy Evans, John Flannery, Kent Vaughn Glueck, Nelson Goldman, Hetty Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov Harrison, Evelyn Byrd Haynes, Henry Williamson Hencken, Hugh O’Neill Hill, Bert Hodge Hoppin, Joseph Clark Kenoyer, J. Mark Kidder, Alfred Vincent Kramer, Samuel Noah Lechtman, Heather Nan Lemerle, Paul Emile Lepsius, Karl Richard MacNeish, Richard Stockton Maspero, Gaston Camille Charles McCormick, Michael Mellink, Machteld Johanna Meltzer, David J. Milanich, Jerald T. Movius, Jr., Hallam Leonard Mylonas, George Emmanuel

Nilsson, Martin Persson O’Shea, John Michael Perrot, Jean Joseph Francois Piggott, Stuart Plog, Stephen Pollock, Harry Evelyn Dorr Porada, Edith Rawson, Jessica Redmond, Elsa M. Reitz, Elizabeth Jean Richardson, Emeline Hill Richardson, Rufus Byam Robert, Louis Robinson, David Moore Rose, C. Brian Rostovtzeff, Michael Ivanovitch Sabloff, Jeremy Arac Serradifalco, Domenico Lo Faso Pietrasanta, Duca di Shear, Theodore Leslie Sjoqvist, Erik Stanish, Charles Stein, Aurel Thompson, Homer Armstrong Toynbee, Jocelyn Mary Catherine von Falkenhausen, Lothar Watson, Patty Jo Weinberg, Saul S. Willey, Gordon Randolph Back to Subject Index

Astronomy and Astrophysics Abbot, Charles Greeley Adams, John Couch Adams, Walter Sydney Agassiz, George Russell

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Airy, George Biddell Alcock, Charles R. Alexander, Stephen Aller, Lawrence Hugh Ambartsumian, Viktor Amazaspovich Angel, James Roger Prior Arago, Dominique Francois Jean Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August Arnett, David (William David) Auwers, Arthur Julius George Friedrich von Babcock, Horace Welcome Backlund, Jons Oskar Backus, George Edward Bahcall, John Norris Bahcall, Neta Assaf Bailey, Solon Irving Baily, Francis Baker, James Gilbert Baldwin, Ralph Belknap Barnard, Edward Emerson Bartlett, William Holmes Chambers Becklin, Eric E. Beckwith, Steven Van Walter Bennett, Charles L. Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm Biddle, Owen Blaauw, Adriaan Blandford, Roger David Bok, Bart Jan Bolton, John Gatenby Bond, George Phillips Bond, J. Richard (John Richard) Bond, William Cranch Boss, Alan Paul

Boss, Lewis Bowditch, Nathaniel Bowen, Ira Sprague Bracewell, Ronald Newbold Brinkley, John Brouwer, Dirk Brownlee, Donald E. Burbidge, Eleanor Margaret Burbidge, Geoffrey R. Burckhardt, Johann Karl Burg, Johann Tobias Burke, Bernard Flood Burnham, Sherburne Wesley Burrows, Adam Seth Butler, R. Paul Cacciatore, Niccolo Cameron, Alastair Graham Walter Campbell, William Wallace Canizares, Claude Roger Carlstrom, John E. Cassini, Jean Dominique, Comte de Caswell, Alexis Chandler, Jr., Seth Carlo Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan Clark, Alvan Clark, Alvan Graham Clark, George Bassett Clayton, Donald Delbert Clemence, Gerald Maurice Code, Arthur Dodd Cohen, Marshall H. Comstock, George Cary Córdova, France A. Dalgarno, Alexander Damoiseau (Baron de), Marie Charles Theodore Darwin, George Howard Davidson, George

Davis, Marc Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph Delaunay, Charles Eugene Dollen, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm Drake, Frank Donald Draper, Henry Drell, Persis Sydney Dressler, Alan Michael Duncan, John Charles Eddington, Arthur Stanley Edmands, John Rayner Encke, Johann Franz Evans, Jr., John Wainwright Ewen, Harold Irving Faber, Sandra Moore Faye, Herve Auguste Etienne Albans Field, George Brooks Filippenko, Alexei V. Fischer, Debra Ann Fowler, William Alfred Fox, Philip Freedman, Wendy Laurel Frieman, Joshua A. Frost, Edwin Brant Garnett, John Gebbie, Katharine Blodgett Gehrels, Neil Geller, Margaret Joan Ghez, Andrea M. Giacconi, Riccardo Gill, David Gilliss, James Melville Gingerich, Owen Jay Glatzmaier, Gary A. Gold, Thomas Goldberg, Leo Goldreich, Peter Martin Gould, Jr., Benjamin Apthorp

Greenstein, Jesse Leonard Gunn, James Edward Gurnett, Donald A. Gylden, Johan August Hugo Hagen, John Peter Hale, George Ellery Hall, Asaph Hamilton, William Rowan Hansen, Peter Andreas Hansteen, Christopher Harrison, Fiona Anne Haynes, Martha Patricia Heckman, Timothy M. Heeschen, David Sutphin Heiles, Carl Eugene Herbig, George Howard Hernquist, Lars Herschel, John Frederick William Herschel, William (Frederick William) Hertzsprung, Ejnar Hewish, Antony Hewitt, Jacqueline Hildebrand, Roger Henry Hill, George William Hogan, Craig James Holden, Edward Singleton Hopkins, Albert Hornsby, Thomas Hoyle, Fred Hu, Wayne Hubbard, Joseph Stillman Huchra, John Peter Huggins, William Jeaurat, Edme Sebastien Jewitt, David C. Johnson, Manuel John Johnson, Torrence V. Jones, Harold Spencer Kahn, Steven Michael Kamionkowski, Marc

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Kaspi, Victoria M. Kauffmann, Guinevere Alice Mei-ing Keeler, James Edward Kellermann, Kenneth Irwin Kennicutt, Jr., Robert Charles King, Edward Skinner King, Ivan Robert Kirshner, Robert P. Kolb, Edward W. Kouveliotou, Chryssa Kraft, Robert Paul Krook, Max Kuiper, Gerard Peter Kulkarni, Shrinivas Ramchandra Lalande, Joseph-Jerome le Francais Lamb, Frederick Keithley Lamb, Jr., Donald Quincy Lampland, Carl Otto Lange, Andrew Evan Langley, Samuel Pierpont Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de Latham, David Winslow Layzer, David Raymond Le Verrier, Urbain Jean Joseph Lee, Typhoon Leighton, Robert Benjamin Lightman, Alan Paige Liller, William Lilley, Arthur Edward Lin, Douglas N. C. Lin, Robert Peichung Lindblad, Bertil Linde, Andrei Dmitriyevich Lindenau, Bernhard August, Freiherr von Lockyer, Joseph Norman

Loeb, Abraham Loomis, Elias Lovell, Bernard (Alfred Charles Bernard) Low, Frank J. Lowell, Percival Lubbock (Baronet), John William Luyten, Willem Jacob Lynden-Bell, Donald Marcy, Geoffrey W. Maskelyne, Nevil Mather, John Cromwell Mayall, Nicholas Ulrich Mayor, Michel Gustave McKee, Christopher F. Meinel, Aden Baker Menzel, Donald Howard Merrill, Paul Willard Mészáros, Péter István Metcalf, Joel Hastings Michelson, Peter F. Miller, John Anthony Miller, Joseph Standard Milne, Edward Arthur Minnaert, Marcel Gilles Jozef Mitchel, Ormsby McKnight Mitchell, Maria Mitchell, Samuel Alfred Mitchell, William (17911869) Moran, James Michael Morgan, William Wilson Moulton, Forest Ray Munch, Guido Murray, Bruce Churchill Nassau, Jason John Neugebauer, Gerry Newcomb, Simon Ney, Edward Purdy Norman, Michael Lester

Oke, John Beverley Olbers, Heinrich Wilhelm Matthias Oort, Jan Hendrik Opik, Ernst Julius Osterbrock, Donald E. Ostriker, Jeremiah Paul Page, Jr., Lyman Alexander Paine, Robert Treat (18031885) Parker, Eugene Newman Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia Helena Peebles, P. James E. (Phillip James E.) Pekeris, Chaim Leib Penzias, Arno Allan Perlmutter, Saul Peters, Christian August Friedrich Peters, Christian Heinrich Friedrich Pickering, Edward Charles Pickering, William Hayward Pickering, William Henry Plana (Barone), Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plantamour, Emile Plaskett, Harry Hemley Pond, John Poor, Charles Lane Press, William Henry Pritchett, Henry Smith Readhead, Anthony Christopher Sanford Rees, Martin John Rieke, George H. Rieke, Marcia J. Riess, Adam G. Ritchie, Jr., John Rittenhouse, David Roberts, Morton S.

Roberts, Walter Orr Rogers, William Augustus Rosner, Robert Rubin, Vera Cooper Ruderman, Malvin Avram Russell, Henry Norris Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris Ryle, Martin Sadoulet, Bernard Safford, Truman Henry Sagan, Carl Edward Saha, Meghnad Salpeter, Edwin Ernest Sandage, Allan Rex Sargent, Anneila Isabel Sargent, Wallace Leslie William Sawyer, Edwin Forrest Schlesinger, Frank Schmidt, Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt, Maarten Schonfeld, Eduard Schramm, David Norman Schubert, Friedrich Theodor Schumacher, Heinrich Christian Schwarzschild, Martin Sciama, Dennis William Searle, Arthur Searle, George Mary Shapiro, Irwin Ira Shapley, Harlow Shayn (Shajn), Grigory Abramovitch Shectman, Stephen A. Shklovsky, Josif Samuilovich Shoemaker, Carolyn Spellman Shu, Frank H. Silk, Joseph I.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Sitter, Willem de Slipher, Vesto Melvin Slocum, Frederick Smarr, Larry L. Smyth, William Henry Spergel, David Nathaniel Spitzer, Jr., Lyman Squyres, Steven W. Stansbury, Daniel Stebbins, Joel Sterne, Theodore Eugene Stetson, Harlan True Stockwell, John Nelson Strittmatter, Peter Albert Stromgren, Bengt Georg Daniel Struve, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Struve, Otto Struve, Otto Wilhelm von Sunyaev, Rashid Alievich Swings, Polidore F. F. Szalay, Alexander Sandor Taylor, Jr., Joseph Hooton Teukolsky, Saul A. Tremaine, Scott Duncan Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold Truran, Jr., James Wellington Turner, Michael Stanley Tyson, J. Anthony Urry, C. Megan van de Hulst, Hendrik Christoffel van Dishoeck, Ewine Fleur Vogel, Hermann Carl Walker, Sears Cook Ward, William R. Wargentin, Pehr Wilhelm Watson, Fletcher Guard Watson, James Craig Wendell, Oliver Clinton

West, Benjamin (17301813) Westphal, James Adolph Weymann, Ray John Whipple, Fred Lawrence Whitford, Albert Edward Whitney, Charles Allen Wild, John Paul Williams, Robert E. Willson, Robert Wheeler Wilson, Robert Woodrow Winlock, Joseph Wisdom, Jack Leach Wolfe, Arthur Michael Woltjer, Lodewijk Woosley, Stanford E. Wright, Edward L. Yendell, Paul Sebastian Young, Charles Augustus Yung, Yuk Ling Zach, Franz Xaver, Freiherr Back to Subject Index

Atmospheric Sciences and Oceanography Abbe, Cleveland Austin, James Murdoch Bigelow, Henry Bryant Bjerknes, Jacob Aall Bonnevie Bjerknes, Vilhelm Frimann Koren Brooks, Charles Franklin Cane, Mark Alan Charney, Jule Gregory Cicerone, Ralph John Clayton, Henry Helm Crutzen, Paul Josef Davis, Russ Erik

Davis, Walter Gould Dove, Heinrich Wilhelm Fassig, Oliver Lanard Fergusson, Sterling Price Ferrel, William Fye, Paul McDonald Hall, Jonathan Patten Hemmer, Johann Jacob Houghton, Henry Garrett Imbrie, John Ingersoll, Andrew Perry Isaacs, John Dove Iselin II, Columbus O’Donnell Junge, Christian Eduard Friedrich Kalnay, Eugenia Keeling, Charles David Kondratyev, Kirill Yakovlevich Landsberg, Helmut Erich Lindzen, Richard Siegmund Loomis, Elias Lorenz, Edward Norton Malone, Thomas Francis Mauersberger, Konrad McAdie, Alexander George McElroy, Michael Brendan McEwen, George Francis Miles, Edward L. Mollo-Christensen, Erik Leonard Monin, Andrei Sergeevich Murray, John Namias, Jerome Pedlosky, Joseph Philander, S. George H. (Samuel George Harker) Phillips, Norman Alton Pillsbury, John Elliott Plantamour, Emile

Prather, Kimberly A. Ramanathan, Veerabhadran Redfield, William C. Rhines, Peter B. Robinson, Allan Richard Rossby, Carl-Gustaf Arvid Rossby, Hans Thomas Rotch, Abbott Lawrence Salmon, Richard Lawrence Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Shaw, William Napier Smagorinsky, Joseph Solomon, Susan Starr, Victor Paul Stern, Melvin Ernest Stocker, Thomas F. Stommel, Henry Melson Suomi, Verner Edward Swallow, John Crossley Talley, Lynne Thiemens, Mark H. Toole, John Merrill von Arx, William Stelling von Hann, Julius Ferdinand Wallace, John Michael Ward, Robert DeCourcy Washington, Warren Morton Wexler, Harry White, Robert Mayer Wild, Heinrich Willett, Hurd Curtis Wunsch, Carl Isaac Yung, Yuk Ling Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Abeles, Robert Heinz Abelson, John Norman Abraham, Edward Penley Adams, Elijah Adler, Julius Agard, David A. Alberts, Bruce Michael Ambros, Victor Ames, Bruce Nathan Ames, Giovanna FerroLuzzi Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer Arnold, Frances Hamilton Aronson, Peter S. Artavanis-Tsakonas, Spyros Axel, Richard Babior, Bernard Macy Baker, David Baker, Tania Ann Baldwin, Robert Lesh Ball, Eric Glendinning Banerjee, Utpal Barker, Horace Albert Barres, Ben A. Bass, Brenda L. Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Baumeister, Wolfgang P. Bax, Adriaan Beachy, Philip Beadle, George Wells Bean, Charles Palmer Bear, Richard Scott Beinert, Helmut Bell, Alexis T. Benson, Andrew Alm Berg, Howard Curtis Berg, Paul Berger, James M.

Berger, Shelley L. Bergstrom, Sune (Karl Sune Detlof) Bjorkman, Pamela J. Blackburn, Elizabeth Helen Bloch, Konrad Emil Block, Steven M. Bloom, Kerry Steven Blout, Elkan Rogers Blumenthal, Thomas Boeke, Jef D. Borst, Piet Botchan, Michael R. Bovie, William T. Boyd, William Clouser Boyer, Herbert Wayne Boyer, Paul Delos Braunstein, Aleksandr Evseyevich Brenner, Sydney Brink, Jr., Frank Britten, Roy John Brown, Gene Monte Brown, Michael Stuart Brunori, Maurizio Buchanan, Bob Branch Buchanan, John Machlin Burger, Max Marcell Burris, Robert Harza Bustamante, Carlos J. Butler, Warren Lee Cane, David E. Cantoni, Giulio Leonardo Cantor, Charles Robert Carbon, John Anthony Carlson, John R. Carter, Herbert Edmund Caruthers, Marvin Harry Caspar, Donald Louis Dvorak Cech, Thomas Robert Chagas, Carlos Chakraborty, Arup K.

Chamberlin, Michael John Chambon, Pierre Chance, Britton Chargaff, Erwin Chittenden, Russell Henry Christensen, Halvor Niels Ciechanover, Aaron Judah Clapham, David E. Clarke, Hans Thacher Claude, Albert Cleland, William Wallace Cleveland, Don W. Clevers, Johannes Carolus Cline, Thomas Warren Clore, G. Marius Cohen, Carolyn Cohen, Fred E. Cohen, Georges N. Cohen, Seymour Stanley Cohen, Stanley Cohn, Mildred [elected as Mildred Cohn Primakoff] Cohn, Edwin Joseph Cohn, Melvin Cohn, Waldo E. Cole, Kenneth Stewart Collins, Francis Sellers Collip, James Bertram Conaway, Joan W. Conaway, Ronald C. Coon, Minor Jesser Cori, Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Court, Donald Lee Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. Craig, Elizabeth Anne Craig, Nancy L. Cravatt III, Benjamin F. Crick, Francis Harry Compton Croce, Carlo M. Crothers, Donald Morris

Cuatrecasas, Pedro Martin Curran, Tom Dahlberg, James E. Dai, Hongjie Daley, George Q. Daly, Joseph Michael Davidson, Norman Ralph Davie, Earl Warren Davies, David R. Davis, Mark M. Dawid, Igor Bert de Duve, Christian Rene De Robertis, Edward Michael DeGrado, William F. Delbruck, Max Ludwig Henning DeLuca, Hector Floyd DeRisi, Joseph L. DeRosier, David John Deshaies, Raymond J. Dickerson, Richard Earl Dill, Kenneth A. Dixit, Vishva Dixon, Jack Edward Dobson, Christopher M. Doe, Chris Q. Doisy, Edward Adelbert Doolittle, Russell F. Dorfman, Ralph Isadore Doty, Paul Mead Doudna Cate, Jennifer A. Dreyfuss, Gideon du Vigneaud, Vincent Eaton, William A. Ebashi, Setsuro Ebright, Richard H. Edelman, Gerald Maurice Edelman, Isidore Samuel Edmonds, Mary Patricia Edsall, John Tileston Eisenberg, David Samuel Eisenman, George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Elgin, Sarah Carlisle Roberts Elledge, Stephen Elson, Elliot Lawrence Elvehjem, Conrad Arnold Engel, Lewis Libman Engelhardt, Vladimir Aleksandrovich Engelman, Donald Max Englander, Solomon Walter Erikson, Raymond Leo Ernster, Lars Evans, Ronald M. Fasman, Gerald David Fedoroff, Nina V. Feinberg, Andrew Paul Felsenfeld, Gary Fernandez-Moran, Humberto Ferro-Novick, Susan Fersht, Alan Roy Fiers, Walter Charles Cornelius Fischer, Edmond Henri Fiske, Cyrus Hartwell Folch-Pi, Jordi Folin, Otto Knut Olof Fox, Maurice Sanford Fraenkel-Conrat, Heinz Ludwig Frank, Joachim Fraser, Scott E. Frey, Perry Allen Fridovich, Irwin Frieden, Carl Friedkin, Morris Enton Friedman, Jeffrey M. Fruton, Joseph Stewart Garbers, David Lorn Geiduschek, E. Peter (Ernest Peter) Gelbart, William Michael

Gellert, Martin Frank Gibson, Quentin Howieson Gierasch, Lila M. Gilbert, Lawrence Irwin Gilbert, Walter Glaeser, Robert M. Glazer, Alexander Namiot Glomset, John A. Goeddel, David VanNorman Goff, Stephen Payne Gold, Lawrence Marshall Goldsmith, Timothy Henshaw Goldwasser, Eugene Goodenough, Ursula W. Gorski, Jack Gottesman, Maxwell E. Gottesman, Michael Marc Gottesman, Susan Gottschling, Daniel E. Gourse, Richard L. Granick, Sam Green, David Ezra Greider, Carol W. Griffith, Jack D. Gros, François Grossman, Alan D. Grunberg-Manago, Marianne Guidotti, Guido Gunsalus, Irwin Clyde Gustafsson, Jan-Ake Guthrie, Christine Ha, Taekjip Haber, Daniel Arie Hajjar, David P. Hall, Benjamin D. Hall, Cecil Edwin Hammes, Gordon G. Hanahan, Douglas Hanawalt, Philip C. Handler, Philip

Harington, Charles Robert Harrington, William Fields Harrison, Stephen Coplan Hartline, Haldan Keffer Haselkorn, Robert Haskins, Caryl Parker Hassid, William Zev Hastings, Albert Baird Hastings, John Woodland Haurowitz, Felix Michael Hawley, R. Scott Hayaishi, Osamu Heidelberger, Michael Heldin, Carl-Henrik Helinski, Donald Raymond Henderson, Lawrence Joseph Hendrickson, Wayne A. Heppel, Leon Alma Hershko, Avram Herskowitz, Ira Hess, George Paul Hieter, Philip Andrew Hill, Robert Hill, Robert Lee Hinnebusch, Alan G. Hoagland, Mahlon Bush Hochstrasser, Mark W. Hockett, Robert Casad Hogness, David Swenson Hollaender, Alexander Holley, Robert William Honig, Barry Hirsh Hood, Leroy Edward Hopfield, John Joseph Horecker, Bernard Leonard Horwitz, Susan Band Hotchkiss, Rollin Douglas Hubbard, Ruth Hubbell, Wayne Lester Huennekens, Frank Matthew Hughes, Jr., Walter Lee

Hunt, Donald Frederick Hunt, Richard Timothy Hunter, Tony (Anthony Rex) Hurwitz, Jerard Hutchison III, Clyde A. Huxley, Hugh Esmor Ingber, Donald E. Ingram, Vernon Martin Inouye, Masayori Itano, Harvey Akio Jacks, Tyler E. Jan, Lily Y. Jan, Yuh Nung Jencks, William Platt Jensen, Lyle Howard Johnston, Mark Jones, Mary Ellen Joyce, Gerald Francis Kaback, Howard Ronald Kaiser, Armin Dale Kaiser, Emil Thomas Kalckar, Herman Moritz Kamen, Martin David Kaplan, Nathan Oram Karlin, Arthur Karnovsky, Manfred Leslie Katchalski, Ephraim [see also Katzir, Ephraim] Katchalsky (KatzirKatchalsky), Aharon Kaufman, Seymour Kaushansky, Kenneth Keasling, Jay D. Keilin, David Kelly, Jr., Thomas J. Kendall, Edward Calvin Kendrew, John Cowdery Kennedy, Eugene Patrick Kenyon, Cynthia J. Khorana, Har Gobind Kim, Peter S. Kim, Stuart K.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Kim, Sung-Hou Kingston, Robert E. Kirschner, Marc Wallace Kleckner, Nancy Elizabeth Klee, Claude Elise Blanc Klinman, Judith Pollock Klotz, Irving Myron Klug, Aaron Kobilka, Brian K. Kolodner, Richard D. Koonin, Eugene V. Kornberg, Arthur Kornberg, Hans Leo Kornberg, Roger David Koshland, Jr., Daniel E. Kowalczykowski, Stephen C. Krebs, Edwin Gerhard Krebs, Hans Adolf Kuriyan, John Kuroda, Mitzi Irene Lake, James A. Lamb, Robert Andrew Lambowitz, Alan Marc Lander, Eric S. Landy, Arthur Lardy, Henry Arnold Lehman, Israel Robert (I. Robert) Lehninger, Albert Lester Leloir, Luis Federico Lerman, Leonard Solomon Lerner, Richard Alan Lester, Henry Allen Levine, Lawrence Levinson, Arthur D. Levinthal, Cyrus Levitt, Michael Liao, Shutsung Lifton, Richard P. Lindquist, Susan Lee Linn, Stuart Michael Lipman, David J.

Lipmann, Fritz Albert Lis, John T. Loeb, Lawrence A. Long, Cyril Norman Hugh Long, Sharon Rugel Loofbourow, John Robert Lorand, Laszlo Losick, Richard Marc Low, Barbara Wharton [Mrs. Metchie Budka] Lowey, Susan Lynen, Feodor Felix Konrad Macallum, Archibald Byron Maniatis, Thomas Peter Manley, James L. Maquat, Lynne E. Margoliash, Emanuel Marians, Kenneth J. Marletta, Michael A. Marqusee, Susan Marshall, Alan George Mattaj, Iain William Matthews, Brian Wesley Matthews, Rowena Green McClain, William H. McElroy, William David McKnight, Steven Lanier Meister, Alton Melton, Douglas A. Merchant, Sabeeha Meselson, Matthew Stanley Meyer, Karl Miller, Jeffrey H. Mirsky, Alfred Ezra Mitchell, Peter Dennis Mizuuchi, Kiyoshi Modrich, Paul Lawrence Monod, Jacques Lucien Moore, Peter Bartlett Moras, Dino Morimoto, Richard I.

Mueller, Paul Hubert Munro, Hamish Nisbet Mutt, Viktor Nachmansohn, David Nakanishi, Shigetada Nash, Howard Allen Neher, Erwin Nesbitt, David John Neuberger, Albert Neufeld, Elizabeth Fondal Neurath, Hans Newport, John W. Niemann, Carl George Nirenberg, Marshall Warren Nishimura, Susumu Nishizuka, Yasutomi Nisonoff, Alfred Nogales, Eva Noller, Harry F. Nomura, Masayasu Northrop, John Howard Nossal, Nancy Goldman Numa, Shosaku Nurse, Paul Maxime Ochoa, Severo O’Farrell, Patrick H. Okunuki, Kazuo Olivera, Baldomero M. Olson, Eric Newell Olson, Maynard V. O’Malley, Bert William Oncley, John Lawrence Onuchic, Jose Nelson Orgel, Leslie E. Osborn, Mary Jane Merten Otto, Sarah P. Pabo, Carl O. Page, David Conrad Palmer, Jeffrey Donald Palmiter, Richard Deforest Pappenheimer, Jr., Alwin Max

Pardee, Arthur Beck Parker, Roy R. Pastan, Ira Harry Patel, Dinshaw J. Pavletich, Nikola Panayot Penhoet, Edward E. Perlmutter, Roger Matthew Perutz, Max Ferdinand Peters, Rudolph Albert Petsko, Gregory Anthony Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Phillips, David Chilton Phillips, Robert B. Pickart, Cecile M. Platt, John Rader Ploegh, Hidde L. Popjak, George Joseph Porter, Rodney Robert Potter, Van Rensselaer Prives, Carol L. Ptashne, Mark Steven Puck, Theodore Thomas Putnam, Frank William Pyle, Anna Marie Racker, Efraim Radman, Miroslav RajBhandary, Uttam Lal Ramachandran, Gopalasamudram Narayana Randall, Linda Lea Rando, Robert Richard Rapoport, Tom A. Ratliff, Floyd Ratner, Sarah Record, M. Thomas Redfield, Alfred Guillou Reed, Lester James Reich, Edward Reichard, Peter Adolf Reinberg, Danny F. Rich, Alexander

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Richards, Frederic Middlebrook Richards, JoAnne Stewart Richardson, Charles Clifton Richardson, Jane S. Rittenberg, David Robbins, Phillips Wesley Roberts, Eugene Roberts, Jeffrey Warren Roberts, Richard John Rodbell, Martin Roeder, Robert Gayle Roelofs, Wendell Lee Rose, Irwin Allan Roseman, Saul Rosenblith, Walter Alter Rosenfeld, Michael Geoffrey Rossmann, Michael George Rothman, James Edward Rothman-Denes, Lucia B. Rothstein, Rodney J. Roussel, Martine F. Rubenstein, John L. R. Ruderman, Joan V. Russell, David W. Rutter, William J. Salas (Salas Falgueras), Margarita Sancar, Aziz Sanes, Joshua Richard Sanger, Frederick Sauer, Robert Thomas Schachman, Howard Kapnek Schatz, Gottfried Scheller, Richard H. Schellman, John Anthony Schimke, Robert Tod Schimmel, Paul Reinhard Schmidt, Gerhard Schulman, Brenda A.

Selker, Eric Ursell Setlow, Richard Burton Shapiro, Lucille Sharp, Phillip Allen Shatkin, Aaron Jeffrey Shemin, David Shi, Yigong Shokat, Kevan M. Shooter, Eric Manvers Shuman, Stewart Shuvalov, Vladimir A. Sigler, Paul Benjamin Simon, Melvin I. Simons, Kai Lennart Simpson, Larry Singer, Maxine Frank Singer, Seymour Jonathan Sinsheimer, Robert Louis Skalka, Anna Marie Skou, Jens Christian Smith, Emil L. Snell, Esmond Emerson Sober, Herbert Alexander Solomon, Arthur Kaskel Sonenberg, Nahum Southern, Edwin Mellor Spudich, James Anthony Spudich, John Lee Stadtman, Earl Reece Stadtman, Thressa Campbell Stein, William Howard Steiner, Donald Frederick Steitz, Joan Argetsinger Steitz, Thomas Arthur Stent, Gunther Siegmund Sternberg, Paul W. Stetten, Jr., DeWitt Stillman, Bruce William Stoker, Michael George Parke Storb, Ursula Beate Storz, Gisela T.

Strominger, Jack Leonard Stroud, Robert M. Struhl, Kevin Stryer, Lubert Studier, F. William (Frederick William) Sturtevant, Julian Munson Sumner, James Batcheller Sundquist, Wesley I. Sutherland, Earl Wilbur Szabo, Attila Szent-Gyorgyi, Albert von Nagyrapolt Szent-Gyorgyi, Andrew Gabriel Szilard, Leo Tabor, Herbert Tait, James Francis Tanford, Charles Tatum, Edward Lawrie Taylor, Edwin William Taylor, Susan Serota Temin, Howard Martin Theorell, Hugo (Axel Hugo Theodor) Thomas, Jr., Charles Allen Thorner, Jeremy W. Tilghman, Shirley Marie Caldwell Tiselius, Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tjian, Robert Tomizawa, Jun-ichi Tomkins, Gordon Mayer Tonegawa, Susumu Udenfriend, Sidney Uhlenbeck, Olke Cornelis Ullrich, Axel Umbarger, Harold Edwin Umezawa, Hamao Ussing, Hans Henrikson Utter, Merton Franklin Vagelos, Pindaros Roy

Vale, Wylie Vallee, Bert Lester van Deenen, Laurens L. M. van Holde, Kensal Edward Van Slyke, Donald Dexter Vande Woude, George F. Varmus, Harold Eliot Varshavsky, Alexander Jacob Vaughan, Martha Venter, J. Craig (John Craig) Verma, Inder M. Vickery, Hubert Bradford Villee, Jr., Claude Alvin Vinograd, Jerome Rubin Vogt, Peter K. von Hippel, Peter Hans Wagner, Gerhard Wald, George Walker, Graham Charles Walsh, Christopher Thomas Wang, James Chuo Wang, Jean Yin Jen Wang, Jui Hsin Waterston, Robert Hugh Watson, James Dewey Waugh, David Floyd Weber, Annemarie Weber, Gregorio Weinberg, Robert Allan Weiss, Samuel Bernard Weissmann, Charles Wells, James A. Westphal, Otto Hermann Eduard White, Abraham Wickens, Marvin Pete Wickner, Reed Brendon Wickner, Sue Hengren Wickner, William Tobey Wieschaus, Eric F.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Wigler, Michael H. Wiley, Don Craig Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick Williams, Jr., Robley Cook Williams-Ashman, Howard Guy Williamson, James R. Wilson, Allan Charles Wilson, Ian Andrew Wittmann, Heinz-Gunter Wolfenden, Richard Vance Wood III, William Barry Wood, Harland Goff Woolley, Dilworth Wayne Workman, Jerry L. Wright, Peter Edwin Wu, Carl Wuthrich, Kurt Wyckoff, Ralph Walter Graystone Yalow, Rosalyn Sussman Yamamoto, Keith Robert Yancopoulos, George D. Yang, Wei Yaniv, Moshe Yanofsky, Charles Yokoyama, Shigeyuki Yonath, Ada Zamecnik, Paul Charles Zhuang, Xiaowei Zipursky, Stephen Lawrence Back to Subject Index

Business and Finance Abbot, Edwin Hale Adams, Charles Francis (1835-1915) Adams, Charles Francis (1866-1954) Adams, Charles Francis (1910-1999) Adams, Thomas Boylston (1910-1997) Agassiz, George Russell Allen, Paul Gardner Allen, Robert Eugene Anderson, O. Kelley (Oscar Kelley) Appleton, Nathan Appleton, Nathaniel Arnhold, Henry H. Atkinson, Edward Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Augustine, Norman Ralph Balch, Francis Noyes Barger, J. Perry Barnard, Chester Irving Barnevik, Percy Nils Bartlett, Francis Bechtel, Riley Peart Beckman, Arnold Orville Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Beranek, Leo Leroy Berman, Mandell (Bill) Leslie Bernard, Lewis W. Beutner, Austin M. Bezos, Jeffrey Preston Bigelow, Erastus Brigham Biggs, John Herron Bilsland (Lord), Alexander Steven Binder, Gordon M. Bing, Peter Stephen Birkelund, John Peter

Black, Samuel Bruce Block, James A. Bloomberg, Michael R. Bodman, Samuel Wright Bogle, John Clifton Boiteux, Marcel Paul Bok, Joan Toland Bolton, Patrick Bowditch, Jonathan Ingersoll Brace, Lloyd DeWitt Bradshaw, Thornton Frederick Brady, Nicholas Frederick Brattle, Thomas Bren, Donald Brewster, William Souther Brin, Sergey Broad, Eli Bronfman, Sr., Edgar M. Brooke, Peter A. Brooks, Edward Pennell Brown, Charles Lee Brown, John Seely Brown, Theodore Henry Browne (Lord Browne of Madingley), John (Edmund John Phillip) Bryan, John Henry Bryson, John E. Buffett, Warren Edward Burgin, Clarence Rodgers Burke, James Edward Byers, Brook H. Cabot, George Cabot, Godfrey Lowell Cabot, Louis Wellington Cabot, Paul Codman Cabot, Philip Cabot, Thomas Dudley Cape, Ronald Elliot Carter, Marshall N. Cary, Frank Taylor

Cary, Thomas Greaves Case, Jean N. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Cavanagh, Richard E. Chambers, Anne Cox Chambers, John T. Chapman, Richard Palmer Chenault, Kenneth Irvine Clark, Paul Foster Clayton, William Lockhart Claytor, Jr., William Graham Cobb, John Candler Cockrell, Ernest H. Cogan, Jr., John Francis Coleman, Lewis W. Collado, Emilio Gabriel Connors, John M. Conrades, George Henry Coonley, Howard Copeland, Melvin Thomas Cordiner, Ralph Jarron Corrigan, E. Gerald (Edward Gerald) Cowen, Scott Stephen Cranch, Richard Crown, James S. Crown, Lester Cullman, Lewis B. Culver, David M. Dachs, Alan Mark Dalton, Marshall Bertrand Dalton, Tristram Daniel, D. Ronald d’Arbeloff, Alexander V. David, Donald Kirk Davis, Archibald Kimbrough Day, Robert Addison de Rothschild, David Deane, Charles Dell, Michael Saul Dennison, Henry Sturgis

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Dexter, Samuel (17261810) Dibner, Bern Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas) Dilworth, Joseph Richardson Dixwell, George Basil Doerr, John Donham, Wallace Brett Donnelley, Gaylord Doriot, Georges Frederic Dreyfoos, Jr., Alexander W. Drucker, Peter Ferdinand Dubinsky, David Eaton, Cyrus Stephen Edgerly, William Skelton Edwards, David Frank Edwards, Timothy Eliot, Samuel (1739-1820) Elliott, Byron Kauffman Ellis, George Hathaway Erburu, Robert F. Erickson, Joseph Austin Erving, George Feeney, Charles Francis Ferguson, Jr., Roger W. Ferri, Paul J. Finn, David Fish, Lawrence K. Fisher, Avery Robert Fisher, Richard Welton Flanders, Ralph Edward Flom, Joseph Harold Folsom, Marion Bayard Forbes, William Cameron Ford, Horace Sayford Foster, Richard Norman Franke, Richard James Frazier, Kenneth C. French, Edward Sanborn Fuller, Carlton Perry Galvin, Robert W.

Gardner, Jr., George Peabody Gates, William Henry (Bill) Gelb, Arthur Gellert, Michael Erwin George, Edward Gerstner, Jr., Louis Vincent Geschke, Charles M. Gibbons, Robert S. Gilbert, Carl Joyce Goldberg, Avram Jacob Golden, Clinton Strong Goldstein, Arthur L. Goldston, Eli Gordon, Bernard M. Grant, Hugh Grantham, R. Jeremy Grass, Albert Melvin Grass, Ellen Robinson Graves, Sr., Earl Gilbert Gray, Francis Calley (18901976) Gray, Horace (1800-1873) Gray, William Greenberg, Sanford D. Griffin, William Lester Hadley (W. L. Hadley) Grove, Andrew S. Guild, Benjamin Gupta, Rajat Kumar Haas, Robert D. Hall, Jonathan Patten Hambrecht, William R. Harman, Sidney Harriman, Henry Ingraham Harris, Irving Brooks Hart, Francis Russell Hatch, Francis Whiting Hazard, Rowland Gibson Heineman, Sr., Ben Walter Hellman, F. Warren (Frederick Warren)

Henderson, Ernest Henderson, Robert P. Hiatt, Arnold Selig Higgins, Robert F. Higginson, Henry Lee Hobson, Mellody L. Hodgkinson, Harold Daniel Hoffman, Paul Gray Hogg, Christopher Anthony Holliday, Jr., Charles O. Hostetter, Jr., Amos B. Houghton, Amory Houghton, Jr., Amory Houser, Theodore Virgil Hubbard, Jr., William Neill Hunnewell, Horatio Hollis Hutchins, Glenn H. Iger, Robert A. Immelt, Jeffrey R. Ingersoll, Robert Stephen Jackson, Jr., Charles Jefferson, Edward Graham Jenrette, Richard Jensen, Michael Cole Johnson 3d, Edward Crosby Johnson, James A. Jones, Matt Bushnell Kahle, Brewster Kaiser, Edgar Fosburgh Kaufman, Henry Kavli, Fred Kearns, David Todd Kekst, Gershon Keller, Carl Tilden Kelly, Edmund Francis Kelly, Mervin Joe Kemper, David Woods Kendall, Henry Plimpton Keough, Donald Raymond Kidder, Henry Purkitt

Kidder, Nathaniel Thayer Kim, Peter S. Kluge, John Werner Knight, Charles Fred Knight, Philip H. Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Koller, Daphne Kovner, Bruce Kraft, Robert K. Kresa, Kent Kuehler, Jack D. Lamont, Thomas William Lane, Gardiner Martin Larsen, Ralph Stanley Laubach, Gerald David Lauder, Leonard Alan Lawrence, Abbott Lazarus, Maurice Lee, David L. Lee, George Gardner Lee, John Clarke Lee, Seng Tee Leeds, Morris Evans Leghorn, Richard Sully Leibowitz, Martin L. Leighton, Frank Thomson (Tom) Leventhal, Norman B. Levinson, Arthur D. Lewent, Judy C. Lincoln, Frederic Walker Linde, Edward H. Livermore, George Lorsch, Jay William Lowell, Augustus Lowell, Francis Cabot (1803-1874) Lowell, John Amory Lowell, Ralph Lynch, Peter S. Mallinckrodt, Jr., Edward Mandel, Morton L.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Marshall (Lord Marshall of Knightsbridge), Colin Martin, Jr., William McChesney McCune, Jr., William James McDonnell, John F. McGovern, Patrick J. McNerney, Jr., W. James Mead, Dana G. Mettler, Ruben Frederick Meyer, Jack R. Meyerson, Morton H. Millard, Robert Brian Miller, Arjay Miller, Joseph Irwin Miller, William I. Minehan, Cathy E. Mitchell, William (17911869) Mogae, Festus G. Moore, Ann S. Morita, Akio Morss, Everett Morton, R. Alastair (Robert Alastair) Munnell, Alicia H. Murdock, Harold Neubauer, Joseph Nicholas, Peter M. Nichols, Guy W. Nooyi, Indra Novogratz, Jacqueline O’Donnell, Peter Olds, Irving Sands Olsen, Kenneth Harry Omidyar, Pierre O’Neill, Paul Henry Orr, Susan Packard Packard, David Page, Larry Palmisano, Samuel J. Parsons, Richard

Peabody, Francis Pearce, Edward Penhoet, Edward E. Perkin, Richard Scott Peterson, Peter G. Pforzheimer III, Carl H. Phillips, Thomas Leonard Pirie, Robert Poorvu, William James Pounds, William Frank Pozen, Robert Charles Preston, Lewis Thompson Pritzker, Penny S. Pritzker, Thomas J. Putnam, George (1926-) Rabb, Irving William Rabb, Sidney Rabinowitz Rafinesque-Schmaltz, Constantine Samuel Rajan, Raghuram G. Rand, William McNear Randall, Clarence Belden Reed, John Shepard Reilly, William K. Reuther, Walter Philip Ripley, Alfred Lawrence Robinson, Jr., Dwight Parker Rock, Arthur Rockefeller, Jr., David Roe, Mark J. Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules Rogers, Jr., John Washington Rogers, Theodore C. Rohatyn, Felix George Roosa, Robert Vincent Ropes, Joseph Samuel Rose, Daniel Rose, Elihu Rose, Marshall Rosenberg, Richard M. Rosenblum, Mendel

Rosenfeld, Gerald Rosenwald, Jr., E. John Ross, Arthur Ross, Ian Munro Rothenberg, James F. Rothschild, Loren R. Rowe, John W. Rowe, John Wallis Rubenstein, David M. Rubin, Robert E. Ruml, Beardsley Russell, Thomas Ryan, Patrick G. Sagan, Paul Sandler, Herbert M. Sant, Roger W. Savitz, Maxine L. Scardino, Marjorie M. Schacht, Henry Brewer Schell, Erwin Haskell Schlaifer, Robert Osher Schmidt, Eric Schrempp, Juergen E. Segel, Arthur I. Selekman, Benjamin Morris Sever, William Shanker, Albert Shapiro, Robert Bernard Shaw, David E. Shaw, Henry Southworth Sherwin, Martin Jay Shinn, George Latimer Shipley, Walter Vincent Siebel, Thomas M. Simons, James Harris Simonyi, Charles Sloan, George Arthur Sloan, Jr., Alfred Pritchard Smith, Raymond W. Smith, Richard Alan Soros, George

Spangler, Jr., C. D. (Clemmie Dixon) Spaulding, Huntley Nowell Spector, Alfred Z. Spencer, Edson White Speyer, Jerry I. Stamp, Josiah Charles Stata, Raymond Stuart Steinert, Alan Steyer, Thomas F. Stone, James M. Stone, Jr., Robert Gregg Stonebraker, Michael Storer, Ebenezer Swett, Samuel Sylla, Richard E. Tanenbaum, Morris Tang, Oscar Tata, Ratan N. Tatlock, Anne M. Teele, Stanley Ferdinand Termeer, Henri A. Thayer, Nathaniel Thomas, Charles Allen Thornton, John L. Tilden, Joseph Tisch, James S. Tisch, Laurence Alan Tisch, Preston Robert Tracy, Nathaniel Ubiñas, Luis A. Ueberroth, Peter Victor Vasella, Daniel Vaughan, Benjamin Vaughan, Charles Vaughan, Sr., Samuel Vaughan, William Wadsworth, Eliot Wallach, Kenneth L. Wang, An Warnock, John E. Watson, Jr., Thomas John Webster, William

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Weill, Sanford I. Weinberg, John Livingston Weinberg, Jr., Sidney James (Jim) Weinstein, David Welch, Jr., John Francis Wells, William Welters, Anthony Wexner, Leslie H. White, Erskine Norman White, Miles D. Whitehead, John Cunningham Whitman, Margaret C. Wiener, Malcolm H. Williams, Ronald A. Williams, Samuel (17601841) Wilson, Carroll Louis Wilson, Charles Edward Wilson, Joseph Chamberlain Winthrop, Thomas Lindall Wolfensohn, James David Wriston, Walter Bigelow Young, John Alan Young, Owen D. Zaffaroni, Alejandro Cesar Zraket, Charles Anthony Zuckerman, Paul Sebastian Back to Subject Index

Cellular and Developmental Biology and Genetics Adhya, Sankar Allis, C. David Altman, Sidney Altshuler, David Matthew

Anderson, David J. Anderson, Everett Anderson, Kathryn Virginia Andrews, Nancy C. Ashburner, Michael Ausubel, Frederick M. Banerjee, Utpal Bartel, Bonnie Beckerle, Mary Catherine Beckwith, Jonathan Roger Beerman, Wolfgang Wilhelm Walter Belfort, Marlene Benirschke, Kurt Bennett, G. Vann Berger, Shelley L. Berridge, Michael John Beutler, Bruce A. Billingham, Rupert Everett Bissell, Mina J. Blobel, Gunter KlausJoachim Bloom, Kerry Steven Bodmer, Walter Fred Bonini, Nancy Bonner, John Tyler Borisy, Gary G. Botstein, David Boyse, Edward Arthur Breakefield, Xandra Owens Brink, Royal Alexander Brinster, Ralph Lawrence Bronner, Marianne Brown, Donald David Brugge, Joan S. Bucher, Nancy Leslie Rutherfurd Bunting-Smith, Mary Ingraham Burridge, Keith W.T. Cantley, Lewis Clayton Capecchi, Mario R.

