Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 version: 14 July 2011
Study on Amended Working Plan under the Ecodesign Directive (remaining energy-using products and new-energy-related products)
Prepared for the European Commission under DG ENTR Service Contract SI2.574204, by: Martijn van Elburg (coordinator), Maaike van der Voort, Roy van den Boorn, Rene Kemna and William Li
Van Holsteijn en Kemna B.V. (VHK) Elektronicaweg 14 2628 XG Delft The Netherlands www.vhk.nl
Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) [page intentionally left blank]
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 17 1
Task 1 - Study definition ...................................................................................................... 18 1.1 Background.................................................................................................................. 18 1.1.1 1.1.2 1.1.3 1.1.4 1.1.5 1.1.6 1.1.7 1.1.8 1.1.9 1.1.10
1.2 1.3 2
2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4
2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3
2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2
2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3
Aim..................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Method ............................................................................................................................................................. 29
First step – reducing the Prodcom list............................................................................. 29 Select energy-related products in Prodcom 2009 .................................................................................... 30 Exclude products identified in the first Working Plan.............................................................................. 32 Exclude product groups covered by the Ecodesign policy process........................................................ 35 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 43
Second step - top-down energy analysis ......................................................................... 44 End-use electricity .......................................................................................................................................... 46 End-use heating fuels..................................................................................................................................... 48 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 53
Third step – consideration of grouping by first Working Plan study .................................. 56 Background ...................................................................................................................................................... 56 Evaluation of first Working Plan study........................................................................................................ 56
Suggestion for new ErP product grouping....................................................................... 61 General conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Considerations regarding product grouping.............................................................................................. 62 Suggestion for product grouping ................................................................................................................. 63
Task 3 - Preliminary analysis ................................................................................................ 71 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 71 3.1.1 3.1.2
3.2 3.3 3.3.1
4
Stakeholders ................................................................................................................ 26 Methodology................................................................................................................ 27
Task 2 - List of product groups.............................................................................................. 29 2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 29 2.1.1 2.1.2
3
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... 18 Aim & Context ................................................................................................................................................. 18 Scope of the study .......................................................................................................................................... 19 Energy & Environmental Analysis................................................................................................................ 24 Criteria for implementing measures ........................................................................................................... 25 First Working Plan........................................................................................................................................... 25 Product groups covered by the Ecodesign policy process....................................................................... 25 Voluntary Initiatives ....................................................................................................................................... 25 Action Plan/ Energy Labelling ....................................................................................................................... 26 Other (Union) legislation and policies.................................................................................................... 26
Structure of Task 3.......................................................................................................................................... 71 Method ............................................................................................................................................................. 71
Ranking of product groups by energy saving potential .................................................... 74 Assessment of costs related to p urchase and operation................................................... 77 Discussion......................................................................................................................................................... 81
Product group preliminary energy assessments.................................................................... 82 4.1 Mobile agricultural machinery ....................................................................................... 82 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5
Product group.................................................................................................................................................. 82 Market and stock data ................................................................................................................................... 83 Energy consumption....................................................................................................................................... 86 Improvement potential.................................................................................................................................. 87 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ............................................................................................ 89
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.2
Mobile construction machinery...................................................................................... 90
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5
4.3
Product group.................................................................................................................................................. 90 Market and stock data ................................................................................................................................... 90 Energy consumption....................................................................................................................................... 94 Improvement potential.................................................................................................................................. 94 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ............................................................................................ 95
Handheld power tools ................................................................................................... 97
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4
4.4
Product group.................................................................................................................................................. 97 Market data ..................................................................................................................................................... 97 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................104 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................104
Stationary agricultural equipment ................................................................................105
4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5
4.5
Product group................................................................................................................................................105 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................105 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................106 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................107 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................109
Stationary construction equipment ...............................................................................110
4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5
4.6
Product group................................................................................................................................................110 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................110 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................111 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................112 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................113
Small fans (< 125 W) ....................................................................................................114
4.6.1 4.6.2 4.6.3 4.6.4 4.6.5
4.7
Product group................................................................................................................................................114 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................114 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................115 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................116 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................117
Blowers.......................................................................................................................118
4.7.1 4.7.2 4.7.3 4.7.4 4.7.5
4.8
Product group................................................................................................................................................118 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................119 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................119 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................120 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................121
High temperature ventilation equipment.......................................................................122
4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3 4.8.4 4.8.5
4.9
Product group................................................................................................................................................122 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................122 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................123 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................124 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................125
Positive displacement and reciprocating pumps.............................................................126
4.9.1 4.9.2 4.9.3 4.9.4 4.9.5
4.10
Product group................................................................................................................................................126 Market and stock data .................................................................................................................................126 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................129 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................129 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................130
Mobile power generators .............................................................................................132
4.10.1 4.10.2 4.10.3 4.10.4 4.10.5
4.11
Product group...........................................................................................................................................132 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................132 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................134 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................135 Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................136
Thermal insulation products for buildings ......................................................................137 3
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.11.1 4.11.2 4.11.3 4.11.4 4.11.5
4.12
Window products for buildings .....................................................................................146
4.12.1 4.12.2 4.12.3 4.12.4 4.12.5
4.13
Product group...........................................................................................................................................169 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................169 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................171 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................171 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................173
Base station subsystems...............................................................................................174
4.18.1 4.18.2 4.18.3 4.18.4 4.18.5
4.19
Product group...........................................................................................................................................166 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................166 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................166 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................167 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................168
Lawn and riding mowers ..............................................................................................169
4.17.1 4.17.2 4.17.3 4.17.4 4.17.5
4.18
Product group...........................................................................................................................................161 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................161 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................163 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................164 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................165
Kitchen appliances.......................................................................................................166
4.16.1 4.16.2 4.16.3 4.16.4 4.16.5
4.17
Product group...........................................................................................................................................156 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................156 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................157 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................157 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................159
Home audio products ...................................................................................................161
4.15.1 4.15.2 4.15.3 4.15.4 4.15.5
4.16
Product group...........................................................................................................................................153 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................153 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................153 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................154 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................155
Detergents ..................................................................................................................156
4.14.1 4.14.2 4.14.3 4.14.4 4.14.5
4.15
Product group...........................................................................................................................................146 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................147 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................149 Improvement potential. .........................................................................................................................149 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................151
Clothes ironing products...............................................................................................153
4.13.1 4.13.2 4.13.3 4.13.4 4.13.5
4.14
Product group...........................................................................................................................................137 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................137 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................139 Improvement potential. .........................................................................................................................141 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................144
Product group...........................................................................................................................................174 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................176 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................177 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................178 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................179
Servers and storage equipment ....................................................................................180
4.19.1 Product group description .....................................................................................................................180 4.19.2 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................180 4.19.3 Energy Consumption ...............................................................................................................................181 4.19.4 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................182 Based on the literature, the improvement potential of the different parts of the data centre equipment is estimated and shown in the table below and combined with a renewal rate based upon...........................183 4.19.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................184
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.20
Taps and showerheads.................................................................................................186
4.20.1 4.20.2 4.20.3 4.20.4 4.20.5
4.21
Toilets .........................................................................................................................190
4.21.1 4.21.2 4.21.3 4.21.4 4.21.5
4.22
Product group...........................................................................................................................................205 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................206 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................207 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................208 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................208
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways ..................................................................209
4.27.1 4.27.2 4.27.3 4.27.4 4.27.5
4.28
Product group...........................................................................................................................................202 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................202 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................203 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................203 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................204
Sauna's .......................................................................................................................205
4.26.1 4.26.2 4.26.3 4.26.4 4.26.5
4.27
Product group...........................................................................................................................................198 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................198 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................199 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................200 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................201
Hot tub / Spa / Whirlpool .............................................................................................202
4.25.1 4.25.2 4.25.3 4.25.4 4.25.5
4.26
Product group...........................................................................................................................................194 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................194 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................195 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................196 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................197
Steam boilers ..............................................................................................................198
4.24.1 4.24.2 4.24.3 4.24.4 4.24.5
4.25
Product group description .....................................................................................................................192 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................192 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................192 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................193 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................193
Point-of-sale and cash dispenser equipment..................................................................194
4.23.1 4.23.2 4.23.3 4.23.4 4.23.5
4.24
Product group...........................................................................................................................................190 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................190 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................190 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................190 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................191
Electric kettles / water cookers .....................................................................................192
4.22.1 4.22.2 4.22.3 4.22.4 4.22.5
4.23
Product group...........................................................................................................................................186 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................186 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................187 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................188 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................189
Product group...........................................................................................................................................209 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................209 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................211 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................211 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................213
Non-domestic hot beverage equipment.........................................................................214
4.28.1 4.28.2 4.28.3 4.28.4 4.28.5
Product group descripti on .....................................................................................................................214 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................214 Energy consumption of non-domestic hot beverage equipment...................................................215 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................215 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................217
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.29
Traffic lights ................................................................................................................218
4.29.1 4.29.2 4.29.3 4.29.4 4.29.5
4.30
Product group...........................................................................................................................................218 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................218 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................218 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................219 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................220
logistic equipment .......................................................................................................221
4.30.1 Product group...........................................................................................................................................221 4.30.2 Other, mobile, logistic equipment is currently covered by the product group "mobile construction machinery" Market and stock ...........................................................................................................221 4.30.3 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................222 4.30.4 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................222 4.30.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................222
4.31
Heating controls ..........................................................................................................223
4.31.1 4.31.2 4.31.3 4.31.4 4.31.5
4.32
Lighting Controls .........................................................................................................228
4.32.1 4.32.2 4.32.3 4.32.4 4.32.5
4.33
Product group...........................................................................................................................................231 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................231 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................232 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................237 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................238
Mobile phones.............................................................................................................239
4.34.1 4.34.2 4.34.3 4.34.4
5
Product group...........................................................................................................................................228 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................228 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................229 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................229 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................230
Medical equipment......................................................................................................231
4.33.1 4.33.2 4.33.3 4.33.4 4.33.5
4.34
Product group...........................................................................................................................................223 Market and stock .....................................................................................................................................223 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................224 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................224 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up .....................................................................................227
Product group description .....................................................................................................................239 Market and stock data ............................................................................................................................239 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................241 Improvement potential...........................................................................................................................242