Carlson, Marian B. Caspersson, Torbjorn Oskar Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca Chalfie, Martin Chilton, Mary-Dell Matchett Clark, Andrew G. Cohen, Stanley Norman Cooper, Kenneth Willard Cotran, Ramzi Suliman Croce, Carlo M. Darnell, Jr., James Edwin De Camilli, Pietro V. de Lange, Titia Demerec, Milislav DePinho, Ronald A. Doermann, August Henry Dove, William F. Drubin, David Gil Dubinin, Nikolay Petrovich Duboule, Denis Dunn, Leslie Clarence Dutcher, Susan K. Eagle, Harry Ecker, Joseph R. Edgar, Robert Stuart Eisenman, Robert N. Elowitz, Michael B. Emlen, Douglas J. Emr, Scott D. Ephrussi, Boris Esposito, Rochelle Easton Farquhar, Marilyn Gist Fields, Stanley Fink, Gerald R. Fire, Andrew Z. Forget, Bernard G. Francke, Uta Fuchs, Elaine V. Full, Robert J. Fuller, Margaret Tatnall Gall, Joseph Grafton

Garcia-Bellido, Antonio Garen, Alan Gehring, Walter Jacob Ginty, David D. Glass, Hiram Bentley Goldberg, Alfred Lewis Goldstein, Lawrence Steven Goodenough, Ursula W. Gottesman, Michael Marc Green, Howard Greenough, William Tallant Greenwald, Iva S. Grewal, Shiv I. S. Gross, Jerome Gross, Paul Randolph Groudine, Mark Grunstein, Michael Gruss, Peter Guarente, Leonard P. Gurdon, John Bertrand Haber, James E. Hadorn, Ernst Hall, Jeffrey C. Harlan, Jack Rodney Harland, Richard M. Harlow, Jr., Edward Everett Harris, Henry Hartl, Daniel Lee Hartl, Franz-Ulrich Hartwell, Leland Harrison Hawley, R. Scott Hay, Elizabeth Dexter Henkin, Tina M. Heuser, John E. Hilleman, Maurice Ralph Hobbs, Helen Haskell Hoffmann, Ary A. Hogan, Brigid L. M. Holter, Heinz Hopkins, Nancy Horowitz, Norman Harold

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Horvitz, H. Robert (Howard Robert) Howley, Peter Maxwell Hughes-Schrader, Sally Hynes, Richard Olding Inoue, Shinya Jacob, François Jacobsen, Steven E. Jaenisch, Rudolf Jost, Alfred Daniel Joyner, Alexandra Leigh Kafatos, Fotis Constantine Kaufman, Thomas C. Kazazian, Jr., Haig H. Keating, Mark Taylor Kemphues, Kenneth J. Kennedy, Mary Bernadette Kihara, Hitoshi Kimble, Judith Elisabeth Kimmel, Charles King, Mary-Claire Kingsley, David Mark Klausner, Richard D. Klein, George Kornberg, Thomas B. Koshland, Douglas Elliott Krainer, Adrian R. Krasnow, Mark Alan Krumlauf, Robert Eugene Kunkel, Louis M. Kunkel, Thomas A. Lane, Malcolm Daniel Langley, Charles Hunt Le Douarin, Nicole Marthe Leder, Philip Lederberg, Joshua Lehmann, Ruth Levine, Michael Steven Lewis, Edward B. Ley, Timothy James Lindsley, Jr., Dan Leslie Little, Clarence Cook Lodish, Harvey F.

Lowe, Scott William Lupski, James R. Lyon, Mary Frances Mackay, Trudy Frances Charlene Magnuson, Terry R. Mahowald, Anthony Peter Mandel, Gail Markert, Clement Lawrence Martin, Gail Roberta Massague, Joan Mazia, Daniel McClintock, Barbara McConnell, Susan K. McCormick, Frank P. McGinnis, William J. McIntosh, J. Richard McLaren, Anne McMahon, Andrew P. Mellman, Ira Mello, Craig Cameron Messing, Joachim Meyer, Barbara Jean Miller, Elizabeth Cavert Miller, James Alexander Mintz, Beatrice Mitchison, Timothy J. Monroy, Alberto Moscona, A. A. (Aron Arthur) Muller, Hermann Joseph Murray, Andrew W. Nabel, Elizabeth G. Nanney, David Ledbetter Nasmyth, Kim Nelson, Jr., Oliver Evans Nelson, W. James Nevins, Joseph R. Niehrs, Christof Novick, Peter J. Nowell, Peter C. Nusse, Roeland

Nusslein-Volhard, Christiane O’Brien, Stephen James O’Farrell, Patrick H. Ohno, Susumu Ohta, Tomoko Oppenheimer, Jane Marion Orci, Lelio Oren, Moshe Orr, H. Allen O’Shea, Erin K. Oster, George F. Owen, Ray David Page, David Conrad Palade, George Emil Parada, Luis Fernando Pardue, Mary Lou Pawson, Anthony James Penman, Sheldon Perelson, Alan S. Perrimon, Norbert Petes, Thomas D. Pfeffer, Suzanne Ruth Piwnica-Worms, Helen M. Plomin, Robert Pollard, Thomas Dean Pontecorvo, Guido P. A. Porter, Keith Roberts Prescott, David Marshall Pringle, John William Sutton Pritchard, Jonathan K. Raff, Martin Rajewsky, Klaus Ratcliffe, Peter J. Reznikoff, William S. Rine, Jasper Roman, Herschel Lewis Rosbash, Michael Ross, Russell Rossant, Janet Rowley, Janet Davison Rubin, Gerald Mayer

Rubin, Harry Ruddle, Francis Hugh Rudensky, Alexander Ruoslahti, Erkki Russell, Elizabeth Buckley Shull Ruvkun, Gary B. Sabatini, David Domingo Sager, Ruth Salmon, Edward D. Sánchez Alvarado, Alejandro Sato, Gordon Hisashi Scharff, Matthew Daniel Schatz, David Gilliam Schekman, Randy Wayne Schell, Jozef Stephaan Schmid, Sandra L. Schneiderman, Howard Allen Schull, William Jackson Schupbach, Gertrud M. Scott, Matthew P. Selander, Robert Keith Seydoux, Geraldine Shenk, Thomas E. Sherr, Charles J. Shi, Yang Siekevitz, Philip Silhavy, Thomas J. Singer, Robert H. Slonimski, Piotr Smithies, Oliver Snell, George Davis Snyder, Michael Solter, Davor Sonneborn, Tracy Morton Spector, David L. Spiegelman, Bruce Michael Spradling, Allan Charles Springer, Timothy Alan Srivastava, Deepak Stahl, Franklin William

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Stern, Claudio Daniel Stern, Curt Stern, Herbert Stoeckenius, Walther Strome, Susan Struhl, Gary Sturtevant, Alfred Henry Sueoka, Noboru Swaminathan, Monkombu Sambasivan Swift, Hewson Hoyt Szostak, Jack W. Tabin, Clifford J. Takeichi, Masatoshi Thorner, Jeremy W. Tocchini-Valentini, Glauco Pasquale Truman, James William Tsien, Roger Yonchien Vale, Ronald D. Villeneuve, Anne M. Vousden, Karen H. Waddington, Conrad Hal Waelsch, Salome Gluecksohn Wahl, Geoffrey Myles Wallace, Bruce Wallace, Douglas C. Walter, Peter Warren, Stephen T. Weintraub, Harold Martin Weiss, Paul Alfred Wells, James A. Werb, Zena Wessler, Susan R. Willier, Benjamin Harrison Wilson, Edmund Beecher Wilson, Thomas Hastings Winston, Fred M. Witkin, Evelyn Maisel Workman, Jerry L. Wright, Sewall Yanofsky, Martin F.

Yuan, Junying Zinder, Norton David Zwilling, Edgar Back to Subject Index

Chemistry Abruña, Héctor Daniel Adams, Roger Aizenberg, Joanna Alberty, Robert Arnold Albrecht, Andreas Christopher Alder, Berni Julian Alivisatos, A. Paul Amdur, Isadore Anders, Edward Andersen, Hans Christian Anderson, James Gilbert Anson, Fred Colvig Apeloig, Yitzhak Arigoni, Duilio Arnold, James Richard Arnold, Samuel Tomlinson Avery, Charles Avouris, Phaedon Badger, Richard McLean Baeyer, Adolf Johann Friedrich Wilhelm von Baird, Barbara A. Baker, William Oliver Baldeschwieler, John Dickson Baldwin, Jack Edward Bancroft, Wilder Dwight Baran, Phil S. Barbara, Paul Frank Bard, Allen Joseph Bartlett, Neil Bartlett, Paul A. Bartlett, Paul Doughty

Barton, Derek Harold Richard Barton, Jacqueline K. Basolo, Fred Battersby, Alan Rushton Bawendi, Moungi Gabriel Baxter, Gregory Paul Beak, Peter Andrew Beattie, James Alexander Beckman, Arnold Orville Beebe, Ralph Alonzo Bell, Alexis T. Bell, Ronald Percy Benedict, Manson Benkovic, Stephen James Bercaw, John E. Bergman, Robert George Berne, Bruce J. Bernstein, Richard Barry Berry, Richard Stephen Bersohn, Richard Berson, Jerome Abraham Berthelot, Marcelin (Pierre Eugene Marcelin) Berthollet, Claude Louis, Comte Bertozzi, Carolyn R. Berzelius, Jons Jacob Biemann, Klaus Bigeleisen, Jacob Blagden, Charles Blake, John Harrison Blanchard, Arthur Alphonzo Boger, Dale L. Bogert, Marston Taylor Boltwood, Bertram Borden Booth, Harold Simmons Bowring, Samuel A. Boxer, Steven George Brauman, John I. Bray, William Crowell

Breslow, Ronald Charles David Brewer, Leo Brönsted, Johannes Nicolaus Brookhart, Maurice S. Brown, Harrison Scott Brown, Herbert Charles Brown, Theodore Lawrence Bruice, Thomas Charles Brus, Louis Eugene Buchi, George Hermann Buchwald, Stephen Leffler Buckingham, Amyand David Bunnett, Joseph Frederick Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Burrows, Cynthia J. Cabot, Samuel (1850-1906) Calvin, Melvin Cane, David E. Carrington, Alan Carter, Emily Ann Casey, Charles Philip Castleman, Jr., Albert Welford Ceyer, Sylvia Teresse Aida Chamot, Emile Monnin Chan, Sunney I. Chandler, David Chatt, Joseph Cheetham, Anthony K. Chevreul, Michel Eugene Chisholm, Malcolm Harold Clardy, Jon Christel Clark, Thomas Edwards Clary, David Charles Clayton, Robert Norman Closs, Gerhard Ludwig Coates, Geoffrey W.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Coggeshall, George Whitely Cohen, Saul Gerald Cole, Robert Hugh Collins, Samuel Cornette Collman, James Paddock Colombo, Umberto Comey, Arthur Messinger Conant, James Bryant Cooke, Josiah Parsons Cooks, Robert Graham Coolidge, Albert Sprague Cope, Arthur Clay Corey, Elias James Cornforth, John Warcup Coryell, Charles DuBois Cotton, Frank Albert Coulson, Charles Alfred Cowan, George Arthur Crabtree, Robert Howard Crafts, James Mason Craig, Lyman Creighton Cram, Donald James Crawford, Jr., Bryce Low Crim, F. Fleming Cross, Paul Clifford Cummins, Christopher C. Curl, Robert F. Dahl, Lawrence Frederick Dailey, Benjamin Peter Dainton, Frederick Sydney Dalton, John Dana, Samuel Luther Daniels, Farrington Danishefsky, Samuel J. Darensbourg, Marcetta York Dauben, William Garfield Davidson, Ernest Roy Davis, Tenney Lombard Davy, Humphry de Hevesy, George Charles DePuy, Charles H.

Dervan, Peter Brendan DeSimone, Joseph Mark Deutch, John Mark Dewar, Michael James Steuart Dexter, Aaron Dexter, William Prescott Diederich, François N. DiSalvo, Jr., Francis Joseph Djerassi, Carl Doering, William von Eggers Dougherty, Dennis A. Draper, John William Drickamer, Harry George Drown, Thomas Messinger Dumas, Jean Baptiste Andre Dumesic, James Anthony Dunitz, Jack David Dye, James Louis Edwards, Peter P. Eigen, Manfred Eisenberg, Richard Eliel, Ernest Ludwig Ellman, Jonathan A. El-Sayed, Mostafa Amr Ernst, Richard R. Ertl, Gerhard Ludwig Eschenmoser, Albert Jakob Esselen, Gustavus John Evans, David Albert Evans, William Lloyd Eyring, Henry Faraday, Michael Fay, Henry Fayer, Michael D. Fenn, John Bennett Feringa, Bernard Lucas (Ben Lucas) Ferry, John Douglass Field, Robert Warren Fieser, Louis Frederick

Finlayson-Pitts, Barbara J. Fischer, Emil Fischer, Ernst Otto Fisher, Michael Ellis Fixman, Marshall Fleming, Graham Richard Flory, Paul John Flygare, Willis H. Flynn, George William Forbes, George Shannon Fox, Marye Anne Francisco, Joseph S. Franklin, Edward Curtis Fraser-Reid, Bertram O. Frechet, Jean M. J. Freed, Jack Herschel Freed, Karl Frederick Frenkel, Daniel Freund, Hans-Joachim Fried, Josef Friedlander, Gerhart Friesner, Richard A. Frumkin, Alexander Naumovich Fu, Gregory Chung-Wei Fukui, Kenichi Fuoss, Raymond Matthew Garland, Carl Wesley Gassman, Paul George Gates, Marshall DeMotte Gay, Martin Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis Gelbart, William Michael Gellman, Samuel H. Genth, Frederick Augustus Gerber, R. Benny Ghiorso, Albert Giauque, William Francis Gibbs, Wolcott (Oliver Wolcott) Giese, Bernd Gillespie, Louis John Goddard III, William A.

Goldanskii, Vitalii Iosifovich Golden, Sidney Goldschmidt, Victor Gomer, Robert Gooch, Frank Austin Good, Mary Lowe Gordon, Roy Gerald Gorham, John Graham, Thomas Gray, Harry Barkus Greene II, Frederick Davis Greenewalt, Crawford Hallock Griffin, Robert Guy Groves III, John Taylor Grubbs, Robert H. Gruebele, Martin Grunwald, Ernest Max Gutowsky, Herbert Sander Haber, Fritz Hackerman, Norman Hahn, Otto Hall, Frederick Halpern, Jack Hamilton, Andrew D. Hammes-Schiffer, Sharon Hammond, George Simms Hannay, Norman Bruce Hare, Robert Harker, David Harris, Charles Bonner Harris, Louis Hartwig, John F. Hawthorne, Marion Frederick Hayes, Augustus Allen Head-Gordon, Martin P. Heathcock, Clayton Howell Heidt, Lawrence Joseph Heilbronner, Edgar Heller, Adam Heller, Eric Johnson

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Hendricks, Sterling Brown Herschbach, Dudley Robert Herzberg, Gerhard Heyrovsky, Jaroslav Hill, Henry Barker Hilvert, Donald Hinshelwood, Cyril Norman Hirschfelder, Joseph Oakland Hirschmann, Ralph Franz Hochstrasser, Robin Main Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hoffman, Brian M. Hoffman, Darleane Christian Hoffmann, Roald Hofmann, August Wilhelm Holm, Richard Hadley Hornig, Donald Frederick Horsford, Eben Norton Houk, Kendall Newcomb Houston, Paul Lyon Howe, Henry Marion Hsieh-Wilson, Linda C. Huisgen, Rolf Huizenga, John Robert Hume, David Newton Hunt, Thomas Sterry Huntington, Oliver Whipple Huntress, Ernest Hamlin Hush, Noel S. Hutchison, Jr., Clyde Allen Hynes, James Thomas Ibers, James Arthur Imperiali, Barbara Ingold, Christopher Kelk Irvine, Jr., John Withers Jackson, Charles Loring Jacobsen, Eric N.

Jennings, Walter Louis Johnson, Mark A. Johnson, Samuel William Johnson, William Summer Johnston, Harold Sledge Jonas, Jiri Jones, Ewart Ray Herbert Jones, Grinnell Jorgensen, William L. Jorgenson, James W. Jortner, Joshua Joullie, Madeleine M. Julian, Percy Lavon Kahne, Daniel Karle, Isabella Lugoski Karplus, Martin Kasha, Michael Katz, Thomas Joseph Katzenellenbogen, John Albert Kauzmann, Walter Joseph Kegeles, Gerson Kekulé von Stradonitz, Friedrich August Kelly, Jeffery W. Keyes, Frederick George Khosla, Chaitan Kiessling, Laura Lee Kimball, George Elbert King, David A. King, Gilbert William Kinnicutt, Leonard Parker Kinsey, James Lloyd Kirkwood, John Gamble Kirwan, Richard Kishi, Yoshito Kistiakowsky, George Bogdan Klafter, Joseph Klein, Michael Lawrence Klemperer, William Aloys Knowles, Jeremy Randall Kohler, Elmer Peter

Kolthoff, Izaak Maurits Kraus, Charles August Kubiak, Clifford P. Kuhn, Werner Lamb, Arthur Becket Langmuir, Irving Laudise, Robert Alfred Le Chatelier, Henri Louis Lea, Mathew Carey Lee, Yuan Tseh Lehn, Jean-Marie Pierre Leonard, Nelson Jordan Leone, Stephen R. Lester, Marsha I. Letsinger, Robert Lewis Levine, Raphael David Levy, Donald Harris Lewis (Lord), Jack Lewis, Gilbert Newton Lewis, Warren Kendall Libby, Willard Frank Lieber, Charles M. Liebig, Justus Freiherr von Linderstrom-Lang, Kaj Ulrik Lineberger, William Carl Lingane, James Joseph Linschitz, Henry Lippard, Stephen James Lipscomb, Jr., William Nunn Little, Arthur Dehon Lodge, Timothy P. Long, Franklin Asbury Longuet-Higgins, Hugh Christopher Lord, Richard Collins Mabery, Charles Frederic MacInnes, Duncan Arthur MacMillan, David W.C. Mallet, John William Mallouk, Thomas Marcus, Rudolph Arthur

Marignac, Jean Charles Galissard de Mark, Herman Francis Mark, Kenneth Lamartine Marks, Tobin Jay Marshall, Alan George Martell, Arthur Earl Martinez, Todd Joseph Marvel, Carl Shipp Masamune, Satoru Mayer, Joseph Edward McCammon, J. Andrew McClure, Donald Stuart McConnell, Harden Marsden McDermott, Ann Elizabeth McLafferty, Fred Warren McMahon, Howard Oldford Mees, Charles Edward Kenneth Meinwald, Jerrold Mendeleeff (Mendeleyev), Dmitri Ivanowitsh Merrick, John Mudge Meyer, Thomas J. Meyer, Victor Michael, Arthur Michl, Josef Milas, Nicholas Athanasius Miller, Scott J. Miller, William Hughes Mirkin, Chad A. Mislow, Kurt Martin Mitscherlich, Eilhard Mizushima, Sanichiro Moerner, William Esco Moffitt, William Edward Moore, C. Bradley Moore, Forris Jewett Moore, George Dunning Moore, Jeffrey Scott Moore, Stanford

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Morley, Edward Williams Morse, Harmon Northrop Morton, Avery Adrian Moyes, Henry Mueller, Edward Muetterties, Earl Leonard Mukamel, Shaul Müllen, Klaus A. Mulliken, Robert Sanderson Mulliken, Samuel Parsons Munroe, Charles Edward Murray, Royce Wilton Nakamura, Eiichi Nakanishi, Koji Nash, Leonard Kollender Nef, John Ulric (18621915) Negishi, Ei-ichi Nelson, Keith Adam Nesbitt, David John Nesmeyanov, Alexander Nikolaevich Neumark, Daniel M. Newell, Lyman Churchill Newton, Marshall D. Nichols, William Ripley Nicolaou, Kyriacos Costa (KC) Nitzan, Abraham Nocera, Daniel George Norris, James Flack Norris, Jr., James Rufus Norton, John Pitkin Norton, Lewis Mills Noyes, Arthur Amos Noyes, Jr., William Albert Noyes, Richard Macy Noyes, William Albert Noyori, Ryoji Nuzzo, Ralph George Oka, Takeshi Olah, George Andrew

Onsager, Lars Oppenheim, Irwin Ordway, John Morse Osborne, Thomas Burr Ostwald, Wilhelm (Friedrich Wilhelm) Ourisson, Guy Overbeek, Jan Theodore Gerard Overman, Larry Eugene Oxtoby, David W. Paneth, Friedrich Adolf Parkes, Samuel Parmenter, Charles Stedman Parr, Robert Ghormley Parrinello, Michele Parshall, George William Patterson, Robert Maskell Pauling, Linus Carl Perkin, Jr., William Henry Perlman, Isadore Pettit, Rowland Phillips, William Dale Pickett, Lucy Weston Pimentel, George Claude Pines, Alexander Pitzer, Kenneth Sanborn Polanyi, John Charles Polanyi, Michael Pople, John Anthony Porter (Lord Porter of Luddenham), George Poulter, Charles Dale Prelog, Vladimir Priestley, Joseph Prigogine, Ilya Purves, Clifford Burrough Rabinovitch, Benton Seymour Rabinowitch, Eugene Rammelsberg, Karl Friedrich

Rao, Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Ratner, Mark A. Ravenel, Saint Julien Raymond, Kenneth Norman Rebek, Jr., Julius Rees, Douglas C. Regnault, Henri Victor Reichstein, Tadeus Remsen, Ira Rice, Stuart Alan Richards, Theodore William Richmond, Geraldine L. Roberts, John Dombrowski Robinson, Robert Rochow, Eugene George Rogers, Howard Gardner Rogers, John Ashley Rogers, Lockhart Burgess Rosanoff, Martin Andre Roscoe, Henry Enfield Rose, Heinrich Rosenzweig, Amy C. Ross, John Rossini, Frederick Dominic Rossky, Peter Jacob Rouxel, Jean Marcel Rowe, Allan Winter Rowland, Frank Sherwood Rowlinson, John Shipley Ruzicka, Leopold Stephen Sanford, Melanie S. Sanger, Charles Robert Sargeson, Alan McLeod Saunders, Martin Saykally, Richard James Scatchard, George Schaefer III, Henry Frederick Schatz, George Chappell Schepartz, Alanna

Scheraga, Harold Abraham Schleyer, Paul von Ragué Schreiber, Stuart Lee Schrock, Richard Royce Schultz, Peter G. Schumb, Walter Cecil Schwarz, Helmut F. Schwarzenbach, Gerold Karl Schwenk, Erwin Seaborg, Glenn Theodore Seyferth, Dietmar Sharples, Stephen Paschall Sharpless, Karl Barry Shechtman, Dan Sheehan, John Clark Sherrill, Miles Standish Shirley, David Arthur Shoemaker, David Powell Shull, Harrison Sidgwick, Nevil Vincent Silbey, Robert J. Silliman, Benjamin Silliman, Jr., Benjamin Silverman, Richard Bruce Simmons, Jr., Howard Ensign Sinanoglu, Oktay Sinfelt, John Henry Skinner, James Lauriston Slichter, William Pence Smalley, Richard Errett Smith III, Amos Brittain Smith, Alexander Smith, Henry Monmouth Smith, John Lawrence Smith, Leighton Bruerton Solomon, Edward Ira Somorjai, Gabor Arpad Sörensen, Soren Peter Lauritz Sorm, Frantisek Stang, Peter John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Stein, Richard Stephen Stephenson, Clark Conkling Stevens, Raymond Sawtell Stevenson, Earl Place Stieglitz, Julius Oscar Still, Jr., W. Clark (William Clark) Stockmayer, Walter Hugo Stoddart, J. Fraser Storer, Francis Humphreys Stork, Gilbert Streitwieser, Jr., Andrew Stubbe, Joanne Stucky, Galen D. Suess, Hans Eduard Sutin, Norman Svedberg, Theodor Swager, Timothy Manning Swain, Charles Gardner Swift, Ernest Haywood Talbot, Henry Paul Tarbell, Dean Stanley Taube, Henry Taylor, Hugh Stott Thomas, John Meurig Thompson, Maurice deKay Thomsen, Hans Peter Jorgen Julius Tilley, T. Don Tinoco, Ignacio Tirrell, David Anthony Tirrell, Matthew Tishler, Max Todd, Alexander Robertus Tolman, Richard Chace Troe, Jurgen (Hans Jurgen) Trost, Barry Martin Truhlar, Donald G. Tully, John Charles Turkevich, Anthony Leonid Turnbull, David

Turro, Nicholas John Underwood, Jr., Henry Weeden Urbain, Georges Urey, Harold Clayton Vaida, Veronica Valentine, Joan Selverstone van der Donk, Wilfred A. Van Duyne, Richard Palmer van Tamelen, Eugene Earl van’t Hoff, Jacobus Henricus Vernon, Arthur Andrew Walker, William Hultz Wall, Frederick Theodore Walling, Cheves T. Walt, David R. Warner, Isiah M. Warren, Cyrus Moors Wasielewski, Michael R. Wasserman, Harry Hershal Waugh, John Stewart Webster, John White Webster, Redford Weeks, John David Weiser, Harry Boyer Weiss, Paul Storch Weissberger, Arnold Weissman, Samuel Isaac Weizmann, Chaim Wender, Paul Anthony West, Cutler DeLong Westheimer, Frank Henry White, Jr., Henry S. Whitesides, George McClelland Whitmore, Frank Clifford Whitney, Willis Rodney Wiberg, Kenneth Berle Widom, Benjamin Wieland, Heinrich Otto

Wieland, Theodor Hermann Felix Wilke, Gunther Wilkinson, Geoffrey Williams, Robert Seaton Willstatter, Richard Wilson, Jr., Edgar Bright Wilson, Mathew Kent Wing, Charles Hallett Winstein, Saul Witkop, Bernhard Wohler, Friedrich Wolczanski, Peter Thomas Wolfenden, John Hulton Wolfrom, Melville Lawrence Wollaston, William Hyde Wolynes, Peter Guy Wong, Chi-Huey Wood, Edward Stickney Woodman, Alpheus Grant Woodward, Robert Burns Wooley, Karen L. Worrall, David Elbridge Wrighton, Mark Stephen Wudl, Fred Wurtz, Charles Adolphe Xie, Xiaoliang Sunney Yamamoto, Hisashi Yang, Peidong Yost, Don Christopher Merlin Lee Young, Ralph Chillingworth Zare, Richard Neil Zewail, Ahmed Hassan Zhuang, Xiaowei Zimm, Bruno Hasbrouck Zwanzig, Robert Walter Back to Subject Index

Communications, Journalism, Editing, and Publishing Abbott, Jonathan C. Abramson, Jill Amanpour, Christiane M. Amicis, Edmondo de Angell, Roger Annenberg, Walter Hubert Attenborough, David Frederick Baker, Russell Wayne Baquet, Dean Paul Baron, Martin D. Barth, Alan Bartlett, John Batten, James Knox Bell, Elliott Vallance Bingham, Barry Block, Herbert Lawrence Broder, David Salzer Brokaw, Tom (Thomas John) Brooks, David B. Brooks, Paul Brown, Sevellon Ledyard Bryson, Louise Henry Cahners, Norman Lee Canham, Erwin Dain Carroll, James Carroll, John Sawyer Chancellor, John William Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Cooney, Joan Ganz Couch, William Terry Cowan, Geoffrey Crider, John Henshaw Cronkite, Walter Crouch, Stanley Davis, Saville Rogers

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Dionne, Jr., E. J. (Eugene J.) Donhoff, Marion Grafin Donovan, Hedley Williams Elliott, Osborn Fanning, Katherine Woodruff Flanagan, Dennis Frankel, Max Friedman, Thomas Loren Fuller, Jack William Galassi, Jonathan White Gallup, George Horace Gardner, Martin Garfield, Eugene Ghiglione, Loren Frank Giles, Robert Hardman Godkin, Edwin Lawrence Graham, Donald Graham, Katharine Greenhouse, Linda Joyce Griffiths, Paul Anthony Groopman, Jerome Gubins, Samuel Guillermoprieto, Alma Gunn, Jr., Hartford Nelson Hale, Nathan Hochschild, Adam Hoffman, Paul W. House, Karen Elliott Howe, Mark Antony DeWolfe Ifill, Gwen Ivins, Molly (Mary Tyler) Jamieson, Kathleen Hall Johnson, Jr., Wyatt Thomas Jones, Alex S. Kalb, Marvin Kann, Peter R. Kling, William Hugh Knopf, Alfred Abraham Kovach, Bill Kramer, Jane

Kristol, Irving Lamb, Brian Lamm, Donald Stephen Lane, Allen Larsen, Roy Edward Lee, Sidney Lehrer, James Charles Lemann, Nicholas B. Lesser, Wendy Lewis, Anthony Lipinski, Ann Marie Lippmann, Walter Luzac, Jean Lyons, Louis Martin Macdonald, Dwight MacNeil, Robert Breckinridge Ware MacNelly, Jeffrey Kenneth Maddox, John Manning, Robert Joseph McKibben, Bill McPhee, John Angus Menand, Louis Morley, John Moyers, Bill D. Murrow, Edward Roscoe Navasky, Victor Saul O’Brien, Robert Lincoln Osher, Barbro Sachs Overholser, Geneva Page, Walter Hines Pearlstine, Norman Piel, Gerard Poggioli, Sylvia Price, Lucien Quindlen, Anna Marie Reich, Robert B. Reid, Helen Miles Rogers Remnick, David Ridley (5th Viscount Ridley), Matthew White Risen, James E. Rothstein, Edward

Rovere, Richard Halworth Safire, William L. Sagan, Paul Salisbury, Harrison Evans Scardino, Marjorie M. Schorr, Daniel Louis Schudson, Michael Sedgwick, Ellery Sevareid, Arnold Eric Silvers, Robert Benjamin Spafford, Horatio Gates Stamberg, Susan Levitt Stanton, Frank Straus, Roger W. Sullivan, Jr., Walter Seager Sulzberger, Arthur Hays Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs Talbott III, Nelson Strobridge Taylor, Charles Henry Terragno, Rodolfo Héctor Tóibín, Colm Trillin, Calvin Trudeau, Garry B. Unwin, Stanley Weeks, Jr., Edward Augustus Whelpley, James Davenport White, Theodore Harold Wiggins, James Russell Wilford, Jr., John Noble Wilson III, Ernest J. Wilson, Thomas James Winship, Laurence Leathe Wood, James Woodruff, Judy Back to Subject Index

Computer Sciences and Technology Adleman, Leonard M. Agarwal, Anant Aho, Alfred V. Aiken, Howard Hathaway Allen, Frances Elizabeth Arora, Sanjeev Babbage, Charles Backus, John Bajcsy, Ruzena Baran, Paul Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Gordon) Berger, Bonnie Berger, Marsha J. Berners-Lee, Timothy J. Birnbaum, Joel S. Bloch, Erich Blum, Manuel Brin, Sergey Brooks, Jr., Frederick Phillips Brooks, Rodney Brown, John Seely Bryant, Randal E. Cerf, Vinton Gray Chayes, Jennifer Tour Chazelle, Bernard Cheatham, Thomas Edward Chen, Steve S. Clark, David D. Clark, James H. Clarke, Edmund Melson Cocke, John Codd, Edgar Frank Colwell, Robert P. Cook, Stephen A. Corbato, Fernando Jose Cover, Thomas M. Dally, William James

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Dantzig, George Bernard Davis, Ruth Margaret Dean, Jeffrey A. Dell, Michael Saul DeWitt, David J. Dill, David L. Donofrio, Nicholas Michael Dumais, Susan T. Dwork, Cynthia Edelsbrunner, Herbert Eggers, Susan J. Estrin, Deborah Evans, David C. Fagin, Ronald Feigenbaum, Edward Albert Felten, Edward W. Floyd, Robert W. Forrester, Jay Wright Fuchs, Henry Galil, Zvi Garcia-Molina, Hector Gates, William Henry (Bill) Gear, C. William (Charles William) Geschke, Charles M. Ghemawat, Sanjay Goldwasser, Shafi Golomb, Solomon Wolf Golub, Gene Howard Graham, Susan Lois Gray, James Nicholas Greif, Irene Grosz, Barbara Jean Guttag, John V. Haas, Laura M. Halpern, Joseph Y. Hanrahan, Pat Harel, David Hartmanis, Juris Haussler, David Herlihy, Maurice P.

Hillis, W. Daniel Hopcroft, John Edward Hopper, Grace Brewster Murray Horowitz, Mark A. Horvitz, Eric Joel Irwin, Mary Jane Jacobs, Irwin Mark Jamieson, Leah H. Jobs, Steven Paul Jones, Anita Katherine Jordan, Michael I. Joy, Bill Kaashoek, M. Frans Kahan, William Kahn, Robert E. Kanade, Takeo Kannan, Ravindran Karlin, Anna R. Karp, Richard Manning Katz, Randy H. Kay, Alan Curtis Kearns, Michael Kennedy, Kenneth W. Kirstein, Peter Thomas Klawe, Maria Kleinberg, Jon M. Kleinrock, Leonard Knuth, Donald Ervin Koller, Daphne Kurzweil, Ray Lamport, Leslie B. Lampson, Butler Wright Lazowska, Edward Delano Leighton, Frank Thomson (Tom) Levin, Leonid A. Lindberg, Donald A. B. Lipton, Richard Jay Liskov, Barbara Huberman Lynch, Nancy Ann Malik, Jitendra Massey, James Lee

McCarthy, John McKeown, Nicholas W. McRobbie, Michael A. Mead, Carver Andress Metcalfe, Robert Melancton Meyer, Albert Ronald da Silva Micali, Silvio Michie, Donald Miller, William Frederick Minsky, Marvin Lee Mitchell, Tom M. Mithal (see also Arvind), Arvind Moses, Joel Nayar, Shree K. Newell, Allen Newton, A. Richard Nie, Norman H. Norvig, Peter Oettinger, Anthony Gervin Ozzie, Raymond E. Page, Larry Papadimitriou, Christos Patterson, David Andrew Pearl, Judea Rabin, Tal D. Rashid, Richard F. Reddy, D. Raj Rexford, Jennifer Rivest, Ronald Linn Roberts, Lawrence Gilman Rokhlin, Vladimir Rosenblum, Mendel Samueli, Henry Schmidt, Eric Selinger, Patricia Griffiths Shaw, David E. Shenker, Scott J. Shor, Peter Williston Sifakis, Joseph Simonyi, Charles

Sipser, Michael Smith, Burton Jordan Spector, Alfred Z. Spinrad, Robert J. Sproull, Robert Fletcher Stallman, Richard Matthew Steele, Jr., Guy L. Stonebraker, Michael Sudan, Madhu Sutherland, Ivan Edward Tapia, Richard A. Tardos, Eva Tarjan, Robert Endre Thacker, Charles P. Thompson, Kenneth Lane Ullman, Jeffrey D. van Dam, Andries Vardi, Moshe Y. Viterbi, Andrew J. von Neumann, John Warnock, John E. Widom, Jennifer Wigderson, Avi Wilkes, Maurice Vincent Wing, Jeannette M. Wirth, Niklaus Wladawsky-Berger, Irving Wolf, Jack Keil Wulf, William Allan Yao, Andrew Chi-Chih Back to Subject Index

Economics Aaron, Henry Jacob Abramovitz, Moses Abreu, Dilip J. Acemoglu, K. Daron Ackley, Hugh Gardner Adelman, Irma Glicman Adelman, Morris Albert Aghion, Philippe

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Akerlof, George Arthur Alchian, Armen Albert Alesina, Alberto Alexander, Sidney Stuart Altonji, Joseph G. Amemiya, Takeshi Andrews, Donald Wilfrid Kao Angell, James Waterhouse Angrist, Joshua David Araujo, Aloisio Arellano, Manuel Arrow, Kenneth Joseph Ashenfelter, Orley Clark Athey, Susan C. Atkinson, Anthony Barnes Auerbach, Alan Jeffrey Autor, David H. Ayres, Ian Bach, George Leland Bagge, Gosta Adolfsson Baker, George Pierce (1903-1995) Baldwin, Robert Edward Banerjee, Abhijit Vinayak Barro, Robert Joseph Bator, Francis Michael Baumol, William Jack Becker, Gary Stanley Bell, David Elliott Benabou, Roland J.M. Bergson, Abram Bernanke, Ben S. Bernheim, B. Douglas Berry, Steven T. Bertrand, Marianne Besley, Timothy J. Bewley, Truman Fassett Bhagwati, Jagdish Natwarlal Binmore, Kenneth George Bishop, Robert Lyle Bissell, Jr., Richard Mervin

Black, Duncan Black, John Donald Blanchard, Olivier Blinder, Alan Stuart Bloom, David Elliot Bloom, Nicholas Blundell, Richard Bolton, Patrick Bonbright, James Cummings Boulding, Kenneth Ewart Bresnahan, Timothy Brimmer, Andrew Felton Brock III , William Allen Bronfenbrenner, Martin Brown, Donald Jerome Brown, Douglass Vincent Brown, Edgar Cary Brown, James Douglas Bruno, Michael Peter Buchanan, James McGill Bullock, Charles Jesse Bulow, Jeremy Israel Burbank, Harold Hitchings Burns, Arthur Frank Caballero, Ricardo J. Cairncross, Alexander Kirkland Calkins, Robert DeBlois Calvo, Guillermo A. Camerer, Colin F. Campbell, John Y. Card, David E. Carey, Henry Charles Carver, Thomas Nixon Cass, David Cassel, Gustav (Karl Gustav) Castle, Emery Neal Caves, Richard Earl Chamberlain, Gary E. Chamberlin, Edward Hastings

Chenery, Hollis Burnley Chernozhukov, Victor Chetty, Raj Chevalier, Judith Chipman, John Somerset Cipolla, Carlo Manlio Clark, John Bates Clark, John Maurice Clawson, Marion Clay, Henry Coale, Ansley Johnson Coase, Ronald Harry Cooper, Richard Newell Cosio Villegas, Daniel Crawford, John Grenfell Crawford, Vincent Paul Crowther, Geoffrey Crum, William Leonard Cunningham, William James Currie, Janet M. Cutler, David Daniels, Winthrop More Danziger, Sheldon H. Dasgupta, Partha Sarathi David, Paul Allan Davis, Lance Edwin Day, Edmund Ezra Deaton, Angus Stewart Debreu, Gerard Dekel, Eddie Demsetz, Harold Denison, Edward Fulton Dewatripont, Mathias Dewey, Davis Rich Dewhurst, James Frederic Dewing, Arthur Stone Diamond, Douglas W. Diamond, Peter Arthur Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos Federico Diermeier, Daniel Dixit, Avinash Kamalakar

Domar, Evsey David Donohue III, John J. Dorfman, Robert Dornbusch, Rudiger Douglas, Paul Howard Downs, Anthony Dreze, Jacques H. Duffie, Darrell Duflo, Esther Dunbar, Charles Franklin Dunlop, John Thomas Durlauf, Steven Neil Easterlin, Richard Ainley Eberly, Janice Caryl Ebersole, John Franklin Eckstein, Otto Eichenbaum, Martin Stewart Eichengreen, Barry Einaudi, Luigi Einav, Liran Eisner, Robert Ellis, Howard Sylvester Ellison, Glenn Engle, Robert Fry Enthoven, Alain Charles Epstein, Larry G. Fabricant, Solomon Fairchild, Fred Rogers Fama, Eugene F. Farnam, Henry Walcott Fehr, Ernst Feldstein, Martin Stuart Fellner, William John Fetter, Frank Albert Finkelstein, Amy Fischer, Stanley Fisher, Franklin Marvin Fisher, Irving Fogel, Robert William Freeman, Harold Adolph Freeman, Ralph Evans Freeman, Richard B.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

French, Kenneth R. Frenkel, Jacob Aharon Friedman, Benjamin M. Friedman, Milton Frisch, Ragnar Anton Kittil Fryer, Jr., Roland G. Fuchs, Victor Robert Fudenberg, Drew Furniss, Edgar Stephenson Galbraith, John Kenneth Gale, David Gay, Edwin Francis Geanakoplos, John Gentzkow, Matthew Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas Gerschenkron, Alexander Pavlovich Gertler, Mark Gibbons, Robert S. Ginzberg, Eli Glaeser, Edward Ludwig Goldberg, Pinelopi K. Goldberger, Arthur Stanley Goldin, Claudia Dale Goldman, Marshall Irwin Goodrich, Carter Lyman Gordon, Kermit Gordon, Lincoln Gordon, Robert Aaron Gordon, Robert James Gordon, Roger H. Gorman, William Moore (Terrence) Grandmont, Jean-Michel Granger, Clive William John Green, Jerry Richard Greenstone, Michael Greif, Avner Griliches, Hirsh Zvi Grossman, Gene M. Grossman, Sanford Jay

Groves, Jr., Theodore Francis Gruber, Jonathan Guesnerie, Roger Sylvani Maxime Auguste Guyer, Jane I. Haavelmo, Trygve Magnus Haberler, Gottfried Hadley, Arthur Twining Hagen, Everett Einar Hahn, Frank Horace Haig, Robert Murray Hall, Robert Ernest Halm, George Nikolaus Hamilton, Earl Jefferson Hansen, Lars Peter Harberger, Arnold Carl Harris, Seymour Edwin Harsanyi, John Charles Hart, Oliver Simon D’Arcy Hart, Sergiu Hausman, Daniel Murray Hawtrey, Ralph George Hayashi, Fumio Heady, Earl Orel Heckman, James Joseph Heller, Walter Wolfgang Hellwig, Martin F. Helpman, Elhanan Henderson, Vivian Wilson Hendry, David Forbes Hicks, John Richard Hildenbrand, Werner Hirschman, Albert Otto Hirshleifer, Jack Hitch, Charles Johnston Holmstrom, Bengt Robert Hortacsu, Ali Houthakker, Hendrik Samuel Hunt, Bishop Carleton Hurwicz, Leonid Imbens, Guido W.

Isard, Walter Jackson, Matthew O. Johnson, David Gale Johnson, Harry Gordon Jones, Ronald Winthrop Jorgenson, Dale Weldeau Joskow, Paul Lewis Jovanovic, Boyan Judd, Kenneth L. Kahn, Alfred Edward Kalai, Ehud Kaldor (Lord), Nicholas Kantorovich, Leonid Vitaljevich Katona, George Katz, Lawrence Frances Kaysen, Carl Kemmerer, Edwin Walter Keynes, John Maynard Kindleberger, Charles Poor King, Mervyn Klein, Lawrence Robert Klemperer, Paul David Klenow, Peter J. Kneese, Allen Victor Knight, Frank Hyneman Koopmans, Tjalling Charles Kornai, Janos Kortum, Samuel S. Kotlikoff, Laurence J. Kravis, Irving Bernard Kremer, Michael Kreps, David Marc Kreps, Juanita Morris Krueger, Alan Krueger, Anne Osborn Krugman, Paul Robin Kuh, Edwin Kuhn, Harold William Kuznets, Simon Smith Laffont, Jean-Jacques Marcel

Laibson, David I. Lake, Wilfred Stanley Lampman, Robert James Lancaster, Kelvin John Landsberg, Hans Herman Laroque, Guy Lazear, Edward Paul Leamer, Edward Emery Ledyard, John Odell Lee, Ronald Demos Leontief, Wassily Wassilyovitch Lerner, Abba Ptachya Levin, Jonathan Levitt, Steven Lewis, Ben William Lewis, Harold Gregg Lewis, William Arthur Lindbeck, Assar Lintner, John Virgil List, John A. Lo, Andrew W. Loewenstein, George Loury, Glenn C. Lucas, Jr., Robert Emerson Lundberg, Erik Filip MacAvoy, Paul Webster Machina, Mark Joseph Machlup, Fritz Maclaurin, William Rupert Maddison, Angus Mailath, George J. Malinvaud, Edmond Malmendier, Ulrike Mankiw, N. Gregory Manne, Alan Sussman Mansfield, Edwin Manski, Charles Frederick Markowitz, Harry M. Marschak, Jacob Marshall, Alfred Marshall, Leon Carroll Mas-Colell, Andreu

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Maskin, Eric Stark Mason, Edward Sagendorph Masse, Pierre Matthews, Robert Charles Oliver McCrea, Roswell Cheney McFadden, Daniel Little McKenzie, Lionel Wilfred McLaren, Walter Wallace McNair, Malcolm Perrine Meade, James Edward Mellor, John Williams Meriam, Richard Stockton Merton, Robert Cox Metzler, Lloyd Appleton Meyer, John Robert Milgrom, Paul Robert Miller, Merton Howard Millikan, Max Franklin Millis, Harry Alvin Mills, Frederick Cecil Mincer, Jacob Mirrlees, James Alexander Mitchell, Wesley Clair Modigliani, Franco Moffitt, Robert A. Mokyr, Joel Monroe, Arthur Eli Moore, John Hardman Morgan, James Newton Morgenstern, Oskar Morishima, Michio Morris, Stephen Edward Mortensen, Dale T. Moulton, Harold Glenn Mullainathan, Sendhil Mundell, Robert Alexander Murnane, Richard J. Murphy, Kevin M. Musgrave, Richard Abel Myers, Charles Andrew Myerson, Roger B.