Under consideration...........................................................................................................244 5.1 Humidifiers..................................................................................................................244 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.1.5
5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5
5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6
Product group................................................................................................................................................244 Market and stock ..........................................................................................................................................244 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................246 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................246 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................246
Swimming pool equipment...........................................................................................247 Product group................................................................................................................................................247 Market and stock ..........................................................................................................................................247 Energy consumption.....................................................................................................................................249 Improvement potential................................................................................................................................251 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up ..........................................................................................251
Personal Care ..............................................................................................................251 Compressed air distribution and terminal equipment .....................................................257 Power cables ...............................................................................................................258 Fractional horsepower motors......................................................................................258 6
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 5.7 Low-voltage switchgear and control gear......................................................................259 5.8 Commercial kitchen equipment ....................................................................................259 5.9 Air filters .....................................................................................................................259 Annex 1: Preparatory study product group definitions and Prodcom nrs. ....................................261 Annex 2 : Energy analysis – calculation / allocation.....................................................................278 Annex 3: IPPC Directive (Annex I) ...............................................................................................283 Annex 4: Overview of 57 product categories and preparatory studies .........................................287 Annex 5 - Indication of overlap of savings by Motor Regulation 640/2009.. .................................289 5.1 Elevators, escalators and moving walkways ..................................................................289 5.2 Mobile power generating sets ......................................................................................290 5.3 Stationary agricultural equipment ................................................................................291 Annex 6 Inputs for assessment of costs related to purchase and energy ......................................294
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
List of Tables Table 1: Environmental aspects as concluded from current legislation............................................ 22 Table 2: Indicative Planning.......................................................................................................... 28 Table 3: Working Plan group status .............................................................................................. 32 Table 4: Product groups mentioned in first Working Plan, but not studied...................................... 34 Table 5: Preparatory studies, product group coverage and status................................................... 36 Table 6: Fuel consumption of transport and work, split up per end-use sector ................................ 45 Table 7: Discussion on 57 product categories of first Working Plan study........................................ 57 Table 8: Suggested product grouping for Amended Working Plan................................................... 63 Table 9: List of product groups, ranked by indicative energy saving potential for year 2030 ............. 74 Table 10 Assessment of costs related to purchase and energy ....................................................... 78 Table 11 Apparent consumption of mobile agricultural/forestry equipment ................................... 83 Table 12 sales of agricultural equipment....................................................................................... 85 Table 13 agricultural equipment - input for calculation.................................................................. 86 Table 14 mobile agricultural equipment energy consumption ........................................................ 86 Table 15 agricultural equipment - energy saving options............................................................... 87 Table 16 calculation mobile agricultural machinery ....................................................................... 88 Table 17 apparent consumption of mobile construction machinery................................................ 90 Table 18 sales of construction machinery...................................................................................... 92 Table 19 mobile construction machinery - input data .................................................................... 93 Table 20 mobile construction machinery energy consumption....................................................... 94 Table 21 mobile construction machinery - energy savings .............................................................. 95 Table 22 apparent consumption power tools ................................................................................ 97 Table 23 Sales data power tools ................................................................................................... 99 Table 24 input data power tools................................................................................................... 99 Table 25 sales and energy consumption power tools ....................................................................101 Table 26 assumptions power tools ..............................................................................................102 Table 27 market chainsaws .........................................................................................................103 Table 28 calculation chain saws ...................................................................................................103 Table 29 input data chain saws....................................................................................................103 Table 30 energy consumption chain saws ....................................................................................104 Table 31 improvement potential chain saws ................................................................................104 Table 32 apparent consumption of such stationary agricultural equipment ...................................105 Table 33 improvement potential stationary agricultural equipment ..............................................108 8
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 34 production stationary mining equipment .......................................................................110 Table 35 saving potential mining equipment................................................................................112 Table 36 input data small fans .....................................................................................................115 Table 37 stock and energy small fans...........................................................................................116 Table 38 improvement potential small fans..................................................................................117 Table 39 input data blowers........................................................................................................119 Table 40 improvement potential blowers.....................................................................................120 Table 41 input data high temperature fans ..................................................................................123 Table 42 improvement potential high temperature fans ...............................................................124 Table 43 value of sales of pumps.................................................................................................128 Table 44 volume of sales of pumps..............................................................................................128 Table 45 apparent consumption of generating sets ......................................................................132 Table 46 input data generating sets.............................................................................................133 Table 47 Stock of mobile power generation equipment ................................................................134 Table 48 energy consumption gensets.........................................................................................134 Table 49 improvement potential gensets.....................................................................................135 Table 50 Market insulation products ...........................................................................................137 Table 51 insulation product families ............................................................................................138 Table 52 share of insulation products ..........................................................................................139 Table 53 biomass based insulation products ................................................................................139 Table 54 improvement options insulation (IMPRO).......................................................................142 Table 55 improvement potential insulation products....................................................................143 Table 56 market data for window products ..................................................................................147 Table 57 distri bution of glazing in the EU building stock................................................................148 Table 58 windows - two scenario's savings...................................................................................150 Table 59 improvement potential window products ......................................................................151 Table 60 market smoothing irons ................................................................................................153 Table 61 projections for market of irons ......................................................................................153 Table 62 input data irons ............................................................................................................154 Table 63 energy consumption irons.............................................................................................154 Table 64 improvement potential irons.........................................................................................154 Table 65 detergent market..........................................................................................................156 Table 66 apparent consumption of home audio products .............................................................161 Table 67 input data home audio..................................................................................................162 Table 68 more input data home audio .........................................................................................163 Table 69 energy consumption of home cinema sets (NL Consumentenbond) .................................163 9
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 70 energy consumption home audio...................................................................................164 Table 71 improvement options home audio.................................................................................164 Table 72 improvement potential home audio...............................................................................165 Table 73 apparent consumption kitchen appliances .....................................................................166 Table 74 power consumption kitchen appliances .........................................................................166 Table 75 improvement potential kitchen appliances .....................................................................167 Table 76 market of lawn mowers ................................................................................................169 Table 77 sales of mowers............................................................................................................170 Table 78 stock of mowers ...........................................................................................................170 Table 79 energy consumption mowers ........................................................................................171 Table 80 improvement potential mowers ....................................................................................172 Table 81 improvement potential mowers output data per type mower.........................................172 Table 82 BTS market...................................................................................................................176 Table 83 BTS specific energy consumption per type......................................................................177 Table 84 BTS energy consumption...............................................................................................178 Table 85 improvement potential BTS...........................................................................................178 Table 86 Data centre Market.......................................................................................................180 Table 87 Summary of energy savings potential .............................................................................183 Table 88 improvement potential server / storage / power conversion equipment..........................183 Table 89 Market taps and showerheads.......................................................................................186 Table 90 Ecotapware market taps and showerheads ...................................................................186 Table 91 Ecotapware stock taps and showerheads .......................................................................187 Table 92 Ecotapware product life taps and showerheads ..............................................................187 Table 93 taps and showerheads usage taps and showerheads.......................................................187 Table 94 improvement potential taps and showerheads...............................................................188 Table 95 energy consumption and improvement potential toilets .................................................190 Table 96 market of water heaters (may include electric kettles)....................................................192 Table 97 improvement potential electric kettles...........................................................................193 Table 98 Apparent consumption and production POS and ATM equipment ...................................194 Table 99 Sales and stock of point-of-sale equipment (POS) ...........................................................194 Table 100 Sales and stock of automatic teller equipment (ATM)....................................................195 Table 101 Energy input data for POS equipment ..........................................................................195 Table 102 Energy input data for ATM equipment .........................................................................195 Table 103 Usage input data for ATM equipment ..........................................................................196 Table 104 Overview of energy calculation POS and ATM equipment..............................................196 Table 105: Steam boiler fossil fuel energy conversion technologies ..............................................198 10
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 106 Prodcom data for steam boiler equipment (production only) ........................................199 Table 107 Energy consumption of steam production in several industries......................................200 Table 108 Energy saving for steam boiler equipment per sector....................................................200 Table 109 Sales and stock of hot tubs etc. ....................................................................................203 Table 110 Different types of sauna's............................................................................................205 Table 111 Sauna stock (Finland) ..................................................................................................206 Table 112 Sauna stock - Finland and Germany..............................................................................206 Table 113 Energy consumption of electric sauna's........................................................................207 Table 114 Power consumption electric sauna's ............................................................................207 Table 115 Overview of energy calculation sauna's ........................................................................208 Table 116 Prodcom data for escalators and moving walkways (app. consumption).........................209 Table 117: Elevator market statistics ...........................................................................................209 Table 118: Sales of escalators 2008 .............................................................................................210 Table 119 Sales and stock of escalators and elevators...................................................................210 Table 120 Overview of energy consumption of elevators and escalators........................................211 Table 121 Prodcom data for sales of non-domestic hot beverage equipment (production only)......214 Table 122 Stock of non-domestic hot beverage equipment...........................................................214 Table 123 Overview energy consumption of non-domestic hot beverage equipment .....................215 Table 124 Estimation of traffic lights based on UK figures .............................................................218 The power consumption is in the order of Table 125 Traffic lights in UK.......................................219 Table 126 Energy consumption of traffic lights in the UK ..............................................................219 Table 127 Energy consumption of traffic lights extrapolated to the EU27.......................................219 Table 128 Prodcom data for various logistics equipment (app. consumption) ................................221 Table 129 Prodcom data for heating controls (app. consumption) .................................................223 Table 130 Energy input data for heating controls .........................................................................224 Table 131 Energy saving by heating controls ................................................................................225 Table 132 Overview of heating control energy saving ...................................................................226 Table 133 Stock (and saving potential ) of lighting control systems.................................................229 Table 134 Overview of lighting control system energy savings.......................................................229 Table 135 Prodcom data for various medical equipment (production only) ....................................231 Table 136 Prodcom data for various medical equipment (apparent consumption) .........................232 Table 137 Overview of 'medical' buildings....................................................................................233 Table 138 Stock of MRI equipment in selected EU countries .........................................................235 Table 139 Overview of energy calculation of medical equipment (total minus COCIR = remaining energy consumption)..................................................................................................................236 Table 140 Energy improvement potential of 'other' medical equipment ........................................238 11
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 141 Market and stock of mobile phones .............................................................................239 Table 142 Stock of mobile (smart) phones ...................................................................................239 Table 143 CO2 emissions and energy consumption of mobile phones............................................241 Table 144 Split up of mobile phone stock .....................................................................................242 Table 145 Energy consumption per mobile phone type.................................................................242 Table 146 Overview of mobile phone energy calculation ..............................................................242 Table 147: Technologies for humidifiers ......................................................................................244 Table 148 Prodcom data for humidifiers ......................................................................................245 Table 149: Energy data for selected humidifier technologies .........................................................245 Table 150 Calculation of humidifier energy demand for two sectors ..............................................246 Table 151 Swimming pool filter characteristics.............................................................................248 Table 152 Energy consumption of (Mid/Northern) European swimming pools ...............................249 Table 153 Costs of (Mid/Northern) European swimming pools ......................................................249 Table 154 Prodcom descriptions of personal care products...........................................................251 Table 155 Prodcom data for hair dryers (app. consumption) .........................................................253 Table 156 Energy input data for hair dryers..................................................................................253 Table 157 Basis for energy calculation - households .....................................................................253 Table 158 Energy calculation for hair dryers .................................................................................253 Table 159 Prodcom data for shavers............................................................................................254 Table 160 Energy input data for shavers ......................................................................................254 Table 161 Energy consumption of shavers ...................................................................................254 Table 162 Prodcom data for tooth brushes (assumed electric and non-electric) .............................254 Table 163 Energy input data for electric tooth brushes .................................................................255 Table 164 Stock data for electric tooth brushes............................................................................255 Table 165 Total energy consumption for tooth brushes ................................................................255 Table 166 Prodcom data for electric blankets (app. consumption).................................................255 Table 167 Energy input data for electric blankets .........................................................................255 Table 168 Basis for stock electric blankets....................................................................................256 Table 169 Stock of electric blankets.............................................................................................256 Table 170 Energy consumption of electric blankets ......................................................................256 Table 171 Basis for stock of water beds .......................................................................................256 Table 172 Energy consumption of stock of water beds .................................................................256 Table 173 Overview of personal care products.............................................................................257 Table 174: Product groups of the Ecodesign policy process matched with Prodcom .......................261 Table 175 Inputs for assessment of costs related to purchase and energy......................................294
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
List of Figures Figure 1: Copy of article 2, item 1 of Directive 2009/125/EC........................................................... 20 Figure 2: Explanation of scope of former and current Ecodesign Directive ...................................... 21 Figure 3: Method for Task 2.2 ...................................................................................................... 30 Figure 4: Ecodesign policy process................................................................................................ 32 Figure 5: Hierarchy in product group definitions............................................................................ 35 Figure 7: Electricity production - conversion to end-use................................................................. 51 Figure 8: Electrici ty - conversion to end-use .................................................................................. 51 Figure 9: Heating fuels - conversion to end-use ............................................................................. 52 Figure 10: Energy carriers - conversion to end-use......................................................................... 54 Figure 11: Ecodesign coverage..................................................................................................... 54 Figure 12 Graph of indicative saving potential per product group ................................................... 76 Figure 13 Sales of mobile agricultural equipment .......................................................................... 85 Figure 14 Stock of agricultural equipment..................................................................................... 86 Figure 15 Energy consumption of mobile agricultural equipment ................................................... 87 Figure 16 Reference and improvement scenario energy consumption of mobile agricultural machinery................................................................................................................................... 89 Figure 17 Hydrostatic drive mechanism ....................................................................................... 92 Figure 18 Sales of mobile construction equipment ........................................................................ 92 Figure 19 Stock of mobile construction machinery......................................................................... 93 Figure 20 Energy consumption of mobile construction machinery.................................................. 94 Figure 21 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of mobile construction machinery................................................................................................................................... 95 Figure 22 Sales of electric power tools.......................................................................................... 99 Figure 23 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of handheld power tools......102 Figure 24 Farm holdings by size ...................................................................................................106 Figure 25 Energy consumption of US farms, by fuel and by application..........................................107 Figure 26 Dairy farm energy consumption per application ............................................................107 Figure 27 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of stationary agricultural equipment .................................................................................................................................108 Figure 28 Mining output per region, Euromines presentation .......................................................111 Figure 29 EU Mining output approximation..................................................................................111 Figure 30 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of stationary construction machinery..................................................................................................................................112 Figure 31 Indication of stock of small fans per application.............................................................114 13