Myrdal, Karl Gunnar Neal, Alfred Clarence Nelson, Richard Robinson Nerlove, Marc Leon Newey, Whitney K. Newhouse, Joseph Paul Nickell, Stephen Nordhaus, William D. North, Douglass Cecil Nourse, Edwin Griswold Nurkse, Ragnar Obstfeld, Maurice Ohkawa, Kazushi Ohlin, Bertil Gotthard Oi, Walter Yasuo Okun, Arthur Melvin Olson, Jr., Mancur Lloyd Pakes, Ariel Palfrey, Thomas R. Parker, William Nelson Patinkin, Don Paton, William Andrew Pearce, David G. Pechman, Joseph Aaron Perloff, Harvey Stephen Persons, Warren Milton Persson, Torsten Pesendorfer, Wolfgang Phelps, Edmund Strother Phillips, Peter Charles Bonest Piazzesi, Monika Pigou, Arthur Cecil Plott, Charles Raymond Polasky, A. Stephen Pollak, Robert A. Porter, Robert Hugh Postan, Michael Moissey Postlewaite, Andrew Poterba, James Michael Powell, James L. Pratt, John Winsor Prebisch, Raul

Prescott, Edward C. Quandt, Richard Emeric Rabin, Matthew Radner, Roy Raiffa, Howard Rajan, Raghuram G. Ray, Debraj Rees, Albert Everett Reischauer, Robert D. Reiter, Stanley Reny, Philip J. Rey, Helene Reynolds, Lloyd George Ripley, William Zebina Rist, Charles Rivlin, Alice Mitchell Robbins (Baron Robbins of Clare Market), Lionel Charles Roberts, D. John (Donald John) Robertson, Dennis Holme Robinson, Joan Violet Maurice Rogoff, Kenneth Saul Romer, Christina D. Romer, David Romer, Paul Michael Roorbach, George Byron Rosen, Sherwin Rosenberg, Nathan Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul Narcyz Rosenzweig, Mark Rosovsky, Henry Ross, Stephen Alan Rostow, Walt Whitman Roth, Alvin Eliot Rothschild, Michael Rubinfeld, Daniel Lee Rubinstein, Ariel Ruggles, Clyde Orval Ruttan, Vernon Wesley

Saari, Donald Gene Sachs, Jeffrey David Saez, Emmanuel Saltykov, Boris Georgievich Samuelson, Larry Samuelson, Paul Anthony Sanders, Thomas Henry Sargan, John Denis Sargent, Thomas John Satterthwaite, Mark A. Sauvy, Alfred Scarf, Herbert Eli Schapiro, Morton Owen Scheinkman, Jose Alexandre Schelling, Thomas Crombie Schmalensee, Richard Lee Schmeidler, David Scholes, Myron S. Schuh, George Edward Schultz, Theodore William Schultze, Charles Louis Schumpeter, Joseph Alois Schwartz, Anna J. Scitovsky, Tibor Selten, Reinhard Sen, Amartya Kumar Shapiro, Eli Shaw, Edward Stone Sheshinski, Eytan Shiller, Robert James Shimer, Robert J. Shleifer, Andrei Shoven, John B. Shubik, Martin Shultz, George Pratt Simon, Herbert Alexander Sims, Christopher Albert Smith, Vernon Lomax Smithies, Arthur Snyder, Carl Sobel, Joel

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Sokoloff, Kenneth L. Solow, Robert Merton Sombart, Werner Sonnenschein, Hugo Freund Spence, Andrew Michael Spengler, Joseph John Sprague, Oliver Mitchell Wentworth Srinivasan, Thirukodikaval Nilakanta Stein, Herbert Stein, Jeremy C. Stern, Nicholas H. Stigler, George Joseph Stiglitz, Joseph Eugene Stock, James H. Stokey, Nancy L. Stone, John Richard Nicholas Summers, Lawrence H. Summers, Robert Svensson, Lars E. O. Tabellini, Guido Taft, Philip Taft-Morris, Cynthia Taussig, Frank William Taylor, John Brian Temin, Peter Thaler, Richard H. Theil, Henri Thorp, Willard Long Thurow, Lester Carl Tinbergen, Jan Tirole, Jean Marcel Tobin, James Tosdal, Harry Rudolph Townsend, Robert Morris Triffin, Robert Tucker, Donald Skeele Tullock, Gordon Udry, Christopher R. Usher, Abbott Payson

Uzawa, Hirofumi Varian, Hal Ronald Vernon, Raymond Vickrey, William Spencer Viner, Jacob Vishny, Robert W. Volcker, Paul A. von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Carl Christian Walker, Francis Amasa Wallace, Neil Ward (Lady Jackson), Barbara Watson, Mark W. Weidenbaum, Murray L. Weitzman, Martin Levinger Welch, Finis R. Wells, David Ames Werning, Iván Whinston, Michael D. White, Jr., Halbert Lynn Whitehead, Thomas North Whitman, Marina von Neumann Williams, John Henry Williamson, Oliver Eaton Willits, Joseph Henry Wilson, Robert Butler Wolinsky, Asher Wolman, Leo Woodford, Michael Wright, Gavin Yaari, Menachem Eliahu Yellen, Janet Louise Yntema, Theodore Otte Young, Allyn Abbott Zeckhauser, Richard Jay Zellner, Arnold Zingales, Luigi G. Back to Subject Index

Educational, Scientific, Cultural, and Philanthropic Administration (Nongovernmental) Abbot, Joseph Hale Abbott, Jonathan C. Adams, Jasper Adams, Jr., Frederick Baldwin Ahearne, John Francis Alexander, John David Allen, Paul Gardner Allen, William Allison, Jr., Graham T. Alter, Chester M. Altman, Drew E. Altshuler, David Matthew Anastos, Rosemary Park Anderson, Lisa Andreae, Meinrat O. Andrews, William Turell Angell, James Burrill Angell, James Rowland Annan (Lord), Noel Gilroy Annenberg, Leonore Aoun, Joseph E. Appleton, Jesse Armstrong, Rodney Astor, Brooke Russell Austin, Wanda M. Ausubel, Jesse Huntley Bacow, Lawrence S. Bai, Chunli Baker, William Franklin Baldwin, Roger Nash Ballard, Robert D. Barker, Joseph Warren Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter

Barnard, James Munson Bates, Joshua Bawa, Kamaljit Singh Beatley, Bancroft Belden, Charles Francis Dorr Benitez, Jaime Bennack, Jr., Frank A. Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Berdahl, Robert M. Berlowitz, Leslie Cohen Berman, Mandell (Bill) Leslie Berne, Robert Berresford, Susan Vail Beutner, Austin M. Bissell, Claude Thomas Block, Gene D. Bond, William Henry Bono (see also Paul David Hewson) Botstein, Leon Bottomly, H. Kim Bowen, William Gordon Boyd, Willard Lee Boyer, Ernest LeRoy Bren, Donald Breslauer, George W. Brim, Jr., Orville Gilbert Brimmer, Martin Broad, Edythe L. Brody, William Ralph Bronk, Detlev Wulf Brown, John Carter Brown, Lawrence David Brown, Samuel Gilman Bryant, Douglas Wallace Burdell, Edwin Sharp Burhoe, Ralph Wendell Burkhardt, Frederick Henry Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur Butterfield, Victor Lloyd

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Cabot, Louis Campbell, Colin Goetze Campbell, Mary Schmidt Cantor, Nancy E. Carnesale, Albert Carter, Franklin Case, Harold Claude Case, Jean N. Cash, Jr., James Ireland Casteen III, John T. Chamberlain, Mellen Chapin, Schuyler Garrison Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Cheetham, Anthony K. Chobanian, Aram V. Christ, Carol Tecla Christ-Janer, Arland Frederick Cigarroa, Francisco G. Claflin, Jr., William Henry Clap, Elisha Clapp, Margaret Antoinette Clark, William Smith Cockrell, Ernest H. Cogswell, Joseph Green Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Cohon, Jared Leigh Cole, Charles Woolsey Cole, Johnnetta Betsch Coleman, Mary Sue Coles, James Stacy Collar, William Coe Colwell, Rita R. Compton, Spencer Joshua Alwyne, Marquis of Northampton Comstock, Ada Louise (Mrs. Wallace Notestein) Conarroe, Joel Osborne Conway, Gordon Richard Conway, Jill Ker Córdova, France A. Corson, Dale Raymond

Cotsen, Lloyd Cousens, John Albert Cowen, Scott Stephen Crawford, John Grenfell Crown, James S. Cummings, John Cuno, James Curran, James W. Dachs, Lauren B. Dale, Harvey P. Danforth, William Henry Daniel, D. Ronald Daniels, Ronald J. Davis, Karen Day, Jeremiah de Montebello, Philippe Lannes (Guy-Philippe Lannes) Dearborn, Benjamin DeGioia, John J. Desmond-Hellmann, Susan Diamond, Irene Dickey, John Sloan Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Dirks, Nicholas B. Dixwell, Epes Sargent Djerejian, Edward P. Dodds, Harold Willis Dolan, Jill Dollard, Charles Downing, James R. Drake, Michael Vincent Druick, Douglas Duderstadt, James Johnson Dunn, Mary Maples Dwight, Timothy (17521817) Dzau, Victor J. Eames, Wilberforce Edwards, Mickey H. Edwards, Robert H. Eisenhower, Milton Stover

Eisgruber, Christopher L. Eliot, Charles William Eliot, Samuel Atkins Ell, Carl Stephens Erlandson, Jon McVey Evans, Eli Nachamson Evans, Luther Harris Everett, William Falco, Mathea Fanton, Jonathan F. Faulkner, Larry Ray Faust, Clarence Henry Feeney, Charles Francis Fergusson, Frances Daly Field, William Lusk Webster Fins, Joseph J. Fishkin, James Fleming, Robben Wright Folsom, Charles Forbes, Allyn Bailey Francis, Frank Chalton Francis, Norman C. Freedman, James Oliver Frenk, Julio Freund, Hans-Joachim Friday, William Clyde Frohnmayer, David Braden Fuchs, W. Kent Fuess, Claude Moore Fuller, Gerald G. Futter, Ellen Victoria Gagosian, Robert Berj Gaither, Jr., Horace Rowan Gallucci, Robert L. Gamoran, Adam Gannett, Caleb Gardner, David Pierpont Gardner, John William Gates, Jr., Theaster Gates, Melinda French Gates, Robert Michael Gates, Sr., William H.

Gaudiani, Claire Lynn Gebbie, Katharine Blodgett Gerberding, William P. Gilliland, Gary Gilman, Daniel Coit Glennan, Thomas Keith Goheen, Robert F. Golden, Sibyl R. Goldmark, Jr., Peter Carl Goldstein, Matthew Goodwin, Daniel Raynes Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Gould, Sr., Benjamin Apthorp Graham, Frank Porter Graham, Patricia Albjerg Granick, Steve Grantham, R. Jeremy Gray, Hanna Holborn Greene, Jerome Davis Greene, Roger Sherman Greenwood, M.R.C. Gregg, Alan Gregorian, Vartan Griswold, Alfred Whitney Gund, Agnes Gundersheimer, Werner Leonard Gupta, Rajat Kumar Haas, Robert D. Habib, Adam M. Haddock, Charles Bricket Hajjar, David P. Hale, Samuel Hamilton, Lee Herbert Hanlon, Philip J. Haroche, Serge Hatch, Nathan Orr Hauser, Rita Eleanor Heald, Henry Townley Healy, Timothy Stafford Heard, Alexander (George Alexander)

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Heckman, Timothy M. Heckscher, August Heintz, Stephen B. Heinz, Teresa F. Heldin, Carl-Henrik Heller, Elinor Raas Hellman, Frances Herman, Richard H. Hernandez, Antonia Hesburgh, Theodore Martin Hewitt, Jacqueline Hewlett, Walter Berry Hewson (see also Bono), Paul David Hexter, Ralph J. Heyman, Ira Michael Heyns, Roger William Hirano Inouye, Irene A. Y. Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Carlile Holland, Jerome Heartwell Hollis (aka Brand-Hollis), Thomas Brand Hopkins, Ernest Martin Hopkins, Mark Hopper, W. David (William David) Horne, Marilyn Horowitz, Frances Degen Howard, Duke of Norfolk Bernard Edward Howe II, Harold Hrabowski III, Freeman Alphonsa Humphrey, Heman Ibargüen, Alberto Ikenberry, Stanley Oliver Indyk, Martin Sean Isaacson, Walter Jackson, William Alexander Jaim Etcheverry, Guillermo

Jefferson, Howard Bonar Jenkins, John I. Jewett, Charles Coffin Johnson, Howard Wesley Jones, Alex S. Jose (Marquis de Santa Cruz), de Silva-Bazan Joachin Kaler, Eric William Katehi, Linda P.B. Katz, Stanley Nider Kavli, Fred Kean, Thomas H. Keasling, Jay D. Keeney, Barnaby Conrad Keller, Michael A. Kellogg, Paul Kelly, Regis B. Keohane, Nannerl Overholser Kerr, Clark Kessler, David Aaron Killian, Jr., James Rhyne Kim, Jim Yong Kirby, William Kirk, Grayson Louis Kirkland, John Thornton Kirwan II, William English Knapp, Steven Knowles, Asa Smallidge Koblik, Steven S. Kraft, Robert K. Kreidler, Robert Neil Krens, Thomas Kurin, Richard Lane, William Coolidge Lansing, Sherry Lee Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa J. LeClerc, Paul Lee, Ho-Wang Leebron, David W. Lefavour, Henry Leshner, Alan Irvin

Levi, Edward Hirsch Levin, Richard Charles Levine, Arthur Elliott Levy, Reynold Lewis, Earl Linde, Edward H. Linde, Ronald Lo, Andrew W. Loh, Wallace D. Lord, Milton Edward Loring, Charles Greely (1828-1902) Lowell, Abbott Lawrence Lozano, Monica Cecilia Lurie, Ann Lust, Reimar Lyman, Richard Wall MacGregor, Neil Madison, James Magidor, Menachem Mahoney, Margaret Ellerbe Malcom, Shirley Mahaley Mandel, Morton L. Marrett, Cora Bagley Marsh, Daniel Lash Martin, Carolyn A. Martinez-Maldonado, Manuel Marx, Anthony W. Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Mather, Jean Paul Mays, Benjamin Elijah McBride, Katharine Elizabeth McCarter, Jr., John W. McCormack, Elizabeth J. McCormack, Jr., James McGill, William James McIntosh, Millicent Carey McPherson, Mary Patterson McPherson, Michael S. McRobbie, Michael A.

Mead, Dana G. Meadows, Jr., Curtis W. Mellon, Paul Mendelsohn, John Mendenhall II, Thomas Corwin Merrill, Jr., Charles Edward Metcalf, Keyes DeWitt Miles, Solomon Pearson Millard, Robert Brian Moe, Henry Allen Moeser, James Monro, John Usher Moody, Samuel Mori, Wataru Mote, Jr., C. Dan (Clayton Daniel) Müllen, Klaus A. Muller, Steven Munitz, Barry Murayama, Hitoshi Murphy, Franklin David Napolitano, Janet A. Neaves, William Barlow Neilson, Eric G. Newton, Jr., James Quigg Niehrs, Christof Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Max Nurse, Paul Maxime O’Donnell, Peter Okita, Saburo O’Meara, Onorato Timothy Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Omidyar, Pierre Orr, Susan Packard Osher, Barbro Sachs Osher, Bernard Oxtoby, David W. Pace, Jr., Frank Packard, Alpheus Spring (1798-1884)

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Packard, David Woodley Packard, Julie E. Paine, Jr., Robert Treat Paine, Susan Woods Pal, Yash Palacios, Alfredo Lorenzo Pardes, Herbert Park, William Edgar Parrish, John A. Pearson, Eliphalet Peltason, Jack Walter Perkins, James Alfred Pfeiffer, Heinrich Pifer, Alan Jay Parrish Pings, Cornelius John Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Borisovich Polisi, Joseph William Poorvu, William James Porter, Noah Price, Hugh B. Pritchett, Henry Smith Pritzker, Thomas J. Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Pusey, Nathan Marsh Putnam, Herbert (George Herbert) Pynchon, Thomas Ruggles Raab, Jennifer J. Rabinowitch, Victor Ramphele, Mamphela Aletta Randel, Don Michael Rankin, Mary Ann Ranney, George Rawlings III, Hunter Ripley Read (Sister Joel Read), Joel Reif, L. Rafael Reinharz, Jehuda Reischauer, Robert D. Resnick, Lauren B. Rhodes, Frank Harold Trevor

Richardson, Louise M. Richardson, William C. Rimel, Rebecca W. Rimel, Rebecca W. Ripley, Sidney Dillon Rockefeller, Sharon Percy Rogers, Jr., John Washington Rogers, Rutherford David Rogers, Theodore C. Rose, Joanna Semel Rosenberg, Pierre Max Rosenzweig, Robert Myron Rotch, Arthur Grinnell Rowe, John W. Rubenstein, David M. Rudenstine, Neil L. Rupp, George Erik Sachar, Abram Leon Sainsbury (Lord Sainsbury of Turville), David John Salomon, Richard Salovey, Peter Saltonstall, William Gurdon Samper, Cristián T. Sample, Steven Browning Sandler, Herbert M. Sant, Roger W. Sant, Victoria P. Santirocco, Matthew S. Sarabhai, Vikram Ambalal Sawyer, John Edward Saxon, David Stephen Schapiro, Morton Owen Schmidt, Jr., Benno Charles Schoenfeld, Gerald Schupf, Sara Lee Scott, Donald Sears, Barnas Seaver, Edwin Pliny Seligman, Joel Sepulveda, Jaime

Serageldin, Ismail Serota, Nicholas A. Sexton, John Edward Seymour, Charles Shackleton, Robert Shapiro, Harold Tafler Shapiro, Judith R. Shattuck, Henry Lee Shattuck, John Shaw, William Smith Sherwin, Thomas Shi, Yang Shih, Choon Fong Shulman, Lee S. Shuster, George Nauman Sibley, John Langdon Simmons, Adele Smith Simmons, Ruth J. Sizer, Theodore Ryland Skorton, David J. Slaughter, John Brooks Smith, Charles Card Snyder, Joseph Julien Snyderman, Ralph J. Spar, Debora L. Spaulding, Helen Bowdoin Speyer, Jerry I. Sproull, Robert Lamb Stamas, Stephen Starr, S. Frederick (Stephen Frederick) Stavridis, James Stearns, William Augustus Sterling, John Ewart Wallace Stevenson, William Edwards Stewart, Donald Mitchell Stiles, Ezra Stonesifer, Patty (Patricia Q.) Strider, Robert Edward Lee Sullivan, Louis Wade

Sullivan, Teresa A. Sutherland, Lucy Stuart Swensen, David Frederick Tate, Vernon Dale Taylor, Francis Henry Thomas, Franklin Augustine Thomas, Sarah Elizabeth Thwing, Charles Franklin Tillinghast, Nicholas Tisch, Wilma Stein Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel Train, Russell Errol Tyson, Laura D’Andrea Ubiñas, Luis A. Vest, Charles M. Voss, John Vousden, Karen H. Wagner, James Warren Walker, Darren Walker, Darren Wallis, Wilson Allen Walsh, Diana Chapman Wanner, H. Eric Waterbury, John Wayland, Francis Weaver, Warren Webber, Samuel Weber, Arnold Robert Weiss, Paul Storch Wells, Herman B. Wessell, Nils Yngve Wexner, Leslie H. Wharton, Jr., Clifton Reginald White, Andrew Dickson Whitehill, Walter Muir Wigglesworth, Edward (1804-1876) Willard, Joseph Williams, David Glyndwr Tudor Williams, Eddie Nathan

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Williams, Ronald A. Wilson, John Todd Wilson, Owen Meredith Winthrop, James Wise, Phyllis M. Wolfle, Dael Lee Wolstenholme, Gordon Ethelbert Ward Wood, James Nowell Woolsey, Theodore Dwight Wright, James Edward Wriston, Henry Merritt Wroth, Lawrence Counselman Xie, Xide Young, Charles Edward Young, Robert Yudof, Mark George Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Zimmer, Robert J. Back to Subject Index

Engineering and Technology Abbot, Henry Larcom Abernathy, Frederick Henry Abriola, Linda Marie Abron, Lilia A. Achenbach, Jan Drewes Acrivos, Andreas Adams, Comfort Avery Adler, Richard Brooks Agrawal, Rakesh Aldridge, Jr., Edward (Pete) Cleveland Alexander, Ben Amundson, Neal Russell Anderson, John Leonard Aris, Rutherford Arnold, Frances Hamilton

Ashby, Michael Farries Ashley, Holt Astin, Allen Varley Austin, Wanda M. Baddour, Raymond Frederick Bai, Chunli Baird, Walter Scott Bajcsy, Ruzena Baker, Benjamin Baldwin, George Rumford Baldwin, James Fowle Baldwin, Jr., Loammi Baldwin, Loammi Balluffi, Robert Weierter Barrow, Wilmer Lanier Barrows, Harold Kilbrith Baruch, Jordan Jay Batchelder, John Montgomery Bates, Frank S. Bazant, Zdenek P. Bechtel, Jr., Stephen Davison Behrend, Bernard Arthur Belcher, Angela M. Bell, Alexander Graham Bell, C. Gordon (Chester Gordon) Belytschko, Ted Bement, Jr., Arden Lee Beranek, Leo Leroy Berry, Charles Harold Bessemer, Henry Bever, Michael Berliner Bhatia, Sangeeta N. Bienenstock, Arthur I. Billington, David Perkins Biot, Maurice Anthony Bird, Robert Byron Birnbaum, Howard Kent Bisplinghoff, Raymond Lewis

Bixby, William Herbert Blackmond, Donna Gail Blake, Francis Bode, Hendrik Wade Bomford, George Borden, Simeon Bose, Amar Gopal Boudart, Michel Bowen, Harvey Kent Bowles, Edward Lindley Bowles, Francis Tiffany Boyce, Mary Cunningham Boyden, Uriah Atherton Brady, John F. Brenner, Howard Bridges, William Bruce Brown, Gordon Stanley Brown, Robert Arthur Brunel, Marc Isambard (Sir) Brush, Charles Francis Bryson, Jr., Arthur Earl Buckley, Oliver Ellsworth Budiansky, Bernard Buhrman, Robert Alan Burgers, Johannes Martinus Burr, William Hubert Bush, Vannevar Cabot, William Brooks Cahn, John Werner Caldwell, Samuel Hawks Caligny, Anatole François Hüe, Marquis de Campbell, George Ashley Cannon, Jr., Robert Hamilton Carlson, Chester Floyd Carrier, George Francis Carroll, Michael M. Carter, Emily Ann Carty, John Joseph Casagrande, Arthur

Chakraborty, Arup K. Chalmers, Bruce Channing, William Francis Chaplin, Winfield Scott Chenea, Paul Franklin Chien, Shu Chipman, John Cho, Alfred Yi Chow, Ven Te Chowdhry, Uma Chu, Lan Jen Clarke, Edmund Melson Clarke, Eliot Channing Clauser, Francis Hettinger Clauser, Milton Ure Clifford, Harry Ellsworth Clifton, Rodney James Clough, Gerald Wayne Cochrane, Edward Lull Cohen, Morris Cohen, Robert E. Collins, James Joseph Colombo, Giuseppe Colwell, Robert P. Comstock, Cyrus Ballou Cook, Paul Maxwell Corrsin, Stanley Cottrell, Alan Howard Craighill, William Price Crandall, Stephen Harry Cross, Hardy Cullum, George Washington Currie, Malcolm Roderick Dahl, Norman Christian Dahl, Otto Gustav Colbiornsen Danckwerts, Peter Victor Davenport, Jr., Wilbur Bayley David, Jr., Edward Emil Davis, Arthur Powell Dawes, Chester Laurens

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

de Forest, Alfred Victor de Pablo, Juan José de Vitry d’Avaucourt, Raoul Joseph Marie Dean, Mark E. Debenedetti, Pablo Gaston Delafield, Richard Den Hartog, Jacob Pieter Denn, Morton Mace Dewey, Bradley Dhawan, Satish Dietz, Albert George Henry Dillon, Theodore Harwood d’Ocagne, Maurice Dodge, Barnett Fred Doerr, John Dolby, Ray Milton Draper, Charles Stark Drinker, Philip Drucker, Daniel Charles Dumesic, James Anthony Dunn, Gano Sillick Durand, William Frederick Duwez, Pol Edgard Eastham, Melville Economy, James Edelman, Elazer Reuven Edgar, Charles Leavitt Edgerton, Harold Eugene Elias, Peter Eliassen, Rolf Elliott, John Frank Emelyanov, Vasily Semenovich Emmons, Howard Wilson Engelbart, Douglas Carl Eustis, Henry Lawrence Evans, Anthony G. Everhart, Thomas Eugene Faber, Katherine Theresa Fabre, Jean Antoine Fair, Gordon Maskew Fairbairn, William

Fano, Robert Mario Fant, Gunnar Carl Michael Farmer, Moses Gerrish Fay, Frederic Harold Fay, James Alan Ffowcs-Williams, John E. Fine, Morris Eugene Fisher, George Myles Cordell Fitzgerald, Desmond Flanagan, James Loton Flanigen, Edith Marie Flemings, Merton Corson Fletcher, James Chipman Floe, Carl Frederick Forney, Jr., G. David (George David) Forsen, Harold K. Fourneyron, Benoit Francis, James Bicheno Fredrickson, Glenn H. Freeman, John Ripley Freund, Lambert Ben Fritz, John Fujimoto, James G. Fuller, Gerald G. Gallager, Robert G. Garmire, Elsa Gast, Alice Petry Gatos, Harry Constantine Gaudin, Antoine Marc Georgiou, George Germain, Paul Germeshausen, Kenneth Joseph Gharib, Morteza Gibbons, James F. Gilboy, Glennon Gilliland, Edwin Richard Ginzton, Edward Leonard Gleiter, Herbert Glenn, Jr., John H. Glennan, Thomas Keith

Glotzer, Sharon C. Goethals, George Washington Goldenweiser (Goldenveizer), Alexey Lvovitch Goldmark, Peter Carl Goldstein, Arthur L. Goodman, Joseph W. Gordon, Bernard M. Gould, Roy Walter Granick, Steve Grant, Nicholas John Gray, Paul Edward Green, Cecil Howard Greenberg, Sanford D. Guillemin, Ernst Adolph Gunness, Robert Charles Gyftopoulos, Elias Panayiotis Haertlein, Albert Hague, James Duncan Halas, Naomi J. Hammond, John Hays Hammond, Paula T. Hampton, Delon Hanratty, Thomas Joseph Hansen, Niels Harris, Stephen Ernst Hatsopoulos, George Nicholas Haus, Hermann Anton Haussler, David Hawthorne, William Rede Hayes, Wallace Dean Hayward, James Hazen, Harold Locke Hecker, Siegfried S. Heilmeier, George Harry Heller, Adam Hellwarth, Robert Willis Henck, John Benjamin Hennessy, John Leroy

Hering, Rudolph Hess, Karl Hewlett, William Redington Heywood, John Benjamin Hibbard, Jr., Walter Rollo Hirsch, Peter B. Hirth, John Price Hoff, Nicholas John Hofman, Heinrich Oscar Hollis, Ira Nelson Hollomon, John Herbert Holonyak, Jr., Nick Hooper, William Leslie Horowitz, Mark A. Hosmer, George Leonard Hottel, Hoyt Clarke Housner, George William Hovgaard, William Howe, Clarence Decatur Hrones, John Anthony Hu, Evelyn L. Hughes, Hector James Hughes, Thomas J.R. Humphreys, Alexander Crombie Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson Hunsaker, Jerome Clarke Hutchinson, John Woodside Hutton, Frederick Remsen Iglesia, Enrique Ingber, Donald E. Ippen, Arthur Thomas Ippen, Erich Peter Ives, Frederic Eugene Jack, James Robertson Jackson, Dugald Caleb Jacquet, Pierre Armand Jain, Rakesh K. Jamieson, Leah H. Janet, Paul Andre-Marie

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Jennings, Paul Christian Jensen, Klavs Flemming Jewett, Frank Baldwin Joannopoulos, John D. Joel, Jr., Amos Edward Joffre, Joseph Jacques Cesaire Johnson, Clarence Leonard Johnson, Lewis Jerome Jones, Robert Thomas Jones, Thomas P. Joseph, Daniel Donald Kailath, Thomas Kaler, Eric William Kantrowitz, Arthur Robert Kaplan, Irving Katehi, Linda P.B. Kaye, Joseph Keenan, Joseph Henry Kennelly, Arthur Edwin Kerrebrock, Jack Leo Khosla, Chaitan King, Thomas Burness Kingery, William David Kleinschmidt, Robert Victor Koiter, Warner Tjardus Kondo, Kazuo Kovasznay, Leslie Stephen George Kramer, Edward J. Kresa, Kent Land, Edwin Herbert Landau, Ralph Langer, Jr., Robert Samuel Lanza, Gaetano Latanision, Ronald Michael Lauffenburger, Douglas A. Law, Chung K. Lawrence, Ralph Restieaux Laws, Frank Arthur Leal, L. Gary Leavitt, Erasmus Darwin

Lee, William Raymond Lees, Lester Leibovich, Sidney Leonard, Naomi Ehrich Lessells, John Moyes Lesseps, Ferdinand Marie, Vicomte de Leussink, Hans Lévy, Maurice Lewis, Jennifer A. Liepmann, Hans Wolfgang Lightfoot, Jr., Edwin Niblock Linde, Ronald Linvill, John Grimes Livermore, William Roscoe Lombardi, Luigi Low, George Michael Lucky, Robert Wendell Lumley, John Leask MacCready, Paul Beattie MacGregor, Charles Winters Magnanti, Thomas Lee Mahan, Dennis Hart Main, Charles Thomas Majumdar, Arun Malik, Jitendra Mallouk, Thomas Mann, Robert Wellesley Marks, Lionel Simeon Marshall, William Robert Mashelkar, Raghunath A. Mason, Edward Archibald Mathews, Max Vernon Maxworthy, Tony McAdams, William Henry McCarty, Perry Lee McClintock, Frank Ambrose Meade, George Gordon Meindl, James Donald Meissner, Herman Paul

Merrill, Edward Wilson Meyer, Adolph Mickley, Harold Somers Miller, Charles Leslie Miller, Edward Furber Millikan, Clark Blanchard Mills, Hiram Francis Mindlin, Raymond David Moin, Parviz Moll, John L. Moore, Gordon Earle Moreland, Edward Leyburn Morison, George Shattuck Morse, Samuel Finley Breese Muller-Breslau, Heinrich Franz Bernhard Murray, William MacGregor Narasimha, Roddam Narayanamurti, Venkatesh Nayar, Shree K. Needleman, Alan Nerem, Robert Michael Newmark, Nathan Mortimore Newton, John Nikias, Chrysostomos L. Max Nix, William Dale Noble, Alfred Norton, Arthur Edwin Norton, John Torrey Noyce, Robert Norton Nurmikko, Arto Veikko Oden, John Tinsley Olson, Gregory B. Olvera de la Cruz, Monica Orowan, Egon Ortiz, Michael Ostrach, Simon Ottino, Julio Mario

Panagiotopoulos, Athanassios Z. Park, Charles Francis Parkin, Stuart Stephen Papworth Parsons, William Barclay Peabody, Cecil Hobart Pearse, Langdon Peck, Ralph Brazelton Pederson, Donald Oscar Pender, Harold Penner, Stanford Solomon Perkins, Courtland Davis Perkins, Jacob Perry, William James Peters, Edward Dyer Peterson, Jr., Dean Freeman Petroski, Henry Phillips, Julia Mae Pickard, Greenleaf Whittier Pickering, William Hayward Pierce, John Alvin Pierce, John Robinson Piore, Emanuel Ruben Pister, Karl Stark Plummer, James D. Pollock, Allan Poncelet, Jean Victor Poor, Harold Vincent Pope, Joseph Pope, Stephen B. Prager, William Prausnitz, John Michael Probst, Emil Probstein, Ronald Filmore Proctor, Bernard Emerson Quake, Stephen R. Quate, Calvin Forrest Quinn, John Albert Ramo, Simon

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Rankine, William John Macquorn Rasmussen, Norman Carl Read, Nathan Reif, L. Rafael Renwick, James Rexford, Jennifer Reynolds, William Craig Rice, James Robert Richards, Robert Hallowell Richards-Kortum, Rebecca R. Ritchie, Edward Samuel Robinson, Denis Morrell Rockwell, Alfred Perkins Rodríguez-Iturbe, Ignacio J. Rohsenow, Warren Max Rosakis, Ares J. Rose, David John Rosenblueth, Emilio Roshko, Anatol Rouse, Hunter Ruckenstein, Eli Rüdenberg, Reinhold Ruggles, Stephen Preston Ruina, Jack Philip Russel, William Bailey Russell, Andrew Howland Russell, George Edmond Sanders, Jr., John Lyell Sastry, Sosale Shankara (Shankar) Satterfield, Charles Nelson Sauveur, Albert Schowalter, William Raymond Schwamb, Peter Scriven, L. E. (L. Edward) Seamans, Jr., Robert Channing Sears, William Rees Sedov, Leonid Ivanovich

Seidman, David Nathaniel Seinfeld, John Hersh Sellers, William Shank, Charles Vernon Shannon, Claude Elwood Shapiro, Ascher Herman Shaw, Milton Clayton Shechtman, Dan Sherwood, Thomas Kilgore Shih, Choon Fong Shuler, Michael Louis Siegman, Anthony Edward Simon, Leslie Earl Sims, William Sowden Slepian, David Smith, Cyril Stanley Smith, Henry I. Smullin, Louis Dijour Smyth, Henry Lloyd Socolow, Robert Harry Soderberg, C. Richard (Carl Richard) Spanos, Pol D. Spencer, Anthony James Merrill Spencer, Percy LeBaron Spofford, Charles Milton Sprague, Robert Chapman Squires, Arthur Morton Sreenivasan, Katepalli R. Stata, Raymond Stuart Stearns, Frederic Pike Steinmetz, Charles Proteus Stephanopoulos, George Stephenson, Robert Sternberg, Eli Stevens, John Frank Stevens, Kenneth Noble Stever, Horton Guyford Stodola, Aurel Boleslav Stone, Howard A. Stone, John Stone Storrow, Charles Storer

Streetman, Ben Garland Stupp, Samuel I. Sullivan, John Langdon Suresh, Subra Sussman, Gerald Jay Swain, George Fillmore Taylor, Charles Fayette Taylor, Edward Story Taylor, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Kathleen Christine Temple, John Hapgood Terman, Frederick Emmons Terzaghi, Karl Thayer, Sylvanus Thomas, Edwin Lorimer Thomas, Jr., Harold Allen Thomas, Leo John Thompson, Theos Jardin Thomson, Elihu Tien, Chang Lin Timonoff (Timonov), Vsevolod Evgenievich Totten, Joseph Gilbert Townsend, Albert Alan Treadwell, Daniel Troost, Laurens Trowbridge, William Petit Trump, John George Truxal, John Groff Tsien, Hsue-Shen (Qian Xuesen) Tsui, Daniel C. Uhlig, Herbert Henry Unwin, William Cawthorne Van Dyke, Milton Denman Varaiya, Pravin P. Vest, Charles M. Vicat, Louis Joseph Villard, Jr., Oswald Garrison von Hippel, Arthur Robert

von Karman, Theodore von Mises, Richard Voorhees, Peter W. Wagner, Carl Wilhelm Wagner, James Warren Wagner, Karl Willy Walker, Eric Arthur Walt, David R. Wang, Daniel I-Chyau Warner, Edward Pearson Warner, Isiah M. Watson, William Weber, Ernst Weber, Harold Christian Webster, Edwin Sibley Weertman, Johannes Weertman, Julia Randall Wei, James Weinbaum, Sheldon Weiss, Herbert George Wells, Arthur Edward Westergaard, Harald Malcolm Weston, Robert Spurr Wheeler, Mary Fanett Whinnery, John Roy Whipple, George Chandler White, David Calvin Whitman, Walter Gordon Whittle, Frank Widnall, Sheila Evans Wiesner, Jerome Bert Wilbur, John Benson Wilhelm, Richard Herman Williams, Forman Arthur Williams, Glenn Carber Winograd, Shmuel Winsor, Frank Edward Winter, George Wong, Eugene Wooldridge, Dean Everett Worcester, Joseph Ruggles Wulff, John

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Yariv, Amnon Zalman Ziv, Jacob Zworykin, Vladimir Kosma Back to Subject Index

Geology and Mineralogy Adams, Frank Dawson Alger, Francis Allen, Clarence Roderic Alvarez, Walter Anderson, Charles Alfred Atwood, Wallace Walter Bagnold, Ralph Alger Barrande, Joachim Barrell, Joseph Barrois, Charles Barton, George Hunt Bateman, Alan Mara Bather, Francis Arthur Beers, Roland Frank Benioff, Victor Hugo Berner, Robert Arbuckle Beyrich, Heinrich Ernst Billings, Marland Pratt Bowen, Norman Levi Bowring, Samuel A. Brace, William Francis Bradley, Wilmot Hyde Branner, John Casper Broecker, Wallace Smith Brogger, Waldemar Christofer Brooke, Henry James Bruce, Archibald Brush, George Jarvis Bryan, Kirk Buch, Christian Leopold, Freiherr von Bucher, Walter Herman Buckland, William

Buddington, Arthur Francis Buerger, Martin Julian Bullen, Keith Edward Burchfiel, Burrell Clark Byerly, Perry Chamberlin, Thomas Chrowder Clark, William Bullock Clarke, John Mason Cleaveland, Parker Cleland, Herdman Fitzgerald Cloud, Jr., Preston Ercelle Collet, Leon William Cooper, Gustav Arthur Craig, Harmon Bushnell Cramer, Charles Crosby, William Otis Crowell, John Chambers Dalrymple, Gary Brent Daly, Reginald Aldworth Dana, Edward Salisbury Dana, James Dwight Dawson, George Mercer Dawson, John William De la Beche, Henry Thomas de Verneuil, Philippe Edouard Poulletier DeGolyer, Everette Lee DePaolo, Donald James Des Cloizeaux, Alfred Louis Olivier Legrand Desor, Edouard (Jean Pierre Edouard) Dunbar, Carl Owen Dunne, Thomas Edwards, R. Lawrence Elie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Armand Louis Leonce Emerson, Benjamin Kendall

Emery, Kenneth Orris Emmons, Samuel Franklin Engel, Albert Edward John Epstein, Samuel Ernst, Wallace Gary Etter, Charles (Karl Antonovich) Eugster, Hans Peter Ewing, William Maurice Fairbairn, Harold Williams Farley, Kenneth A. Flint, Richard Foster Ford, William Ebenezer Frondel, Clifford Garrels, Robert Minard Geikie, Archibald Gibbs, George Gibbs, Gerald Verne Gibson, Russell Gilbert, Grove Karl Gilluly, James Godon, Silvain Goguel, Jean Marc Goldsmith, Julian Royce Goldthwait, James Walter Gould, Stephen Jay Graton, Louis Caryl Gregory, Herbert Ernest Grossman, Lawrence Grove, Timothy L. Gutenberg, Beno Hall, James Hamilton, William (17301803) Hart, Stanley Robert Hayes, John Michael Head III, James William Heim, Albert Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf Hewett, Donnel Foster Hilgard, Eugene Woldemar Hitchcock, Edward Hoffman, Paul Felix

Holland, Heinrich Dieter Holmes, Arthur Holmes, Francis Simmons Horne, John Hubbert, Marion King Hurlbut, Jr., Cornelius Searle Hurley, Patrick Mason Jackson, Charles Thomas Jackson, Robert Tracy Jaggar, Jr., Thomas Augustus Johnson, Douglas Wilson Johnston, Jr., William Drumm Kamb, W. Barclay (Walter Barclay) Kasting, James Fraser Keith, Arthur (1864-1944) Kemp, James Furman Kieffer, Susan Werner King, Clarence King, Philip Burke Kirschvink, Joseph L. Knopf, Adolph Kohlstedt, David L. Krumbein, William Christian Kuenen, Philip Henry Kummel, Bernhard Lane, Alfred Church Langmuir, Charles H. Langway, Jr., Chester Charles Larsen, Jr., Esper Signius Lawson, Andrew Cowper Lay, Thorne LeConte, Joseph Leet, Lewis Don Leighton, Morris Morgan Leith, Charles Kenneth Leopold, Luna Bergere Lesley, J. Peter

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Levorsen, Arville Irving Lindgren, Waldemar Logan (Sir), William Edmond Longwell, Chester Ray Loomis, Frederic Brewster Lowenstam, Heinz Adolf Lyell, Charles Marcou, Jules Margerie, Emmanuel Marie Pierre Martin Jacquin de Mather, Kirtley Fletcher Mathews, Edward Bennett McKinstry, Hugh Exton McLaughlin, Donald Hamilton McSween, Jr., Harry Y. Mead, Warren Judson Meek, Fielding Bradford Menard, Henry William Merriam, John Campbell Miller, William Hallowes Miller, William John Molengraaff, Gustaaf Adolph Frederick Moore, Raymond Cecil Morris, Frederick Kuhne Murchison, Roderick Impey Murray, Bruce Churchill Naumann, Karl Friedrich Newberry, John Strong Newell, Norman Dennis Newhouse, Walter Harry Niles, William Harmon Nolan, Thomas Brennan Nordenskiold, Adolf Erik (Friherre) Opdyke, Neil Donald Ordonez, Ezequiel Ostrom, John Harold Palache, Charles Pecora, William Thomas

Penfield, Samuel Lewis Perry, John Bulkley Pettee, William Henry Pettijohn, Francis John Pirsson, Louis Valentine Powell, John Wesley Pumpelly, Raphael Ramsay, Andrew Crombie Raup, David Malcolm Raymond, Percy Edward Revelle, Roger Randall Dougan Rhodes, Frank Harold Trevor Rice, William North Richards, Paul G. Richthofen, Ferdinand Paul Wilhelm, Freiherr von Rodgers, John (1914-2004) Roepper, William Theodore Rogers, Austin Flint Rogers, Henry Darwin Rogers, William Barton Rubey, William Walden Rudnick, Roberta L. Russell, Israel Cook Sandwell, David T. Sayles, Robert Wilcox Schaller, Waldemar Theodore Schuchert, Charles Scott, William Berryman Sedgwick, Adam Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil Seybert, Adam Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate Sharp, Robert Phillip Shepard, Charles Upham Shimer, Hervey Woodburn Shoemaker, Eugene Merle Shrock, Robert Rakes

Siever, Raymond Silver, Leon Theodore Simpson, George Gaylord Smith, Joseph Victor Sorby, Henry Clifton Stanley, Steven Mitchell Stearns, Charles Edward Stetson, Henry Crosby Stock, Chester Stolper, Edward Manin Studer, Bernhard Swallow, George Clinton Taylor, Frank Bursley Taylor, Jr., Hugh Pettingill Teschemacher, James Englebert Thompson, Jr., James Burleigh Tilley, Cecil Edgar Trumpy, Rudolf Turekian, Karl Karekin Upham, Warren Van Hise, Charles Richard Vaughan, Thomas Wayland Verhoogen, John Vogt, Johan Hermann Lie Walcott, Charles Doolittle Walker, David Warren, Charles Hyde Wasserburg, Gerald Joseph Waters, Aaron Clement Watson, E. Bruce (Edward Bruce) White, David Whitlock, Herbert Percy Whitney, Josiah Dwight Whittington, Harry Blackmore Willis, Bailey Williston, Samuel Wendell Winslow, Arthur Wolff, John Eliot

Wolman, Markley Gordon (M. Gordon) Wong, Wen-hao Wood, John Armstead Woodworth, Jay Backus Wright, Frederick Eugene Wyllie, Peter John Yoder, Jr., Hatten Schuyler Zen, E-an Zittel, Karl Alfred Ritter von Back to Subject Index

Geophysics, Geography, and Other Earth Sciences Abert, John James Ahrens, Thomas Julian Aki, Keiiti Allegre, Claude Jean Alley, Richard B. Anderson, Don Lynn Andreae, Meinrat O. Bache, Alexander Dallas Banerjee, Subir Kumar Bauer, Louis Agricola Bebbington, Anthony J. Bercovici, David Berry, Brian Joe Lobley Birch, Francis (Albert Francis) Blanchard, Raoul Borchert, John Robert Boutelle, Charles Otis Bowman, Isaiah Bullard, Edward Crisp Burton, Alfred Edgar Butzer, Karl Wilhelm Carlson, Richard Walter

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Cashman, Katharine Venable Clark, William Arthur V. Cox, Allan Verne Dahlen, Jr., Francis Anthony Davidson, George Davis, Charles Henry Davis, William Morris Day, Arthur Louis DeFries, Ruth S. Denevan, William Maxfield Dietrich, William Eric Duperrey, Louis Isidore Dziewonski, Adam Marian Eckart, Carl Henry Emory, William Helmsley Eyries, Jean Baptiste Benoit Forsyth, Donald W. Franklin, Janet Fremont, John Charles Fung, Inez Gilbert, James Freeman Glatzmaier, Gary A. Golledge, Reginald G. Goodchild, Michael F. Goody, Richard Mead Gottmann, Jean Iona Graham, James Duncan Green, Francis Mathews Griggs, David Tressel Grossman, Lawrence Guyot, Arnold Henry Hager, Bradford H. Hagerstrand, Torsten Stig Erik Haggett, Peter Hanson, Susan Easton Harris, Chauncy Dennison Harvey, David Heiskanen, Weikko Aleksanteri Hemley, Russell

Hess, Harry Hammond Hide, Raymond Hilgard, Julius Erasmus Humboldt, Friedrich Heinrich Alexander, Freiherr von Huntington, Ellsworth Jacobsen, Stein Bjornar Jeanloz, Raymond Jeffreys, Harold Jordan, Thomas Hillman Kanamori, Hiroo Kasperson, Roger E. Kater, Henry Kates, Robert William Keilis-Borok, Vladimir Isaakovich Kellogg, Louise Helen Kennedy, George Clayton Kent, Dennis V. Kivelson, Margaret Galland Knopoff, Leon Lal, Devendra Lambeck, Kurt MacDonald, Glen M. MacDonald, Gordon James Fraser Macdonald, Kenneth C. Malhotra, Renu Malkus, Willem Van Rensselaer McNutt, Marcia K. Melosh, H. Jay Mitchell, Henry Morgan, W. Jason Mosley-Thompson, Ellen Munk, Walter Heinrich Nolet, Guust O’Connell, Richard John Olson, Peter Lee Owen, William Fitzwilliam Pierrehumbert, Raymond T.