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 32 Indication of energy consumpti on of small fan applications............................................116 Figure 33 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of small fans .......................117 Figure 34 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of blowers ..........................120 Figure 35 Indication of energy consumption of HT fans per application .........................................123 Figure 36 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of high temperature fans.....124 Figure 37 Positive displacement pump categorisation...................................................................126 Figure 38 Industrial pump energy consumption per application ....................................................128 Figure 39 Overview of (positive displacement) pump technologies................................................131 Figure 40 Sales of mobile power generating sets ..........................................................................133 Figure 41 Stock of mobile power generating sets..........................................................................134 Figure 42 Energy consumption of mobile power generating sets ...................................................134 Figure 42 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of mobile power generators.136 Figure 44 Contribution to primary energy for various buildings and components ...........................140 Figure 45 Relative environmental improvement potential per building type and measure ..............142 Figure 43 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of thermal insulation products .................................................................................................................................................144 Figure 47 Performance of glazing in windows...............................................................................148 Figure 48 Overview of energy flows in typical building..................................................................150 Figure 44 left lawn mower, right riding mower.............................................................................169 Figure 45 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of mowers ..........................172 Figure 51 Left, Base transceiver station (BTS), right base station controller (BSC) ...........................174 Figure 47 Overview base station in context..................................................................................175 Figure 53 Speed of various generations of mobile data traffic.......................................................175 Figure 54 GSM and UMTS stations in the Netherlands from 3rd Q. 2005 to 1st Q. 2011. ...................176 Figure 56 estimation of EU stock of base stations.........................................................................177 Figure 48 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of base station subsystems ..178 Figure 57 Improvement potential in TWh.....................................................................................179 Figure 49 Stock of servers ...........................................................................................................181 Figure 50 Typical Data Centre......................................................................................................181 Figure 51 Power consumption of data centres in 2006..................................................................182 Figure 61 Energy consumption of data centres.............................................................................183 Figure 52 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of taps and showerheads .....189 Figure 53 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of POS and ATM equipment.197 Figure 68 indicative range of uses and sizes of ENER lot 20 and ENER lot 21...................................205 Figure 55 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of elevators, escalators and moving walkways .......................................................................................................................212 14
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 70 Sales of non-domestic hot beverage equipment ............................................................214 Figure 71 Japanese top runner values for hot beverage equipment...............................................215 Figure 56 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of non-domestic hot b everage equipment .................................................................................................................................216 Figure 57 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of heating controls ..............226 Figure 74 Example of lighting control - daylight adaptive system...................................................229 Figure 58 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of lighting controls ..............230 Figure 76 Breakdown of hospital energy consumption per application ..........................................232 Figure 77 Market penetration mobile phones ..............................................................................239 Figure 77 Market penetration mobile 'smart' phones ...................................................................240 Figure 59 CO2 emissions I phone 4 2010
Figure 60 CO2 emissions 2008, total 3,8 ....................241
Figure 64 Stock of swimming pools ..............................................................................................248 Figure 66 Swimming pool equipment...........................................................................................249 Figure 65 Breakdown of swimming pool energy consumption.......................................................250 Figure 54 Energy loss swimming pools indoor and outdoor and type of pool covers .......................251 Figure 81 Overview of compressor energy consumption (from source to terminal equipment) and of compressors ..............................................................................................................................258 Figure 82 Energy consumption of farms, by fuel and application ...................................................293
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The objective of this study is to provide the background information and analysis which will allow the Commission to establish an amended Working Plan under the Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC. This amended Ecodesign Working Plan will set out, for the years 2012-2014, a list of energy-related product groups which are considered priorities for the adoption of implementing measures under the Ecodesign Directive. The study contributes to this aim by identifying some 25 energy related product groups, ranked by environmental improvement potential. This final ranking was realised by completing four tasks. In Task 1 the background and context of the study have been described and the methodology for performing the study explained. The definition of energy-related products was provided and its implications were discussed. Another important element of this Task has been the enabling of stakeholder participation. For this purpose a study website (www.ecodesign-wp2.eu) was launched through which stakeholders could indicate their interest in participation and through which they could download relevant documents. In Task 2 a list of energy-related product groups was created. First, the overall list of economic activities in the European Community, the Prodcom 2009 list, was reduced from 3902 product categories to XXX categories by excluding the non energy-related products. The remaining list of product categories was further reduced to XXX categories by removing those categories of products that are already (or shortly will be) dealt with by Ecodesign policies 1. The remaining product categories will form the basis of an market analysis in Task 3. The list of Prodcom categories however was not suited as a format for identifying product groups. Therefore, in a separate approach an assessment was made of energy flows in the EU, from energy carrier, through conversion process, to final product. This assessment showed that a limited number of archetypical product functions can be held responsible for the majority of energy consumption. It showed that a product function approach is well suited to structure a grouping of energy-related products, both actively energy using products as well as that only indirectly affect energy consumption. A third learning element was provided by the assessment of product group descriptions as applied in the first Working Plan study. This analysis showed that although a complete sectorial approach is suboptimal there still are good grounds to discern at least ‘primary/secondary’ and ‘tertiary/domestic’ applications for equipment. Using these lessons a suggestion for a final list of product groups was created. In this list the product groups already dealt with by Ecodesign policy process were again identified. In Task 3 the product groups resulting from Task 2 have been subject of an energy analysis, focusing on the current and projected energy consumption of the product group and indicating the energy savings potential in coming years, assuming a feasible implementation of improved products. For direct energy-using products the saving potential refers to possible savings resulting from improvement of the overall energy efficiency of the product group. For indirect energy-related products (that do not actively consume energy themselves) the savings relate to a reduction of energy consumption of related energy-using products achieved by improvement, or increased use, of the indirect energy-related products. The highest saving potential was identified for the indirect energy-related product group 'thermal insulation products for buildings' (> 1000 PJ in 2030).
1
In this study "policies" are both Implementing Measures such as Regulations, as well as Voluntary Agreements.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
1
TASK 1 - STUDY DEFINITION
1.1 1.1.1
Background Introduction
It is generally acknowledged that energy-using products account directly or indirectly for a large proportion of the consumption of natural resources and energy in the Union and that they contribute to significant environmental impacts on air, water and soil. The best moment to address these impacts is during the design phase of products, since the pollution caused during the products' life cycle is often determined at that stage. Considering at the design stage a product's environmental impact over its life cycle has a high potential to facilitate improved environmental performance in a cost-effective way. Therefore the Council and the European Parliament adopted in 2005 the Directive 2005/32/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-using products. Article 16 of that Directive called for the establishment of a Working Plan, which sets out an indicative list of product groups which are considered priorities for the adoption of implementing measures under the Ecodesign Directive. For this purpose a study was conducted to provide the background information and analysis for the establishment of the Commission's Working Plan. The final report of this study, published on 6 December 2007, presented a list of 57 energy-using product groups, based on Prodcom categories, that were considered to represent the highest environmental impact and provided the l argest potential for improvement. On 21 October 2008 the Commission adopted the Working Plan (COM 2008(660)) setting out, for the next three years (2009-2011), an indicative list of energy-using products which will be considered in priority for the adoption of implementing measures 2. Nine of the ten categories listed were present in the shortlist of 57 product groups, the tenth group (water-using products) was added on initiative of the Commission and the Consultation Forum. Before the adoption of the Working Plan, a period referred to as "transitional period", preparatory studies were started on the basis of earlier/related studies 3 (ao. ECCP and Energy Label studies). Nineteen preparatory studies were issued during this Transitional Period. The other preparatory studies (from October 2008 onwards) are mostly based on the first Working Plan. In 2009 the Commission put forward a proposal to enlarge the scope of the Ecodesign Directive to include energy-related products. In 2009 the Council and the European Parliament adopted this recast of the Ecodesign Directive (Directive 2009/125/EC establishing a framework for the setting of ecodesign requirements for energy-related products). A similar exercise was conducted for the recast of the Energy Labelling Directive. Like the former the new Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC asked for the establishment of a Working Plan (through article 16 of that Directive) that should take into account the enlarged scope. For this purpose the Commission launched a study of which the underlying report is the deliverable.