Plank, Terry A. Press, Frank Richter, Frank Morris Ritter, Carl Roberts, Paul H. Romanowicz, Barbara A. Rudnick, Roberta L. Sabine, Edward Sack, Robert David Schubert, Gerald Silver, Paul G. Simpson, Joanne Slichter, Louis Byrne Smyth, William Henry Socolow, Robert Harry Solomon, Sean Carl Stefansson, Vilhjalmur Sverdrup, Harald Ulrik Swift, William Henry Sykes, Lynn Ray Tauxe, Lisa Tuan, Yi-Fu Turcotte, Donald Lawson Turner II, Billie Lee Uyeda, Seiya Vaida, Veronica van der Hilst, Robert Dirk Vening Meinesz, Felix Andries Veronis, George Ward, David Washburn, Jr., Bradford (Henry Bradford) Wetherill, George West Wheatley, Paul White, Gilbert Fowler Whitehead, John A. Whiting, Henry Laurens Whittlesey, Derwent Stainthorpe Wilkes, Charles Wilson, John Tuzo

Woodward, Robert Simpson Wyrtki, Klaus Zachos, James C. Zuber, Maria T. Back to Subject Index

History Abbott, Wilbur Cortez Abrahamian, Ervand Adams, Brooks (Peter Chardon Brooks) Adams, George Burton Adams, Henry Adams, John (1875-1964) Ahlstrom, Sydney Eckman Albanese, Catherine L. Alder, Ken L. Alexander, Paul Julius Allen, Danielle Altamira y Crevea, Rafael Anastos, Milton Vasil Andrews, Charles McLean Appleby, Joyce Oldham Appleby, Robert Scott Appleton, William Sumner Arnold, Samuel Greene Aubert, Marcel Ault, Warren Ortman Axtell, James L. Ayers, Edward Lynn Badian, Ernst Bagnall, Roger Shaler Bailyn, Bernard Bainton, Roland Herbert Baker, Keith Michael Baldwin, John Wesley Bancroft, George Baron, Salo Wittmayer Barshay, Andrew E. Bartov, Omer

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Barzun, Jacques Bassett, John Spencer Baxter III, James Phinney Baxter, James Phinney Beard, Winifred Mary Becker, Carl Lotus Belknap, Jeremy Belting, Hans Bemis, Samuel Flagg Bender, Thomas Berend, Ivan T. Bergdoll, Barry Berlin, Ira Berry, Mary Elizabeth Berry, Sara Sweezy Bickerman, Elias Joseph Billington, James Hadley Bisson, Thomas Noel Black, Cyril Edwin Blackbourn, David Gordon Blake, Robert Pierpont Blight, David William Bloch, Herbert Blum, Jerome Blum, John Morton Boas (Hall), Marie Bodde, Derk Boone, Elizabeth Hill Boorstin, Daniel Joseph Bouwsma, William James Bowdoin, James (17941833) Bowersock, Glen Warren Boyd, Julian Parks Boyer, Paul Samuel Brady, Jr., Thomas A. Bragdon, Henry Wilkinson Brandt, Allan M. Braudel, Fernand Paul Brenner, Robert Paul Brentano, Robert J. Bridenbaugh, Carl

Briggs (Lord Briggs of Lewes), Asa Brigham, Clarence Saunders Brinkley, Alan David Brinkman, John Anthony Brinton, Clarence Crane Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Victor Albert, Duc de Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon Brown, Frank Edward Brown, Peter Robert Lamont Browne, Janet Elizabeth Browning, Christopher R. Brucker, Gene Adam Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Buhler, Curt Ferdinand Bullock, Alan Louis Charles Burns, Ken Butterfield, Herbert Butterfield, Lyman Henry Bynum, Caroline Walker Caldwell, Robert Granville Cam, Helen Maud Capponi, Gino Alessandro Giuseppe Gaspardo Marchese Carlyle, Thomas Caro, Robert A. Carr, Edward Hallett Carr, Raymond (Albert Raymond Maillard) Catton, Charles Bruce Cerisier, Antoine Marie Chabod, Federico Chadwick, Owen (William Owen) Chafe, William Henry Chakrabarty, Dipesh Chandler, Jr., Alfred Dupont

Channing, Edward Perkins Charnwood (Baron), Godfrey Rathbone Benson Chartier, Roger Clagett, Marshall Clark, Charles Manning Hope Clark, George Norman Clifford, James Clive, John Leonard Coatsworth, John Henry Cochran, Thomas Childs Cohen, I. Bernard Cohen, Lizabeth Cole, Arthur Harrison Colton, Joel Conley, Tom C. Connor, Walter Robert Conquest, Robert (George Robert Acworth) Cook, Michael Allan Coolidge, Archibald Cary Cooper, Frederick Corner, George Washington Cott, Nancy F. Courtenay, William J. Craig, Gordon Alexander Craven, Wesley Frank Cremin, Lawrence Arthur Cronon, William J. Crosby, Alfred Worcester Cumings, Bruce Cunningham, Henry Winchester Curti, Merle Eugene Curtin, Philip DeArmond Dagron, Gilbert Dallek, Robert d’Alverny, Marie-Thérèse D’Arms, John Haughton Darnton, Robert Choate

Daston, Lorraine Jenifer Davis, Andrew McFarland Davis, David Brion Davis, Natalie Zemon Day, Clive de Gayangos, Pascual de Grazia, Victoria de Santillana, Giorgio Diaz De Voto, Bernard Augustine de Vries, Jan Degler, Carl Neumann Delitzsch, Friedrich Deloria, Philip J. Demos, John Putnam Dennett, Tyler Wilbur Dibner, Bern Dike, Kenneth Onwuka Diman, Jeremiah Lewis Donald, David Herbert Doniger, Wendy Douglas, Ann Douglas, Richard Mateer Dower, John W. Drake, Stillman (Bryant Stillman) Draper, Theodore Dunham, Dows Dunn, Richard Slator Dupree, Anderson Hunter Duus, Peter Dvornik, Francis Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Edes, Henry Herbert Eisenstein, Elizabeth Lewisohn Eliade, Mircea Eliot, Samuel (1821-1898) Elliott, John Huxtable Eltis, David Elton, Geoffrey Rudolph Embree, Ainslie Thomas Emerson, Edward Waldo

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Emerton, Ephraim Engelstein, Laura Engerman, Stanley Lewis Fairbank, John King Fairbanks, Arthur Farrand, Max Farriss, Nancy Marguerite Faust, Drew Gilpin Fay, Sidney Bradshaw Fehrenbacher, Don Edward Feis, Herbert Feldman, Martha Ferguson, William Scott Feuerwerker, Albert Finley, Moses Fischer, David Hackett Fisher, George Park Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens Fitzpatrick, Sheila Mary Fleischer, Cornell Hugh Fleming, Donald Harhish Foner, Eric Ford, Franklin Lewis Ford, Worthington Chauncey Fowler, Henry Thatcher Francke, Kuno Franklin, John Hope Fredrickson, George M. Fredriksen, Paula Freedman, Paul Harris Freeman, Douglas Southall Freidel, Jr., Frank Burt Friedlander, Saul Frye, Richard Nelson Fuller, Sarah A. Fulton, John Farquhar Furet, François Gabba, Emilio Gaddis, John Lewis Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Galison, Peter Louis

Gardiner, Alan Henderson Gardiner, Samuel Rawson Garin, Eugenio Gay, Peter Jack Gelb, Ignace Jay Genovese, Eugene Dominick Gershoy, Leo Geyer, Michael E. Geyl, Pieter Catharinus Arie Gibson, Charles Gilbert, Felix Gillispie, Charles Coulston Gilman, Sander L. Gilmore, Myron Piper Ginzburg, Carlo Gluck, Carol Goetzmann, William H. Goldhill, Simon D. Goldstein, Jan E. Goodenough, Erwin Ramsdell Goodwin, Doris Kearns Gordon, Andrew David Gordon, Cyrus Herzl Gordon, Linda Gordon-Reed, Annette Gottschalk, Louis Reichenthal Grabar, Andre Graebner, Norman Arthur Grafton, Anthony Graham, Loren Raymond Graham, William A. Grandin, Greg Grant, Edward Grant, Robert McQueen Graubard, Stephen Richards Greene, Evarts Boutell Greene, Jack P. Greene, Sandra E.

Grimm, Herman Friedrich [elected as Friedrich Hermann] Grmek, Mirko Drazen Gross, Charles Grote, George Gruen, Erich S. Guerlac, Henry Edward Gurney, Ephraim Whitman Gutman, Herbert George Habakkuk, Hrothgar John Hadlock, Wendell Stanwood Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, John Whitney Halperin-Donghi, Tulio Hammond, Mason Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lempriere Hancock, William Keith Handlin, Oscar Hanham, Harold John Harbison, Elmore Harris Haring, Clarence Henry Harootunian, Harry D. Harris, Neil Harris, William V. Hart, Albert Bushnell Haskins, Charles Homer Hay, Denys Hazen, Charles Downer Hedges, James Blaine Heilbron, John Lewis Herlihy, David Joseph Herr, Richard Hershatter, Gail Hesse, Carla A. Hexter, Jack H. Hiebert, Erwin Nick Higginson, Thomas Wentworth Higham, John Hilberg, Raul

Hill, Christopher (John Edward Christopher) Himmelfarb, Gertrude Hine, Darlene Clark Hitchcock, Henry Russell Ho, Ping-ti Hobsbawm, Eric John Ernest Hochschild, Adam Hofstadter, Richard Holborn, Hajo Holifield, E. Brooks Hollinger, David A. Holmes, Frederic Lawrence Holt, Thomas C. Holton, Gerald James Homma, Nagayo Horton, James Oliver Hoskins, Halford Lancaster Hosmer, James Kendall Howard, Michael Eliot Howe, Daniel Walker Hoxie, Frederick E. Huggins, Nathan Irvin Hughes, Henry Stuart Hughes, Thomas Parke Hull, Isabel Virginia Hunt, Lynn Avery Inalcik, Halil Iriye, Akira Isaacman, Allen F. Jackson, Kenneth T. Jacob, Margaret Candee James, Henry Jameson, Michael Hamilton Jansen, Marius Berthus Jay, Martin Evan Jennings (Jenings), Edmund Johnston, Alexander Jones, Christopher Prestige Jones, Jacqueline

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Jordan, Wilbur Kitchener Jordan, William Chester Judt, Tony Robert Kammen, Michael Gedaliah Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig Kaplan, Alice Y. Karpovich, Michael Katz, Friedrich Katz, Jacob Keddie, Nikki R. Keightley, David N. Keller, Evelyn Fox Keller, Morton Kelley, Donald R. Kelley, Mary C. Kelley, Robin D.G. Kelly, Thomas Forrest Kennedy, David Michael Kennedy, Paul Michael Kerber, Linda Kaufman Kessler-Harris, Alice Kevles, Daniel Jerome Khalidi, Rashid Khoury, Philip S. Kirby, William Kirkland, Edward Chase Kitson Clark, George Sydney Roberts Kitzinger, Ernst Klarman, Michael J. Klein, Martin Jesse Kloppenberg, James Kocka, Jurgen Krautheimer, Richard Krieger, Leonard Kuhn, Philip Alden Kuhn, Thomas Samuel Kuttner, Stephan George LaCapra, Dominick C. Lach, Donald Frederick

Ladner, Gerhart Maximilian Augustine Bernard Burian LaFeber, Walter Laiou, Angeliki Evangelos Lamoreaux, Naomi Raboy Landes, David Saul Lane, Frederic Chapin Lang, Mabel Louise Langer, William Leonard Lansing, Ambrose LaPiana, George Laqueur, Thomas Latourette, Kenneth Scott Le Roy Ladurie, Emmanuel Bernard Lea, Henry Charles Leake, Chauncey Depew Lears, T.J. Jackson Leavitt, Judith Walzer Lecky, William Edward Hartpole Lehmann, Hartmut Leland, Waldo Gifford Lepore, Jill Lerner, Gerda Leuchtenburg, William Edward Levine, Lawrence William Lewis, Bernard Lewis, David Levering Lewis, Earl Lindberg, David Charles Lingelbach, William Ezra Link, Arthur Stanley Litwack, Leon Lockhart, James Loehr, Max Johannes Joseph Loewe, Michael Lopez, Robert Sabatino Louis, William Roger Lowell, Edward Jackson

Luthy, Herbert Ernst Karl Lyon, Bryce Dale MacCaffrey, Wallace Trevethic MacCormack, Sabine G. MacDonald, William MacDonald, William Lloyd Macedo, Joaquim Jose da Costa de Mack Smith, Denis Macvane, Silas Marcus Maffei, Domenico Mahan, Alfred Thayer Maier, Charles Steven Maier, Pauline Rubbelke Malone, Dumas Mandler, Peter Mango, Cyril Alexander Mann, Golo Mann, Susan L. Manuel, Frank Edward Marder, Arthur Jacob Marsden, George M. Martin, Dale Basil Mattingly, Garrett May, Ernest Richard May, Henry Farnham Mayer, Arno Joseph Maza, Sarah Crawford Mazlish, Bruce Mazower, Mark A. McCormick, Michael McCullough, David McFeely, William S. McIlwain, Charles Howard McNeill, William Hardy McPherson, James M. Meinecke, Friedrich Meinig, Donald W. Mendelsohn, Everett Irwin Merivale, Charles Merk, Frederick Merriman, Roger Bigelow

Metzger, Walter Paul Middlekauff, Robert Lawrence Mignet, François Auguste Marie Alexis Millar, Fergus Graham Burtholme Miller, Mary Ellen Milman, Henry Hart Mitchell, Stewart Momigliano, Arnaldo Dante Mommsen, Theodor Moody, Robert Earle Morgan, Edmund Sears Morison, Elting Elmore Morison, Samuel Eliot Morris, Richard Brandon Mosse, George Lachmann Motley, John Lothrop Mottahedeh, Roy Parviz Muir, Jr., Edward Wallace Mundy, John Hine Murdoch, John Emery Najita, Tetsuo Namier, Lewis Bernstein Naquin, Susan Nash, Gary Baring Neale, John Ernest Needham, Joseph (Noel Joseph Terence Montgomery) Nef, John Ulric (18991988) Neugebauer, Otto Eduard Nevins, Allan (Joseph Allan) Newsom, Carol Ann Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, Freiherr von Niethammer, Lutz Nipperdey, Thomas H. Nirenberg, David

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Norton, Mary Beth Numbers, Ronald Leslie Nye, Mary Jo Oakley, Francis Christopher O’Malley, John W. Onuf, Peter S. Oppenheimer, Jane Marion Ostrogorsky, Georgije Owen, David Edward Owen, E. Roger Pagels, Elaine Hiesey Painter, Nell Irvin Painter, Sidney Palgrave, Francis Palmer, Robert Roswell Paret, Peter Park, Katharine Parkman, Francis Parry, John Horace Patterson, James Tyler Pattison, Mark Paxton, Robert Owen Payne, Stanley G. Pedersen, Susan G. Pelikan, Jaroslav Jan Perdue, Peter C. Perez, Louis A. Perkins, Dexter Perkins, Elliott Peterson, Merrill Daniel Pevsner, Nikolaus Bernhard Leon Pfeiffer, Robert Henry Phillips, Philip Pierson, George Wilson Pingree, David Edwin Pinkney, David Henry Piotrovskiy, Mikhail Borisovich Pipes, Richard Pirenne, Henri (Jean Henri Otto Lucien Marie)

Plumb, John Harold Pocock, John Greville Agard Pomeranz, Kenneth L. Porter, Roy Porter, Theodore M. Post, Gaines Potter, David Morris Prescott, William Hickling Proctor, Robert N. Prothero, George Walter Pyne, Stephen Joseph Rabinovich, Itamar Rakove, Jack N. Ranke, Leopold von (Franz Leopold von) Read, Conyers Reddy, William M. Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather Reisner, George Andrew Renouvin, Pierre Eugene Georges Reynolds, Christopher A. Rhodes, James Ford Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine Rice, Jr., Eugene Franklin Riley, Stephen Thomas Ritvo, Harriet Robinson, Paul Arnold Roche, Daniel Rodgers, Daniel Roelker, Nancy Lyman Ropes, John Codman Rosenberg, Charles Ernest Rosenkrantz, Barbara Gutmann Rotberg, Robert Irwin Ruiz, Teofilo F. Ruiz, Vicki L. Sabean, David Warren

Sabra, Abdelhamid Ibrahim Saller, Richard Paul Salvemini, Gaetano Sarna, Jonathan Daniel Sarton, George Alfred Leon Savage, James Schama, Simon Michael Schiavone, Aldo Schiebinger, Londa L. Schimmel, Annemarie Schlesinger, Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur Meier Schmitt, Bernadotte Everly Scholes, France Vinton Schorske, Carl Emil Schwartz, Benjamin Isadore Schwartz, Stuart B. Schweber, Silvan Samuel Scott, Anne Byrd Firor Scott, Joan Wallach Scott, Rebecca J. Scudder, Horace Elisha Sedgwick, Henry Dwight Seeley, John Robert Sells, Michael A. Setton, Kenneth Meyer Sewell, Jr., William H. Shapin, Steven Sheehan, James John Sherwin, Martin Jay Shipton, Clifford Kenyon Shryock, Richard Harrison Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet Sibley, John Langdon Sigerist, Henry Ernest Silver, James Wesley Sivin, Nathan Skinner, Quentin Robert Duthie

Slezkine, Yuri Sloane, William Milligan Slotkin, Richard S. Smith, Lacey Baldwin Smith, Merritt Roe Smith, Morton Smith, Thomas Carlyle Smith, William Stevenson Somerville, Robert Eugene Southern, Richard William Sparks, Jared Spence, Jonathan Dermot Spiegel, Gabrielle M. Spitz, Lewis William Stampp, Kenneth Milton Stansky, Peter David Lyman Starr, Chester G. Starr, S. Frederick (Stephen Frederick) Stephen, Leslie Stephens, Henry Morse Stern, Fritz Richard Stern, Steve J. Sternhell, Zeev Stevens, Rosemary A. Stone, Lawrence Strayer, Joseph Reese Strouse, Jean Struik, Dirk Jan Stubbs, William Subrahmanyam, Sanjay Sugrue, Thomas J. Sumner, John Osborne Sylla, Richard E. Syme, Ronald Tai, Hue-Tam Ho Taylor, Alan John Percivale Taylor, Alan S. Taylor, Charles Holt Taylor, Lily Ross Temkin, Owsei Thackray, Arnold Wilfrid

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Thapar, Romila Thayer, William Roscoe Thiers, Louis Adolph Thomas, Keith Vivian Thomas, Thomas Head Thompson, Edward Palmer Thorkelin, Grimur Jonsson Thrupp, Sylvia Lettice Tierney, Brian Torrey, Henry Warren Toynbee, Arnold Joseph Trachtenberg, Marvin Treadgold, Donald Warren Treggiari, Susan Mary Trevelyan, George Macaulay Trevelyan, George Otto Trevor-Roper, Hugh Redwald Trinkaus, Jr., Charles Edward Truesdell III, Clifford Ambrose Trumbull, James Hammond Tryon, Warren Stenson Tu, Wei-ming Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim Tuck, Richard Francis Turner, Frederick Jackson Ulrich, Laurel Thatcher Van Der Wee (Baron), Herman Frans Anna Van Tyne, Claude Halstead Van Zanten, David Theodore Vansina, Jan Maria-JozefEmiel Venturi, Franco Vermeule III, Cornelius Clarkson Vermeule, Emily Dickinson Townsend

Vernant, Jean-Pierre Villari, Pasquale von Grunebaum, Gustave Edmund von Holst, Hermann Eduard von Staden, Heinrich Vryonis, Jr., Speros Wakeman, Jr., Frederic Evans Walbank, Frank William Walker, Mack Walker, Williston Wang, Gungwu Weber, David J. Weber, Eugen Joseph Webster, Charles Kingsley Wecter, Dixon Wedgwood, Cicely Veronica Wehler, Hans-Ulrich Weinberg, Gerhard Ludwig Weinstein, Barbara Weintraub, Karl Joachim Westfall, Richard Samuel White, Jr., Lynn Townsend White, Richard Wiebe, Robert Huddleston Williams, Philip Maynard Wills, Garry Wilson, Arthur McCandless Wilson, John Albert Winichakul, Thongchai Winlock, Herbert Eustis Winship, George Parker Winsor, Justin Winter, Irene J. Wise, M. Norton (Matthew Norton) Wittkower, Rudolf J. Wolfe, Bertram David Wolff, Lawrence

Wolff, Robert Lee Wood, Gordon Stewart Woodward, Comer Vann Woolf, Harry Worster, Donald E. Wright, Arthur Frederick Wright, Gordon Justin Wrigley, Edward Anthony Yerushalmi, Yosef Hayim Zagorin, Perez Zanetti Lecuona, Oscar A. Back to Subject Index

Law and Jurisprudence Abella, Rosalie Silberman Abraham, Kenneth S. Abraham, Ronny Abrahamson, Shirley Schlanger Abram, Morris Berthold Abrams, Floyd Ackerman, Bruce Arnold Adams, Arlin Marvin Adams, Thomas Boylston (1772-1832) Aldrich, Bailey Aleinikoff, Thomas Alexander Allen, Francis Alfred Allen, William Thomas Amar, Akhil Reed Amato, Giuliano Ames, James Barr Amsterdam, Anthony Guy Anderson, Dillon Anderson, George Weston Anderson, Philip S. Anzilotti, Dionisio Areeda, Phillip Elias Arnold, Morris Sheppard

Atkin (Right Honorable Lord), James Richard Auerbach, Carl Abraham Austin, James Trecothick Ayres, Ian Badinter, Robert Baird, Douglas Gordon Baker, J. H. (John Hamilton) Baker, James A. Balch, Thomas Willing Baldwin, Simeon Eben Balkin, Jack M. Barak, Aharon Bartlett, Willard Bates, Henry Moore Bator, Paul Michael Baxter, Richard Reeve Bazelon, David Lionel Beale, Jr., Joseph Henry Bebchuk, Lucian Arye Belin, Gaspard d’Andelot Bell, Stoughton Bemis, George Bennett, Edmund Hatch Berg, Paal Olav Berle, Jr., Adolf Augustus Berman, Harold J. Bevis, Howard Landis Bhagwati, P. N. (Prafullachandra Natwarlal) Bickel, Alexander Mordecai Biddle, Francis Beverley Bigelow, George Tyler Bigelow, Harry Augustus Bigelow, Melville Madison Bikle, Henry Wolf Binney, Horace Bittker, Boris Irving Black, Barbara Aronstein Black, Bernard S. Black, Jr., Charles Lund

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Blake, George Blasi, Vincent A. Blum, Walter J. Bluntschli, Johann Caspar Bobbitt, Philip Chase Bok, Derek Curtis Bollinger, Lee Carroll Bolster, Wilfred Borchard, Edwin Montefiore Bork, Robert Heron Boudin, Michael Bowie, Robert Richardson Boyden, Roland William Bradbury, Theophilus Bradley, Charles Smith Branch, Claude Raymond Breitel, Charles David Brennan, Jr., William Joseph Brest, Paul A. Brewster, Jr., Kingman Breyer, Stephen Gerald Briggs, Herbert Whittaker Brilmayer, Roberta Lea Brown, Ernest Joseph Brown, Robert Minge Brudney, Victor Brunner, Heinrich Bryce, James Buckland, William Warwick Bundy, Harvey Hollister Burr, Francis Hardon Buxbaum, Richard M. Cabot, Frederick Pickering Cabranes, Jose Alberto Cabraser, Elizabeth J. Cairns, Huntington Calabresi, Guido Cameron, Edwin Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan Carrington, Paul DeWitt

Carter, James Coolidge Carter, Stephen Lisle Cary, William Lucius Casper, Gerhard Cavers, David Farquhar Chafee, Jr., Zechariah Chamberlain, Joseph Perkins Chaskalson, Arthur Chayes, Abram Chemerinsky, Erwin Chipman, Daniel Choate, Joseph Hodges Choate, Rufus Choper, Jesse Herbert Christopher, Warren Clark, Grenville Clark, Ramsey Clark, Robert Charles Clifford, Charles Warren Clifford, John Henry Coblentz, William K. Coffee, Jr., John Collins Coffin, Frank Morey Cohen, Jerome Alan Coleman, Jr., William Thaddeus Collier, Abram Thurlow Cooley, Thomas McIntyre Coolidge, Charles Allerton (1894-1987) Cooper, John Cobb Cooter, Robert D. Cornish, John M. Cornish, Leslie Colby Cover, Robert Melvin Cowen, Zelman Cox, Archibald Cramton, Roger Conant Cranch, William Currie, David Park Curtis, Benjamin Robbins Curtis, Charles Pelham

Cushing, Nathan Cushing, William Cutler, Lloyd Norton Cutler, Robert Cutter, Richard Ammi Dahl, Frantz Dale, Harvey P. Dam, Kenneth W. Damaska, Mirjan Radovan Dana, Francis Dana, Richard Henry (1815-1882) Dana, Richard Henry (1851-1931) Dando, Shigemitsu Daniels, Ronald J. Daube, David David, Rene Davis, Charles Thornton Davis, John Davis, Kenneth Culp Dawes, Thomas (17571825) Dawson, John Philip Days III, Drew Saunders Dean, Arthur Hobson DeCourcy, Charles Ambrose del Vecchio, Giorgio Dellinger, Walter E. Denny, Henry Gardner Devlin (Baron), Patrick Arthur Diamond, Shari Seidman Dicey, Albert Venn Dickinson, John Dixon, Owen Djuvara, Mircea Dodge, Frederic Dodge, Robert Gray Donohue III, John J. Dorsen, Norman

Drinan, S.J., Robert Frederick Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen Duguit, Leon Dunbar, William Harrison Dworkin, Ronald Myles Easterbrook, Frank Hoover Eaton, Frederick McCurdy Edelman, Marian Wright Edley, Jr., Christopher F. Edwards, Harry Thomas Ehrlich, Thomas Eisenberg, Melvin Aron Eisenberg, Theodore Elias, Taslim Olawale Eliot, Thomas Hopkinson Ellickson, Robert Chester Ely, John Hart Epstein, Lee Epstein, Richard A. Eskridge, Jr., William Nichol Evershed (Baron), Francis Raymond Fairman, Charles Fallon, Jr., Richard H. Farber, Daniel A. Farley, John Wells Feldman, Noah R. Field, Fred Tarbell Field, Richard Hinckley Finletter, Thomas Knight Fish, Frederick Perry Fisher, Roger Dummer Fiss, Owen Mitchell Fletcher, George Philip Flom, Joseph Harold Force, Manning Ferguson Fosdick, Raymond Blaine Franck, Thomas Martin Frankfurter, Felix Fremont-Smith, Marion R. Freund, Paul Abraham

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Frickey, Philip Paul Fried, Charles Friedman, Lawrence M. Friedmann, Wolfgang Gaston Friendly, Henry Jacob Frier, Bruce Woodward Fulbright, James William Fuld, Stanley Howells Fuller, Lon Luvois Fuller, Melville Weston Furness, Horace Howard Gage, Thomas Hovey Gaither, James Castle Galanter, Marc S. Gardner, Richard Newton Garland, David W. Garrison, Lloyd Kirkham Gates, Sr., William H. Gellhorn, Walter Geny, François George, Ronald Marc Gilmore, Grant Gilson, Ronald J. Ginsburg, Jane C. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Thomas B. Glendon, Mary Ann Glueck, Sheldon Goldberg, Arthur Joseph Goldsmith III, Jack Landman Goldstein, Abraham Samuel Goldstein, Joseph Goldstone, Richard J. Goodell, Jr., Abner Cheney Goodhart, Arthur Lehman Goodrich, Herbert Funk Gordley, James Russell Gower, Laurence Cecil Bartlett Graetz, Michael J.

Grant, Robert Gray, Horace (1828-1902) Gray, John Chipman (1839-1915) Gray, Morris Green, Nicholas Saint-John Greenawalt, Kent (Robert Kent) Greenbaum, Edward Samuel Greenberg, Jack M. Greene, Wilfrid Arthur Grey, Thomas C. Grimm, Dieter Grinnell, Frank Washburn Griswold, Erwin Nathaniel Gunther, Gerald Haar, Charles Monroe Hall, John Loomer Hall, Livingston Hall, Walter Perley Hamburger, Philip Hammond, John Wilkes Hand, Augustus Noble Hand, Learned (Billings Learned) Handler, Joel F. Hanify, Edward Benno Hansmann, Henry Harlan, John Marshall Harno, Albert James Harper, Conrad Kenneth Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus Hastie, William Henry Hawley, Joseph Hayes, John Lord Hazard, John Newbold Hazard, Jr., Geoffrey Cornell Hearn, William Edward Hector, Louis Julius

Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Walter Helmholz, Richard H. Hemenway, Alfred Henkin, Louis Hensler, Deborah R. Hernandez, Antonia Heyman, Ira Michael Higginbotham, Jr., A. Leon (Aloysius Leon) Higgins, Rosalyn Hillard, George Stillman Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood Hoar, Samuel Holdsworth, William Searle Holmes, Nathaniel Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1841-1935) Horowitz, Donald Leonard Horsky, Charles Antone Horwitz, Morton J. Hovenkamp, Herbert Howe, Mark DeWolfe Howe, Samuel Howe, William Wirt Hudson, John Elbridge Hudson, Manley Ottmer Hufstedler, Shirley Mount Hughes, Charles Evans Hurst, James Willard Isaacs, Nathan Issacharoff, Samuel Jackson, Charles Jackson, Vicki C. Jaffe, Louis Leventhal James, Eldon Revare Jay, John Jeffries, Jr., John Calvin Jenney, Charles Francis Jessup, Philip Caryl Johnson, Elmer William Johnson, Melvin Maynard

Jolls, Christine Jones, Harry Willmer Jordan, Jr., Vernon Eulion Julliot de la Morandiere, Leon Kadish, Sanford Harold Kagan, Elena Kagan, Robert Allen Kahan, Dan M. Kahan, Marcel Kalven, Jr., Harry Kamisar, Yale Kaplan, Benjamin Kaplan, Helene Lois Kaplan, John Kaplan, Mark N. Kaplow, Louis Karlan, Pamela Susan Karst, Kenneth Leslie Katz, Milton Katzenbach, Nicholas DeBelleville Katzmann, Robert Allen Kay, Herma Hill Kaye, Judith Smith Kearse, Amalya Lyle Keeton, Robert Ernest Kelman, Mark Gregory Kelsen, Hans Kenealy, William James Kennedy, Duncan McLean Kennedy, Randall L. Kessler, Friedrich Ketchum, Phillips Klarman, Michael J. Knight, Jack Knowlton, Marcus Perrin Koh, Harold Hongju Kohlberg, Jr., Jerome Konvitz, Milton Ridbaz Kornhauser, Lewis A. Kramer, Larry D. Krane, Howard G.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Kronman, Anthony Townsend Kurland, Philip B. Landes, William M. Landis, James McCauley Langbein, John Harriss Langdell, Christopher Columbus Law, Sylvia Ann Lawton, Frederick Laycock, Douglas Lempert, Richard Owen Lessig, Lawrence Lester (Lord Lester of Herne Hill QC), Anthony P. Leverett, George Vasmer Levi, David Frank Levi, Edward Hirsch Levi, John G. Levin, A. Leo Levinson, Daryl Levinson, Sanford V. Levmore, Saul Liebman, Lance Malcolm Linde, Hans Arthur Linowitz, Sol Myron Lipson, Leon Samuel Lipton, Martin Lord, Arthur Lord, Daniel Loring, Charles Greely (1794-1867) Loring, William Caleb Loss, Louis Lowell, Francis Cabot (1855-1911) Lowell, James Arnold Lowell, John (1743-1802) Lowell, John (1769-1840) Lowell, John (1824-1897) Lozano, Monica Cecilia Luban, David J.

Lumbard, Jr., Joseph Edward Lummus, Henry Tilton Macaulay, Stewart Macedo, Stephen Joseph MacKinnon, Catharine Alice Macmillan (Right Honorable Lord), Hugh Pattison Macneil, Ian R. Macneil, Sayre Magill, M. Elizabeth Magruder, Calvert Mahoney, Maureen E. Mahoney, Paul G. Mahony, Thomas Harrison Maine, Henry James Sumner Maitland, Frederic William Makarewicz, Julius (Juliusz/Juljusz) Mandela, Nelson Manning, Bayless Andrew Manning, John Francis Marbury, William Luke Marshall, John Marshall, Margaret Hilary Mashaw, Jerry Louis Matthews, Nathan Maunier, Rene McCall, Samuel Walker McCloy, John Jay McConnell, Michael William McDougal, Myres Smith Medina, Harold Raymond Meltzer, Bernard David Meltzer, Daniel J. Mentschikoff, Soia Meron, Theodor Merrill, Thomas Wendell Meserve, Richard Andrew

Meserve, Robert William Michelman, Frank Isaac Mikva, Abner J. Miller, Geoffrey P. Millstein, Ira Martin Minot, George Richards (1758-1802) Minow, Martha Louise Minow, Newton Norman Mishkin, Paul J. Mitchell, William (18321900) Mitchell, William DeWitt Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton Mnookin, Robert Harris Monaghan, Henry Paul Moore, John Bassett Morgan, Jr., Edmund Morris Morris, John Humphrey Carlile Morris, Norval Ramsden Morrison, Trevor Morton, James Madison Morton, Jr., James Madison Murphy, Walter Francis Nagel, Robert Forder Nathanson, Nathaniel Louis Neal, Phil Caldwell Neier, Aryeh Neuborne, Burt Neuman, Gerald L. Noonan, Jr., John Thomas O’Brian, John Lord O’Connor, Sandra Day O’Regan, Catherine (Kate) M.E. Paine, Elijah Paine, Henry Warren Paine, Robert Treat (18031885)

Parker, Herbert Parker, Isaac Parker, Joel Parker, Philip Stanley Parkman, Jr., Henry Parsons, Theophilus (17501813) Parsons, Theophilus (17971882) Patterson, Robert Porter Pepper, George Wharton Perkins, Thomas Nelson Perley, Ira Pestel, Frederik Willem Peters, Ellen Ash Phelps, Edward John Phillips, Willard Pickering, John (17371805) Pickering, Octavius Pildes, Richard H. Pitofsky, Robert Plimpton, Francis Taylor Pearson Pollak, Louis Heilprin Pollock, Frederick Posner, Eric Posner, Richard Allen Post, Robert Charles Pound, Roscoe Powell, Jr., Lewis Franklin Powell, Thomas Reed Prest, William Morton Priest, George L. Putnam, Samuel Qua, Stanley Elroy Raab, Jennifer J. Radin, Margaret Jane Radzinowicz, Leon Rakoff, Jed S. Ramo, Roberta Cooper Ranney, George Raz, Joseph

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Reardon, Paul Cashman Redlich, Joseph Regan, Donald H. Rehnquist, William Hubbs Reid, John Phillip Resnik, Judith Revesz, Richard L. Rheinstein, Max Rhode, Deborah L. Richardson, Elliot Lee Riesenfeld, Stefan Albrecht Robbins, Edward Hutchinson Roberts, Jr., John Glover Roberts, Odin Roe, Mark J. Romano, Roberta Root, Elihu Rose, Carol Marguerite Rosenberg, Maurice Rosenthal, Albert Joseph Rosenthal, Lee H. Rostow, Eugene Victor Rubin, Alvin Benjamin Rugg, Arthur Prentice Russell of Killowen (Baron), Charles Sacks, Albert Martin Samuelson, Pamela Sandalow, Terrance Sanderson, George Augustus Sargeant, Nathaniel Peaslee Sax, Joseph Lawrence Sayre, Francis Bowes Scalia, Antonin Schachter, Oscar Schaefer, Walter Vincent Schauer, Frederick Franklin Scheiber, Harry N. Scheppele, Kim Lane Schill, Michael H.

Schuck, Peter H. Schwartz, Alan Schwarz, Jr., Frederick A.O. (Fritz) Sclopis di Salerano (Count), Paolo Federigo Scott, Austin Wakeman Scott, Francis Reginald Scott, James Brown Scott, Robert E. Seidman, Louis Michael Selznick, Philip Sewall, David Sewall, Samuel Shapiro, Irving Saul Shavell, Steven M. Shaw, Lemuel Sheldon, Henry Newton Shiffrin, Seana Valentine Siegel, Reva Beth Simpson, Alfred William Brian Simpson, Sidney Post Slaughter, Anne-Marie Smith, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Jeremiah Smith, Thomas Broun Snyder, Aaron Cecil Sohn, Louis Bruno Sonsini, Lawrence W. Souter, David Sovern, Michael Ira Spalding, John Varnum Sprague, John Stammler, Rudolf Stearns, Asahel Stephen, James Fitzjames Stevens, John Paul Stevenson, Bryan A. Stewart, Richard Burleson Stimson, Frederic Jesup Stone, Geoffrey Richard Stone, Harlan Fiske

Storey, Moorfield Story, Joseph Strauss, David A. Strauss, Peter L. Stuntz, William J. Sullivan, Kathleen Marie Sumner, Increase Sundberg, Jacob Wilhelm Fredrik Sunstein, Cass R. Surrey, Stanley Sterling Sutherland, Arthur Eugene Swan, Thomas Walter Taft, William Howard Takayanagi, Kenzo Tatel, David S. Taylor, Telford Thacher, Peter Oxenbridge Thayer, Ezra Ripley Thayer, James Bradley Thomas, Benjamin Franklin Thomas, Joshua Thorne, Samuel Edmund Thurston, Edward Sampson Traynor, Michael (John Michael) Traynor, Roger John Trebilcock, Michael Tribe, Laurence Henry Trumbull, John (17501831) Tunc, Andre Robert Tushnet, Mark Victor Tweed, Harrison Twining, William Lawrence Tyng, Dudley Atkins Unger, Roberto Mangabeira Van Alstyne, William W. Vermeule, Adrian

Vining, Joseph (George Joseph) von Mehren, Arthur Taylor Vorenberg, James Wait, William Cushing Wald, Patricia McGowan Waldron, Jeremy James Wambaugh, Eugene Warren, Bentley Wirt Warren, Earl Warren, Edward Henry Warren, Elizabeth Warren, Joseph Warren, Winslow Washburn, Emory Waxman, Seth Paul Wechsler, Herbert Weiler, Joseph H. H. Weinrib, Ernest Weinstein, Jack Bertrand Weisbach, David A. Wellington, Harry Hillel West, Robin L. White, Daniel Appleton White, G. Edward (George Edward) White, James Boyd Whitman, Edmund Allen Whittemore, Arthur Easterbrook Wickersham, George Woodward Wilde, Samuel Sumner Wilkins, David Brian Wilkins, Raymond Sanger Wilkinson III, James Harvie Williams, Glanville Llewelyn Williston, Samuel Wilson, George Grafton Winter, Jr., Ralph Karl Wirtz, William Willard

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Wisdom, John Minor Witt, John Fabian Wood, Diane Pamela Woodbury, Peter Wright (Right Honorable Lord), Robert Alderson Wright, Charles Alan Wu, John Ching Hsiung Wyzanski, Jr., Charles Edward Yarmolinsky, Adam Yeazell, Stephen Campbell Young, Benjamin Loring Zeisel, Hans Zimring, Franklin Ester Back to Subject Index

Literary Scholarship and Criticism and Language Aaron, Daniel Aarsleff, Hans Abrams, Meyer Howard Ackroyd, Peter Adams, Ebenezer Adams, Robert Martin Adorno, Rolena Allen, Don Cameron Allinson, Francis Greenleaf Alonso, Amado Alpers, Paul Joel Alter, Robert Bernard Altieri, Charles Francis Anderson, Stephen Robert Anderson-Imbert, Enrique Andrew, Dudley Armstrong, Edward Cooke Armstrong, Isobel Mair

Arnold, William Rosenzweig Aronoff, Mark Asin y Palacios, Miguel Atkins, Stuart Pratt Atkinson, Justin Brooks Atkinson, William Parsons Austerlitz, Robert Paul Babbitt, Irving Bailey, David Roy Shackleton Baldensperger, Fernand (Philippe-Jules-Fernand) Barish, Jonas Alexander Barkan, Leonard Barolini, Teodolinda Baron, Hans Bate, Walter Jackson Bates, Arlo Bates, William Nickerson Beck, Charles Bedier, Joseph Beer, Gillian Patricia Beeson, Charles Henry Bekker, Immanuel (August Immanuel) Benfey, Christopher Benichou, Paul Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter Benson, Larry Dean Bentley, Eric Bentley, Gerald Eades Bercovitch, Sacvan Berger, Harry Bernstein, Charles Bernstein, Michael Andre Bersani, Leo Bevington, David Binchy, Daniel Anthony Birkerts, Sven P. Birnbaum, Henrik Maximilian

Bischoff, Bernhard Bishop, Morris Gilbert Blackall, Eric Albert Blackmur, Richard Palmer Bloch, Bernard Bloch, R. Howard Bloom, Harold Bloomfield, Maurice Bloomfield, Morton Wilfred Blume, Bernhard Walter Blumstein, Sheila Ellen Bocher, Ferdinand Boeckh, August Boissier, Marie Louis Gaston Bolinger, Dwight LeMerton Bonner, Campbell Bonner, Robert Johnson Boodberg, Peter Alexis Booth, Wayne Clayson Bopp, Franz Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio Borroff, Marie Bowers, Fredson Thayer Boyle, Leonard Eugene Branca, Vittore Felice Brandes, Georg Morris Cohen Braudy, Leo Bree, Germaine Bresnan, Joan W. Briggs, LeBaron Russell Brodhead, Richard H. Brombert, Victor Henri Bromwich, David Bronson, Bertrand Harris Brooks, Cleanth Brooks, Peter Preston Brooks, Van Wyck Brower, Reuben Arthur Brown, Carleton Brown, Herbert Ross

Bruneau, Jean Louis Brunetiere, Ferdinand Bruns, Gerald L. Buck, Carl Darling Buckley, Jerome Hamilton Buell, Lawrence Burchfield, Robert William Burke, Kenneth Duva Burkert, Walter Burlingame, Eugene Watson Bush, John Nash Douglas Butcher, Samuel Henry Butler, Marilyn Speers Bywater, Ingram Cabot, James Elliot Cameron, Alan D. Cameron, Sharon Campbell, Jr., Oscar James Capps, Edward Cardona, George Carre, Jean-Marie Cassidy, Frederic Gomes Castro, Americo Catalan, Diego MenendezPidal Caws, Mary Ann Cecil (Lord), David Chalmers, Gordon Keith Chambers, L. Ross Chandler, James Kenneth Chang, Kang-i Sun Channing, Edward Tyrrel Chao, Yuen Ren Chapman, Henry Leland Chartier, Roger Cherniss, Harold Fredrik Child, Francis James Chinard, Gilbert Chomsky, Avram Noam Chow, Rey Clark, Walter Eugene Clausen, Wendell Vernon

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Clover, Carol J. Coffman, George Raleigh Cohen, Ralph Cohn, Dorrit Colacurcio, Michael J. Compagnon, Antoine Marcel Conway, Robert Seymour Copeland, Charles Townsend Corngold, Stanley A. Costello, Bonnie Court de Gebelin, Antoine Cowgill, Warren Crawford Crane, Ronald Salmon Crawford, James Pyle Wickersham Crews, Frederick Campbell Croll, Morris William Cross, Jr., Frank Moore Cross, Samuel Hazzard Culicover, Peter W. Culler, Arthur Dwight Culler, Jonathan Dwight Curran, Stuart Curtius, Georg Cutler, Elbridge Jefferson Daleski, Hillel Matthew Damon, Samuel Foster Damrosch, Leo Davie, Donald Alfred Davis, Herbert John Dayan, Colin de Bary, William Theodore de Man, Paul Adolph Michel de Romilly, Jacqueline Delbanco, Andrew Dembowski, Peter Florian Demetz, Peter Derrida, Jacques Diakonov (Diakonoff), Igor Mikhailovich

Dieckmann, Herbert Diels, Hermann Alexander Dihle, Albrecht Gottfried Ferdinand Dodds, Eric Robertson Donaldson, Ethelbert Talbot Donoghue, Denis Doran, Madeleine Kathryn Dover, Kenneth James Dowty, David Roach Doyle, Henry Grattan Drucker, Johanna Ruth Dunn, Charles William Early, Gerald Lyn Edel, Joseph Leon Edgerton, Franklin Ehrenpreis, Irvin Elder, John Petersen Elisseeff, Serge Elliott, Robert Carl Ellmann, Richard David Else, Gerald Frank Emeneau, Murray Barnson Empson, William Engell, James Ernst, Carl William Evans, D. Ellis Evans, Gwynne Blakemore Fagles, Robert Fanger, Donald Lee Farley, Frank Edgar Fay, Charles Ernest Feeney, Denis Felman, Shoshana Felstiner, John Felton, Cornelius Conway Ferguson, Charles Albert Ferguson, Frances Ferguson, Margaret W. Ferguson, Robert A. Fergusson, Francis Ferry, Anne

Festugiere, Andre-Jean Fillmore, Charles John Finley, Jr., John Huston Fish, Stanley Eugene Fisher, Philip Fitts, Dudley Fitzgerald, Robert Stuart Fleming, John V. Foley, Helene Peet Ford, George Harry Ford, Jeremiah Denis Mathias Frank, Joseph Frank, Tenney Freccero, John Frisbie, Levi Fromkin, Victoria Alexandra Frye, Herman Northrop Frye, Roland Mushat Fumaroli, Marc Furness, Jr., Horace Howard Furnivall, Frederick James Gallagher, Catherine (M. Catherine) Gamkrelidze, Thomas Valerianovich Gardner, Helen Louise Gates, Jr., Henry Louis Geddes, Jr., James Geldner, Karl Friedrich Giamatti, Angelo Bartlett Gibb, Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gilbert, Sandra M. Gildersleeve, Basil Lanneau Gilman, Sander L. Gilman, Stephen Girard, Rene Noel Goldhill, Simon D. Goldin, Judah Goldman, Robert Phillip

Goldsmith, John A. Gonda, Jan Gonzalez Echevarria, Roberto Goodwin, William Watson Grandgent, Charles Hall Gray, Louis Herbert Greenberg, Moshe Greenblatt, Stephen Jay Greene, Thomas McLernon Greene, William Chase Greenfield, Jonas Carl Greenough, Chester Noyes Greenough, James Bradstreet Grimm, Jacob Ludwig Grossman, Edith M. Gubar, Susan D. Guerard, Albert Joseph Guillen, Claudio Gulick, Charles Burton Gumbrecht, Hans Ulrich Gummere, Francis Barton Gummere, Richard Mott Guterbock, Hans Gustav Guy, Henri Haas, Mary Rosamond Hack, Roy Kenneth Hadley, James Hagstrum, Jean Howard Hale, Kenneth Locke Halle, Morris Hamp, Eric Pratt Hanan, Patrick Dewes Harbage, Alfred Bennett Hardison, Jr., Osborne Bennett Harmon, Austin Morris Harris, Zellig Sabbettai Harrison, Robert Pogue Harshav, Benjamin Hart, James David Hartman, Geoffrey H.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Hatfield, Henry Caraway Haugen, Einar Ingvald Havelock, Eric Alfred Havens, Raymond Dexter Hawkins, Richmond Laurin Hayles, N. Katherine Hazard, Paul Heidel, William Arthur Heilbrun, Carolyn Gold [aka Cross, Amanda] Heim, Michael Henry Heller, Erich Helman, Edith Fishtine Henderson, Jeffrey Hendrickson, George Lincoln Henrichs, Albert Maximinus Hexter, Ralph J. Hibbett, Howard Scott Hightower, James Robert Hills, Elijah Clarence Hirsch, Jr., Eric Donald Hirsch, Marianne Hockett, Charles Francis Hoenigswald, Henry Max Hofmann, Michael Hohendahl, Peter Uwe Hollander, Jr., Robert B. Hollier, Denis Holman, Clarence Hugh Hopkins, Edward Washburn Houghton, Walter Edwards Householder, Jr., Fred Walter Howard, Albert Andrew Howard, Leon Howard, William Guild Howe, Irving Hughes, Merritt Yerkes

Humboldt, Karl Wilhelm, Freiherr von Hunter, George Kirkpatrick Hutcheon, Linda Ann Hynes, Samuel Hyvernat, Eugene Xavier Louis Henri Ingalls, Daniel Henry Holmes Insler, Stanley Irwin, John T. Iser, Wolfgang Ivanov, Vyacheslav Vsevolodovich Ivic, Pavle Jackendoff, Ray Saul Jackson, Carl Newell Jackson, Henry (18391921) Jacobi, Hermann Georg Jacobsen, Thorkild Peter Rudolph Jaeger, Werner Wilhelm Jakobson, Roman Jameson, Fredric R. Janko, Richard Charles Murray Jasanoff, Jay H. Jewett, James Richard Jones, Howard Mumford Joseph, Brian Daniel Jowett, Benjamin Jusserand, Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Kahane, Henry Kane, George Joseph Kaplan, Alice Y. Kaster, Robert A. Kazin, Alfred Keeley, Edmund Leroy Keenan, Edward L. Keene, Donald Lawrence

Kelleher, John Vincent Kendrick, Asahel Clark Keniston, Ralph Hayward Kennedy, George Alexander Kenner, Hugh Kent, Roland Grubb Kerby-Miller, Wilma Anderson Kermode, John Frank Kingsley, James Luce Kirchhoff, Johann Wilhelm Adolf Kittredge, George Lyman Klausner, Joseph Knapp, Steven Knechtges, David R. Knights, Lionel Charles Knox, Bernard McGregor Walker Koenen, Ludwig Kolve, V. A. Konstan, J. David Kretschmer, Paul Krieger, Murray Kristeva, Julia Kronenberger, Louis Küpper, Joachim Kurath, Hans Kuroda, Sige-Yuki Kurylowicz, Jerzy Labov, William David Ladefoged, Peter Nielsen Lamson, Roy Lancaster, Henry Carrington Lane, George Martin Lane, George Sherman Lang, Henry Roseman Langley, Ernest Felix Lanman, Charles Rockwell Lassen, Christian

Lattimore, Richmond Alexander Leavis, Frank Raymond Lee, Hermione Lehiste, Ilse Lejeune, Michel Lentricchia, Frank Richard Leslau, Wolf Levi, Sylvain Levin, Harry Tuchman Lewalski, Barbara Kiefer Lewis, Tayler Lewis, Wilmarth Sheldon Li, Ling Lida, Raimundo Likhachev, Dmitrii Sergeevich Lindenberger, Herbert S. Linforth, Ivan Mortimer Lipking, Lawrence Lloyd-Jones, Hugh (Peter Hugh Jefferd) Locke, William Nash Long, Anthony Arthur Lord, Albert Bates Lounsbury, Thomas Raynesford Lowe, Elias Avery Lowes, John Livingston Lumiansky, Robert Mayer Lyon, David Gordon MacCana, Proinsias Macdonell, Arthur Anthony Mack, Maynard Magoun, Jr., Francis Peabody Malkiel, Yakov Manley, Lawrence G. Marcus, Steven Marichal, Juan Martz, Louis Lohr Marx, Leo

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Matthews, Albert Matthews, William Richard May, Georges Claude Mayrhofer, Manfred Mazon, Paul Mazzotta, Giuseppe E. McCarthy, John J. McCawley, James David McClellan, Edwin McGann, Jerome John Meillet, Antoine (Paul Jules Antoine) Meltzer, Françoise Menand, Louis Mendelshon, Daniel Mendelson, Edward Menendez Pidal, Ramon Meritt, Benjamin Dean Miles, Josephine Louise Miller, D. A. Miller, Joseph Hillis Miller, Perry Gilbert Eddy Moore, Clifford Herschel Moran, William Lambert More, Paul Elmer Moretti, Franco Morgan, Morris Hicky Morot-Sir, Edouard Barthelemy Morpurgo Davies, Anna Elbina Morrison, Theodore Morson, Gary Saul Most, Glenn W. Moulton, William Gamwell Muller, Herbert Joseph Muller, Max (Friedrich Max) Munro, Hugh Andrew Johnstone Murdock, Kenneth Ballard Murray, Gilbert (George Gilbert Aime)

Murray, James Augustus Henry Murrin, Michael Muscatine, Charles Mynors, Roger Aubrey Baskerville Nagy, Gregory Napier, Arthur Sampson Nash, Bennett Hubbard Navarro Tomas, Tomas Neilson, William Allan Newman, Barbara Jane Nichols, Stephen G. Nicolson, Marjorie Hope Nitze, William Albert North, Helen Florence North, Michael A. Norton, Elliot Noyes, George Rapall (1873-1952) Oertel, Hanns Oldfather, William Abbott Olney, James Ong, Walter Jackson Orgel, Stephen Kitay Osborn, James Marshall Ostwald, Martin Otis, Brooks Owen, Stephen Paducheva, Elena V. Page, Curtis Hidden Page, Denys Lionel Paris, Gaston Bruno Paulin Parker, Charles Pomeroy Parry, Milman Partee, Barbara Hall Patch, Howard Rollin Patterson, Annabel M. Paulson, Ronald Howard Pavel, Thomas Pearce, Roy Harvey Pearsall, Derek Albert Pease, Arthur Stanley

Peers, Edgar Allison Percival, Walter Keith Perez-Firmat, Gustavo Francisco Perkins, David Dodd Perlmutter, David M. Perloff, Marjorie Gabrielle Perrin, Bernadotte Peyre, Henri Maurice Phelps, William Lyon Pickering, John (17771846) Pierrehumbert, Janet Breckenridge Pike, Kenneth Lee Poggioli, Renato Poirier, Richard Poirion, Daniel Pollock, Sheldon I. Pope, John Collins Popkin, John Snelling Posnock, Ross Pottle, Frederick Albert Poulet, Georges Praz, Mario Prendergast, Christopher A. Prescott, Henry Washington Price, Martin Pritchard, William H. Pritsak, Omeljan Pullum, Geoffrey Keith Putnam, Michael Courtney Jenkins Quint, David Louis Quirk (Baron), Charles Randolph Rabate, Jean-Michel Rahv, Philip Ramanujan, A. K. (Attipat Krishnaswami) Ramazani, Jahan

Rampersad, Arnold Rand, Edward Kennard Rawidowicz, Simon Rawlinson, Henry Creswicke Rawson, Claude Julien Ray, Gordon Norton Redford, Bruce Reiner, Erica Rice, Keren D. Ricks, Christopher Bruce Riffaterre, Michael Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm Roach, Joseph Robinson, Fred Colson Robinson, Fred Norris Rollins, Hyder Edward Root, Robert Kilburn Rosenmeyer, Thomas Gustav Rosenthal, Franz Roskies, David G. Ryskamp, Charles Andrew Sag, Ivan A. Said, Edward William Salisbury, Edward Elbridge Sanders, Henry Arthur Santirocco, Matthew S. Saussy, Caleb Powell Haun Scarry, Elaine Schevill, Rudolph Schneider, Heinrich Scholes, Robert Scholte, Jan Hendrik Schone, Albrecht Schor, Naomi Schorer, Mark Schuchard, W. Ronald Schucking, Levin Ludwig Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky Segal, Charles Paul Seidensticker, Edward George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Sells, Michael A. Senelick, Laurence Philip Sevcenko, Ihor Sewall, Richard Benson Sewall, Stephen Seymour, Thomas Day Seznec, Jean-Joseph Shackleton, Robert Shapiro, James S. Shattuck, Roger Whitney Sheldon, Edward Stevens Shell, Marc Sherburn, George Wiley Shuger, Debora Kuller Sieburth, Richard Silverman, Kenneth Eugene Silverstein, Michael Simpson, David E. Simpson, Jr., Claude Mitchell Simpson, Lewis P. Singleton, Charles Southward Sitney, P. Adams Smith, Barbara Herrnstein Smith, Hallett Darius Smith, Henry Nash Smith, Horatio Elwin Smyth, Herbert Weir Sokel, Walter Herbert Sollors, Werner Solmsen, Friedrich Rudolf Heinrich Sommerfelt, Alf Axelsson Sophocles, Evangelinus Apostolides Spacks, Patricia Meyer Starck, Taylor Starobinski, Jean Isaac Steiner, George Stewart, Garrett Stewart, Zeph

Stillinger, Jack Clifford Stock, Brian Charles Alexander Stokoe, William Clarence Striedter, Jurij Sturtevant, Edgar Howard Summers, Joseph Holmes Sundquist, Eric John Sweeney, John Lincoln Tatlock, John Strong Perry Taylor, Archer Thiersch, Friedrich Wilhelm Thiong’o, Ngugi wa Thomas, Frederick William Thomson, William Thorpe, James Ticknor, George Tillotson, Geoffrey Todorov, Tzvetan Torrey, Charles Cutler Toy, Crawford Howell Trachtenberg, Alan Trilling, Lionel Tucker, Herbert F. Tuve, Rosemond Twaddell, William Freeman Twersky, Isadore Ullman, Berthold Louis van Buitenen, Johannes Adrian Bernard Van Hook, La Rue Vendler, Helen Hennessy Vickers, Brian William Vietor, Karl Voegelin, Charles Frederick von Hallberg, Robert von Jagemann, Hans Carl Gunther Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Waith, Eugene Mersereau

Walpole, Ronald Noel Ward, Aileen Warner, Michael D. Wasserman, Earl Reeves Watkins, Calvert Ward Watt, Ian Pierre Weber, Samuel Miles Webster, Noah Weinberg, Bernard Weinhold, Karl Wellbery, David E. Wellek, Rene Wendell, Barrett Weston, George Benson Whatmough, Joshua Whicher, George Frisbie White, Elwyn Brooks White, Hayden White, Helen Constance White, John Williams Whitman, Cedric Hubbell Whitney, William Dwight Wilkins, Ernest Hatch Willard, Sidney Wimsatt, Jr., William Kurtz Wineapple, Brenda Witzel, Michael (E. J. Michael) Wolfson, Harry Austryn Wood, Michael Woodring, Carl Ray Worcester, Joseph Emerson Worrell, William Hoyt Wright, Charles Henry Conrad Wright, John Henry Wright, Louis Booker Wylie, Laurence William Yates, Frances Amelia Yeazell, Ruth Bernard Young, Karl Yu, Anthony C.

Yu, Pauline Ruth Zeitlin, Froma I. Zgusta, Ladislav Ziff, Larzer Zink, Michel Ziolkowski, Jan M. Ziolkowski, Theodore Joseph Zwicky, Jr., Arnold Melchior Back to Subject Index

Literature (Creative Writing) Abani, Christopher U. Abe, Kobo Abish, Walter Achebe, Chinua Ackerman, Diane Ackroyd, Peter Albee, Edward Franklin Alder, Ken L. Alfred, William Amichai, Yehuda Amis, Martin Ammons, Archie Randolph Appelfeld, Aharon Arnold, Matthew Ashbery, John Lawrence Asimov, Isaac Atwood, Margaret Auchincloss, Louis Stanton Auster, Paul Bacon, Leonard Banks, Russell Banville, John Barnes, Julian P. Barth, John Simmons Beattie, Ann Beckett, Samuel

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Behrman, Samuel Nathaniel Bellow, Saul Benet, Stephen Vincent Berry, Wendell E. Berryman, John Beston, Henry Bidart, Frank Birkerts, Sven P. Bishop, Elizabeth Bly, Robert E. Boland, Eavan A. Boll, Heinrich Theodor Bonnefoy, Yves Borges, Jorge Luis Brodsky, Joseph Alexandrovich Bryant, William Cullen Busch, Frederick Matthew Byatt, Antonia Susan Calasso, Roberto Calisher, Hortense Camus, Albert Carey, Peter Carson, Anne Cather, Willa Chabon, Michael Chast, Rosalind (Roz) Cheever, John Ciardi, John Anthony Claudel, Paul Louis Charles Marie Clifton, Lucille Thelma Coetzee, John M. Coffin, Robert Peter Tristram Cohen, Leonard Norman Cole, Henri Coover, Robert Cowley, Malcolm Creeley, Robert Cunningham, Michael Davenport, Guy

Davis, Lydia Davison, Peter Hubert DeLillo, Don Denk, Jeremy Di Piero, W. S. (William Simone) Dickey III, James Lafayette Didion, Joan Dillard, Annie Doctorow, E. L. (Edgar Lawrence) Dolan, Jill Donoghue, Emma M. Dorfman, Ariel Dos Passos, John Dove, Rita F. Drabble, Margaret Dyer, Geoff Eberhart, Richard Ghormley Edmonds, Walter Dumaux Eliot, Thomas Stearns Ellison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Ralph Waldo Erdrich, Louise Erskine, John Eugenides, Jeffrey Kent Everett, Percival Fadiman, Anne Ferry, David Russell Fo, Dario Foote, Horton Forbes (Mrs. A.L. Hoskins), Esther Ford, Richard Forster, Edward Morgan Frayn, Michael Frisch, Max Rudolf Frost, Robert Lee Fuentes, Carlos Fugard, Athol Gaddis, William Galsworthy, John

Gass, William Howard Ginsberg, Allen Ginzburg, Natalia Gluck, Louise Elisabeth Goldsmith, Barbara Goldstein, Rebecca Gordimer, Nadine Gottlieb, Robert A. Graham, Jorie Grass, Gunter Gray, Francine du Plessix Gregerson, Linda Griffiths, Paul Anthony Grossman, Allen Richard Guare, John Guillen, Jorge Gunn, Thomson William Gurganus, Allan Hadas, Rachel Chamberlayne Hall, Donald Hamburger, Philip Paul Hampl, Patricia Hardwick, Elizabeth Hardy, Thomas Hare, David Harper, Michael S. Harrison, James T. Hass, Robert Hawkes, John Hayes, Terrance A. Hazzard, Shirley Heaney, Seamus Justin Hecht, Anthony Evan Hellman, Lillian Hempel, Amy Herbert, Zbigniew Hersey, John Hijuelos, Oscar Hill, Geoffrey William Hillyer, Robert Silliman Hoagland, Edward Hollander, John

Holmes, John Albert Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894) Horgan, Paul George Vincent O’Shaughnessy Howard, Maureen Howard, Richard Joseph Howe, Susan Hughes, James Langston Huntington, Archer Milton Ionesco, Eugene Irving, John Winslow Irving, Washington Ishiguro, Kazuo Jen, Gish Jin, Xuefei (Ha) Johnson, Charles Richard Johnson, Diane Lain Jones, Edward P. Just, Ward Swift Kaplan, Justin Keillor, Garrison Keneally, Thomas Michael Kennedy, John Pendleton Kennedy, William Joseph Kincaid, Jamaica Kingston, Maxine Hong Kinnell, Galway Kinsella, Thomas Kipling, Rudyard Koch, Kenneth Komunyakaa, Yusef Krutch, Joseph Wood Kundera, Milan Kushner, Tony La Farge, Oliver Hazard Perry Larkin, Philip Arthur Laughlin, James

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Leger, Alexis Saint-Leger (Marie-Rene Auguste Alexis [pseudonym Saint-John Perse] Saint-Leger) Lentricchia, Frank Richard Levine, Philip Linney, Romulus Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth Longley, Michael Lopate, Phillip Lowell, James Russell Lurie, Alison MacLeish, Archibald Mahfouz, Naguib Mailer, Norman Malamud, Bernard Mallon, Thomas Malraux, Andre Mann, Thomas Matthiessen, Peter McBride, James McCarthy, Cormac McCarthy, Mary McClatchy, J. D. McCord, David Thompson Watson McEwan, Ian Russell McHugh, Heather McKibben, Bill McPherson, James Allen Merrill, James Ingram Merwin, William Stanley Miller, Arthur Millhauser, Steven Milosz, Czeslaw Momaday, Navarre Scott Moore, Lorrie (Marie Lorena) Moore, Marianne Craig Moravia, Alberto Morris, Wright

Morrison, Toni (Chloe Anthony) Mukherjee, Bharati Muldoon, Paul Munro, Alice Murdoch, Jean Iris Murray, Albert L. Naipaul, V. S. (Vidiadhar Surajprasad) Nash, Ogden (Frederick Ogden) Nemerov, Howard Stanley Neruda, Pablo Nishiwaki, Junzaburo Nunez, Sigrid Oates, Joyce Carol O’Brien, Tim Oe, Kenzaburo O’Faolain, Sean Olds, Sharon Origo, Iris Margaret Cutting Oz, Amos Ozick, Cynthia Page, Thomas Nelson Paley, Grace Pamuk, Orhan Parsons, Thomas William Paz, Octavio Percy, Walker Phillips, Carl Pier, Arthur Stanwood Pinkney, Jerry Pinsky, Robert Neal Pinter, Harold Plumly, Stanley Powers, J. F. (James Farl) Powers, Richard Price, Reynolds Pritchett, Victor Sawdon Prose, Francine Proulx, E. Annie Quasimodo, Salvatore

Ransom, John Crowe Rich, Adrienne Robinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Marilynne Roth, Philip Sacks, Oliver Wolf Sahgal, Nayantara Salter, James Salter, Mary Jo Sanders, Scott Russell Sante, Luc Marie Sarton, May Saunders, George William Scammell, Michael Schnackenberg, Gjertrud Cecelia Schwartz, Lynne Sharon Scott, Joanna Seferiades (pseudonym George Seferis), Giorgos Stylianou Segal, Lore Shanley, John Patrick Shapiro, Alan Shapiro, Karl Jay Shawn, Wallace Shepard, Sam Silko, Leslie Marmon Silone, Ignazio Simic, Charles Simon, Claude Singer, Isaac Bashevis Slotkin, Richard S. Smiley, Jane Graves Snodgrass, W. D. (William Dewitt) Snow, Charles Percy Snyder, Gary Solzhenitsyn, Alexander Isaevich Sontag, Susan Soyinka, Wole Spender, Stephen Harold

Spiegelman, Art St. John, David Stallings, Alicia Elsbeth Stedman, Edmund Clarence Stegner, Wallace Earle Stern, Gerald Stern, Richard Gustave Stewart, Susan Stone, Robert Anthony Stoppard, Tom Strand, Mark Styron, Jr., William Clark Szymborska, Wislawa Tate, Allen (John Orley Allen) Taylor, Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor, Peter Matthew Hillsman Tennyson, Alfred Theroux, Paul Tóibín, Colm Tomlinson, Charles Torres Bodet, Jaime Trethewey, Natasha D. Trevor, William Trilling, Diana Rubin Trumbull, John (17501831) Tyler, Anne Updike, John Hoyer Valenzuela, Luisa Van Duyn Thurston, Mona Jane Vargas Llosa, J. Mario Pedro Vogel, Paula A. Voigt, Ellen Bryant Vonnegut, Kurt Waldrop, Rosmarie Walker, Alice Tallulah Kate Warren, Robert Penn

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Warren, Rosanna Welty, Eudora Weschler, Lawrence Michael West (pseudonym Cicily Fairfield Andrews), Rebecca White, Edmund Whittemore II, Edward Reed (aka Reed Whittemore) Whittier, John Greenleaf Wideman, John Edgar Wiesel, Elie Wilbur, Richard Purdy Williams, C. K. (Charles Kenneth) Williams, Tennessee Wilson, August Wineapple, Brenda Winters (aka Janet Lewis), Janet Lewis Winters, Arthur Yvor Wister, Owen Wolfe, Tom Wolff, Tobias Woodberry, George Edward Wright, C. D. Wright, Jay Wright, Jr., Charles Penzel Young, Kevin L. Yourcenar, Marguerite Zagajewski, Adam Back to Subject Index

Mathematics and Statistics Adams, Clarence Raymond Adams, John Couch Adler, Roy L.

Adrain, Robert Albert, Abraham Adrian Aldous, David Anderson, Henry James Anderson, Theodore Wilbur Andrews, George E. Anselin, Luc E. Archibald, Raymond Clare Arnold, Vladimir Igorevich Arthur, James Grieg Artin, Emil Artin, Michael Aschbacher, Michael George Askey, Richard Allen Atiyah, Michael Francis Aumann, Robert John Auslander, Maurice Avery, Charles Babai, László Babbage, Charles Bahadur, Raghu Raj Baouendi, M. Salah Barenblatt, Grigory Isaakovich Barlow, Peter Barnes, John Landes Bartlett, William Holmes Chambers Bartlett, William Pitt Greenwood Bass, Hyman Batchelor, George Keith Beilinson, Alexander A. Bellman, Richard Ernest Ben Arous, Gérard Bennett, Albert Arnold Berestycki, Henri Berger, Bonnie Berger, Marsha J. Bergman, Stefan Berlekamp, Elwyn

Bers, Lipman Bertozzi, Andrea Louise Beurling, Arne Karl August Bickel, Peter John Billingsley, Patrick Paul Bing, R. H. Birkhoff, Garrett Birkhoff, George David Birman, Joan S. Lyttle Bishop, Errett A. Blackwell, David Harold Bliss, Gilbert Ames Bloch, Spencer Janney Bocher, Maxime Bogolubov, Nikolai Nikolaevich Bombieri, Enrico Borcherds, Richard Ewen Borel, Armand Boruch, Robert F. Bott, Raoul Boutet de Monvel, Louis Bouton, Charles Leonard Bowley, Arthur Lyon Box, George Edward Pelham Brauer, Richard Dagobert Breiman, Leo Brenner, Michael P. Brezis, Haïm Brillinger, David Ross Brioschi, Francesco Broué, Michel Browder, Felix Earl Browder, William Brown, Ernest William Brown, Jr., Edgar Henry Brown, Lawrence David Bryant, Robert L. Buchsbaum, David Alvin Burkholder, Donald Lyman Byerly, William Elwood Caffarelli, Luis Angel

Caflisch, Russel E. Cajori, Florian Calderon, Alberto Pedro Candès, Emmanuel J. Carleson, Lennart Axel Edvard Cartan, Henri Paul Catlin, Marcus Cauchy (Baron), Augustin Louis Cayley, Arthur Chang, Sun-Yung Alice Chasles, Michel Chauvenet, William Cheeger, Jeff Chern, Shiing Shen Chernoff, Herman Choquet-Bruhat, Yvonne Chorin, Alexandre Joel Christ, F. Michael Christodoulou, Demetrios Church, Alonzo Cochran, William Gemmell Coffin, John Huntington Crane Cohen, Paul Joseph Coifman, Ronald Raphael Colburn, Warren Colding, Tobias Cole, Julian David Colin de Verdiere, Yves Collins, Eduard Albert Christoph Ludwig (“Sir Edward”) Connes, Alain Constantin, Peter S. Conway, John Horton Coolidge, Julian Lowell Courtenay, Edward Henry Cox, David Roxbee Coxeter, Harold Scott MacDonald

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Cramer, Harald Crandall, Michael G. Cremona, Luigi (Antonio Luigi Gaudienzo Giuseppe) Crighton, David George Dafermos, Constantine Michael d’Alembert, Jean le Rond Dantzig, George Bernard Daubechies, Ingrid Chantal David, Guy R. P. Davies, Charles Davis, Stephen Howard Day, Jeremiah de Boor, Carl-Wilhelm Reinhold de la Vallee-Poussin, Charles Jean Gustave Nicolas Dean, James Deift, Percy A. Deligne, Pierre Dempster, Arthur P. Denjoy, Arnaud DeVore, Ronald A. Diaconis, Persi Dickson, Leonard Eugene Dijkstra, Edsger Wybe Dobrushin, Roland Lvovich Donoho, David L. Doob, Joseph Leo Douglas, Jesse Drinfeld, Vladimir Duffin, Richard James Durrett, Richard T. Dvoretzky, Aryeh Dynkin, Eugene B. Efron, Bradley Eilenberg, Samuel Eisenbud, David Elliott, Ezekiel Brown

Engquist, Björn Erdos, Paul Eskin, Alex Etingof, Pavel Euler, Leonhard Evans, Griffith Conrad Evans, Lawrence Craig Farrar, John Federer, Herbert Feferman, Solomon Fefferman, Charles Louis Fefferman, Robert A. Feit, Walter Feller, William Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Fisher, Ronald Aymler Fleming, Wendell Helms Franklin, Fabian Franklin, Philip Freedman, David Amiel Freedman, Michael Hartley Frenkel, Edward Frenkel, Igor B. Friedlander, Eric Mark Friedman, Avner Friedman, Jerome H. Friedrichs, Kurt Otto Fulton, William Furstenberg, Hillel Fuss, Nicolaus von Gabai, David Garabedian, Paul Roesel Garding, Lars Gauss, Carl Friedrich Gehring, Frederick William Geiringer, Hilda Gelfand, Israel Moiseyevich Gill, Charles Gleason, Andrew Mattei Glimm, James Gilbert Godel, Kurt Friedrich Goldfeld, Dorian Goldstein, Sydney

Goldstine, Herman Heine Golubitsky, Martin Gomory, Ralph Edward Good, Irving John Gorenstein, Daniel Gottlieb, David Graham, Fan Chung Graham, Ronald Lewis Graustein, William Caspar Green, Mark Lee Greengard, Leslie Greenspan, Harvey Philip Grenander, Ulf Griess, Jr., Robert L. Griffiths, Phillip Augustus Gromov, Mikhael Gross, Benedict Hyman Gross, Leonard Grothendieck, Alexander Guckenheimer, John Guillemin, Victor William Hadamard, Jacques Salomon Hall, Frederick Hall, Jr., Marshall Hamilton, Richard Hamilton, William Rowan Hanlon, Philip J. Hansen, Morris Howard Hardy, Godfrey Harold Harris, Joseph D. Hart, Sergiu Heins, Maurice Haskell Helgason, Sigurdur Herman, Richard H. Hermite, Charles Hill, Thomas Hille, Einar Hironaka, Heisuke Hirzebruch, Friedrich Ernst Peter Hitchcock, Frank Lauren Hochschild, Gerhard Paul

Hochster, Melvin Hodge, William Vallance Douglas Hoeffding, Wassily Hoffman, Alan Jerome Holmes, Philip John Hopf, Heinz Hopkins, Michael J. Hormander, Lars Hou, Thomas Yizhao Householder, Alston Scott Howard, Louis Norberg Howe, Roger Evans Hrushovski, Ehud Hsiang, Wu-chung Huber, Peter Jerome Huntington, Edward Vermilye Hurewicz, Witold Hutton, Charles Iwaniec, Henryk Iwasawa, Kenkichi Jackson, Dunham Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobson, Nathan Jacquet, Herve M. Jerison, David Johnstone, Iain M. Jones, Peter Wilcox Jones, Vaughan Frederick Randal Jordan, Michael I. Kac, Mark Kac, Victor Kadane, Joseph B. Kakutani, Shizuo Kalman, Rudolf Emil Kaplansky, Irving Karlin, Samuel Kato, Kazuya Katok, Anatole Katz, Nicholas M. Kazhdan, David

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Keldysh, Mstislav Vsevoldovich Keller, Herbert Bishop Keller, Joseph Bishop Kellogg, Oliver Dimon Kemeny, John George Kenig, Carlos E. Kenyon, Richard W. Kesten, Harry Kiefer, Jack Carl Klainerman, Sergiu Klawe, Maria Klee, Victor L. Kleene, Stephen Cole Klein, Christian Felix Kleitman, Daniel J. Kodaira, Kunihiko Kohn, Joseph John Kolchin, Ellis Robert Kollar, Janos Kolmogorov, Andrei Nikolayevich Kopell, Nancy Jane Kostant, Bertram Kottwitz, Robert E. Kra, Bryna R. Krein, Mark Grigorievich Kreiss, Heinz Otto Kruskal, Martin David Kruskal, William Henry Krylov, Nicolai Vladimirovich Kurtz, Thomas G. Ladyzhenskaya, Olga Alexandrovna Langer, Rudolph Ernest Langlands, Robert Phelan Lawler, Gregory Francis Lawson, Jr., H. Blaine Lax, Peter David Lazarsfeld, Robert K. Le Cam, Lucien Marie Legendre, Adrien Marie

Lehmann, Erich Leo Lenstra, Jr., Hendrik Willem Leray, Jean Levi-Civita, Tullio Levinson, Norman Lewy, Hans Li, Peter Wai-Kwong Liggett, Thomas M. Light, Richard Jay Lighthill, Michael James Lin, Chia-Chiao Lin, Fang-Hua Lions, Jacques Louis Liouville, Joseph Lipka, Joseph Little, Roderick Joseph Alexander Loomis, Lynn Harold Lubbock (Baronet), John William Lubotzky, Alexander Ludwig, Donald Lusztig, George Mackey, George Whitelaw MacLane, Saunders MacPherson, Robert Duncan Magidor, Menachem Majda, Andrew J. Malliavin, Paul Georges Mandelbrot, Benoit Baruch Manin, Yuri I. Margulis, Grigorii Alexandrovich Marsden, Jerrold E. Martin, Donald Anthony Martin, William Ted Massey, William Schumacher Matsusaka, Teruhisa Mazur, Barry Charles McClintock, Emory

McCullagh, Peter McDuff, Dusa (Margaret Dusa) McKean, Jr., Henry Pratt McLaughlin, David W. McMullen, Curtis Tracy Meier, Paul Melrose, Richard Burt Meyer, Yves Francois Miles, John Wilder Miller, George Abram Milne, Edward Arthur Milnor, John Willard Minicozzi II, William P. Moise, Edwin Evariste Montgomery, Deane Moore, Calvin Cooper Moore, Clarence Lemuel Elisha Moore, Derek William Moore, Eliakim Hastings Moore, Gregory Winthrop Morawetz, Cathleen Synge Mori, Shigefumi Morley, Frank Morrey, Jr., Charles Bradfield Morrison, David R. Morse, Marston (Harold Marston) Moser, Jurgen Kurt Moses, Lincoln Ellsworth Mosteller, Frederick (Charles Frederick) Mostow, George Daniel Mrowka, Tomasz Stanislaw Mumford, David Bryant Nash, Jr., John Forbes Nelson, Edward Newman, Charles M. Newton, Hubert Anson Neyman, Jerzy Ngô, Bảo Châu

Nirenberg, Louis Nulty, Eugenius Okounkov, Andrei Oliver, James Edward Ooguri, Hirosi Ore, Oystein Ornstein, Donald Samuel Osgood, William Fogg Osher, Stanley J. Ostrogradsky, Mikhail Vasilievich (Michel) Papanicolaou, George Pearce, Edward Pearson, Karl Peirce, Benjamin Peirce, Benjamin Osgood Peirce, James Mills Perelson, Alan S. Perlis, Alan Jay Peskin, Charles Samuel Peterson, Franklin Paul Phillips, Henry Bayard Phillips, Ralph Saul Phong, Duong H. Picard, Charles Emile Pike, Nicholas Pipher, Jill Poincare, Jules Henri Poisson, Simeon Denis Polya, George Poncelet, Jean Victor Poonen, Bjorn Mikhail Popa, Sorin T. Quetelet, Lambert Adolphe Jacques Rabin, Michael Oser Rabinowitz, Paul H. Raftery, Adrian E. Rao, Calyampudi Radakrishna Rapoport, Anatol Ratner, Marina Raudenbush, Stephen W.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Reissner, Eric (Max Erich) Ribet, Kenneth A. Richardson, Roland George Dwight Rivlin, Ronald Samuel Robbins, Herbert Ellis Robinson, Abraham Robinson, Julia Bowman Rokhlin, Vladimir Rosser, John Barkley Rota, Gian-Carlo Roth, Klaus Friedrich Rothschild, Linda Preiss Rubin, Donald Bruce Rudin, Mary Ellen Ruelle, David Pierre Runkle, John Daniel Rutledge, George Saari, Donald Gene Saffman, Philip Geoffrey Salem, Raphael Saloff-Coste, Laurent Sarnak, Peter Clive Schiffer, Menahem Max Schmid, Wilfried Schmidt, Wolfgang M. Schoen, Richard Melvin Schutzenberger, MarcelPaul Schwartz, Jacob Theodore Scott, Dana Stewart Seaver, Edwin Pliny Segal, Irving Ezra Seidel, Paul A. Selberg, Atle Serre, Jean-Pierre Serrin, James Burton Shafarevich, Igor R. Shahidi, Freydoon Shapley, Lloyd Stowell Shatah, Jalal Shelah, Saharon Shepp, Lawrence Alan

Sherwin, Thomas Shor, Peter Williston Siegel, Carl Ludwig Siegmund, David Oliver Simon, Barry Simon, Leon Melvyn Simons, James Harris Singer, Isadore Manuel Sipser, Michael Siu, Yum-Tong Skorokhod, Anatoli Vladimirovich Slepian, David Smale, Stephen Smyth, William Snyder, Virgil Solovay, Robert Martin Spencer, Donald Clayton Spencer, Thomas Staffilani, Gigliola Stanley, Richard Peter Stark, Harold Mead Stein, Elias Menachem Sternberg, Schlomo Zvi Stigler, Stephen Mack Stoker, James Johnston Stone, Marshall Harvey Story, William Edward Strang, William Gilbert Strauss, Walter A. Strogatz, Steven H. Strong, Theodore Stroock, Daniel Wyler Struik, Dirk Jan Sullivan, Dennis Parnell Suslin, Andrei Alexandrovich Sylvester, James Joseph Szego, Gabor Taber, Henry Tamarkin, Jacob David Tao, Terence Tapia, Richard A.

Tarjan, Robert Endre Tarski, Alfred Tataru, Daniel Ioan Tate, Jr., John Torrence Taub, Abraham Haskel Taubes, Clifford Henry Taylor, Jean Ellen Taylor, Michael E. Taylor, Richard Lawrence Temam, Roger M. Thom, Rene Frederic Thompson, Elizabeth Alison Thompson, John Griggs Thurston, William Paul Tian, Gang Tits, Jacques Leon Toomre, Alar Tracy, Craig A. Truesdell III, Clifford Ambrose Tucker, Albert William Tukey, John Wilder Tyler, Harry Walter Uhlenbeck, Karen Keskulla Uhlmann, Gunther Ulam, Stanislaw Marcin Varadhan, Srinivasa Rangaiyengar Veblen, Oswald Vergne, Michele Francoise Vinberg, Ernest Borisovich Vishik, Mark I. Vogan, David Alexander von Neumann, John Wachter, Kenneth Wilcox Wahba, Grace Wallach, Nolan R. Walsh, Joseph Leonard Waterman, Michael Spencer Weierstrass, Karl Theodor Wilhelm

Weinberger, Hans Felix Weinstein, Alan David Weiss, Benjamin Wermer, John Weyl, Hermann (Claus Hugo Hermann) Whitehead, Alfred North Whitehead, George William Whitham, Gerald Beresford Widder, David Vernon Widom, Harold Wiener, Norbert Wigderson, Avi Wiles, Andrew J. Wilkinson, James Hardy Wilks, Samuel Stanley Williams, Ruth J. Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Wold, Herman Ole Andraeas Wolfowitz, Jacob Woodin, W. Hugh Woods, Frederick Shenstone Wright, Margaret Hagen Yau, Horng-Tzer Yau, Shing-Tung Yosida, Kosaku Young, Lai-Sang Yu, Bin Zariski, Oscar Zelen, Marvin Zelmanov, Efim Zhang, Shou-Wu Zimmer, Robert J. Zippin, Leo Zworski, Maciej Rafal Zygmund, Antoni Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Medicine and Health Abbas, Abul K. Abbot, Samuel Leonard Abboud, François M. Adams, Raymond DeLacy Adhya, Sankar Adler, Nancy E. Aiken, Linda Harman Al-Awqati, Qais Albright, Fuller Alexander, Benjamin Allbutt, Thomas Clifford Allen, Arthur Wilburn Allison, Nathaniel Alt, Frederick Wayne Amory, Robert Andral, Gabriel Appleton, Nathaniel Walker Aronson, Peter S. Aub, Joseph Charles Augustine, Donald Leslie Ausiello, Dennis A. Austen, Karl Frank Austen, W. Gerald (William Gerald) Avery, Mary Ellen Ayer, James Bourne Bainton, Dorothy Ford Balch, Franklin Greene Bancroft, Edward Barker, Benjamin Fordyce Barker, Clyde Frederick Barlow, Thomas Barondess, Jeremiah Abraham Barr, Joseph Seaton Bartlett, Elisha Bartlett, Josiah Bauer, Walter Baumgartner, Leona

Baylies, William Beecher, Henry Knowles Beeson, Paul Bruce Behring, Emil Adolph von Bell, Graeme I. Bell, Luther Vose Benatar, Solomon R. Bennett, Jean Bennett, Joe Claude Bennett, Jr., Ivan Loveridge Benz, Jr., Edward John Berry, George Packer Beutler, Ernest Bibring, Grete Lehner Bigelow, George Hoyt Bigelow, Henry Jacob Billings, John Shaw Bing, Peter Stephen Binger, Carl Alfred Lanning Biorck, Gunnar Carl Wilhelm Blackfan, Kenneth Daniel Blake, Clarence John Blake, Francis Gilman Blalock, Alfred Bloomfield, Clara Derber Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Blumberg, Baruch Samuel Blumer, George Blumgart, Herrman Ludwig Bock, Arlie Vernon Bond, Douglas Danford Bowditch, Henry Ingersoll Bowlby, Edward John Mostyn Bowman, William Braceland, Francis James Bradford, Edward Hickling Bradford, Gamaliel Bradley, Stanley Edward Braunwald, Eugene

Bremer, Frederic Gaston Nicolas Brenner, Barry Morton Brinkhous, Kenneth Merle Brodie, Benjamin Collins Brosin, Henry Walter Brues, Austin Moore Brunton, Thomas Lauder Bunn, Howard Franklin Burnett, Charles Hoyt Burwell, Charles Sidney Bush, Ian Elcock Butler, Allan Macy Cabot, Arthur Tracy Cabot, Richard Clarke Cahill, Jr., George Francis Campbell, Charles Macfie Campbell, Kevin Peter Carethers, John Michael Carrel, Alexis Carson, Dennis Anthony Castellani, Aldo Castle, William Bosworth Castleman, Benjamin Celli, Angelo Cerami, Anthony Chalmers, Thomas Clark Channing, Walter Chapin, Charles Value Chapman, Carleton Burke Cheever, David Cheever, David Williams Chen, Lincoln Chih-ho Childs, Barton Chinnaiyan, Arul M. Chobanian, Aram V. Choppin, Purnell Whittington Christian, Henry Asbury Churchill, Edward Delos Clark, Dean Alexander Clark, William Irving Clarke, Edward Hammond

Clements, John Allen Cogan, David Glendenning Cole, Rufus Coles, Robert (Martin Robert) Coller, Barry Spencer Comer, James Pierpont Coolidge, Algernon Cooper, Max Dale Cope, Oliver Corvol, Pierre Cory, Suzanne Cotting, Benjamin Eddy Cotzias, George Constantin Councilman, William Thomas Cournand, Andre Frederic Cushing, Harvey Williams Cutler, Elliott Carr DaCosta, Jacob Mendez Daley, George Q. Dameshek, William Danforth, Samuel Dang, Chi Van Daughaday, William Hamilton David, John Rouben Davidson, Charles Sprecher Davis, Karen Debas, Haile Tesfaye Debre, Robert DeLong, Mahlon Robert Denny-Brown, Derek Ernest Derby, George Desmond-Hellmann, Susan Deterling, Jr., Ralph Alden Deutsch, Helene Rosenbach DeWitt, Benjamin Dexter, Lewis Diamond, Louis Klein

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Dingle, John Holmes Dirks, John Herbert Dock, William Doering, Carl Rupp Dole, Vincent Paul Doll, Richard (William Richard Shaboe) Donahoe, Patricia Kilroy Dorfman, Albert Downing, James R. Dragstedt, Lester Reynold Drake, Daniel Drake, Michael Vincent Draper, Frank Winthrop Drown, Solomon Druker, Brian Jay DuBois, Eugene Floyd Duke, Robin Chandler Duke-Elder, Stewart (William Stewart) Dunphy, John Englebert Durkee, Silas Earls, Felton James Ebaugh, Jr., Franklin Gessford Ebert, Robert Higgins Edelman, Elazer Reuven Edes, Robert Thaxter Edsall, David Linn Edsall, Geoffrey Eisenberg, Leon Ellis, Calvin Epstein, Charles Joseph Epstein, Jonathan A. Ewalt, Jack Richard Fagin, Claire Mintzer Falconer, William Fanconi, Guido Farber, Sidney Farmer, Paul Edward Farnsworth, Dana Lyda Fauci, Anthony Stephen Faulkner, James Morison

Feinberg, Andrew Paul Fernald, Walter Elmore Feron, Jean (John) Ferriero, Donna M. Finch, Clement Alfred Fine, Jacob Fineberg, Harvey Vernon Finland, Maxwell Fins, Joseph J. Fisher, Joshua Fishman, Alfred Paul Fishman, Mark Charles Fiske, Oliver Fitz, Reginald Fitz, Reginald Heber FitzGerald, Garret Adare Fitzpatrick, Thomas Bernard Flexner, Simon Florey, Howard Walter Folkman, Moses Judah Folsom, Charles Follen Foster, Daniel Willett Foster, Jr., Henry Wendell Francis, Jr., Thomas Fraumeni, Jr., Joseph Francis Fredrickson, Donald Sharp Freedman, Daniel Xander Frei III, Emil Frenk, Julio Furth, Jacob Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton Gale, Benjamin Gamble, James Lawder Garland, Joseph Geschwind, Norman Gesell, Arnold Lucius Gibbon, Jr., John Heysham Gigli, Irma Gilliland, Gary Gilman, Sid

Gimbrone, Jr., Michael Anthony Ginsburg, David Glaser, Robert Joy Glass, Christopher K. Glimcher, Laurie Hollis Glimcher, Melvin Jacob Goldstein, Joseph Leonard Goodale, Joseph Lincoln Gorgas, William Crawford Gotto, Jr., Antonio Marion Greene, Harry Sylvestre Nutting Greene, Warner Craig Greenough, Robert Battey Groopman, Jerome Gross, Robert Edward Grossman, Morton Irvin Gruman, Jessie Grumbach, Melvin Malcolm Guttmacher, Alan Frank Haber, Daniel Arie Haber, Edgar Haddow, Alexander Hale, Enoch Halliburton, John Halsted, William Stewart Ham, Thomas Hale Hamburg, David Alan Hammond, William Alexander Harrison, John Hartwell Harrison, Ross Granville Harrison, Tinsley Randolph Harvey, Abner McGehee Hauser, Stephen L. Havel, Richard Joseph Hay, Gustavus Haygarth, John Hayman, Jr., Joseph Marchant

Hays, Isaac Hays, Isaac Minis Hayward, George Hench, Philip Showalter Henderson, Donald Ainslie Hertig, Arthur Tremain Hiatt, Howard Haym Higginbotham, Eve J. High, Katherine Ann Himsworth, Harold Percival Ho, David D. Hobbs, Helen Haskell Hodges, Richard Manning Hogness, John Rusten Holmes, Oliver Wendell (1809-1894) Holyoke, Edward Augustus Homans, John Home (Baronet), Everard Hooker, Sanford Burton Hooper, Robert William Hopkins, Donald Roswell Horsley, Victor Alexander Haden Horwood, Murray Philip Hosack, David Hosmer, Alfred Howard, John Clarke Howe, Percy Rogers Hubbard, Jr., William Neill Huber, Edward Godfrey Huggins, Charles Brenton Hume, Edgar Erskine Hunt, Ebenezer Hunter, Donald Hunter, Thomas Harrison Ingelfinger, Franz Joseph Ingraham, Franc Douglas Isselbacher, Kurt Julius Jacks, Tyler E. Jackson, Henry (18581940)

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Jackson, James Jackson, John Barnard Swett Jackson, Jr., Henry Jacobi, Abraham Jacobson, Leon Orris Jain, Rakesh K. Jameson, J. Larry (James Larry) Jamison, Kay Redfield Janeway, Charles Alderson Jarvis, Charles Jarvis, Edward Jenner, Edward Jones, Chester Morse Jones, Robert Joslin, Elliott Proctor June, Carl H. Kan, Yuet Wai Kaplan, Henry Seymour Karnovsky, Morris John Kass, Edward Harold Kassirer, Jerome Paul Kastan, Michael Barry Kaushansky, Kenneth Keating, Mark Taylor Keefer, Chester Scott Keen, William Williams Kelley, William Nimmons Kieff, Elliott Dan Kim, Jim Yong King, Jr., Talmadge Everett Kipnis, David Morris Kirschstein, Ruth Lillian Klebanoff, Seymour Joseph Kleinman, Arthur Michael Kneeland, Jr., Samuel Knight, Frederick Irving Knowles, John Hilton Knudson, Alfred George Koop, Charles Everett Kornfeld, Stuart Arthur Korsmeyer, Stanley J.