1.1.2
Aim & Context
Aim The aim of the study is to provide the Commission and the Consultation Forum with the necessary background information and analysis in order to allow the Commission to establish an amended 2 3
This is regulated in Article 16(1) of Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC During the transitional period nineteen (19) preparatory studies were started
18
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Working Plan which sets out an indicative list of (energy-related) product groups which are considered priorities for the adoption of implementing measures. The study will present a ranking of product groups according to the environmental improvement potential and a full description of how this ranking was achieved. Throughout the study stakeholder participation is crucial. The study will allow for a two-way information exchange through the study website4 and by organising two stakeholder meetings. Context The study is embedded in a series of initiatives to improve the resource efficiency and reduce the environmental impacts caused by operations that underpin the economy of the Union. Improving the environmental performance of products (while maintaining their functional qualities) is part of the 'Community Strategy on Integrated Product Policy'5. The broader context is embedded in the Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan 6 of July 2008, the Action Plan on Energy Efficiency 7 and the ECCP8, which are or have been aimed at reducing environmental impacts of activities, combatting climate change, increasing security of (energy) supply and reducing import dependency, increase efficient use of resources and enhancing the costeffectiveness of the economy of the Union. The environmental goals of the Union have been identified by Decision 1600/2002 on the Sixth Community Environmental Action Programme. The consideration of life cycle impacts also contributes to the possible reduction of other environmental impacts, besides those related to energy consumption. In addition to these larger goals there are also direct legal requirements establishing the need for an amended Working Plan: -
the first Working Plan under Directive 2005/32/EC covered the years 2009-2011. The Directive 2009/125/EC following Article 16 requires a Working Plan for the period 2012-2014;
-
the amended Working Plan should reflect the enlargement of the scope of the Directive from energy-using to energy-related products;
-
the Commission has gained experience through performing preparatory studies and setting up implementing measures: at this moment (December 2010) there are at least 32 different studies, 11 of which have resulted in Regulations9, and 1 has resulted in a Voluntary Agreement, the rest is on-going. These experiences need to be taken into account by the amended Working Plan;
1.1.3
Scope of the study
The scope of the study is equal to the scope of products covered by the recast Ecodesign Directive. According 2009/125/EC Article 2, item 1, 'Energy-related product' (ErP) means:
4
www.ecodesign-wp2.eu/feedback.htm See website of DG Environment: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ipp/ 6 COM(2008)397 final, referring to SEC(2008)2110 and SEC(2008)2111 7 COM(2008) 397 final of 16 July 2008 8 See website of DG CLIMA: http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/eccp/index_en.htm 9 The Regulation for 'Fans' (part of Lot 11) is very close to adoption, which will increase the number of Regulations to 12 in total. 5
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Figure 1: Copy of article 2, item 1 of Directive 2009/125/EC According Article 1, item 3, the Directive shall not apply to means of transport for persons or goods. For the purpose of this study the definition of Energy-related products and the implicit or explicit exclusions are explained below. Note that these are interpretations by the study authors, and therefore do not bear legal implications (see disclaimer). "any good" refers to goods traded within the Union market. According the "Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods"10 the range of goods covered is as wide as the range of goods in existence, so long as they have economic value: ‘by goods, within the meaning of the … Treaty, there must be understood products which can be valued in money and which are capable, as such, of forming the subject of commercial transactions’ .For the study this means there are no explicit restrictions in size, complexity or transportability of ErP as long as they can be subject of commercial transactions in the Union as intended above. "that has an impact on" is interpreted as addressing products that have an effect on energy consumption of the product itself and/or of other energy-using products during use of the energyrelated product. This study will refer to such products as indicated in the figure below:
Scope Ecodesign Directive 2005/32/EC (repealed)
yes
yes
"direct ErP" (former "EuP")
no
"indirect ErP"
does it consume energy itself?
i s product energy-related?
Scope Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC (current)
no
10
outside scope
Free movement of goods - Guide to the application of Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods. ISBN 978-92-79-13478-4 (Publications Office)
20
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 2: Explanation of scope of former and current Ecodesign Directive Clarification of the figure above: "direct ErP" are energy-related products that consume energy themselves during use of the products. These products are usually connected to the power grid, a fuel source, battery or other form of energy supply. Main examples are electric appliances, self-propelling machinery, etc. Some products that consume energy during use, may have a much greater energy impact on other direct ErP. Typical examples of these products are variable speed drives (VSD's), electronic controls, sensors, daylight controls on lighting etc. These direct ErP were covered under the scope of the former Ecodesign Directive 2005/32/EC as "energyusing products". "indirect ErP" are products that do not consume energy themselves during their use, but indirectly affect the energy consumption of other ErPs. These products are in general related to energy losses within a system (ie. heat losses, friction losses). Increased use, or improved energy performance of these ErPs, would lead to energy savings within the larger energy system it forms part of. Examples are as provided in the recitals of the Directive: thermal insulation, glazing, taps and showerheads, but also bearings, gears and filters can be considered indirect ErP. Indirect ErP were not covered by the former Ecodesign Directive, but together with direct ErP, the indirect ErP are now covered under the current Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC ("energy-related products and remaining energy-using products"). Therefore direct and indirect ErP are all now covered under the scope of the current Ecodesign Directive 2009/125/EC ("energy-related products and remaining energy-using products"). "Energy consumption" is interpreted according the former Ecodesign Directive 2005/32/EC as consumption of either electrical, fossil or renewable 11 energy; "during use" is interpreted as the 'use-phase' of the energy-related product. Energy consumption in other lifecycle phases (e.g. manufacturing, distribution or end-of-life) is not decisive for the identification of "energy-related" products; "(first) placing on the market" and/or "put into service" are defined in the Directive 12. The practical interpretation holds that second-hand products are exempted. Waste products (not re-use or recycled products placed onto the market) are also exempted. The 'putting into service' concept means that requirements may be set for products that need intervention (installation, assembly, etc.) by the manufacturer or mandated entities, before being put into service. "environmental performance ... assessed independently" means that given environmental aspects of the products should allow independent assessment 13. Examples of environmental aspects are for instance the 'power consumption (in Watt)' for certain operational modes, or the establishment of an 'energy efficiency index (EEI)' as calculated on the basis of product test results and a calculation methodology. The table below gives a examples of environmental aspects as applied in current Ecodesign Regulations:
11
According Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources Article 2(a) energy from renewable sources’ means energy from renewable non-fossil sources, namely wind, solar, aerothermal, geothermal, hydrothermal and ocean energy, hydropower, biomass, landfill gas, sewage treatment plant gas and biogases;
12
"According Article 2 of Directive 2009/125/EC "Placing on the market" means making a product available for the first time on the Community market with a view to its distribution or use within the Community, whether for reward or free of charge and irrespective of the selling technique. 13 "Environmental performance" is defined as the manufacturers management of the environmental aspects of the product.