Krane, Stephen Martin Krugman, Saul Kubie, Lawrence Schlesinger Lacy, Paul Eston Langmuir, Alexander Duncan Lawrence, William (17831867) Lazar, Mitchell Avery Leadbetter, Wyland Fenway Leaf, Alexander Leavell, Hugh Rodman Lee, Philip Randolph Lee, Roger Irving Lefkowitz, Robert Joseph Leiden, Jeffrey Marc Lejeune, Jerome Jean Louis Marie Lenardo, Michael J. Lerner, Aaron Bunsen Lettsom, John Coakley Levine, Rachmiel Levine, Samuel Albert Lieberman, Judy Lifton, Richard P. Lifton, Robert Jay Lindberg, Donald A. B. Lindemann, Erich Lister, Joseph Littlefield, John Walley Livingston, David Morse Locke, Edwin Allen Locksley, Richard Michael Loeb, Robert Frederick London, Irving Myer Longcope, Warfield Theobald Loscalzo, Joseph Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre Lovett, Robert Williamson

Lowe, Scott William Lown, Bernard Ludmerer, Kenneth Marc Lund, Fred Bates Lupski, James R. Luzzatto, Lucio Lyman, George Hinckley MacDonald, Paul Cloren MacLennan, David H. Magrath, George Burgess Mahley, Robert W. Majerus, Philip Warren Majno, Guido Malamud, William Mallory, Frank Burr Mann, James Marks, Paul Alan Martin, Joseph Boyd May, James Vance Mayer, Jean Mayo, William James McCormick, Frank P. McDermott, Jr., William Vincent McDermott, Walsh McDevitt, Hugh O’Neill McFarland, Ross Armstrong McIntosh, Rustin McKusick, Victor Almon McNeil, Barbara Joyce Means, James Howard Meigs, Joe Vincent Mellinkoff, Sherman Mussoff Mello, Craig Cameron Mendelsohn, John Menninger, William Claire Merrill, John Putnam Merritt, Hiram Houston Miller, Charles Phillip Miner, Leroy Matthew Simpson

Minot, Francis Minot, George Richards (1885-1950) Mitchell, Silas Weir Mitchill, Samuel Latham Mitelman, Felix Mixter, Samuel Jason Miyajima, Mikinosuke Moore, Carl Vernon Moore, Francis Daniels Morimoto, Richard I. Morison, Robert Swain Moritz, Alan Richards Moss, William Lorenzo Motulsky, Arno Gunther Murray, Joseph E. Mussey, Reuben Dimond Nabel, Elizabeth G. Nadelson, Carol C. Nathan, David Gordon Nathanson, Ira Theodore Needleman, Philip Neer, Eva Julia Neilson, Eric G. Nesheim, Malden Charles Nestler, Eric J. New, Maria Iandolo Nichols, Charles Lemuel Nichols, Edward Hall Nowell, Peter C. Nussbaum, Robert L. Nussenzweig, Victor O’Leary, Dennis D.M. Olefsky, Jerrold M. Oliver, Benjamin Lynde Oliver, Daniel Olopade, Olufunmilayo I. Omenn, Gilbert Stanley Orkin, Stuart Holland Orne, Joseph Osborn, June Elaine Osgood, Robert Bayley Osler, William

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Page, Irvine Heinly Paine, William Palmer, Walter Walker Papayannopoulou, Thalia Park, Edwards Albert Parkman, Samuel Parrish, John A. Parsons, Theodore Paul, John Rodman Peabody, Francis Weld Peirson, Abel Lawrence Penfield, Wilder Graves Percival, Thomas Perkins, Henry Coit Petersdorf, Robert George Pickering, George White Pierce, Chester Middlebook Pinn, Vivian Winona Plimpton, Calvin Hastings Ploog, Detlev Walter Plum, Fred Politzer, Adam Pool, James Lawrence Pope, Alfred Popper, Hans Potts, Jr., John Thomas Poussaint, Alvin Francis Pratt, Joseph Hersey Prescott, Oliver Proger, Samuel Herschel Prusiner, Stanley Ben Ptacek, Louis J. Putnam, Charles Gideon Putnam, Charles Pickering Putnam, James Jackson Putnam, Tracy Jackson Querido, Andries Quinby, William Carter Rabkin, Mitchell Thornton Rackemann, Francis Minot Rammelkamp, Charles Henry

Rand, Isaac Ranney, Helen Margaret Rapaport, Samuel I. Rapoport, Judith Livant Ravdin, Isidor Schwaner Ravetch, Jeffrey Victor Ray, Isaac Rayer, Pierre Francois Olive Recklinghausen, Friedrich Daniel von Redlich, Fredrick Carl Reichlin, Seymour Relman, Arnold Seymour Reynolds, Edward Reynolds, John Phillips Rhoads, Jonathan Evans Richards, Dickinson Woodruff Richardson, William Lambert Richmond, Julius Benjamin Robbins, Frederick Chapman Robins, Lee Nelken Roby, Joseph Rock, John Charles Rodgers, Griffin Platt Rogers, David Elliott Rokitansky, Karl Freiherr von Romano, John Rosen, Bruce R. Rosen, Fred Saul Rosenau, Milton Joseph Rosenberg, Leon Emanuel Rosenfield, Allan G. Rosenheim, Max Leonard Ross, Joseph Foster Roth, Jesse Rowe, John Wallis Rubenstein, Arthur Harold Ruggles, Arthur Hiler

Rusch, Harold Paul Rush, Benjamin Russell, Frederick Fuller Russell, Paul Snowden Rutstein, David Davis Rutter, Michael Llewellyn Ryan, Kenneth John Sabin, Albert Bruce Sacks, Oliver Wolf Salk, Jonas Edward Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Satcher, David Sawyer, Micajah Sawyers, Charles Lazelle Scadden, David T. Scheibel, Arnold Bernard Scheinberg, Israel Herbert Schlissel, Mark S. Schmid, Rudi (Rudolf) Schroeder, Steven A. Schwartz, William Benjamin Sedgwick, William Thompson Seegmiller, Jarvis Edwin Seidman, Christine Seidman, Jonathan Seldin, Donald Wayne Seligman, Arnold Max Sellards, Andrew Watson Shannon, James Augustine Shapiro, Larry Jay Shattuck, Frederick Cheever Shattuck, George Cheever Shattuck, George Cheyne (1783-1854) Shattuck, George Cheyne (1813-1893) Shepherd, Francis John Sherr, Charles J. Sherrington, Charles Scott

Shilling, Charles Wesley Shine, Kenneth I. Shope, Richard Edwin Shurtleff, Nathaniel Bradstreet Siegelbaum, Steven A. Silverman, Richard Bruce Simmons, James Stevens Skorton, David J. Smith, Clement Andrew Smith, Jr., Lloyd Hollingsworth Smith, Richard Mason Smith, Theobald Snyder, Benson Rowell Snyder, John Crayton Snyder, Solomon Halbert Sognnaes, Reidar Fauske Sonenberg, Nahum Sosman, Merrill Clary Spooner, William Stamatoyannopoulos, George Stanbury, John Bruton Stanton, Alfred Hodgin Stare, Fredrick John Starzl, Thomas Earl Steinberg, Daniel Stephenson, Franklin Bache Stiles, Charles Wardell Stille, Alfred Stokes, Jonathan Storer, Horatio Robinson Stossel, Thomas Peter Strong, Richard Pearson Sullivan, Louis Wade Sweet, William Herbert Sweetser, William Swett, John Barnard Talbot, Fritz Bradley Talbot, Nathan Bill Talmage, David Wilson

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Tanner, James Mourilyan Taussig, Helen Brooke Taylor, Edward Wyllys ter Meulen, Volker Terenius, Lars Yngve Terry, Robert Davis Thacher, James Thannhauser, Siegfried Josef Thayer, William Sydney Theiler, Arnold Thier, Samuel Osiah Thomas, Lewis Thorn, George Widmer Thorner, Michael Oliver Tosteson, Daniel Charles Treadwell, John Dexter Tufts, Cotton Turner, Clair Elsmere Tyler, John Eugene Tyzzer, Ernest Edward Unanue, Emil Raphael Unger, Roger Harold Upham, Jabez Baxter Valentin, Louis Valentine, William Newton Vergnies, Francis Verhoeff, Frederick Herman Viets, Henry Rouse Virchow, Rudolph Vogelstein, Bert von Müller, Friedrich Wadsworth, Oliver Fairfield Walcott, Henry Pickering Waldenstrom, Jan Gosta Waldmann, Thomas Alexander Walker, Arthur Earl Wang, Jean Yin Jen Ware, Charles Eliot Ware, John

Warren, John (1753-1815) Warren, John (1874-1928) Warren, John Collins (1778-1856) Warren, John Collins (1842-1927) Warren, Jonathan Mason Warren, Shields Warren, Stephen T. Washington, A. Eugene Waterhouse, Benjamin Watt, Fiona Mary Wearn, Joseph Treloar Weatherall, David John Weibel, Ewald Rudolf Weinstein, I. Bernard Weinstein, Louis Weiss, Arthur Weiss, Soma Weissleder, Ralph Welch, William Henry Welsh, Michael James Welsh, Thomas West, John Burnard White, James Clarke (18331916) White, James Clarke (18951981) White, Paul Dudley White, Raymond Leslie Wilkins, Robert Wallace Willard, Huntington Faxon Williams, Charles Herbert Williams, David R. Williams, Francis Henry Williams, Henry Willard Williams, Lewis T. (Rusty) Wilson, Jean Donald Wistar, Caspar Wolbach, Simeon Burt Wolff, Sheldon Malcolm Wolstenholme, Gordon Ethelbert Ward

Wood, George Bacon Wood, Horatio Charles Wood, Jr., William Barry Wright, James Homer Wyman, Morrill Wyman, Rufus Wyngaarden, James Barnes Yakovlev, Paul Ivan Young, Anne Buckingham Zervas, Nicholas Themistocles Zoll, Paul Maurice Zon, Leonard Ira Zucker-Franklin, Dorothea Back to Subject Index

Microbiology and Immunology Abbas, Abul K. Adelberg, Edward Allen Amos, Harold Arber, Werner Arvin, Ann Margaret Avery, Oswald Theodore Azam, Farooq Baltimore, David Bassler, Bonnie Lynn Belding, David Lawrence Benacerraf, Baruj Berk, Arnold J. Beutler, Bruce A. Bishop, John Michael Blaser, Martin J. Bloom, Barry R. Bluestone, Jeffrey Allen Bonner, David Mahlon Bottomly, H. Kim Burnet, Frank Macfarlane Cairns, Hugh John Forster Calame, Kathryn Lee

Campbell, Allan McCulloch Cantor, Harvey Chase, Merrill Wallace Cheever, Francis Sargent Collier, Robert John (R. John) Colowick, Sidney Paul Colwell, Rita R. Coons, Albert Hewett Corey, Lawrence Cresswell, Peter Dausset, Jean Davis, Bernard David Dixon, Frank James Dubos, Rene Jules Dulbecco, Renato Dworkin, Martin Eaton, Jr., Monroe Davis Eisen, Herman Nathaniel Enders, John Franklin Enquist, Lynn William Ephrussi-Taylor, Harriett Elizabeth Ernst, Harold Clarence Falkow, Stanley Fauci, Anthony Stephen Fearon, Douglas T. Fields, Bernard Nathan Ganem, Donald Emil Gest, Howard Good, Robert Alan Gordon, Jeffrey Ivan Gorini, Luigi Costantino Greenberg, Everett Peter Gross, Carol A. Hahn, Beatrice H. Halvorson, Harlyn Odell Haynes, Barton Ford Henkin, Tina M. Hershey, Alfred Day Hirst, George Keble Hoffmann, Jules Alphonse

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Horsfall, Jr., Frank Lappin Humphrey, John Herbert Ishizaka, Kimishige Jannasch, Holger Windekilde Jerne, Niels Kaj Johnson, Alexander Dixon Johnson, Louise N. Kabat, Elvin Abraham Kellenberger, Eduard Keynan, Alexander Kirkegaard, Karla Kluyver, Alfred Jan Koch, Robert (Heinrich Hermann Robert) Koprowski, Hilary Koretzky, Gary A. Koshland, Marian Elliott Kunkel, Henry George Lanier, Lewis Lee Leonard, Warren J. Levy, Jay A. Lichten, Michael J. Littman, Dan R. Louvard, Daniel F. Luria, Salvador Edward Lwoff, Andre Michel Maaloe, Ole Urban Mackaness, George Bellamy MacLeod, Colin Munro Magasanik, Boris Mak, Tak Wah Marrack, Philippa Charlotte Mathis, Diane J. McCarty, Maclyn McFall-Ngai, Margaret J. Melchers, Georg Friedrich (Fritz) Metchnikoff, Elias Meyer, Karl Friedrich Milstein, Cesar

Mitchison, Nicholas Avrion Moon, Randall T. Mueller, John Howard Muller-Eberhard, Hans Joachim Nabel, Gary Jan Nathan, Carl F. Nathans, Daniel Neidhardt, Frederick Carl Nikaido, Hiroshi Nossal, Gustav Joseph Victor Nussenzweig, Michel Claudio Nussenzweig, Ruth Sonntag Old, Lloyd John Oudin, Jacques Henri Leon Marie Joseph Palese, Peter Park, James Theodore Pasteur, Louis Paul, William Erwin Prescott, Samuel Cate Prudden, Theophil Mitchell Rao, Anjana Roizman, Bernard Russell, David W. Schreiber, Robert David Scolnick, Edward Mark Sela, Michael Smith, Hamilton Othanel Spear, Patricia G. Spiegelman, Sol Stanier, Roger Yate Stanley, Wendell Meredith Tenbroeck, Carl ter Meulen, Volker Thompson, Craig B. Uhr, Jonathan William

van Niel, Cornelis Bernardus Vincent, (Jean) Hyacinthe Vitetta, Ellen Shapiro Waksman, Byron Halsted Waksman, Selman Abraham Walker, Bruce D. Weissman, Irving Lerner Weller, Thomas Huckle White, Benjamin Wigzell, Hans Lennart Rudolf Witte, Owen N. Wolfe, Ralph Stoner Yokoyama, Wayne M. Zinkernagel, Rolf Martin Zinsser, Hans Back to Subject Index

Natural History and Ecology; Evolutionary and Population Biology Alberts, Susan C. Allard, Robert Wayne Altmann, Jeanne Altmann, Stuart Allen Anderson, Wyatt W. Antonovics, Janis Arnold, Stevan James Atchley, William Reid Attenborough, David Frederick Avise, John Charles Ayala, Francisco Jose Banks (Baronet), Joseph Barrett, Spencer Charles Hilton Bawa, Kamaljit Singh

Bazzaz, Fakhri A. Behrensmeyer, Anna Katherine Bell, Graham A. C. Bennett, Albert F. Bierbaum, Rosina M. Blackwell, Meredith May Bormann, Frederick Herbert Bossert, William Hines Bouve, Thomas Tracy Brown, James Hemphill Bull, James Jeffrey Bush, Guy L. Cairns, Jr., John Carpenter, Stephen Russell Carroll, Sean B. Carson, Hampton Lawrence Case, Ted J. Caswell, Hal Ceballos González, Gerardo J. Chapin III, F. Stuart Charlesworth, Brian Charnov, Eric L. Cheney, Dorothy L. Chisholm, Sallie Watson Clack, Jennifer Alice Clark, Henry James Clark, James Samuel Clarke, Bryan Campbell Clegg, Michael Tran Cohen, Joel Ephraim Cole, Jonathan J. Cole, Thomas Coley, Phyllis D. Colwell, Robert K. Connell, Joseph Hurd Coyne, Jerry Allen Crane, Peter Robert Crow, James Franklin Daily, Gretchen Cara

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Darwin, Charles Robert Davis, Margaret Bryan de Waal, Frans B.M. DeFries, Ruth S. del Pino Veintimilla, Eugenia Maria DeLong, Edward Francis Dirzo, Rodolfo Donoghue, Michael John Eberhard, William G. Edwards, Scott Vernon Ehrlich, Anne Howland Ehrlich, Paul Ralph Emlen, Douglas J. Emlen, Stephen T. Endler, John A. Falkowski, Paul G. Feldman, Marcus William Felsenstein, Joseph Field, Christopher Bower Fitch, Walter Monroe Frank, Steven A. Franklin, Jerry Forest Frisch, Rose E. Fuhrman, Jed A. Futuyma, Douglas Joel Gingerich, Philip D. Godfray, H. Charles J. Gojobori, Takashi Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Goodall (van LawickGoodall), Valerie Jane Goodman, Morris Gorham, Eville Grandin, M. Temple Grant, Barbara Rosemary Grant, Peter Raymond Greene, Benjamin Daniel Greene, Harry Walter Grenfell, Bryan Thomas Haig, David Hairston, Nelson George Hall, Brian Keith

Hanski, Ilkka Aulis Hardin, Garrett James Hastings, Alan M. Heinrich, Bernd Hilborn, Ray William Hinde, Robert Aubrey Hobbie, John Eyres Holekamp, Kay E. Holt, Robert Dan Hubbell, Stephen P. Hudson, Richard Ralph Huey, Raymond B. Ives, Anthony Ragnar Iwasa, Yoh Jablonski, David Jackson, Jeremy Bradford Cook James, Frances C. Janzen, Daniel Hunt Jenkins, Jr., Farish Alston Kareiva, Peter Michael Karl, David Michael Kawanabe, Hiroya Ketterson, Ellen D. Kidwell, Margaret Gale Kidwell, Susan Marie Kimura, Motoo Kingsolver, Joel Grant Kirkpatrick, Mark Knowlton, Nancy Koehl, Mimi A. R. Koonin, Eugene V. Kreitman, Martin E. Lake, James A. Lande, Russell Lasseter, John Lawton, John H. Lenski, Richard Eimer Leopold, Aldo Starker Leopold, Estella Bergere Lerner, I. Michael (Isadore Michael) Levin, Bruce R.

Levin, Simon Asher Levins, Richard Lewontin, Richard Charles Li, Wen-Hsiung Likens, Gene Elden Losos, Jonathan B. Lubchenco, Jane Ludwig, Donald Lynch, Michael Margulis, Lynn Markl, Hubert S. Matson, Pamela Anne May, Robert McCredie Maynard-Smith, John McCarthy, James Joseph McKenna, Malcolm Carnegie McPeek, Mark Alan Medina, Ernesto Antonio Melillo, Jerry M. Mittermeier, Russell A. Mooney, Harold Alfred Moran, Nancy A. Murdoch, William W. Neel, James Van Gundia Nei, Masatoshi Niklas, Karl J. Novacek, Michael John Nuttall, Thomas Odum, Eugene Pleasants Orr, H. Allen Paabo, Svante Pacala, Stephen W. Pace, Jr., Norman Richard Packard, Julie E. Packer, Craig Page, Jr., Robert Eugene Paine, Robert T. Partridge, Linda Patrick, Ruth Pianka, Eric R. Pickett, Steward T. A. Pielou, Evelyn Chrystalla

Pimm, Stuart Leonard Power, Mary Eleanor Price, Trevor Douglas Pritchard, Jonathan K. Provine, William B. Pusey, Anne Queller, David C. Raff, Rudolf A. Reich, Peter B. Reznick, David N. Ricklefs, Robert Eric Rieseberg, Loren H. Robinson, Gene Ezia Rohlf, F. James (Frank James) Roughgarden, Joan Elizabeth Ryan, Michael Joseph Ryther, John Hood Sala, Osvaldo E. Sanchez, Pedro A. Sarukhan Kermez, Jose Schaal, Barbara Anna Schemske, Douglas W. Schlesinger, William H. Schluter, Dolph Schmitt, Johanna M. Schoener, Thomas William Schopf, J. William (James William) Schulze, Ernst-Detlef Seeley, Thomas Dyer Seitzinger, Sybil Putnam Seyfarth, Robert Martin Shigesada, Nanako Shubin, Neil H. Silk, Joan B. Simberloff, Daniel Solomon Slatkin, Montgomery Slatyer, Ralph Owen Slobodkin, Lawrence Basil Smith, Frederick Edward

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Sogin, Mitchell Lloyd Sokal, Robert Reuven Sokolov, Vladimir Yevgenyevich Solbrig, Otto Thomas Soule, Michael Ellman Southwood, Thomas Richard Edmund Stanton, Maureen L. Steele, John Hyslop Strassmann, Joan E. Strauss, Sharon Y. Takahata, Naoyuki Templeton, Alan Robert Terborgh, John Whittle Thompson, John N. Thorne, David Wynne Tilman, George David Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich Travis, Joseph Trivers, Robert L. Turelli, Michael Valentine, James William Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Vitousek, Peter Morrison Vorontsov, Nikolay Nikolayevich Wade, Michael J. Wagner, Günter Paul Wainwright, Peter C. Wake, David Burton Wake, Marvalee Hendricks Wall, Diana Harrison Ward, Bess R. Werren, John Haynes West-Eberhard, Mary Jane Wetzel, Robert George Wheatland, Henry White, Timothy Douglas Whitlock, Michael C. Whittaker, Robert Harding

Williams, George Christopher Wingfield, John C. Woese, Carl R. Woodwell, George Masters Yablokov, Alexey Vladimirovich Yanofsky, Martin F. Back to Subject Index

Neurosciences, Cognitive Sciences, and Behavioral Biology Abbott, Laurence F. Adelson, Edward H. Adrian, Edgar Douglas Agranoff, Bernard William Akil, Huda Albright, Thomas D. Aldrich, Richard Warren Alvarez-Buylla, Arturo Andersen, Richard A. Andreasen, Nancy C. Angelaki, Dora E. Arechiga, Hugo Bargmann, Cornelia Isabella Barondes, Samuel Herbert Basbaum, Allan Baylor, Denis Aristide Bean, Bruce Palmer Bear, Mark Firman Benzer, Seymour Berthoz, Alain Bizzi, Emilio Blake, Randolph Bloom, Floyd Elliott Bock, June Kathryn Brainard, Michael S.

Brazier, Mary Agnes Burniston Breakefield, Xandra Owens Bronk, Detlev Wulf Brown, Emery Neal Buck, Linda Brown Bullock, Theodore Holmes Buttenwieser, Paul Arthur Callaway, Edward Matthew Carew, Thomas James Carlson, John R. Caron, Marc G. Cepko, Constance Louise Changeux, Jean-Pierre Churchland, Patricia Smith Cicourel, Aaron Victor Cobb, Stanley Constantine-Paton, Martha Cooper, Leon Neil Corey, David Paul Cowan, William Maxwell Coyle, Joseph Thomas Craik, Fergus I.M. Crews, David Pafford Dallos, Peter John Damasio, Antonio R. Damasio, Hanna Davis, Hallowell Dell, Gary S. DeLong, Mahlon Robert Desimone, Robert Dethier, Vincent Gaston Dickinson, Michael Hughes Donoghue, John P. Doupe, Allison J. Dowling, John Elliott Dulac, Catherine Eichenbaum, Howard Elkes, Joel Elman, Jeffrey L. Enroth-Cugell, Christina Evarts, Edward Vaughan

Farah, Martha Julia Fernald, Russell Dawson Ferriero, Donna M. Ferster, David Leigh Fessard, Alfred Eugene Fettiplace, Robert Fields, Howard Lincoln Finkelstein, Alan Fischbach, Gerald David Flash, Tamar Freund, Tamas F. Fulton, John Farquhar Furshpan, Edwin Jean Fuster, Joaquin M. Gabrieli, John Gage, Fred H. Galambos, Robert Gazzaniga, Michael Saunders Georgopoulos, Apostolos P. Gerard, Ralph Waldo Gigerenzer, Gerd Gilbert, Charles D. Ginty, David D. Goldberg, Michael Ellis Goldman-Rakic, Patricia Shoer Goldstein, Kurt Goldstone, Robert L. Goodman, Corey Scott Gorski, Roger Anthony Granit, Ragnar Arthur Graybiel, Ann M. Greenberg, Michael Eldon Greengard, Paul Greenough, William Tallant Grillner, Sten Erik Gross, Charles Gordon Hagiwara, Susumu Hall, Zach Winter Heinemann, Stephen Fox

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Henneman, Elwood Hikosaka, Okihide Hildebrand, John Grant Hillyard, Steven Allen Hinton, Geoffrey E. Hockfield, Susan Hokfelt, Tomas Gustav Magnus Hood, Donald C. Hoy, Ronald Raymond Hubel, David Hunter Hudspeth, Albert James Huganir, Richard Lewis Hunt, Carlton Cuyler Hyman, Steven Edward Ip, Nancy Y. Iversen, Leslie Lars Jacoby, Larry L. Jameson, Dorothea [elected as Hurvich] Jan, Lily Y. Jan, Yuh Nung Jessell, Thomas M. Julius, David Kaas, Jon Kandel, Eric Richard Kanwisher, Nancy Karten, Harvey Jules Kelly, Regis B. Kety, Seymour Solomon Keverne, Eric Barrington Kiang, Nelson Yuan-Sheng Kleinfeld, David Knudsen, Eric Ingvald Koch, Christof Kolodkin, Alex L. Konishi, Masakazu Konorski, Jerzy Kravitz, Edward Arthur Krumhansl, Carol L. Kuffler, Stephen William Kuhl, Patricia K. Kuno, Motoy

Landis, Story Cleland Landmesser, Lynn Therese LeDoux, Joseph E. Lee, Virginia Man-Yee Leeman, Susan Epstein Lester, Henry Allen Lettvin, Jerome Ysroael Levi-Montalcini, Rita Lisberger, Stephen G. Livingston, Robert Burr Livingstone, Margaret S. Llinas, Rodolfo Riascos Loewi, Otto Logan, Gordon D. Logothetis, Nikos K. Luo, Liqun Luria, Alexander Romanovich Maffei, Lamberto Magoun, Horace Winchell Mahley, Robert W. Malenka, Robert Charles Mandel, Gail Marder, Eve Marler, Peter Robert Martin, Kelsey C. Maunsell, John Henry Richard McConnell, Susan K. McCormick, David A. McCulloch, Warren Sturgis McEwen, Bruce Sherman Menaker, Michael Miledi, Ricardo Milner, Brenda Atkinson Langford Mishkin, Mortimer Monahan, John T. Morris, Richard G. M. Mountcastle, Vernon Benjamin Movshon, J. Anthony Nathans, Jeremy

Nauta, Walle Jetze Harinx Neville, Helen J. Nicoll, Roger Andrew Nosofsky, Robert M. Offit, Paul A. Oldendorf, William Henry Parada, Luis Fernando Pellegrino, James W. Petrides, Michael Pfaff, Donald Wells Phelps, Elizabeth Anya Pinker, Steven A. Poggio, Tomaso A. Posner, Jerome Beebe Purves, Dale Quarton, Gardner Cowles Raichle, Marcus E. Rakic, Pasko Rall, Wilfrid Ratcliff, Roger Raviola, Elio Secondo Reichardt, Louis French Reichardt, Werner Ernst Rescorla, Robert A. Rioch, David McKenzie Rizzolatti, Giacomo Romo, Ranulfo Rosenblueth, Arturo Stearns Rushton, William Albert Hugh Sabatini, Bernardo Luis Sanes, Joshua Richard Schiller, Peter H. Schneider, Dietrich Herman Paul Sehgal, Amita Sejnowski, Terrence Joseph Shatz, Carla Jo Shepherd, Gordon Murray Sidman, Richard Leon Siegelbaum, Steven A. Silver, Rae

Solomon, Harry Caesar Southard, Elmer Ernest Sperling, George Spitzer, Nicholas Canaday Squire, Larry Ryan Stearns, Albert Warren Stevens, Charles F. Strick, Peter L. Stryker, Michael P. Südhof, Thomas Christian Suga, Nobuo Sur, Mriganka Swanson, Larry William Szentagothai, Janos Takahashi, Joseph S. Tank, David W. Tessier-Lavigne, Marc Trevor Truman, James William Turrigiano, Gina G. Ugurbil, Kamil Ullman, Shimon Ungerleider, Leslie G. Vehrencamp, Sandra L. Vincent, Jean-Didier Wall, Patrick David Wandell, Brian A. Weber, Elke U. Wehner, Rudiger Westbrook, Gary L. Wexler, Nancy Sabin Wiesel, Torsten Nils Wilson, Donald Melvin Wilson, Matthew A. Wilson, Rachel I. Wise, Phyllis M. Worden, Frederic Garfield Wurtz, Robert Henry Yau, King-Wai Young, Larry James Zuker, Charles S. Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Performing Arts and Music– Criticism and Practice Adams, John (1947-) Alda, Alan Alexander, Jane Allen, Woody Almodóvar, Pedro Alsop, Marin Altman, Robert Anderson, Marian ElinaBlanche Arroyo, Martina Austin, William Weaver Ax, Emanuel Babbitt, Milton Byron Baker, George Pierce (1866-1935) Barber, Samuel Barenboim, Daniel Barron, Kenny Baryshnikov, Mikhail Bausch, Pina Bent, Margaret Hilda Berger, Arthur Victor Berger, Karol Bergman, Ingmar Berio, Luciano Berliner, Paul Franklin Bernstein, Jane A. Bernstein, Leonard Biggs, Edward George Power Bilson, Malcolm Blackwood, Michael Bohlman, Philip V. Bono (see also Paul David Hewson), Boulanger, Nadia Juliette Boulez, Pierre

Brendel, Alfred Brinkmann, Reinhold Britten, Edward Benjamin Brook, Peter Stephen Paul Brown, Howard Mayer Brown, Trisha Brubeck, Dave Brustein, Robert Sanford Bunuel, Luis Burgin, Richard Cage, John Caldwell, Sarah Carpenter, John Alden Carter, Jr., Elliott Cook Casals, Pablo (Pau Carlos Salvador Defillo de) Casella, Alfredo Chadwick, George Whitefield Chavez, Carlos Chen Yi, Child, Julia Chowning, John MacLeod Clifton, Chalmers Dancy Clurman, Harold Edgar Cohen, Leonard Norman Cone, Edward Toner Converse, Frederick Shepherd Coolidge, Elizabeth Penn Sprague Copland, Aaron Coppola, Francis Ford Crawford, Richard Arthur Croce, Arlene Louise Crouch, Stanley Crumb, George Henry Cunningham, Merce D’Accone, Frank Anthony d’Amboise, Jacques Davidovsky, Mario Davidson, Gordon Davies, Dennis Russell

Davison, Archibald Thompson Day-Lewis, Daniel de Mille, Agnes George De Niro, Robert de Valois, Ninette Dench, Judith Denk, Jeremy DePreist, James Anderson Dewhurst, Colleen Doguereau, Paul Rene Domingo, Placido Dreyer, Carl Theodor Dylan, Bob Eastwood, Clinton Ellington, Edward Kennedy (Duke) Engel, Carl Erskine, John Falletta, JoAnn Falls, Robert Arthur Fassler, Margot E. Feldman, Martha Fellini, Federico Field, Sally M. Finney, Ross Lee Fischer-Dieskau, Dietrich Fleisher, Leon Fleming, Renée Foote, Arthur William Forbes, Elliot Forman, Milos Forte, Allen Foss, Lukas Franklin, Benjamin Fuller, Sarah A. Galati, Frank Joseph Garafola, Lynn Gardner, Robert Grosvenor Geiringer, Karl Johannes Gielgud, Arthur John Gilbert, Alan Ginastera, Alberto Evaristo

Glass, Philip Goldovsky, Boris Goodrich, Wallace (John Wallace) Gossett, Philip Edward Goto, Midori Graham, Martha Austin Grotowski, Jerzy Grout, Donald Jay Guinness, Alec Gunning, Thomas Haar, James Edward Hagen, Uta Thyra Hampson, Thomas Hampton, Henry Eugene Hancock, Herbert (Herbie) Jeffrey Hanson, Howard Harbison, John Harran, Don Harris, Ellen T. Harris, Emmylou Hart, Kitty Carlisle Hayes, Roland Heartz, Daniel Leonard Heilman, William Clifford Hewson (see also Bono), Paul David Hill, Edward Burlingame Hindemith, Paul Hoffman, Dustin Holliger, Heinz Robert Hood, Mantle Horne, Marilyn Houghton, Charles Norris Huston, Anjelica Imbrie, Andrew Welsh Israel, Robert Jamison, Judith Jarrett, Keith Jolas, Betsy McDonald Jones, Bill T. Jones, James Earl

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Jones, Jr., Quincy D. Jowitt, Deborah Kashkashian, Kim Keller, Harrison Kelly, Thomas Forrest Kennedy, Kathleen Kerman, Joseph Wilfred King, B. B. Kinkeldey, Otto Kirchner, Leon Kirkpatrick, Ralph Koussevitzky, Serge Alexandrovich Kramer, Richard A. Kurosawa, Akira Lang, Paul Henry Laredo, Jaime LaRue, Jan Leacock, Richard Lee, Ang Lee, Spike Lehner, Eugene Leigh, Mike Leinsdorf, Erich Lesser, Laurence Lesure, Francois Levin, Robert D. Levine, James Lewin, David Benjamin Lewis, Elma Ina Lewis, Leo Rich Ligeti, Gyorgy Sandor Lithgow, John A. Lockwood, Lewis Henry Loeffler, Charles Martin Tornov Lowinsky, Edward Elias Lucas, Jr., George W. Ma, Yo-Yo Malick, Terrence Mann, Robert Nathaniel Marsalis, Wynton Martin, Steve

Martino, Donald James Mason, Daniel Gregory Mathiesen, Thomas James Maysles, Albert Harry McCartney, Paul Mekas, Jonas Mendel, Arthur Mennin, Peter Anthony Menotti, Gian Carlo Menuhin, Yehudi Merritt, A. Tillman (Arthur Tillman) Messiaen, Olivier Meyer, Leonard B. Milhaud, Darius Miller, Jonathan Wolfe Milnes, Sherrill Mirren, Helen Moeser, James Monk, Meredith Morris, Errol Mark Morris, Mark Munch, Charles Muti, Riccardo Mutter, Anna Sophie Nettl, Bruno Newcomb, Anthony Nichols, Mike Nikolais, Alwin Theodore Norman, Jessye O’Connor, Tere R. Oistrakh, David Fyodorovich Olivier, Laurence Kerr Oppens, Ursula Owens, Jessie Ann Ozawa, Seiji Pacino, Alfredo J. Paine, John Knowles Palisca, Claude Victor Papp, Joseph Perle, George Perlman, Itzhak

Petrassi, Goffredo Pinkham, Jr., Daniel Rogers Pirrotta, Nino (Antonino) Piston, Jr., Walter Hamor Poitier, Sidney Polisi, Joseph William Porter, Andrew Powers, Harold Stone Pressler, Menahem Max Jacob Previn, André George Price, Leontyne Rabaud, Henri Benjamin Rainer, Yvonne Ran, Shulamit Ratner, Leonard G. Reese, Gustave Reich, Steve Renoir, Jean Reynolds, Christopher A. Richards, Lloyd George Rigg, Diana Rilling, Helmuth Roach, Joseph Robbins, Jerome Robertson, Anne Walters Robertson, David Rochberg, George Rollins, Theodore (Sonny) Walter Rorem, Ned Rosand, Ellen Rosen, Charles Ross, Alex Rostropovitch, Mstislav Leopoldowich Rothstein, Edward Saariaho, Kaija A. Salonen, Esa-Pekka Sayles, John Thomas Schreiber, Liev

Schuller, Gunther Alexander Schuman, William Howard Scorsese, Martin Seeger, Anthony Seeger, Charles Louis Sellars, Peter Senelick, Laurence Philip Serkin, Rudolf Sessions, Roger Huntington Shapey, Ralph Shelemay, Kay Kaufman Shorter, Wayne Sibelius, Jean Julius Christian Sierra, Roberto Sills, Beverly Silverstein, Joseph Harry Simon, Paul Simonds, Bruce Sisman, Elaine Slatkin, Leonard Edward Slim, Harry Colin Smith, David Stanley Solomon, Maynard E. Somfai, Laszlo Sondheim, Stephen Joshua Spalding, Walter Raymond Springsteen, Bruce Frederick Joseph Stanley, Ralph Edmund Starker, Janos Steinhardt, Arnold Stern, Isaac Stockhausen, Karlheinz Stoltzman, Richard Leslie Stravinsky, Igor Fyodorovich Streep, Meryl (Mary Louise) Strehler, Giorgio

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Strunk, Oliver (William Oliver) Stucky, Steven Szell, George Terry, Charles Sanford Tharp, Twyla Thomas, Augusta Read Thompson, Randall Thomson, Virgil Garnett Tick, Judith Tilson Thomas, Michael Tippett, Michael Kemp Tomlinson, Gary Tower, Joan Peabody Treitler, Leo Uchida, Mitsuko Ulanova, Galina Sergeyevna Upshaw, Dawn Vaughan Williams, Ralph Villella, Edward von Stade, Frederica Wajda, Andrzej Ward, John Milton Washington, Denzel Waterston, Samuel A. Webster, James Wheeldon, Christopher Williams, John Wilson, Robert Wolff, Christian Wolff, Christoph Johannes Wong Kar Wai, Woodworth, George Wallace Wright, Craig M. Wuorinen, Charles Peter Wyner, Yehudi Yu, Long Zaslaw, Neal Zimmerman, Mary Alice Zukofsky, Paul Zwilich, Ellen Taaffe

Back to Subject Index

Philosophy Adams, Ernest Wilcox Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert Merrihew Albanese, Catherine L. Albert, David Z. Albritton, Rogers Garland Alston, William Payne Ameriks, Karl P. Anderson, Elizabeth S. Annas, Julia Elizabeth Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Appiah, Kwame Anthony Armstrong, David Malet Ayer, Alfred Jules Baier, Kurt Barnes, Jonathan Barwise, Kenneth Jon Beck, Lewis White Belnap, Nuel Benacerraf, Paul Joseph Salomon Bennett, Jonathan Francis Berger, Harry Bergson, Henri Louis Berlin, Isaiah Betz, Hans Dieter Bixler, Julius Seelye Black, Max Blackburn, Simon Blanshard, Brand Block, Ned Boas, George Bobbio, Norberto Boghossian, Paul Artin Boolos, George Stephen Bowen, Francis Braithwaite, Richard Bevan Brandom, Robert Boyce

Brandt, Richard Booker Bratman, Michael E. Brightman, Edgar Sheffield Broad, Charlie Dunbar Broadie, Sarah Waterlow Bronowski, Jacob Broome, John Brunschwig, Jacques Burge, Charles Tyler Burgess, John P. Burnyeat, Myles Frederic Carnap, Rudolf Cartwright, Nancy Delaney Castaneda, Hector-Neri Cavell, Stanley Louis Chalmers, David John Chisholm, Roderick Milton Cobb, Jr., John B. Code, Alan D. Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Cooper, John Madison Copenhaver, Brian P. Coulson, Charles Alfred Cousin, Victor Croce, Benedetto Curley, Edwin Munson Danto, Arthur Coleman Darwall, Stephen L. Davidson, Donald Herbert Demos, Raphael Dennett, Daniel Clement d’Entreves, Alexander Passerin Donagan, Alan Harry Dreben, Burton Spencer Dretske, Fred (Frederick Irwin) Dreyfus, Hubert L. Ducasse, Curt John Dummett, Michael Anthony Eardley

Dunn, Jon Michael Dupre, Louis Earman, John S. Edman, Irwin Emerson, Ralph Waldo Feigl, Herbert Feinberg, Joel Field, Hartry Hamlin Findlay, John Niemeyer Fine, Arthur Fine, Kit Firth, Roderick Fiske, John Fitch, Frederic Brenton Fodor, Jerry Alan Fogelin, Robert John Follesdal, Dagfinn Kaare Foot, Philippa Ruth Frankel, Charles Frankena, William Klaas Frankfurt, Harry Gordon Frede, Dorothea Aline Frede, Michael Friedman, Michael Gadamer, Hans-Georg Gamwell, Franklin I. Garber, Daniel E. Garrett, Don Geach, Peter Thomas Gewirth, Alan Gibbard, Allan F. Gilbert, Margaret P. Gilson, Etienne-Henry Goldman, Alvin Ira Goodman, Nelson (Henry Nelson) Greene, Theodore Meyer Gregory, Tullio Grene, Marjorie Glicksman Grice, H. Paul (Herbert Paul) Grunbaum, Adolf Gupta, Anil K.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Guyer, Paul D. Habermas, Jurgen Hacking, Ian Hamilton, William (17881856) Hampshire, Stuart Newton Hardacre, Helen Hare, Richard Mervyn Harman, Gilbert Helms Hartshorne, Charles Haslanger, Sally Hausman, Daniel Murray Hedge, Levi Hellman, Geoffrey Paul Hempel, Carl Gustav Henrich, Dieter Herman, Barbara Hickok, Laurens Perseus Higginbotham, James Hill, Jr., Thomas English Hintikka, Jaakko J. Hocking, William Ernest Hook, Sidney Hu, Shih Hull, David Lee Husserl, Edmund Gustav Albrecht Irwin, Terence Henry James, William (18421910) Jaspers, Karl Theodor Jeffrey, Richard Carl Jonas, Hans Kagan, Shelly Kahn, Charles H. Kamm, Frances Myrna Kamp, Johan Anthony Willem Kaplan, David Benjamin Keller, Evelyn Fox Kenny, Anthony John Patrick Kim, Jaegwon

Kitcher, Philip S. Klibansky, Raymond Kolakowski, Leszek Korsgaard, Christine Marion Koyre, Alexandre Kraut, Richard Kripke, Saul Aaron Kristeller, Paul Oskar Kyburg, Jr., Henry Ely Langer, Susanne Knauth Langton, Rae Larmore, Charles Lehrer, Keith Edward Levi, Isaac Lewis, Clarence Irving Lewis, David Kellogg Lindbeck, George A. Lloyd, Geoffrey Ernest Richard Longino, Helen E. Longuenesse, Beatrice Lowith, Karl MacFarlane, John MacIntyre, Alasdair Chalmers Maddy, Penelope Jo Malament, David Baruch Malcolm, Norman Adrian Mandelbaum, Maurice Mansel, Henry Longueville Marcus, Ruth Barcan Mates, Benson Maudlin, Tim W.E. McCosh, James McDowell, John Henry McGee, Vann McKeon, Richard Peter McMullin, Ernan Vincent Mill, John Stuart Millikan, Ruth Garrett Mints, Grigori Morris, Charles William

Mothersill, Mary Murphy, Arthur Edward Nagel, Ernest Nagel, Thomas Nehamas, Alexander Normore, Calvin Northrop, Filmer Stuart Cuckow Nozick, Robert Nussbaum, Martha Craven O’Neill, Onora Sylvia Owen, Gwilym Ellis Lane Palmer, George Herbert Parfit, Derek Antony Parker, DeWitt Henry Parsons, Charles Dacre Parsons, Terence Dwight Passmore, John Arthur Peacocke, Christopher Arthur Bruce Pears, David Francis Peirce, Charles Santiago Sanders Pepper, Stephen Coburn Perry, John R. Perry, Ralph Barton Pettit, Philip Noel Pippin, Robert B. Plantinga, Alvin Carl Polanyi, Michael Popkin, Richard Henry Popper, Karl Raimund Pratt, James Bissett Priestley Beardsley, Monroe Curtis Putnam, Hilary Whitehall Quine, Willard Van Orman Quinn, Philip L. Railton, Peter Albert Randall, Jr., John Herman Rawls, John Recanati, François Reichenbach, Hans

Remusat, Charles Francois Marie, Comte de Rescher, Nicholas Ricoeur, Paul Romero, Francisco Rorty, Richard McKay Ross, William David Royce, Josiah Ryle, Gilbert Salmon, Wesley Charles Sartre, Jean-Paul Scanlon, Jr., Thomas Michael Scheffler, Israel Scheffler, Samuel Schiffer, Stephen Schneewind, Jerome Borges Schneider, Herbert Wallace Scholem, Gershom Gerhard Schweitzer, Albert Searle, John Rogers Sedley, David Neil Seidenfeld, Teddy I. Sellars, Wilfrid Stalker Shimony, Abner Eliezer Shoemaker, Sydney Sharpless Sidgwick, Henry Sieg, Wilfried Sklar, Lawrence Skyrms, Brian Smith, Michael Andrew Soames, Scott Sober, Elliott Sorabji, Richard Rustom Kharsedji Sosa, Ernest Stace, Walter Terence Stalnaker, Robert Culp Stein, Howard Stevenson, Charles Leslie

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Stewart, Dugald Stich, Stephen Peter Strawson, Peter Frederick Striker, Gisela Stroud, Barry Stump, Eleonore Suppes, Patrick Tait, William Walker Taylor, Charles Margrave Thomson, Judith Jarvis Todorov, Tzvetan Toulmin, Stephen Edelston Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf van Benthem, Johan van Fraassen, Bas C. van Inwagen, Peter Velleman, J. David Vlastos, Gregory von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Carl Friedrich Von Wright, Georg Henrik Vuillemin, Jules Walker, James Walton, Kendall Lewis Wang, Hao Watson, Gary L. Weil, Eric West, Cornel Whately, Richard Whewell, William White, Morton Gabriel Whitehead, Alfred North Wiggins, David Wild, John Daniel Williams, Bernard Arthur Owen Williams, Michael J. Williamson, Timothy Wilson, Margaret Dauler Wilson, Mark L. Wolf, Susan Rose Wollheim, Richard Arthur

Wolterstorff, Nicholas Wood, Allen William Woods, James Haughton Woodward, James F. Wright, Chauncey Wright, Crispin James Garth Wyschogrod, Edith Yablo, Stephen Back to Subject Index

Physics Abbot, Joseph Hale Abbott, Laurence F. Abelson, Philip Hauge Abragam, Anatole Abrahams, Elihu Abrikosov, Alexei Alexeyevich Adair, Robert Kemp Adelberger, Eric George Adler, Stephen Louis Aharony, Amnon Ahlers, Guenter Aigrain, Pierre Raoul Albrecht, Andreas J. Alfven, Hannes Olof Gosta Allis, William Phelps Alpher, Ralph Asher Altshuler, Boris Alvarez, Luis Walter Amaldi, Edoardo Ames, Joseph Sweetman Ames, Jr., Adelbert Anderson, Carl David Anderson, Herbert Lawrence Anderson, Philip Warren Andrei, Eva Y. Anslow, Gladys Amelia Appelquist, Thomas W.

Appleton, Edward Victor Arima, Akito Arkani-Hamed, Nima Armstrong, John Allan Arrhenius, Svante August Artsimovich, Lev Andreevich Austin, Robert Hamilton Auston, David Henry Awschalom, David D. Bacher, Robert Fox Bainbridge, Kenneth Tompkins Banks, Thomas Bardeen, John Bardeen, William Allan Bargmann, Valentine Barish, Barry C. Barnett, Samuel Jackson Barrett, Alan Hildreth Barschall, Henry Herman Barus, Carl Bates, David Robert Baym, Gordon Alan Beams, Jesse Wakefield Beasley, Malcolm Roy Bell, John Stewart Bell, Louis Benedek, George Bernard Berkner, Lloyd Viel Berko, Stephan Bethe, Hans Albrecht Bhabha, Homi Jehangir Billings, Bruce Hadley Biot, Jean Baptiste Birgeneau, Robert Joseph Bitter, Francis Bjorken, James Daniel Blackett (Lord), Patrick Maynard Stuart Bleakney, Walker Bleaney, Brebis Bloch, Felix

Bloembergen, Nicolaas Blume, Martin Bohr, Aage Niels Bohr, Niels Henrik David Bolt, Richard Henry Boltzmann, Ludwig Born, Max Bowen, Edward George Bowers, Raymond Bragg, William Lawrence Braginsky, Vladimir Borisovich Branscomb, Lewis McAdory Brattain, Walter Houser Bray, Philip James Brechignac, Catherine Breit, Gregory Brenner, Michael P. Brewster, David Brezin, Edouard Bridge, Herbert Sage Bridgman, Percy Williams Briggs, Lyman James Brinkman, William Frank Brockhouse, Bertram Neville Brode, Robert Bigham Broglie, Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Bromley, David Allan Brooks, Harvey Brown, Gerald Edward Brown, Harold Brown, Joseph Brown, Sanborn Conner Brueckner, Keith Allan Buchsbaum, Solomon Jan Bucksbaum, Philip Howard Buechner, William Weber Bumstead, Henry Andrews Busse, Friedrich Hermann Bustamante, Carlos J.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Cabibbo, Nicola Cady, Walter Guyton Callan, Curtis G. Campbell, Leslie Lyle Capasso, Federico Casimir, Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Cauchy (Baron), Augustin Louis Ceperley, David M. Chaffee, Emory Leon Chaikin, Paul M. Chamberlain, Owen Chan, Moses H. W. Charpie, Robert Alan Chaudhari, Praveen Chew, Geoffrey Foucar Chodorow, Marvin Christy, Robert Frederick Chu, Paul Ching-Wu (Ching-Wu Paul) Chu, Steven Clark, George Whipple Clarke, John (1943-) Clausius, Rudolph Julius Emmanuel Cockcroft, John Douglas Cohen, Marvin Lou Cohen-Tannoudji, Claude Nessim Coleman, Sidney Richard Colgate, Stirling Auchincloss Commins, Eugene David Compton, Arthur Holly Compton, Karl Taylor Comstock, Daniel Frost Condon, Edward Uhler Conwell, Esther Marly Coolidge, William David Cooper, Leon Neil Coppersmith, Susan N. Coppi, Bruno

Cormack, Allan MacLeod Cornell, Eric Allin Cornu, Marie Alfred Crabtree, George William Crane, Horace Richard Crawford, Franzo Hazlett Crew, Henry Crewe, Albert Victor Cronin, James Watson Cross, Charles Robert Cummins, Herman Zachary Dai, Hongjie Damour, Thibault Darrow, Karl Kelchner Dashen, Roger Frederick Davis, Harvey Nathaniel Davis, Jr., Raymond Davisson, Clinton Joseph Daw, Murray S. Dawson, John M. de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles de La Rive, Auguste Arthur de Shalit, Amos Debye, Peter Joseph William Dehmelt, Hans Georg Demos, Peter Theodore Derr, Louis Deser, Stanley Deutsch, Martin Devoret, Michel Henri DeWitt, Bryce S. Dicke, Robert Henry Dijkgraaf, Robbert H. Dimopoulos, Savas Dine, Michael Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Dolbear, Amos Emerson Donnelly, Russell James Dorfan, Jonathan Manne Drell, Persis Sydney Drell, Sidney David

Dresselhaus, Mildred Spiewak Drever, Ronald William Prest Drisko, William Johnson Dryden, Hugh Latimer Duane, William DuBridge, Lee Alvin Duff, Alexander Wilmer Dynes, Robert Carr Dyson, Freeman John Dzyaloshinskii, Igor Eastman, Dean Eric Edlen, Bengt Edwards, Helen Thom Ehrenreich, Henry Einstein, Albert Elsasser, Walter Maurice Emery, Victor J. Esaki, Leo Evans, Robley Dunglison Ewald, Paul Peter Ewell, Arthur Woolsey Faddeev, Ludwig D. Fairbank, William Martin Fano, Ugo Faraday, Michael Farnsworth, Harry Edward Feher, George Feigenbaum, Mitchell Jay Feld, Bernard Taub Feldman, Gary J. Feshbach, Herman Fisher, Daniel S. Fisher, Matthew P. A. Fisk, James Brown Fisk, Zachary Fitch, Val Logsdon Fleischer, Robert Louis Fleury, Paul Aimé Fortson, Edward Norval Fowler, Alan Bicksler Fradkin, Eduardo Hector

Franck, James Frank, Nathaniel Herman Frank, Philipp G. Franklin, William Suddards Frauenfelder, Hans Emil Freedman, Daniel Z. Freedman, Stuart Jay Friedan, Daniel Harry Friedel, Jacques Friedman, Francis Lee Friedman, Herbert Friedman, Jerome Isaac Frisch, David Henry Frosch, Robert Alan Fubini, Sergio Piero Furry, Wendell Hinkle Furth, Harold Paul Gabor, Dennis Gaffield, Thomas Gaillard, Mary Katharine Garwin, Richard Lawrence Gates, Jr., Sylvester James Geballe, Theodore Henry Geiss, Johannes Gell-Mann, Murray Georgi, Howard Getting, Ivan Alexander Giaever, Ivar Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Gibbs, Josiah Willard Ginzburg, Vitaly Lazarevich Girvin, Steven M. Glaser, Donald Arthur Glashow, Sheldon Lee Glauber, Roy Jay Goldberger, Marvin Leonard Goldenfeld, Nigel David Goldhaber, Gerson Goldhaber, Maurice Goldstone, Jeffrey

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Gollub, Jerry Paul Goodwin, Harry Manley Gordon, William Edwin Gor’kov, Lev Petrovich Gorter, Cornelis Jacobus Gottfried, Kurt Goudsmit, Samuel Abraham Greene, Laura H. Greytak, Thomas J. Gribov, Vladimir Naumovich Grodzins, Lee Gross, David Jonathan Gruner, Sol Michael Gunn, John Battiscombe Gursey, Feza Guth, Alan Harvey Gutzwiller, Martin Charles Ha, Taekjip Haeberli, Willy Hahn, Erwin Louis Haldane, F. Duncan M. (Frederick Duncan Michael) Hall, Edwin Herbert Halperin, Bertrand Israel Hänsch, Theodor Wolfgang Hansteen, Christopher Happer, William Harari, Haim Hardy, Arthur Cobb Haroche, Serge Harrison, George Russell Hartle, James Burkett Harvey, George Graham Harvey, Jeffrey A. Hau, Lene Vestergaard Hawking, Stephen William Haworth, Leland John Haxton, Wick C. Hayes, Hammond Vinton

Heaviside, Oliver Heisenberg, Werner Karl Hellman, Frances Henley, Ernest Mark Henry, Joseph Herman, Robert Herring, William Conyers Herzfeld, Karl Ferdinand Heymans, Paul Alphonse Hickman, Roger Wayne Hill, Albert Gordon Ho, Tin-Lun Hodges, Nathaniel Dana Carlile Hofstadter, Robert Hohenberg, Pierre Claude Holman, Silas Whitcomb Holstein, Theodore David Holton, Gerald James Horowitz, Gary T. Houston, William Vermillion Huang, Kerson Hubbard, John Charles Hughes, Vernon Willard Hulet, Randall Gardner Hull, Gordon Ferrie Humphreys, William Jackson Hunt, Edward Bissell Hunt, Frederick Vinton Huse, David Hutchins, Charles Clifford Inghram, Mark Gordon Ioffe (Joffe), Abram Fedorovich Ives, James Edmund Jacak, Barbara V. Jackiw, Roman Wladimir Jackson, John David Jackson, Shirley Ann Jacques, William White Jaffe, Arthur Michael

Jaffe, Robert Loren Jain, Jainendra Kumar Jarzynski, Christopher Javan, Ali Jeffries, Carson Dunning Jin, Deborah S. Joannopoulos, John D. Johnson, Kenneth Alan Jones, R. Clark (Robert Clark) Josephson, Brian David Joule, James Prescott Kadanoff, Leo Philip Kapitsa, Petr Leonidovich Kapitulnik, Aharon Kaplan, David B. Kardar, Mehran Kastner, Marc Aaron Keck, James Collyer Kelly, Harry Charles Kemble, Edwin Crawford Kendall, Henry Way Kennel, Charles Frederick Kent, Norton Adams Kerman, Arthur Kent Kerst, Donald William Ketterle, Wolfgang Kimball, Alonzo Smith King, Ronold Wyeth Percival Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert Kittel, Charles Kivelson, Steven Allan Klebanov, Igor R. Klein, Miles Vincent Kleppner, Daniel Knight, Walter David Knipp, Julian Knause Kohlrausch, Friedrich Wilhelm Georg Kohn, Walter Kompfner, Rudolf Koonin, Steven Elliot

Kosterlitz, J. Michael Kraushaar, William Lester Kroll, Norman Myles Kubo, Ryogo Kurti, Nicholas Kusch, Polykarp Lamb, Jr., Willis Eugene Landau, Lev Davidovich Landauer, Rolf William Lane, Neal Francis Langer, James Stephen Langmuir, Irving Larmor, Joseph Larmore, Lewis Laue, Max Theodor Felix von Laughlin, Robert B. Lauritsen, Thomas Lawrence, Ernest Orlando Lax, Benjamin Lax, Melvin Le Corbeiller, Philippe Emmanuel LeConte, John Lederman, Leon Max Lee, Benjamin Whisoh Lee, David Morris Lee, Patrick A. Lee, Tsung-Dao Lefavour, Henry Leggett, Anthony James Leighton, Robert Benjamin Lepage, G. Peter Levine, Herbert Libchaber, Albert Joseph Lieb, Elliott Hershel Linde, Andrei Dmitriyevich Lindsay, Robert Bruce Litster, James David Liu, Andrea J. Livingston, Milton Stanley Longmire, Conrad Lee

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Louie, Steven Gwon Sheng Lovering, Joseph Low, Francis Eugene Lubensky, Tom C. Luttinger, Joaquin Mazdak Lyman, Theodore (18741954) MacDonald, Allan Hugh Maclaurin, Richard Cockburn Mahan, Gerald Dennis Maldacena, Juan Martín Mandel, Leonard Mandelstam, Stanley Marchetti, M. Cristina Margenau, Henry Marshak, Robert Eugene Martin, Paul Cecil Massey, Walter Eugene Matthias, Bernd Teo Max, Claire Ellen Maxwell, James Clerk Mayer (Goeppert-Mayer), Maria Gertrude Goeppert Mayer, Alfred Marshall McEuen, Paul L. McKeehan, Louis Williams McMillan, Edwin Mattison McMillan, William Laughlin Meitner, Lise Melloni, Macedonio Mendenhall, Charles Elwood Mendenhall, Thomas Corwin Menon, Mambillikalathil Govind Kumar Mermin, Nathaniel David Merritt, Ernest George Meserve, Richard Andrew

Metropolis, Nicholas Constantine Michelson, Albert Abraham Michelson, Peter F. Miller, Dayton Clarence Millikan, Robert Andrews Millionshchikov, Mikhail Dmitrievich Mimno, Harry Rowe Misner, Charles W. Moniz, Ernest J. Montroll, Elliott Waters Moore, Gregory Winthrop Morrison, David R. Morrison, Philip Morse, Harry Wheeler Morse, Philip McCord Morse, Robert Warren Moshinsky, Marcos Mossbauer, Rudolf Ludwig Mott, Nevill Francis Mottelson, Ben Roy Mueller, Alfred H. Mueller, Hans Muller, Richard A. Mulliken, Robert Sanderson Murayama, Hitoshi Murnane, Margaret Mary Murray, Cherry A. Nagel, Sidney Robert Nambu, Yoichiro Narayanamurti, Venkatesh Neal, Homer Alfred Neel, Louis Eugene Felix Ne’eman, Yuval Nelson, Ann E. Nelson, David Robert Nichols, Edward Leamington Nichols, Ernest Fox Nier, Alfred Otto Carl

Nierenberg, William Aaron Norton, Charles Ladd Norton, William Augustus Nottingham, Wayne Buckles Nozieres, Philippe Pierre Nurmikko, Arto Veikko O’Brien, Brian Oda, Minoru Oddone, Piermaria J. Oersted (Orsted), Hans Christian Oldenberg, Otto Ong, Nai-Phuan Onuchic, Jose Nelson Ooguri, Hirosi Oppenheimer, J. Robert (Julius Robert) Orlov, Yuri Fyodorovich Osborne, Louis Shreve Osheroff, Douglas Dean Overhage, Carl F. J. Overhauser, Albert Warner Page, Charles Grafton Page, Leigh Pais, Abraham Pake, George Edward Panofsky, Wolfgang Kurt Hermann Parkin, Stuart Stephen Papworth Paschen, Friedrich (Louis Carl Heinrich Friedrich) Patel, (Chandra) Kumar Naranbhai Paul, Wolfgang Pauli, Wolfgang Ernst Peccei, Roberto D. Peierls, Rudolf Ernst Pendry, John Brian Perl, Martin Lewis Perlmutter, Saul Peskin, Michael E.

Pethick, Christopher John Pettengill, Gordon Hemenway Phillips, William Daniel Picasso, Emilio Pierce, George Washington Pinczuk, Aron Pines, David Pipkin, Francis Marion Pippard, Alfred Brian Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Plummer, Earl Ward Poggendorff, Johann Christian Polchinski, Joseph G. Politzer, Hugh David Polyakov, Alexander M. Pound, Robert Vivian Prandtl, Ludwig Prescott, Charles Young Preston, William Munro Primakoff, Henry Pritchard, David E. Prokhorov, Alexander Mikhailovitch Pupin, Michael Idvorsky Purcell, Edward Mills Quake, Stephen R. Quinn, Helen R. Rabe, Karin M. Rabi, Isidor Isaac Racah, Giulio Ramond, Pierre Ramsey, Norman Foster Randall, Lisa Read, Nicholas Reines, Frederick Reppy, John D. Reynolds, John Hamilton Richards, Paul Linford Richardson, Robert Coleman

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Richter, Burton Richtmyer, Floyd Karker Righi, Augusto Robertson, Howard Percy Robertson, R.G. Hamish Rood, Ogden Nicholas Rosenbaum, Thomas F. Rosenbluth, Marshall Nicholas Rossi, Bruno Benedetto Rotblat, Joseph Rowland, Henry Augustus Rubakov, Valery A. Rubbia, Carlo Rutherford, Ernest Sabine, Wallace Clement Sachs, Robert Green Sagdeev, Roald Zinnurovich Sakharov, Andrei Dmitriyevich Sala, Oscar Salam, Abdus Samios, Nicholas Peter Sarabhai, Vikram Ambalal Sarachik, Myriam Paula Morgenstein Saunders, Frederick Albert Scalapino, Douglas James Schawlow, Arthur Leonard Scherrer, Paul Hermann Schiff, Leonard Isaac Schiffer, John P. Schmitt, Roland Walter Schoelkopf, Robert J. Schrieffer, John Robert Schroeder, Manfred Robert Schroedinger, Erwin Schwarz, John Henry Schweber, Silvan Samuel Schwinger, Julian Seymour Schwitters, Roy Frederick Scully, Marlan O.

Segre, Emilio Gino Seiberg, Nathan Seitz, Frederick Serber, Robert Shankar, Ramamurti Shen, Yuen-Ron Shenker, Stephen H. Shirane, Gen Shochet, Melvyn Jay Shockley, William Bradford Shoenberg, David Shull, Clifford Glenwood Siegbahn, Kai Manne Borge Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg Simmons, Michelle Yvonne Simon, Franz Eugen (Francis) Simpson, John Alexander Sinai, Yakov Grigoryevich Slater, John Clarke Slichter, Charles Pence Smith, Robert Allan Smoluchowski, Roman Smyth, Henry DeWolf Sommerfeld, Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sompolinsky, Haim Son, Dam Thanh Sorokin, Peter Pitirimovich Steinberger, Jack Stewart, Balfour Stewart, George Walter Stockbarger, Donald Charles Stoicheff, Boris Peter Stokes, George Gabriel Stormer, Horst Ludwig Strandberg, Malcolm Woodrow Pershing Stratton, Julius Adams

Stratton, Samuel Wesley Strauch, Karl Street, Jabez Curry Strominger, Andrew Strong, John Donovan Strutt (Lord Rayleigh), John William Suhl, Harry Suits, Chauncey Guy Susskind, Leonard Sutherland, Gordon Brims Black McIvor Swinney, Harry Leonard ‘t Hooft, Gerard Tamm, Igor Evgenievich Tank, David W. Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram Taylor, Richard E. Telegdi, Valentine Louis Teller, Edward Thaddeus, Patrick Thompson (Count Rumford), Benjamin Thomson (Lord Kelvin), William Thomson, George Paget Thomson, Joseph John Thorne, Kip Stephen Thouless, David James Tigner, Maury Ting, Samuel Chao Chung Tinkham, Michael Tisza, Laszlo Tomonaga, Sin-itiro Toulouse, Gerard Tousey, Richard Townes, Charles Hard Treiman, Sam Bard Trilling, George Henry Trowbridge, John Tuve, Merle Antony Uhlenbeck, George Eugene Unruh, William G.

Vafa, Cumrun Vallarta, Manuel Sandoval Van Allen, James Alfred Van de Graaff, Robert Jemison Van der Meer, Simon Van Harlingen, Dale J. Van Hove, Leon Charles Prudent Van Vleck, John Hasbrouck Villars, Felix Marc Hermann Vineyard, George Hoagland Virasoro, Miguel Angel von Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Weizsacker (Freiherr), Carl Friedrich Wald, Robert Manuel Walther, Herbert Warren, Bertram Eugene Webb, Julian Hale Webb, Richard Alan Webb, Watt W. Weber, Wilhelm Edward Webster, Arthur Gordon Webster, David Locke Weinberg, Alvin Martin Weinberg, Steven Weiss, Rainer Weisskopf, Victor Frederick Weitz, David A. Wentzcovitch, Renata M.M. Wheatstone, Charles Wheeler, John Archibald White, Steven R. Whiting, Harold Wick, Gian Carlo Wieman, Carl E.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Wightman, Arthur Strong Wigner, Eugene Paul Wiik, Bjorn H. Wilczek, Frank Wilkins, John Warren Wilkinson, David Todd Will, Clifford M. Williams, Ellen Dudley Williams, Robert Walter Willis, William J. Wilson, Edwin Bidwell Wilson, Kenneth Geddes Wilson, Richard Wilson, Robert Rathbun Wineland, David Jeffery Winstein, Bruce Darrell Wise, Mark Brian Witten, Edward Witten, Thomas Adams Wolff, Peter Adalbert Wood, Robert Williams Wu, Chien-Shiung Wu, Sau Lan Yu Wu, Tai Tsun Yablonovitch, Eli Yang, Chen Ning Yazdani, Ali York, Herbert Frank Young, A. Peter Young, Thomas Yukawa, Hideki Zacharias, Jerrold Reinach Zachariasen, William Houlder (Fredrik William Houlder) Zamolodchikov, Alexander B. Zee, Anthony Zel’dovich, Yakov Borisovich Zeleny, John Zettl, Alex K. Zhang, Shoucheng

Zumino, Bruno Zweig, George Back to Subject Index

Physiology and Pharmacology Adey, William Ross Adolph, Edward Frederick Agre, Peter Courtland Armstrong, Clay Margrave Astwood, Edwin Bennett Axelrod, Julius Bacon, John (1817-1881) Barcroft, Joseph Bard, Philip Barger, Abraham Clifford Barron, Donald Henry Beidler, Lloyd M. Benedict, Francis Gano Berliner, Robert William Bern, Howard Alan Berne, Robert Matthew Bernhard, Carl Gustaf Best, Charles Herbert Blau, Helen Margaret Bourne, Henry Reid Bovet, Daniel Bowditch, Henry Pickering Brobeck, John Raymond Brookhart, John Mills Brown-Sequard, Charles Edouard Bueding, Ernest Bunker, John Wymond Miller Burg, Maurice Benjamin Campbell, Kevin Peter Cannon, Walter Bradford Carlson, Loren Daniel Carpenter, Thorne Martin Catterall, William A.

Chang, Min-Chueh Cohen, Fred E. Comroe, Jr., Julius Hiram Coughlin, Shaun Robert Courrier, Robert Marie Jules Constant Dale, Henry Hallett Dalton, Jr., John Call Denton, Derek Ashworth Diamond, Jared Mason Dill, David Bruce Donders, Franz Cornelis (Franciscus Cornelis) Drinker, Cecil Kent Du Bois-Reymond, Emil Heinrich Eccles, John Carew Einthoven, Willem Elion, Gertrude Belle Erspamer, Vittorio Fenn, Wallace Osgood Flier, Jeffrey Scott Forbes, Alexander Foster, Michael Fulton, George Pearman Furchgott, Robert Francis Gasser, Herbert Spencer Giebisch, Gerhard Hans Gill, Gordon Nelson Gilman, Alfred Gilman, Alfred Goodman Glynn, Ian Michael Goldberg, Irving Hyman Goldstein, Avram Gottschalk, Carl William Gregory, Roderic Alfred Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis Hardy, James Daniel Harris, Geoffrey Wingfield Harvey, Edmund Newton Hechter, Oscar Milton

Heiligenberg, Walter Friedrich Hermann, Ludimar Hill, Archibald Vivian Hille, Bertil Hitchings, George Herbert Hoagland, Hudson Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd Hoffman, Joseph Frederick Hoskins, Roy Graham Hough, Theodore Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Howell, William Henry Huber, Franz Hunt, Reid Huxley, Andrew Fielding Ignarro, Louis Joseph Imura, Hiroo Ingle, Dwight Joyce Jellinek, Elvin Morton Jensen, Elwood Vernon Kahn, Carl Ronald Katz, Bernard Katzenellenbogen, Benita Schulman Keynes, Richard Darwin Knobil, Ernst Krayer, Otto Hermann Krogh, August (Schack August Steenberg) Kronecker, Hugo Kuhne, Willy (Wilhelm Friedrich) Landis, Eugene Markley Lapicque, Louis Edouard Leake, Chauncey Depew Leinwand, Leslie Anne Li, Choh Hao Loeb, Jacques Loew, Earl Randall Lorente de No, Rafael Lowry, Oliver Howe

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Ludwig, Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Luft, Rolf Lyman, Charles Peirson MacNider, William de Berniere Marks, Andrew Robert Martin, Ernest Gale Martin, Henry Newell Martini, Luciano McCann, Samuel McDonald Means, Anthony Ross Mendel, Lafayette Benedict Mommaerts, Wilfried Francis Henry Maria Moon, Randall T. Moruzzi, Giuseppe Munson, Paul Lewis Murad, Ferid Muralt, Alexander Ludwig von Oates, Jr., John Alexander Pappenheimer, John Richard Perl, Edward Roy Pitts, Robert Franklin Porter, William Townsend Pratt, Frederick Haven Prosser, Clifford Ladd Rahn, Hermann Rall, Joseph Edward Rapport, David Richards, Alfred Newton Roberts, Anita Bauer Roeder, Kenneth David Rosenthal, Sanford Morris Rossier, Bernard Runnstrom, John Axel Mauritz Sakmann, Bert Salter, William Thomas Schally, Andrew Victor

Scharrer, Berta Vogel Schlessinger, Joseph Schmidt, Carl Frederic Schmidt-Nielsen, Bodil Mimi Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut Scholander, Per Fredrik Thorkelsson Schwann, Theodor Ambrose Hubert Schwartz, Neena Betty Scrimshaw, Nevin Stewart Short, Roger Valentine Silverstein, Samuel Charles Simon, M. Celeste Sizer, Irwin Whiting Smith, Homer William Sokoloff, Louis Solandt, Omond McKillop Sollmann, Torald Hermann Steinbach, Henry Burr Stiles, Percy Goldthwait Talalay, Paul Tenney, Stephen Marsh Teorell, Torsten (Erik Torsten Augustinus) Tomita, Tsuneo Tosteson, Daniel Charles Tsien, Richard Winyu Valentin, Gabriel Gustav Vane, John Robert Varki, Ajit P. Visscher, Maurice Bolks Vogt, Marthe Louise von Euler, Ulf Svante von Helmholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand Weber, Hans Hermann Julius Wilhelm Westheimer, Gerald Wyman, Leland Clifton Back to Subject Index

Plant Sciences Abrams, LeRoy Agardh, Jacob Georg Alexopoulos, Constantine John Ames, Oakes Anderson, Edgar Shannon Arnon, Daniel Israel Arthur, Joseph Charles Ashby (Baron), Eric Ashton, Peter Shaw Axelrod, Daniel Isaac Bailey, Irving Widmer Bailey, Jacob Whitman Bailey, Liberty Hyde Baker, Herbert George Baldwin, Henry Ives Barghoorn, Jr., Elso Sterrenberg Barrett, Spencer Charles Hilton Barton, Benjamin Smith Beevers, Harry Bentham, George Bergen, Joseph Young Bergius, Petter Jonas Berry, Edward Wilber Bigelow, Jacob Billings, William Dwight Bjorkman, Olle Erik Blakeslee, Albert Francis Blinks, Lawrence Rogers Bogorad, Lawrence Bold, Harold Charles Bonner, James Frederick Boott, Francis Borlaug, Norman Ernest Bornet, Jean Baptiste Edouard Borthwick, Harry Alfred Bower, Frederick Orpen Boysen-Jensen, Peter

Branton, Daniel Joseph Braun, Alexander Carl Heinrich Braun, Armin Charles John Briggs, Winslow Russell Briquet, John Isaac Britton, Nathaniel Lord Brown, Robert Burrill, Thomas Jonathan Campbell, Douglas Houghton Candolle, Alphonse Louis Pierre de Castle, Edward Sears Chandler, Jr., Robert Flint Chapman, Alvan Wentworth Cheadle, Vernon Irvin Chory, Joanne Clarke, Adrienne Elizabeth Clausen, Jens Christian Clayton, Roderick Keener Cleland, Ralph Erskine Clinton, George Perkins Collins, Frank Shipley Constance, Lincoln Coulter, John Merle Cummings, Ralph Waldo Curtis, Moses Ashley Davenport, George Edward Davis, Bradley Moore Decaisne, Joseph Dewey, Chester Diels, Ludwig Diener, Theodor Otto Dodge, Bernard Ogilvie Eames, Arthur Johnson East, Edward Murray Eaton, Daniel Cady Ehrendorfer, Friedrich Eichler, August Wilhelm Elliott, Stephen Emerson, George Barrell

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Emerson, Ralph Emerson, Robert Emerson, Rollins Adams Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus Engelmann, George Engler, Adolph Gustav Heinrich Esau, Katherine Evans, Alexander William Evert, Ray Franklin Farlow, William Gilson Faull, Joseph Horace Faxon, Charles Edward Fernald, Merritt Lyndon Fisher, Richard Thornton Florin, Rudolf (Carl Rudolf) Foster, Adriance Sherwood French, Charles Stacy Frey-Wyssling, Albert Friedrich Fries, Elias Magnus Galston, Arthur William Ganong, William Francis Gast, Paul Rupert Gibbs, Martin Giles, Norman Henry Goddard, David Rockwell Godwin, Harry Gómez-Pompa, Arturo Goodale, George Lincoln Goodwin, Richard Hale Grant, Verne Edwin Gray, Asa Hall, Harvey Monroe Harper, John Lander Harper, Robert Almer Harrar, Jacob George Heer, Oswald Heslop-Harrison, John Hitchcock, Albert Spear Hoagland, Dennis Robert

Hofmeister, Wilhelm Friedrich Benedict Hooker, Joseph Dalton Hooker, William Jackson Horsfall, James Gordon Howard, Richard Alden Jack, John George Jacobsen, Steven E. Jagendorf, Andre Tridon James, Thomas Potts Jeffrey, Edward Charles Jepson, Willis Linn Johnston, Ivan Murray Jones, Donald Forsha Jussieu, Adrien Henry Laurent de Kelman, Arthur Knoll, Andrew Herbert Kok, Bessel Kramer, Paul Jackson Kursanov, Andrei Lvovich Kustu, Sydney Govons Lamb, Ivan Mackenzie (I. Mackenzie) Lambert, Fred Dayton Lang, Anton Lange, Otto Ludwig Lesquereux, Leo Lindley, John Lipman, Jacob Goodale Livingston, Burton Edward Lloyd, David Graham Lundegardh, Henrik Gunnar Lyman, George Richard Maheshwari, Panchanan Mangelsdorf, Paul Christoph Mann, Horace (1844-1868) Manton, Irene Martius, Karl Friedrich Phillip von

Maximowicz (Maksimovic), Carl Johann Maxon, William Ralph Merrill, Elmer Drew Messing, Joachim Meyerowitz, Elliot M. Miyabe, Kingo Mohl, Hugo von Mrak, Emil Marcel Mueller (Baron), Ferdinand von Naegeli, Carl Wilhelm von Newcomb, Eldon Henry Oakes, William Ogren, William Lewis Olney, Stephen Thayer Ostenfeld, Carl Hansen Osterhout, Winthrop John Vanleuven Parodi, Lorenzo Raimundo Peirce, George James Pfeffer, Wilhelm Friedrich Philipp Piper, Charles Vancouver Porsild, Alf Erling Pringle, Cyrus Guernsey Raper, John Robert Raper, Kenneth Bryan Raup, Hugh Miller Raven, Peter Hamilton Rehder, Alfred Rendle, Alfred Barton Renner, Otto Rhoades, Marcus Morton Riddle, Lincoln Ware Risser, Paul Gillan Robbins, William Jacob Robertson, Rutherford Ness Robinson, Benjamin Lincoln Rollins, Reed Clark

Russell, John Lewis Sahni, Birbal Saporta, Louis Charles Joseph Gaston, Marquis de Sargent, Charles Sprague Sax, Karl Schiff, Jerome Arnold Schmitt, Johanna M. Schultes, Richard Evans Sears, Ernest Robert Sears, Paul Bigelow Setchell, William Albert Seward, Albert Charles Seymour, Arthur Bliss Short, Charles Wilkins Siegelman, Harold William Simpson, Beryl Brintnall Sinnott, Edmund Ware Skoog, Folke Karl Smith, Albert Charles Smith, Erwin Frink Smith, Gilbert Morgan Smith, John Donnell Smith, William Wright Solms-Laubach, Hermann Graf zu Spoehr, Herman Augustus Sprague, Charles James Srb, Adrian Morris Stadler, Lewis John Stakman, Elvin Charles Stebbins, Sr., George Ledyard Steere, William Campbell Steward, Frederick Campion Strasburger, Eduard Adolf Sturgis, William Codman Sullivant, William Starling Swain, Tony Swanson, Carl Pontius Swartz, Olof Peter

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Taylor, William Randolph Thaxter, Roland Thimann, Kenneth Vivian Tippo, Oswald Torrey, John Torrey, John Gordon Trelease, William Tuckerman, Edward Urban, Ignatz Varner, Joseph Elmer Vasey, George Verdoorn, Frans von Sachs, Julius Vries, Hugo de Waggoner, Paul Edward Wagner, Jr., Warren Herbert Wardlaw, Claude Wilson Warming, Johannes Eugenius Bulow Watson, Sereno Weatherby, Charles Alfred Went, Frits Warmolt Wessler, Susan R. Weston, Jr., William Henry Wetmore, Ralph Hartley Wettstein, Richard White, Philip Rodney White, William Lawrence Willey, Henry Wilson, Ernest Henry Wortman, Sterling (Leo Sterling) Yeager, Albert Franklin Zelitch, Israel Zimmermann, Martin Huldrych Back to Subject Index

Political Science / International Relations Achen, Christopher Henry Adams, Ruth Salzman Aldrich, John Allen, Danielle Almond, Gabriel Abraham Alt, James Edward Altshuler, Alan Anthony Anderson, Benedict R. O’Gorman Ansolabehere, Stephen D. Apter, David Ernest Arendt, Hannah Arnold, R. Douglas Aron, Raymond Claude Ferdinand Austen-Smith, David Axelrod, Robert M. Bailey, Stephen Kemp Ball, Mary Margaret Banfield, Edward Christie Barker, Ernest Barker, Lucius Barry, Brian Michael Bartels, Larry Martin Bates, Robert Hinrichs Bator, Francis Michael Beck, Nathaniel Beer, Samuel Hutchison Beitz, Charles R. Bendor, Jonathan Benhabib, Seyla Berger, Suzanne Bernstein, Marver Hillel Bialer, Seweryn Bienen, Henry Samuel Binder, Leonard Binder, Sarah A. Blakeslee, George Hubbard Blank, Rebecca

Blondel, Jean Fernand Pierre Boix, Carles Bosworth, Stephen W. Bracher, Karl Dietrich Brady, David W. Brady, Henry E. Brodie, Bernard Brody, Richard Alan Brogan, Denis William Brown, Archibald Haworth (Archie) Brzezinski, Zbigniew Buchan, Alastair Francis Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce J. Bunce, Valerie Jane Bundy, McGeorge Burnham, Walter Dean Burns, James MacGregor Burns, Nancy Butler, David Edgeworth Cain, Bruce Edward Cameron, Charles M. Campbell, Andrea Louise Canes-Wrone, Brandice Carey, John M. Carmines, Edward G. Carnesale, Albert Carr, Robert Kenneth Carter, Ashton Baldwin Carter, Gwendolen Margaret Castaneda, Jorge G. Cherington, Charles Richards Cohen, Joshua Cole, Robert Taylor Coleman, James Smoot Collier, David Collier, Ruth Berins Colton, Timothy J. Converse, Philip Ernest

Cox, Gary Walter Crane, Robert Treat Cranston, Maurice William Cushman, Robert Eugene Daalder, Hans Dahl, Robert Alan Dawson, Michael C. Derthick, Martha Ann Deutsch, Karl Wolfgang Diermeier, Daniel Downs, George W. Doyle, Michael William Druckman, James N. Dunn, John Montfort Duverger, Maurice Easton, David Eckstein, Harry Eldersveld, Samuel James Elliott III, William Yandell Ellwood, David Tabor Elshtain, Jean Bethke Elster, Jon Emerson, Rupert Epstein, Lee Epstein, Leon David Erikson, Robert S. Eulau, Heinz Fainsod, Merle Fearon, James D. Feddersen, Timothy J. Fenno, Jr., Richard Francis Ferejohn, John Arthur Fesler, James William Finnemore, Martha Fiorina, Morris Paul Fox, William Thornton Rickert Freeman, John R. Friedrich, Carl Joachim Galston, William Arthur Gaus, John Merriman George, Alexander Lawrence

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Gerber, Alan S. Gerber, Elisabeth R. Gilens, Martin Gilpin, Robert George Goguel, François Ferdinand Goodnow, Frank Johnson Goodrich, Leland Matthew Gourevitch, Peter Alexis Gowa, Joanne S. Green, Donald Philip Greenstein, Fred Irwin Grofman, Bernard Norman Gross, Leo Gutmann, Amy Haas, Ernst Bernard Habib, Adam M. Haines, Charles Grove Hamilton, Charles Vernon Hansen, John Mark Hardin, Russell Hartz, Louis Hassner, Pierre Heclo, Hugh (Henry Hugh) Hensler, Deborah R. Herring, Pendleton (Edward Pendleton) Hochschild, Jennifer Lucy Hoffmann, Stanley Harry Holcombe, Arthur Norman Holden, Jr., Matthew Holmes, Stephen Taylor Huber, John D. Huckfeldt, Robert Huntington, Samuel Phillips Hutchings, Vincent Lamont Ikenberry, G. John Inglehart, Ronald F. Isaacs, Harold Robert Iyengar, Shanto

Jackman, Simon David Jackson, John E. Jacobson, Gary C. Jacobson, Harold Karan Jennings, M. Kent Jervis, Robert Johnson, Chalmers Ashby Jones, Charles Oscar Kahin, George McTurnan Kalyvas, Stathis N. Kateb, George Anthony Katz, Jonathan N. Katzenstein, Peter Joachim Katznelson, Ira Kaufman, Herbert Kelley, Jr., Stanley Keohane, Robert Owen Key, Jr., Valdimer Orlando Khalidi, Walid Ahmad Kilson, Martin Kinder, Donald R. King, Anthony King, Gary Kingdon, John Wells Kissinger, Henry Alfred Kitschelt, Herbert P. Knight, Jack Kramer, Gerald Holmes Kramnick, Isaac Krasner, Stephen D. Krehbiel, Keith Laitin, David Dennis Lake, David A. Lambie, Morris Bryan Lane, Robert Edwards LaPalombara, Joseph Lasswell, Harold Dwight Latham, Earl Ganson Laver, Michael John Leebron, David W. Legvold, Robert Henry Levi, Margaret Lieber, Francis

Lijphart, Arend Lindblom, Charles Edward Lipset, Seymour Martin Lodge, Milton Loewenberg, Gerhard Lowenthal, Richard Lowi, Theodore Jay Lupia, Arthur Macedo, Stephen Joseph MacFarquhar, Roderick Lemonde MacIver, Robert Morrison MacMahon, Arthur Whittier MacRae, Jr., Duncan Mainwaring, Scott P. Mann, Thomas Edward Mansbridge, Jane Jebb Maravall, José María Maruyama, Masao Mason, Alpheus Thomas Matthews, Donald Rowe Mayhew, David Raymond McCarty, Nolan McClain, Paula D. McCloskey, Robert Green McClosky, Herbert McCubbins, Mathew D. McDermott, Rose M. McKelvey, Richard Drummond Mearsheimer, John Joseph Merriam, Charles Edward Miller, Steven E. Miller, Warren Edward Milner, Helen V. Mirkine-Guetzevitch, Boris Moe, Terry M. Morgenthau, Hans Joachim Morrow, James D. Mosely, Philip Edward Mueller, John Ernest

Munro, William Bennett Mutz, Diana Carole Neumann, Sigmund Neustadt, Richard Elliott Nie, Norman H. Niemi, Richard G. Nye, Jr., Joseph Samuel Oakeshott, Michael Joseph O’Donnell, Guillermo Alberto Offe, Claus Ordeshook, Peter Carl Ornstein, Norman Jay Ostrom, Elinor Overacker, Louise Padelford, Norman Judson Page, Benjamin Ingrim Page, Scott E. Palfrey, Thomas R. Pateman, Carole Perham, Margery Freda Perry, Elizabeth J. Peterson, Paul Elliott Pierson, Paul Pitkin, Hanna Fenichel Polsby, Nelson Woolf Pool, Ithiel de Sola Poole, Keith T. Posen, Barry R. Powell, Jr., G. Bingham (George Bingham) Powell, Robert L. Prewitt, Kenneth Price, Jr., Don Krasher Pritchett, Charles Herman Przeworski, Adam Putnam, Robert David Pye, Lucian Wilmot Quandt, William B. Rae, Douglas Whiting Ranney, Joseph Austin Rathjens, George William Richardson, Louise M.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Riker, William Harrison Rivers, Douglas Roberts, Edward Adam Robinson, James A. Roemer, John E. Rogowski, Ronald Lynn Rohde, David W. Romer, Thomas Rose, Richard Rosenblum, Nancy Lipton Rosenbluth, Frances McCall Rosenstone, Steven J. Rosenthal, Howard Lewis Rossiter, Clinton Lawrence Rowe, Leo Stanton Rudolph, Susanne Hoeber Ruggie, John Gerard Russett, Bruce Martin Sagan, Scott D. Samuels, Richard J. Sandel, Michael J. Sapiro, Virginia Sartori, Giovanni Saxonhouse, Arlene Warmbrunn Sayre, Wallace Stanley Scalapino, Robert Anthony Schapiro, Leonard Bertram Scharpf, Fritz W. Schattschneider, Elmer Eric Schlozman, Kay Lehman Schofield, Norman J. Scott, James C. Sears, David O’Keefe Segal, Jeffrey A. Segura, Gary Michael Shalala, Donna Edna Shapiro, Ian Shapiro, Martin Mathew Shattuck, John Shepsle, Kenneth A. Shklar, Judith Nisse

Shulman, Marshall Darrow Sikkink, Kathryn A. Simmons, Beth Ann Sinclair, Barbara Skolnikoff, Eugene Bertram Skowronek, Stephen Smith, Alastair Smith, Rogers M. Sniderman, Paul M. Snyder, Jack L. Snyder, Jr., James M. Sorauf, Frank J. Spar, Debora L. Stasavage, David Stavridis, James Stein, Janice Gross Steinbruner, John David Stepan, Alfred C. Stewart III, Charles Haines Stewart, Robert Burgess Stimson, James A. Stoke, Harold Walter Stokes, Donald Elkinton Stokes, Susan Carol Strauss, Leo Sullivan, John L. Sumner, William Graham Sundquist, James Lloyd Tarrow, Sidney G. Tetlock, Philip E. Thelen, Kathleen Thompson, Dennis Frank Thompson, Kenneth Winfred Truman, David Bicknell Tsebelis, George Tucker, Robert Charles Tucker, Robert Warren Tufte, Edward Rolf Ulam, Adam Bruno Ullman, Richard Henry Verba, Sidney

Wallerstein, Michael Jonathan Walt, Stephen M. Waltz, Kenneth Neal Walzer, Michael Laban Wambaugh, Sarah Wantchékon, Leonard Ward, Robert Edward Waterbury, John Watkins, Frederick Mundell Weiner, Myron Weingast, Barry R. Weir, Margaret White, Leonard Dupee Whittington, Keith E. Wild, Jr., Payson Sibley Wildavsky, Aaron Bernard Wilensky, Harold L. Willoughby, Westel Woodbury Willoughby, William Franklin Wilson, James Quinn Wolfinger, Raymond Edwin Wolin, Sheldon Sanford Wood, Elisabeth Jean Wood, Robert Coldwell Wright, Benjamin Fletcher Wright, Quincy Yankelovich, Daniel Yeomans, Henry Aaron Young, M. Crawford (Merwin Crawford) Zaller, John Raymond Zimmern, Alfred Eckhard Back to Subject Index

Psychology / Education Abelson, Robert Paul Adler, Nancy E. Ainsworth, Mary Dinsmore Salter Allport, Gordon Willard Anderson, John Robert Angell, James Rowland Arnheim, Rudolf Aronson, Elliot Asch, Solomon Elliot Aslin, Richard N. Atkinson, John William Atkinson, Richard Chatham Baddeley, Alan David Baillargeon, Renée Baird, John Wallace Ball, Deborah Loewenberg Baltes, Paul B. Banaji, Mahzarin Rustam Bandura, Albert Bargh, John Andrew Bartlett, Frederic Charles Bartoshuk, Linda May Bauer, Raymond Augustine Baumeister, Roy F. Beach, Frank Ambrose Beck, Aaron T. Beebe-Center, John Gilbert Berkowitz, Leonard Berscheid, Ellen S. Bettelheim, Bruno Bevan, William Bjork, Robert Allen Blough, Donald Sommers Bock, June Kathryn Boring, Edwin Garrigues Bower, Gordon Howard Bowerman, Melissa Foster

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Bradburn, Norman Marshall Brewer, Marilynn B. Bronfenbrenner, Urie Bronner, Augusta Fox (Mrs. William Healy) Brown, Roger William Bruce, Henry Addington Bayley Bruner, Jerome Seymour Bryson, Lyman Lloyd Cacioppo, John Terrance Campbell, Albert Angus Campbell, Donald Thomas Carey, Susan E. Carmichael, Leonard Cartwright, Dorwin Philip Cattell, James McKeen Chi, Michelene T.H. Cicchetti, Dante Clark, Herbert Horace Clark, Kenneth Bancroft Clark, Margaret S. Clore, Gerald L. Cohen, David K. Cole, Michael Converse, Philip Ernest Coombs, Clyde Hamilton Cooper, Lynn A. Craik, Fergus I.M. Cronbach, Lee Joseph Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly Curle, Adam (Charles Thomas William Adam) Damon, William V. B. Darley, John M. Darling-Hammond, Linda Davidson, Richard J. Davis, Allison (William Allison) Dawes, Robyn Mason Dearborn, Walter Fenno Delabarre, Edmund Burke

Dell, Gary S. DeLoache, Judy S. Dews, Peter Booth Diamond, Shari Seidman Diener, Edward Francis Dodge, Raymond Dollard, John Doob, Leonard William Duncan, Greg J. Dweck, Carol S. Eagly, Alice Hendrickson Eberhardt, Jennifer L. Ellsworth, Phoebe Clemencia Elman, Jeffrey L. Erikson, Erik Homburger Estes, William Kaye Festinger, Leon Fiske, Susan T. Flavell, John Hurley Fox, Nathan A. Frank, Lawrence Kelso Freud, Anna Frijda, Nico Fussler, Herman Howe Gallistel, Charles R. Gamoran, Adam Gardner, Howard Earl Garmezy, Norman Gelman, Rochel Gelman, Susan A. Gentner, Dedre Gibson, Eleanor Jack Gibson, James Jerome Gigerenzer, Gerd Gilbert, Daniel Todd Gilovich, Thomas D. Gleitman, Lila R. Goldin-Meadow, Susan J. Goldstone, Robert L. Gomez, Louis M. Gopnik, Alison Graham, Clarence Henry

Graham, Norma Van Surdam Green, David Marvin Greenfield, Patricia Marks Greenwald, Anthony G. Guthrie, Jr., Edwin Ray Hakuta, Kenji Hall, Granville Stanley Harlow, Harry Frederick Harris, Paul L. Hastie, Reid Hastorf, Albert Herman Healy, William Hebb, Donald Olding Hedges, Larry V. Heider, Fritz Held, Richard Marx Herrnstein, Richard Julius Hetherington, Eileen Mavis Higgins, E. Tory Hilgard, Ernest Ropiequet Hochberg, Julian Hofstadter, Douglas R. Holmes, Henry Wyman Holzman, Philip Seidman House, James Stephen Hovland, Carl Iver Hull, Clark Leonard Hunter, Walter Samuel Hurvich, Leo Maurice Husén, Torsten Huttenlocher, Janellen Inhelder, Barbel Elisabeth Jackson, James Sidney Jacoby, Larry L. Jahoda, Marie Jamison, Kay Redfield Janet, Pierre Marie Felix Janis, Irving Lester Jones, Edward Ellsworth Jones, Lyle Vincent Julesz, Bela Kadane, Joseph B.