21
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 1: Environmental aspects as concluded from current legislation Regulation
Environmental aspect (examples)
Regulation 1275/2008 on standby/off-mode
"power consumption" in various modes
Regulation 107/2009 on simple set top boxes
"power consumption" in various modes
Regulation 244/2009 on general (non-directional) lighting
"maximum rated power for a given rated luminous flux"
14
Regulation 245/2009 on high intensity discharge and fluorescent light bulbs
"rated minimum efficacy values" (lm/W)
Regulation 278/2009 on external power supplies
average "active efficiency" and "power consumption"
Regulation 640/2009 on electric motors
"nominal minimum efficiency"
Regulation 641/2009 on circulators
"energy efficiency index EEI" as calculated for specific operating conditions
Regulation 642/2009 on televisions
"energy efficiency index EEI" as calculated for specific operating conditions / providing a defined performance
Regulation 643/2009 on domestic refrigerators and freezers
"energy efficiency index EEI" as established by method in Annex
Regulation 1015/2010 on domestic washing machines
"energy efficiency index EEI"
"mercury content (mg)"
"washing efficiency index" "water consumption (l/cycle)" as established by method in Annex Regulation 1016/2010 on domestic dishwashers
"energy efficiency index EEI" "cleaning efficiency index" "drying efficiency index" as established by method in Annex
The environmental aspects in the examples above can be independently assessed, ie. using technical standards and/or measures that describe which product characteristics to measure, the conditions during measurement and the methodology (including calculations if needed) to establish the value of the performance. From these examples it is clear that although an environmental aspect is related to improved energy efficiency and thus energy saving, the aspect is not necessarily a measure for 'how much energy is saved while the appliance is in use'. Extending this rationale to ErP means that for instance for
14
Amended by Regulation 347/2009
22
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) thermal insulation materials the R-value15 could be an environmental aspect of the material since existing technical standards describe how the R-value should be established, independent of its final application in a building. From the above it becomes clear that the definition of the environmental aspect and the (in)dependency of the assessment are linked. Means of transport for persons or goods are excluded The scope of the Directive "does not apply to means of transport for persons and goods" (Article 1, item 3 of Directive 2009/125/EC). The term 'means of transport' is not further defined in the Directive so for the purpose of this study it is further explained. For this study 'means of transport for persons or goods' is understood as equipment which primary function is to transport persons or goods, and is interpreted the same way as in the previous study for the first Working Plan (2007), which corresponds to the scope excluded from the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. This means that excluded from the scope of this study are: • • • •
agricultural / forestry tractors; motor vehicles (cars, buses, motorcycles, etc. and trucks); vehicles for competition; means of transport by air, water and rails.
This leaves within the scope of this study other 'mobile equipment'. This equipment can be selfpropelled, be towed or be placed upon / incorporated into previously mentioned types of equipment. Such equipment can be categorised per sector: • • •
agri- and horticultural equipment (harvesters, dispersers, mowers etc.); mining, quarrying, road works and other construction equipment (excavators, dozers, etc.) miscellaneous "non-road" equipment (ie. forklifts, mobile lifting platforms);
Self-propelled 16 equipment can be split-up into "ride-on" and "hand guided' equipment. Therefore, included in the scope is equipment meant to be towed (like various agricultural machines) and all equipment mounted on/incorporated into these means of transport (hoists, cranes, winches, etc.). If the equipment is not self-propelled or not designed to be towed by self propelled equipment, i.e. it is designed to be carried by hand, it is considered to be "handheld equipment". Note that conveyor belts, escalators, elevators, cableways and the likes are not considered means of transport since they remain stationary. They are 'machines' rather than 'means of transport' even if they are primarily used for moving p ersons or goods. Water-using products are included Water-using products have been included in the study insofar as the products meet the scope of the Directive: They have to meet the definition of an energy-related product. For the study this means that products that handle for example heated water or pressurised water are included17. Simple products that guide for instance naturally flowing water (gullies, rainwater pipes) are exempted.
15
The R-value is a measure of thermal resistance used in the building and construction industry. Under uniform conditions it is the ratio of the temperature difference across an insulator and the heat flux (heat transfer per unit area, QA) through it or R = ?T/ QA. It is also expressed as the thickness of the material divided by the thermal conductivity.
16
“Self-propelled’ is a term taken from Prodcom descriptions of moving equipment, here used as a suitable way to discern ‘means of transport’ from handheld equipment. 17 "Water using products" are included in the first Working Plan (COM(2008)660 final.