Kagan, Jerome Kahn, Robert Louis Kahneman, Daniel Katz, Daniel Keen, Rachel Kelley, Harold Harding Kelley, Truman Lee Keniston, Kenneth Kenny, David A. Keppel, Francis Kessen, William Kinder, Donald R. Kitayama, Shinobu Kluver, Heinrich Koffka, Kurt Köhler, Wolfgang Kosslyn, Stephen Michael Krauss, Robert M. Krosnick, Jon Alexander Krumhansl, Carol L. Lampert, M. Magdalene Landau, Barbara Lashley, Karl Spencer Lawrence-Lightfoot, Sara LeDoux, Joseph E. Lee, Carol D. Lehrman, Daniel Sanford Lepper, Mark Roger Leslie, Alan Miller Liberman, Alvin Meyer Licklider, Joseph Carl Robnett Likert, Rensis Lindsley, Donald Benjamin Lindzey, Gardner Loewenstein, George Loftus, Elizabeth F. Logan, Gordon D. Luce, R. Duncan (Robert Duncan) Luhrmann, Tanya Marie Maccoby, Eleanor Emmons Mandler, George

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Mandler, Jean Matter March, James Gardner Markman, Ellen M. Markus, Hazel Rose Marquis, Donald George May, Mark Arthur Mayo, Elton (George Elton) McCartney, Kathleen McClelland, David Clarence McClintock, Martha K. McDougall, William McGaugh, James Lafayette McGregor, Douglas Murray McGuire, William J. McLaughlin, Milbrey W. McPherson, Michael S. Mead, Leonard Chapin Medin, Douglas L. Meehl, Paul Everett Mehler, Jacques Meltzoff, Andrew N. Milgram, Stanley Miller, George Armitage Miller, Neal Elgar Mischel, Walter Monahan, John T. Müller, Georg Elias Munsterberg, Hugo Murnane, Richard J. Murphy, Gardner Murray, Henry Alexander Nakayama, Ken Neff, William Duwayne Neisser, Ulric Nelson III, Charles Alexander Neugarten, Bernice Levin Neville, Helen J. Newcomb, Theodore Mead Newcombe, Nora S.

Newman, Edwin Broomell Newport, Elissa L. Nisbett, Richard Eugene Norman, Donald Arthur Nosofsky, Robert M. O’Connor, Johnson Olds, James Osgood, Charles Egerton Pellegrino, James W. Petrides, Michael Petty, Richard Edward Pfaffmann, Carl Piaget, Jean Pieron, Henri Posner, Michael I. Pratt, Carroll Cornelius Pribram, Karl Harry Rapoport, Anatol Ratcliff, Roger Raudenbush, Stephen W. Rescorla, Robert A. Resnick, Lauren B. Richter, Curt Paul Riecken, Henry William Riggs, Lorrin Andrews Rodin, Judith Seitz Roe, Anne Roediger III, Henry L. Rogers, Carl Ransom Rosenthal, Robert Ross, Lee David Rothbart, Mary Klevjord Rozin, Paul Rubenstein, John L. R. Rumelhart, David E. Saffran, Jenny Salovey, Peter Scarr, Sandra Wood Schachter, Stanley Schacter, Daniel Lawrence Scherer, Klaus R. Schlosberg, Harold

Schneirla, Theodore Christian Schwarz, Norbert Sears, Robert Richardson Shepard, Roger Newland Shiffrin, Richard Martin Shulman, Lee S. Shweder, Richard Allan Sidanius, James H. Simon, Herbert Alexander Skinner, Burrhus Frederic Slobin, Dan I. Slovic, Paul Smith, Edward Eugene Smith, Linda B. Smith, Marshall Savidge Smith, Payson Smuts, Barbara Boardman Snow, Catherine Elizabeth Sokolov, Eugene Nikolaievich Solomon, Richard Lester Spaulding, Francis Trow Spelke, Elizabeth Shilin Spence, Janet Taylor Sperber, Dan Sperry, Roger Wolcott Steele, Claude Mason Steinberg, Laurence David Stellar, Eliot Sternberg, Robert Jeffrey Stevens, Stanley Smith Stevenson, Harold William Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M. Swets, John Arthur Tanenhaus, Michael K. Tatel, David S. Taylor, Shelley Elizabeth Terman, Lewis Madison Tetlock, Philip E. Teuber, Hans-Lukas Thibaut, John Walter

Thompson, Richard Frederick Thomson, Godfrey Hilton Thorndike, Edward Lee Thurstone, Louis Leon Tolman, Edward Chace Treisman, Anne Trope, Yaacov Trow, Martin Tulving, Endel Tversky, Amos Tversky, Barbara G. Tyler, Ralph Winfred Ulich, Robert von Bekesy, Georg von Hofsten, Claes Wandell, Brian A. Watson, John Broadus Waxman, Sandra Robin Weber, Elke U. Wegner, Daniel Merton Wellman, Henry M. Wells, Frederic Lyman Werker, Janet Feldman Werner, Heinz Wertsch, James V. Wever, Ernest Glen White, Robert Winthrop Whiting, John Wesley Mayhew Wilson, Howard Eugene Wilson, Timothy D. Woodward, Amanda L. Woodworth, Robert Sessions Yankelovich, Daniel Yerkes, Robert Mearns Zajonc, Robert Boleslaw Zigler, Edward Frank Zimbardo, Philip G. Zinchenko, Vladimir Petrovich Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Public Affairs, Administration, and Policy (Governmental and Intergovernmental) Abraham, Ronny Abramowitz, Morton I. Acheson, Dean Gooderham Adachi, Mineichiro Adams, Charles Francis (1807-1886) Adams, John (1735-1826) Adams, John Quincy Adams, Samuel Aga Khan, Sadruddin (Prince) Albright, Madeleine Korbel Aldridge, Jr., Edward (Pete) Cleveland Aleinikoff, Thomas Alexander Allison, Jr., Graham T. Almada, Jose de Almodovar del Rio, Pedro Francisco Jimenez de Gongora y Lujan, Duque de Amato, Giuliano Ames, Fisher Andrews, Stephen Pearl Angell, Marcia Annan, Kofi A. Axworthy, Lloyd Bacon, John (1738-1820) Badinter, Robert Bailey, Elizabeth Ellery Baker, James A. Balfour, Arthur James

Barbe-Marbois, François Marquis Barnea, Nahum Belaunde y Diez Canceco, Victor Andres Bennet, Jr., Douglas Joseph Bertini, Catherine Ann Bierbaum, Rosina M. Bigelow, Timothy Bloomberg, Michael R. Bohlen, Charles Eustis Boruch, Robert F. Bosworth, Stephen W. Boutwell, George Sewall Bowdoin III, James Bowdoin, James (17261790) Bowles, Chester Bliss Brademas, John Bradley, Bill Bredesen, Philip N. Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre Broglie, (Charles) Jacques Victor Albert, Duc de Brooke, Edward William Brooks, Harvey Brown, Harold Brüning, Heinrich Bunche, Ralph Johnson Bundles, A’Lelia Bundy, William Putnam Bunker, Ellsworth Bunsen, Christian Carl Josias, Freiherr von Burns, R. Nicholas Burns, William J. Cabot, John Moors Calderon de la Barca, Angel Cameron, Edwin Cardoso, Fernando Henrique

Carrington (Right Honorable Lord), Peter Alexander Rupert Carter, Jr., James Earl (Jimmy) Casteen III, John T. Castiglioni, Luigi Castle, Jr., William Richards Cavanagh, Richard E. Chaskalson, Arthur Chastellux, François Jean, Marquis de Christopher, Warren Churchill, Winston Clark, Joseph Sill Claudel, Paul Louis Charles Marie Clay, Lucius Dubignon Clifford, Clark McAdams Clinton, DeWitt Clinton, Hillary Rodham Clinton, William Jefferson Clough, Gerald Wayne Cobb, David Cookson, Clive M. Correa de Serra, Jose Francisco Cowan, Geoffrey Cushing, Caleb Cushing, Thomas Daddario, Emilio Quincy Danielson, Timothy De Gijselaar (Gyselaer), Cornelis de la Luzerne, Anne Cesar de l’Etombe (L’Etombe), Joseph Philippe Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammel Delano, Frederic Adrian Dexter, Samuel (17611816)

Dillon, C. Douglas (Clarence Douglas) Djerejian, Edward P. Drayton, William Drew, Edward Bangs Dumas, Charles William Frederick Eban, Abba Eberly, Janice Caryl Edwards, Mickey H. Eikenberry, Karl W. Ellsworth, Oliver Erving, William Evans, Daniel Jackson Evatt, Herbert Vere Everett, Alexander Hill Everett, Edward Falco, Mathea Felten, Edward W. Ferre, Luis Alberto Ferriero, David S. Flanders, Ralph Edward Fleishman, Joel Lawrence Foch, Ferdinand Forbes, John Murray Franklin, Benjamin Fremont, John Charles Fri, Robert W. Gardner, Henry Gates, Robert Michael Gavin, James Maurice Gelb, Leslie Howard Gerry, Elbridge Gibbons, John H. (Jack) Gilbert, Davies Gladstone, William Ewart Glenn, Jr., John H. Golden, William Theodore Goodpaster, Andrew Jackson Gore, Christopher Gore, Jr., Albert A.

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Granchain (Liberge de Granchain), Guillaume Jacques Constant de Liberge de, Comte de Gray, Francis Calley (17901856) Gray, John Chipman (1793-1881) Green, Theodore Francis Greenstein, Robert M. Grew, Joseph Clark Gross, Terry Groves, Robert M. Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume Gullion, Edmund Asbury Haldane (Viscount Haldane of Cloan), Richard Burdon Hallstein, Walter Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, Lee Herbert Hammarskjold, Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hancock, John Harriman, William Averell Harris, Patricia Roberts Hassel, Johann Georg Heinrich Havel, Vaclav Hazard, Ebenezer Heineman, Jr., Benjamin Walter Herter, Christian Archibald Higginson, Thomas Wentworth Hoar, George Frisbie Hobhouse, Benjamin Holbrooke, Richard Charles Albert Holdren, John Paul Howard, John Hummer-Tuttle, Maria D.

Humphrey, Hubert Horatio Humphreys, David Hupsch (Hupsch-Lontzen), Johann Wilhelm Karl Adolph, Freiherr von Hutchison, Kay Bailey Indyk, Martin Sean Istrabadi, Feisal Amin Rasoul Jackson, Jonathan Jefferson, Thomas Jenkins, Roy Harris Johnson, Joseph Esrey Kean, Thomas H. Keeny, Jr., Spurgeon Milton Kennan, George Frost Kennedy, Edward Moore Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, John Pendleton Kilham, Daniel King, Jr., Martin Luther King, Rufus Knox, Henry Kunin, Madeleine May Laber, Jeri Lidsky Lafayette, Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lane, Neal Francis Lansdowne (2nd Earl of Shelburne), William Petty-Fitzmaurice, Marquis of Leach, James Albert Smith Lee, Arthur Leonard, Warren J. Levitt, Jr., Arthur Lie, Trygve Halvdan Lilienthal, David Eli Lincoln, Benjamin Lincoln, Levi (1749-1820)

Lincoln, Levi (1782-1868) Linowitz, Sol Myron Livingston, William Lleras Camargo, Alberto Lloyd, James Lodge, Henry Cabot Logue, Edward Joseph Long, John Davis Lougheed, E. Peter (Edgar Peter) Luers, William Henry Lugar, Richard Green Malik, Charles Habib Mandela, Nelson Mann, Horace (1796-1859) Marjolin, Robert Ernest Marsh, George Perkins Massey, Vincent (Charles Vincent) McHenry, Donald F. McNamara, Robert Strange Miles, Edward L. Mills, Ogden Livingston Minehan, Cathy E. Mitchell, George John Mitchill, Samuel Latham Mogae, Festus G. Moniz, Ernest J. Monnet, Jean Omer Marie Moreno, Manuel Morris, Charles Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Muskie, Edmund Sixtus Nehru, Jawaharlal Neier, Aryeh Neureiter, Norman P. Nitze, Paul Henry Nunn, Sam (Samuel Augustus Nunn, Jr.) Oliver, Andrew Ornstein, Norman Jay Osgood, Samuel Otis, Harrison Gray

Paine, Robert Treat (17311814) Partridge, George Parzinger, Hermann Paterson, William Patten, Christopher Francis Pearson, Lester Bowles Perry, William James Peters, Andrew James Peterson, Peter G. Phillips, Christopher Hallowell Phillips, John Phillips, Samuel Phillips, William Pickering, John (17401811) Pickering, Timothy Pickman, Benjamin Poincare, Raymond Poinsett, Joel Roberts Polasky, A. Stephen Powell, Colin Luther Prescott, William Quincy, Edmund Quincy, Josiah Rabinovich, Itamar Raines, Franklin Delano Rakoff, Jed S. Ravitch, Diane Silvers Reading, Marquess of, Rufus Daniel Isaac Reed, John Reich, Robert B. Reilly, William K. Reuss, Henry Schoellkopf Rice, Condoleezza Rodgers, John (1812-1882) Rosenberg, Tina Ruckelshaus, William Doyle Rudman, Warren Bruce

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Saltonstall, Leverett (17831845) Saltonstall, Leverett (18921979) Sarbanes, Paul Spyros Sargent, Winthrop Saris, Patti B. Savitz, Maxine L. Schmidt, Helmut Sedgwick, Theodore Shalala, Donna Edna Shaw, Samuel Simms, Margaret C. Simon, Jules Francois Simpson, Joanne Sinclair (Baronet), John Smith, Margaret Chase Soedjatmoko, Spaak, Paul-Henri Sparhawk, John Stevenson, Adlai Ewing Strobel, Edward Henry Strong, Caleb Struve, Peter Bernhardov (Pyotr Berngardovich) Sullivan, James Sullivan, Richard Sullivan, William Sumner, Charles Talbott III, Nelson Strobridge Talcott, George Tenney, Samuel Thant, U Thiers, Louis Adolph Thomson, John Adam Torres Bodet, Jaime Treadwell, John Trevelyan, George Otto Trumbull, Jonathan (17101785) Trumbull, Jonathan (17401809)

Tyler, William Royall Tyson, Neil deGrasse Vance, Cyrus Roberts Volcker, Paul A. von Wallenstein (Baron), Julius Warren, James Washington, George Washington, Warren Morton Waterman, Alan Tower Waters, Alice Waxman, Seth Paul Weare, Meshech Weaver, Robert Clifton Webster, Daniel Weidenbaum, Murray L. Welles, Sumner (Benjamin Sumner) Wells, Nathaniel Williams (Baroness Williams of Crosby), Shirley Vivien Teresa Brittain Wilson, Woodrow Winthrop, Robert Charles Wirth, Timothy Endicott Wolfe, Tom York, Herbert Frank Young, Andrew Jackson Back to Subject Index

Sociology / Demography Abbott, Andrew Bales, Robert Freed Baltzell, E. Digby (Edward Digby) Bearman, Peter Shawn Becker, Howard S. Bell, Daniel

Bellah, Robert Neelly Ben-David, Joseph Bendix, Reinhard Berelson, Bernard Reuben Berger, Peter Ludwig Blake, Judith Kincade Blalock, Jr., Hubert Morse Blau, Peter Michael Bloom, David Elliot Bobo, Lawrence D. Boudon, Raymond Bourdieu, Pierre Bourricaud, François Michel Brubaker, Rogers Bryk, Anthony S. Bumpass, Larry Lee Burt, Ronald Stuart Campbell, Albert Angus Cherlin, Andrew J. Cicourel, Aaron Victor Clark, Samuel Delbert Clark, William Arthur V. Clausen, John Adam Cole, Jonathan Richard Coleman, James Samuel Collins, Randall Cook, Karen Schweers Cook, Thomas Dixon Coser, Lewis Alfred Cromwell (elected as A. C. Hill; listed as A. C. Gulliver, 1973-1993), Adelaide M. Crozier, Michel Dahrendorf, Ralf Gustav Danziger, Sheldon H. Davis, Kingsley DiMaggio, Paul Dore, Ronald Philip Duncan, Otis Dudley Eisenstadt, Shmuel Noah Elder, Jr., Glen Holl

Esping-Andersen, Gøsta Evans, Peter Brandt Farley, Reynolds Featherman, David Lee Fienberg, Stephen Elliott Fischer, Claude S. Fligstein, Neil D. Foner, Nancy Ford, James Fox, Renee Claire Freedman, Ronald Furstenberg, Jr., Frank F. Gamson, William A. Gans, Herbert Julius Garland, David W. Germani, Gino Giddens, Anthony Gilbert, Margaret P. Glass, David Victor Glazer, Nathan Glueck, Eleanor Touroff Goffman, Erving Manual Goode, William J. Goodman, Leo A. Granovetter, Mark Groves, Robert M. Grusky, David B. Guttman, Louis Eliahu Hagan, John Lee Halsey, Albert Henry Hannan, Michael Thomas Hauser, Philip Morris Hauser, Robert Mason Hawley, Amos Henry Hechter, Michael Norman Hirschman, Charles Homans, George Caspar Hout, Michael Hughes, Everett Cherrington Hyman, Herbert Hiram Inkeles, Alex Janowitz, Morris

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Jencks, Christopher Katz, Elihu Keyfitz, Nathan Kish, Leslie Kohn, Melvin Lester Latour, Bruno Laumann, Edward O. Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix Lee, Ronald Demos Lenski, Jr., Gerhard Emmanuel Lepenies, Wolf Lieberson, Stanley Likert, Rensis Lincoln, Charles Eric Linz, Juan Jose Lipset, Seymour Martin Luker, Kristin MacDonald, Glen M. Mann, Michael Mare, Robert Denis Massey, Douglas Steven Mayer, Karl Ulrich Mayntz, Renate McAdam, Doug Mechanic, David Menken, Jane Ava Merton, Robert King Meyerson, Martin Moore, Wilbert Ellis Moskos, Charles C. Newcomb, Theodore Mead Newman, Katherine S. Nisbet, Robert Alexander Notestein, Frank Wallace Nowak, Stefan O’Dea, Thomas Francis Ogburn, William Fielding Palloni, Alberto Park, Robert Ezra Parsons, Talcott Patterson, Orlando Perez-Diaz, Victor

Portes, Alejandro Preston, Samuel Hulse Reiss, Jr., Albert John Reskin, Barbara Riesman, David Riley, Matilda White Rocher, Guy Rokkan, Stein Rossi, Alice S. Rossi, Peter Henry Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm Rumbaut, Rubén G. Runciman (Runciman of Doxford), Walter Garrison Ryder, Norman Burston Sampson, Robert J. Sauvy, Alfred Schudson, Michael Schuman, Howard Selznick, Philip Sennett, Richard Sewell, William Hamilton Sheldon, Eleanor Bernert Shils, Edward Albert Skocpol, Theda Smelser, Neil Joseph Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich Speier, Hans Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar Stinchcombe, Arthur Leonard Stouffer, Samuel Andrew Sumner, William Graham Swidler, Ann Szczepanski, Jan Szelenyi, Ivan Sztompka, Piotr Taeuber, Irene Barnes Teggart, Frederick John

Thomas, William Isaac Tienda, Marta Tilly, Charles Touraine, Alain Louis Jules Francois Trow, Martin Turkle, Sherry Turner, Ralph Herbert Udry, J. Richard Vaupel, James W. Vogel, Ezra Feivel Walder, Andrew G. Wallerstein, Immanuel Waters, Mary C. Weber, Alfred Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz Jozef Western, Bruce Westoff, Charles Francis White, Harrison Colyar Whyte, William Foote Williams, David R. Williams, Jr., Robin Murphy Wilson, William Julius Wolfgang, Marvin Eugene Wulsin, Frederick Roelker Wuthnow, Robert Xie, Yu Zald, Mayer Nathan Zeder, Melinda A. Zelizer, Viviana A. Zimmerman, Carle Clark Zuckerman, Harriet Anne Back to Subject Index

Theology and Ministerial Practice Abbot, Ezra Adams, James Luther Aga Khan IV, Karim Ahern, Michael Joseph Allyn, John Altmann, Alexander Appleby, Robert Scott Arnold, Albert Nicholas Attridge, Harold W. Atwater, Noah Bancroft, Aaron Barnard, Thomas Barr, James Barth, Karl Bea, Augustinus Benz, Ernst Wilhelm Booth, Edwin Prince Boyarin, Daniel Brazer, John Brent, Charles Henry Brooks, Phillips Brown, Howard Nicholson Brown, Raymond Edward Buber, Martin Buckminster, Joseph Stevens Burkitt, Francis Crawford Burrows, Millar Buswell, Jr., Robert E. Buttrick, George Arthur Cadbury, Henry Joel Cahill, Lisa Sowle Calhoun, Robert Lowry Carrasco, David Cary, Samuel Casey, Robert Pierce Cell, George Croft Chadwick, Henry Channing, Henry

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Channing, William Ellery Chauncy, Charles Childress, James Franklin Childs, Brevard Springs Clark, Elizabeth Ann Clarke, James Freeman Clarke, John (1755-1798) Cobb, Jr., John B. Cooper, Samuel Cox, Jr., Harvey Gallagher Crothers, Samuel McChord Curran, Charles E. Cushing, Richard James Cardinal Cutler, Manasseh D’Arcy, Martin Cyril Davies, William David De Normandie, James Deane, Samuel Drown, Edward Staples Dun, Angus Dwight, Timothy (18281916) Eck, Diana Eichhorn, Johann Gottfried Eliot, Frederick May Eliot, John Ellis, George Edward Emerson, William (17691811) Ernst, Carl William Everett, Charles Carroll Everett, Oliver Faunce, William Herbert Perry Fenn, William Wallace Finkelstein, Louis Fishbane, Michael Fitzpatrick, John Bernard Florovsky, Georges Vasilievich Foakes-Jackson, Frederick John

Fobes, Perez (Peres) Frame, James Everett Fredriksen, Paula Freeman, James Frothingham, Nathaniel Langdon Frothingham, Paul Revere Gamwell, Franklin I. Gerrish, Brian Albert Gezork, Herbert Johannes Gilkey, Langdon Glatzer, Nahum Norbert Goodwin, Ezra Shaw Gordon, George Angier Graham, William A. Greenwood, Francis William Pitt Gustafson, James Moody Gutierrez, Gustavo Hackett, Horatio Balch Hale, Edward Everett Halivni (aka WeissHalivni), David Weiss Hall, Edward Henry Hammond, Ray A. Harnack, Adolf von Harris, Thaddeus Mason Hatch, William Henry Paine Hauerwas, Stanley M. Hawley, John Stratton Haygood, Atticus Greene Hedge, Frederic Henry Hehir, J. Bryan Heschel, Abraham Joshua Hill, Thomas Holifield, E. Brooks Holley, Horace Holmes, Abiel Howard, Bezaleel Howard, Simeon Hyde, William DeWitt Jarvis, Samuel Farmar

Jenkins, John I. Jenks, William Kieckhefer, Richard Kirkland, Samuel Knudson, Albert Cornelius Koester, Helmut Heinrich Karl Ernst Konig, Franz Cardinal Lafarge, John Lake, Kirsopp Lally, Francis Joseph Langdon, Samuel Lathrop (or Lothrop), John Lathrop, Joseph Lawrence, William (18501941) Lieberman, Saul Little, Daniel Lopez, Jr., Donald Sewell Lothrop, Elijah Lyman, Joseph MacKenzie, Eric Francis Maclaine, Archibald Madison, James Martin, Dale Basil Martineau, James Marty, Martin Emil Mather, Samuel McAuliffe, Jane Dammen McCollester, Lee Sullivan McCormick, Richard Arthur McGinn, Bernard John McKeen, Joseph Meeks, Wayne A. Mellen, Jr., John Mendes-Flohr, Paul R. Metcalf, Joel Hastings Miller, Samuel Howard Mitchell, Margaret M. Moore, Edward Caldwell Moore, George Foot Morse, Jedidiah

Muelder, Walter George Murray, Edward Gerard Murray, John Courtney Nash, Norman Burdett Nelson, John Robert Neuwirth, Angelika Newman, Barbara Jane Nichols, Ichabod Niebuhr, Helmut Richard Niebuhr, Richard Reinhold Nock, Arthur Darby Noll, Mark Allan Norton, Andrews Noyes, George Rapall (1798-1868) Oberman, Heiko Augustinus O’Connell, William Henry Ogden, Schubert Miles Orsi, Robert A. Outler, Albert Cook Park, Charles Edwards Parks, Leighton Pauck, Wilhelm Payson, Phillips Peabody, Andrew Preston Peabody, Endicott Peabody, Ephraim Peabody, Francis Greenwood Pierce, John Platner, John Winthrop Porter, Eliphalet Porter, Jean Potter, Alonzo Price, Richard Prince, John Proudfoot, Wayne Putnam, George (18071878) Quasten, Johannes Raboteau, Albert Jordy Rahner, Karl

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Rees, Abraham Robbins, Chandler Robinson, Edward (17941863) Robinson, Ezekiel Gilman Robinson, James McConkey Ropes, James Hardy Ryan, James Hugh Sanders, Ed Parish (E. P.) Sanger, Zedekiah Schopen, Gregory R. Schussler Fiorenza, Elisabeth Scott, Jr., Nathan Alexander Sherrill, Henry Knox Shulman, David D. Smith, Jonathan Z. Smith, Wilfred Cantwell Sperry, Willard Learoyd Spiegel, Shalom Spooner, John Jones Stafford, Russell Henry Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn Stearns, Charles Steinmetz, David Curtis Stendahl, Krister Stout, Jeffrey Lee Stuart, Moses Sullivan, Lawrence E. Tappan, David Taves, Ann Taylor, Jr., Charles Lincoln Thacher, Peter Thacher, Samuel Cooper Thacher, Thomas Thayer, Joseph Henry Thurman, Howard Tillich, Paul Johannes Tisserant, Eugene Gabriel Townes, Emilie M. Tracy, David William

Tucker, William Jewett Ulrich, Eugene Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian von Campenhausen, Hans Erich Freiherr Ware, Henry Washburn, Henry Bradford Waters, Thomas Franklin Watson, Richard Weigel, Gustave West, Samuel Wharton, Francis Wigglesworth, Edward (1732-1794) Wilder, Amos Niven Wilken, Robert Louis Willard, Samuel Williams, Abraham Williams, George Huntston Williams, Nehemiah Williams, Rowan Douglas Williams, Samuel (17431817) Wolfson, Elliot R. Woods, Leonard Wright, George Ernest Wright, John Joseph Young, Edward James Back to Subject Index

Visual Arts, Art History, and Architecture Aalto, Alvar (Hugo Alvar Henrik) Ackerman, James Sloss Adams, Ansel Easton Albers, Josef

Albright, Ivan LeLorraine Aldrich, Nelson Wilmarth Alexander, Christopher Wolfgang John Allston, Washington Alpers, Svetlana Anatsui, El Anderson, Lawrence Bernhart Andre, Carl Argan, Giulio Carlo Audubon, John James Avedon, Richard Avery, Milton Clark Baldessari, John Anthony Bambach, Carmen C. Barnes, Edward Larrabee Barocchi, Paola Barr, Jr., Alfred Hamilton Barron, Stephanie Basaldella, Mirko Baskin, Leonard Baxandall, Michael Bayer, Herbert Belluschi, Pietro Benson, Frank Weston Benson, John Howard Berenson, Bernard Bergdoll, Barry Betancourt, Philip P. Bianconi, Lorenzo Gennaro Bigelow, William Sturgis Bloom, Hyman Bochner, Mel Boggs, Jean Sutherland Bois, Yve-Alain Bond, Jr., J. Max Bonnat, Leon-JosephFlorentin Bonnefoy, Yves Bontecou, Lee Boone, Elizabeth Hill

Borja-Villel, Manuel J. Bosworth, William Welles Bourgeois, Louise Braque, Georges Bredekamp, Horst Breuer, Marcel Lajos Brilliant, Richard Brown, John Nicholas Brown, Jonathan Brown, Mather Brown, Trisha Bruzelius, Caroline Astrid Buchloh, Benjamin H.D. Bulfinch, Charles Bunshaft, Gordon Burchard, John Ely Burchfield, Charles Ephraim Burden, Chris Burns, Ken Cabot, Edward Clarke Cahill, James Francis Cahn, Walter Cairns, Huntington Calder, Alexander Callahan, Harry Morey Campbell, Robert Campbell, Thomas P. Caro, Anthony Alfred Cartier-Bresson, Henri Caviness, Madeline Harrison Caws, Mary Ann Celmins, Vija Chamberlain, John Angus Chamberlain, Samuel Chastel, Andre Adrien Chatfield-Taylor, Adele Chiang, Yee Chillida, Eduardo Christiansen, Keith Church, Frederic Edwin Church, Thomas Dolliver

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Clark, Alvan Clark, Kenneth Mackenzie Clark, Timothy James Close, Chuck Cobb, Henry Nichols Cohn, Marjorie Benedict Collens, Charles Collins, Judith Marjorie Conant, Kenneth John Conkwright, Pleasant Jefferson Connick, Charles Jay Constable, William George Coolidge, Charles Allerton (1858-1936) Coolidge, John Phillips Copley, John Singleton Correa, Charles Mark Cotter, Holland Cox, Gardner Cram, Ralph Adams Cranch, John Crawford, Thomas Cropper, Elizabeth Crosby, Sumner McKnight Crow, Thomas Eugene Cummins, Thomas B.F. Cunningham, Imogen Cuno, James Dallin, Cyrus Edwin Danuser, Hermann Dawes, Thomas (17311809) de Kooning, Willem DeCarlo, Giancarlo Dempsey, Charles d’Harnoncourt, Anne di Suvero, Mark Diebenkorn, Jr., Richard Clifford Diller, Elizabeth Druick, Douglas

Dwiggins, William Addison Eames, Jr., Charles Edgell, George Harold Eggleston, William Eisenman, Peter David Eitner, Lorenz Edwin Alfred Eliot II, Charles William Elsner, John (Jaś) Emerson, William (18731957) Ettinghausen, Richard Evans, Walker Feiffer, Jules Ralph Filler, Martin Myles Fischl, Eric Forbes, Edward Waldo Foster, Hal Foster, Norman Robert Frampton, Kenneth Frankenthaler, Helen Freed, James Ingo Freedberg, David Adrian Freedberg, Sydney Joseph French, Daniel Chester Freud, Lucian Fried, Michael Friedlander, Lee Fuller, Richard Buckminster Gabo, Naum Neemia Gaehtgens, Thomas W. Gates, Jr., Theaster Gehry, Frank Owen Gerome, Jean Leon Giedion, Sigfried Gilbert, Creighton Eddy Gober, Robert Golub, Leon Albert Gombrich, Ernst Hans Josef Goodrich, Lloyd

Gowing, Lawrence Burnett Grabar, Oleg Graham, Dan H. Graves, Nancy Stevenson Greenough, Horatio Greenough, Richard Saltonstall Gropius, Walter Adolf Georg Hadzi, Dimitri Halprin, Lawrence Hamburger, Jeffrey Hamilton, Ann Katherine Hamilton, George Heard Hammons, David Harper, Prudence Oliver Harrison, Wallace Kirkman Haskell, Francis James Herbert Hayes, Bartlett Harding Hayter, Stanley William Hearn, Maxwell K. Heintzelman, Arthur William Heizer, Michael Held, Julius Samuel Herbert, Robert Louis Hibbard, Howard Hines, Thomas Spight Hockney, David Hofer, Philip Holl, Steven Myron Holmes, Edward Jackson Holzer, Jenny Hopkinson, Charles Sydney Horn, Walter William Hudnut, Joseph Hughes, Robert Studley Forrest Hugo, Everett Harold Huxtable, Ada Louise Israel, Franklin David

Ito, Toyo Ivins, Jr., William Mills Jaffe, Andrew Michael James, William (18821961) Janson, Horst Woldemar Jewell, William MacIntyre Johns, Jasper Johnson, Philip Cortelyou Jonas, Joan Kahn, Louis Isadore Kallmann, Gerhard Michael Kaufman, Boris Kaulbach, Wilhelm Freiherr von Kelly, Ellsworth Kemp, Martin John Kentridge, William Kepes, Gyorgy Kessler, Herbert Leon Kiefer, Anselm Karl Albert Kitaj, R. B. (Ronald Brooks) Koehler, Sylvester Rosa Koerner, Joseph Leo Koolhaas, Remment Koons, Jeff Krauss, Rosalind E. Kruger, Barbara Kubler, George Alexander Kurtág, György Laloux, Victor Alexandre Frederic Lambert, Phyllis Lavin, Irving Lawrence, Jacob Lawrence, Jr., James Lawrence, William Henry Le Corbusier (pseudonym for Charles Edouard Jeanneret-Gris) Lee, Rensselaer Wright

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Lee, Sherman Emery Legorreta Vilchis, Ricardo Lehmann, Phyllis Williams Lentz, Thomas W. Levine, Jack Levine, Neil Lewis, George E. Licht, Fred S. Lichtenstein, Roy Fox Ligon, Glenn Lin, Maya Ying Lindberg, Magnus Lipchitz, Jacques Liu, Kuo-sung Lodge, John Ellerton Lowry, Glenn David Loyrette, Henri Lynch, Kevin Andrew Maginnis, Charles Donagh Maki, Fumihiko Mancusi-Ungaro, Carol Manship, Paul Howard Manzu, Giacomo Marden, Brice Marin, John Marin, Louis Aime Marini, Marino Marquand, Allan Marrow, James Henry Marshall, Kerry James Martin, Agnes Bernice Mather, Jr., Frank Jewett Mayne, Thom McDonald, Audra A. McKinnell, Noel Michael Meier, Richard Alan Meiss, Millard Lazare Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Milliken, William Mathewson Millon, Henry Armand Miró, Joan Mitchell, William J.

Moneo Valles, Jose Rafael Mongan, Agnes Moore, Charles Willard Moore, Henry Spencer Morey, Charles Rufus Mori, Toshiko Morley, Malcolm Morse, Samuel Finley Breese Motherwell, Robert Mumford, Lewis Munro, Thomas Murray, Elizabeth Nash, Ray Nason, Thomas Willoughby Nauman, Bruce Lee Necipoglu, Gulru Nervi, Pier Luigi Nevelson, Louise Berliawsky Newhall, Beaumont Niemeyer, Oscar Soares Filho Nochlin, Linda Noguchi, Isamu Noland, Kenneth Clifton Nordenfalk, Carl Adam Johan Nordenson, Guy Jérôme Pierre Norton, Charles Eliot Okakura, Kakuzo O’Keeffe, Georgia Totto Oldenburg, Claes Thure Olin, Laurie Dewar Olitski, Jules Oliveira, Nathan J. Olmsted, Frederick Law Ophuls, Marcel Overbeck, Johann Friedrich Panofsky, Erwin

Parzinger, Hermann Peabody, Robert Swain Pearlstein, Philip Pei, Ieoh Ming Penny, Nicholas Beaver Perahia, Murray Perkins, Charles Callahan Pfaff, Judy Philpott, Anthony John Piano, Renzo Pignatti, Terisio Pillsbury, Edmund P. Pinkney, Jerry Plummer, Christopher O. Polke, Sigmar Polshek, James Stewart Pope-Hennessy, John Wyndham Porter, Arthur Kingsley Porter, Eliot Furness Post, Chandler Rathfon Poulet, Anne L. Powell III, Earl Alexander Powers, Hiram Pratt, Bela Lyon Pulitzer, Emily Rauh Puvis de Chavannes, Pierre Cecile Rathbone, Perry Townsend Rauschenberg, Robert Rawn III, William Leete Rawson, Jessica Ray, Charles Richardson Rich, Daniel Catton Richardson, Henry Hobson Richter, Gerhard Riley, Bridget Rishel, Joseph J. Robinson, Edward (18581931) Roche, Kevin Eamonn Rogers, Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, Malcolm Austin

Rorimer, James Joseph Rosand, David Rose, C. Brian Rosenberg, Harold Rosenberg, Jakob Rosenblum, Robert Rosenfield, John Max Rosenquist, James Ross, Denman Waldo Rothko, Mark Rowland, Ingrid D. Rowland, Jr., Benjamin Rubin, William Rudenstine, Angelica Zander Rudolph, Paul Marvin Ruscha, Ed (Edward) Ruskin, John Ruzicka, Rudolph Ryman, Robert Tracy Ryskamp, Charles Andrew Saarinen, Eero Sachs, Paul Joseph Safdie, Moshe Saint Gaudens, Augustus Salgado, Sebastiao Ribeiro Sargent, John Singer Sauerlander, Willibald Paul Walter Sawyer, Charles Henry (1906-2005) Schapiro, Meyer Scofidio, Ricardo Scott Brown, Denise Scully, Vincent J. Segal, George Sekler, Eduard Franz Serota, Nicholas A. Serra, Richard Sert, Josep Luis Settis, Salvatore Shahn, Benjamin Zwi

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Shearman, John Kinder Gowran Shepley, Henry Richardson Sherman, Cindy Shimizu, Yoshiaki Silverman, Debora Leah Simpson, Lorna Sitney, P. Adams Siza (Siza Vieira), Alvaro Joaquim Melo Slive, Seymour Sloan, John French Smith, Kiki Smyth, Craig Hugh Soper, Alexander Coburn Sorkin, Michael Souto de Moura, Eduardo Elisio Machado Speicher, Eugene Edward Stebbins, Jr., Theodore Ellis Steinberg, Leo Steinberg, Saul Stern, Robert A.M. Stinehour, Roderick Douglas Stone, Edward Durell Story, William Wetmore Stout, George Leslie Strand, Paul Stubbins, Jr., Hugh Asher Sturgis, Richard Clipston Suckale, Robert Sullivan, Michael (Donovan Michael) Summers, John David Summerson, John Newenham Swarzenski, Hanns Peter Theophil Sweeney, James Johnson Tafuri, Manfredo Tagliapietra, Lino Tamayo, Rufino

Tange, Kenzo Tapies, Antoni Tarbell, Edmund Charles Thiebaud, Wayne Thompson, Benjamin Caspar Tomita, Kojiro Trachtenberg, Marvin Trouvelot, Etienne Leopold Trumbull, John (17561843) Tsien, Billie Turrell, James Tuttle, Richard Twombly, Cy Van Valkenburgh, Michael R. Van Zanten, David Theodore Varnedoe, John Kirk Train Venturi, Robert Vidler, Anthony Viola, Bill Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene Emmanuel von Blanckenhagen, Peter Heinrich von Falkenhausen, Lothar von Simson, Otto George Wagner, Martin Walker, Charles Howard Walker, Kara Walsh, Jr., John Ware, William Robert Warner, Langdon Warren, Herbert Langford Weems, Carrie Mae Weitzmann, Kurt West, Benjamin (17381820) Weston, Karl Ephraim Whittlesey, Julian Hill Williams, Tod

Wilson, Robert Wind, Edgar Winthrop, Grenville Lindall Wiseman, Frederick Wood, Christopher S. Wu, Hung Wurster, William Wilson Wyeth, Andrew Newell Xu, Jay Yamasaki, Minoru Yu, Kongjian Zumthor, Peter Back to Subject Index

Zoology Adams, Charles Baker Adkisson, Perry Lee Agassiz, Alexander Emmanuel Rodolph Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolph Alexander, Robert McNeill Allee, Warder Clyde Allen, Glover Morrill Allen, Joel Asaph Arnold, Stevan James Atwood, Nathaniel Ellis Azam, Farooq Bachman, John Baer, Karl Ernst von Baird, Spencer Fullerton Banks, Nathan Barbour, Thomas Bartholomew, George Adelbert Batchelder, Charles Foster Bates, Marston Bennett, Henry Stanley Berenbaum, May Roberta Bigelow, Robert Payne

Binney, Amos Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm Blake, Charles Henry Bodenstein, Dietrich Hans F. Alexander Bodian, David Boell, Edgar John Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurence, Prince de Canino Boulenger, George Albert Boyden, Edward Allen Brachet, Jean Louis Auguste Bremer, John Lewis Brewer, Thomas Mayo Brewster, William Briggs, Robert William Brooks, William Keith Brues, Charles Thomas Bryant, Henry Buffon, Georges Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de Bumpus, Hermon Carey Burgess, Edward Burnett, Waldo Irving Cabot, Samuel (1815-1885) Callan, Harold Garnet Carpenter, Frank Morton Carpenter, Russell LeGrand Caspari, Ernst Wolfgang Castle, William Ernest Caullery, Maurice Jules Gaston Corneille Chadwick, Leigh Edward Clark, Benjamin Preston Clarke, George Leonard Clarke, Samuel Fessenden Cleveland, Lemuel Roscoe Conklin, Edwin Grant Conway, Gordon Richard Copeland, Manton

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Corner, George Washington Craig, Jr., George Brownlee Crompton, Alfred Walter Crozier, William John Cushman, Joseph Augustine Cuvier (Baron), Georges Leopold Christian Frederic Dagobert Dall, William Healey Daniel, John Franklin Darlington, Jr., Philip Jackson Davenport, Charles Benedict Dawson, Alden Benjamin de Lacaze-Duthiers, Felix Joseph Henri de Pourtales, Louis Francois Dean, John Dempsey, Edward Wheeler Detwiler, Samuel Randall Dobzhansky, Theodosius Dollo, Louis Antoine Marie Joseph Drew, Gilman Arthur Duboule, Denis Dwight, Thomas Ebert, James David Edds, Jr., Mac Vincent Edinger, Tilly (Johanna Gabrielle Ottelie) Edwards, Scott Vernon Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried Eisner, Thomas Elton, Charles Sutherland Emlen, Stephen T. Endler, John A. Evans, Herbert McLean Everett, John Wendell Fall, Henry Clinton

Faure-Fremiet, Emmanuel Fawcett, Don Wayne Faxon, Walter Fell, Honor Bridget Fell, Howard Barraclough Fernald, Charles Henry Fewkes, Jesse Walter Fischer von Waldheim, Gotthelf Friedrich Flexner, Louis Barkhouse Frisch, Karl Ritter von Gardiner, Edward Gardiner Gegenbaur, Carl Goode, George Brown Gould, Augustus Addison Greep, Roy Orval Gregory, William King Griffin, Donald Redfield Grinnell, Joseph Grobstein, Clifford Hagen, Hermann August Halasz, Bela Haldeman, Samuel Stehman Hamburger, Viktor Hamilton, William Donald Hamlin, Charles Edward Harris, Thaddeus William Hasler, Arthur Davis Henshaw, Samuel Hilborn, Ray William Hillis, David Mark Hisaw, Frederick Lee Hoadley, Leigh Holbrook, John Edwards Hölldobler, Berthold Karl Holmes, Samuel Jackson Holtfreter, Johannes Friedrich Karl Howard, Leland Ossian Humes, Arthur Grover Huntsman, Archibald Gowanlock

Hutchinson, George Evelyn Huxley, Julian Sorell Huxley, Thomas Henry Hyatt, Alpheus Hyman, Libbie Henrietta Imms, Augustus Daniel Jennings, Herbert Spencer Johnson, Charles Willison Jolly, Alison Bishop Jordan, H. E. Karl (Heinrich Ernst Karl) Keith, Arthur (1866-1955) Kellogg, Arthur Remington Kennedy, Donald Kidder, George Wallace Kingsley, John Sterling Kirtland, Jared Potter Knipling, Edward Fred Kofoid, Charles Atwood Kolliker, Rudolf Albert von Kovalevskij (Kovalevsky), Alexander Onufrijevic Krebs, John Richard Kuhn, Alfred Landauer, Walter Lankester, Edwin Ray Leblond, Charles Philippe LeConte, John Lawrence Leidy, Joseph Leuckart, Rudolph (Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph) Lewis, Frederic Thomas Lillie, Frank Rattray Lillie, Ralph Stayner Lindauer, Martin Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias Lovejoy, Thomas Eugene Loven, Sven Lull, Richard Swann Lutz, Brenton Reid Lyman, Theodore (18331897)

MacArthur, Robert Helmer Mall, Franklin Paine Mark, Edward Laurens Marsh, Othniel Charles Mayr, Ernst McCrady, John Mead, Albert Davis Medawar, Peter Brian Melander, Axel Leonard Metcalf, Robert Lee Metz, Charles William Michener, Charles Duncan Miller, Jr., Gerrit Smith Milne-Edwards, Henri Minot, Charles Sedgwick Moore, Carl Richard Moore, John Alexander Morgan, Thomas Hunt Morse, Edward Sylvester Morton, Samuel George Muller, Johannes Peter Neal, Herbert Vincent Nicholas, John Spangler Nottebohm, Fernando Nuttall, George Henry Falkiner Orians, Gordon Howell Osborn, Henry Fairfield Owen, Richard Packard, Alpheus Spring (1839-1905) Palay, Sanford Louis Parker, George Howard Patten, William Patterson, Bryan Pearl, Raymond Peck, William Dandridge Peters, James Lee Phillips, John Charles Pilsbry, Henry Augustus Pincus, Gregory Goodwin Pittendrigh, Colin Stephenson

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016

Plough, Harold Henry Rand, Herbert Wilbur Redfield, Alfred Clarence Regan, Charles Tate Rensch, Bernard Carl Emmanuel Retzius, Magnus Gustaf Riddiford, Lynn Moorhead Riddle, Oscar Ris, Hans Ritchie, Jr., John Ritter, William Emerson Romer, Alfred Sherwood Rothschild, Miriam Louisa Rubinoff, Ira Ruthven, Alexander Grant Ryan, Francis Joseph Sawyer, Charles Henry (1915-2006)

Schevill, William Edward Schmidt, Karl Patterson Schmidt, Wilhelm Josef Jacob Schmitt, Francis Otto Schotte, Oscar Emil Schrader, Franz Scudder, Samuel Hubbard Sears, Mary Sedgwick, William Thompson Siebold, Carl Theodor Ernst von Singer, Marcus Joseph Sjostrand, Fritiof Stig Smith, Ray Fred Spemann, Hans Steenstrup, Johann Japetus Smith

Storer, David Humphreys Thayer, John Eliot Thompson, D’Arcy Wentworth Tiedemann, Friedrich Tinbergen, Nikolaas Tobias, Phillip V. Twitty, Victor Chandler Underwood, William Lyman van Beneden, Pierre Joseph Verrill, Addison Emery von Paijkull (Paykull), Gustaf Watson, David Meredith Seares Weinland, David Friedrich Weis-Fogh, Torkel Welsh, John Henry

Weysse, Arthur Wisswald Wheeler, William Morton White, Michael James Denham Whitman, Charles Otis Wigglesworth, Vincent Brian Wilder, Harris Hawthorne Williams, Carroll Milton Williams, Ernest Edward Wilson, James Walter Wilson, Jr., Edward Osborne Wislocki, George Bernays Woods, Frederick Adams Woodworth, William McMichael Wyman, Jeffries Wyman, Jr., Jeffries Young, John Zachary Zuckerman, Solly Back to Subject Index

Subject Categories of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 1780–2016