23
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Food/beverages/etc. are excluded Many animal and plant-based products (foodstuffs, beverages, plant extracts, herbs and spices) were exempted from the study as they do not fit the scope of the Directive and the definitions therein: The Directive clearly intends to cover fabricated products, consisting of 'parts, components and assemblies' which clearly is not directed towards products intended for consumption (Directive Article 2, item 1 and 2). In case animal-/plant-based products do fit the scope and the definitions (e.g. plant or animal based thermal insulation has an influence on energy consumption during use) the category is included. 1.1.4
Energy & Environmental Analysis
The study will consider not only energy aspects of products but also the broader environmental aspects. This broader analysis is limited to a selection of product groups and is conducted in Task 4. The need for a broader environmental analysis recognises the fact that the Ecodesign Directive gives the Commission the mandate to address significant environmental aspects of the energy-related products through potential measures, and that energy-saving measures should not introduce (or excessively increase) other environmental problems. The environmental analysis will be based on the MEEuP Ecoreport methodology18, which takes into account the impacts identified in the 6 th Environmental Action Programme Decision No 1600/2002/EC. The Directive distinguishes the following environmental impacts: 1) Resource use: a) materials input (g) b) primary energy (GER MJ) of which electricity (MJ primary) c) process water (ltr) d) cooling water (ltr) 2) Waste production: a) non-hazardous (g); b) hazardous (g); 3) Emissions to air: a) greenhouse gases (kgCO2 eq.); b) ozone depletion potential (mg R11 eq.); c) acidification potential (g SO2 eq.); d) volatile organic compounds (VOC, g); e) persistent organic pollutants (ng i -Teq.); f) heavy metals (mg Ni eq.); g) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (mg Ni eq.); h) particulate matter ( PM, g); 4) Emissions to water: a) heavy metals (mg Hg/20 eq); b) eutrophication (g PO4); c) persistent organic pollutants (ng i -Teq.).
18
See: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/ecodesign/methodology/index_en.htm
24
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The Ecoreport tool includes the above impacts, excluding air emissions with ozone depletion potential (no significant emissions any more) and emissions of persistent organic pollutants to water (no data). 1.1.5
Criteria for implementing measures
The Ecodesign Directive lays down criteria for implementing measures to be developed: The product group must show a significant volume of sales and trade, significant impacts on the EU environment and significant potential for improvement (without excessive costs for parties involved). The assessment of these aspects is the domain of the preparatory studies. The underlying study will however seek to retrieve such information only in order to establish a comparative ranking of product groups. The underlying study will not provide the basis upon which the decision to set up implementing measures should be taken. 1.1.6
First Working Plan
Article 16 of the (first) Ecodesign Directive (2005/32/EC) required the setting up of a Working Plan. For this purpose a study was conducted to provide the Commission and the Consultation Forum with the necessary background information. This study ran from 2006 to 2007 and the final report was presented in December 2007 The first Working Plan study presented a list of 57 product groups from which the priority product groups could be selected. The Commission presented the Working Plan, including a list of priority groups, on 21 October 2008 This priority list described 10 product groups, 9 of which were described by the first Working Plan study, the tenth group (covering water-using products) was added by the Commission after consulting the Consultation Forum. The study will take i nto account the work done in the previous study (for the first Working Plan19).
1.1.7
Product groups covered by the Ecodesign policy process
In order to avoid possible parallel studies on the s ame or similar product groups, and apply resources where they are most effective, this study will not include products in its ranking that are already covered by existing measures, voluntary agreements of for which studies are on-going (or only recently finalised). 1.1.8
Voluntary Initiatives
The 2009 Ecodesign Directive acknowledges the potential role of Voluntary Agreements or other selfregulatory measures as alternatives to implementing measures (Article 17). The Directive lists the specific criteria such Voluntary Agreements must fulfil. Voluntary agreements have been developed for product groups that have been or are currently studied. Examples of the former includes the Voluntary Agreement for imaging equipment and the Code of Conduct for (complex) set top boxes. Examples of the latter are the developments regarding medical imaging equipment (ultrasound, MRI scanners etc.) and machine tools. For the underlying study this means that also these product groups h ave been taken into account while identifying remaining energy-related products.
19
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/sustainable-business/documents/eco-design/working-plan/index_en.htm
25
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 1.1.9
Action Plan/ Energy Labelling
In July 2008 the Commission presented its Communication Action Plan for Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy 20. The 'Conclusions and Roadmap' section lists the accompanying actions: -
proposal for extension of the Ecodesign Directive;
-
proposal for the Revision of the Ecolabel Regulation;
-
proposal for the Revision of the EMAS Regulation;
-
communication on Green Public Procurement;
-
proposal for the revision of the Energy Labelling Directive;
-
proposal for a Regulation for an Environmental Technology Verification scheme 21
The underlying study will in Task 4 take into account the scope of products applied in these other policy measures (Energy labelling, Ecolabelling, Green Procurement, etc.). 1.1.10 Other (Union) legislation and policies In Task 4 the list of product groups (that have undergone a preliminary and elaborate analysis) will be scrutinised against existing and forthcoming (as far as known) legislative measures and policies. This step will make e xplicit where (international) action on products has been taken and where such actions lacks within the Union. It will also make more explicit where overlaps or synergetic effects may occur. Such information will strengthen the proposal for the final ranking of products; taking into account the appropriateness of applying legislation on the products. 1.2
Stakeholders
The European Commission has taken upon itself the responsibility to consult as wide a range of stakeholders as necessary before proposing new legislation or new policy initiatives. S takeholder participation is considered crucial for a correct, transparent and open study process In general terms 'stakeholders' are "any person or organisation with an interest in or affected by EU legislation and policymaking"22. In this study persons or organisations are considered a stakeholder if they:
20
-
are involved in production, distribution of or importing energy-related products (including SME's and the crafts sector);
-
represent consumer organisations or environmental organisations (NGO's) active i n the field of energy-related products;
-
represent a Member State or a national surveillance authority involved in the regulation of energy-related products;
-
are an organisation or individual expert involved in other studies regarding energy-related products, in particular if tendered by Commission services;
COM(2008) 397 final - Communication from the Commission to the European parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Sustainable Consumption and Production and Sustainable Industrial Policy Action Plan.
21
The EU Environmental Technologies Verification (ETV) pre-programme – involving participants on a voluntary basis – will generate independent and credible information on new environmental technologies, by verifying the performance claims put forward by technology vendors. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/etv/index.htm 22 http://europa.eu/abc/eurojargon/index_en.htm
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) -
are other stakeholders.
For the purpose of this study a website has been set up (www.ecodesign-wp2.eu) through which stakeholders can register themselves and be informed about the progress and results of the study. The website: -
provides information on the study background, methodology, means of stakeholder participation, available documents (study reports and materials for meetings)
-
downloading of draft reports (no registration needed), list of stakeholders and other related material;
-
registration as stakeholder - the registrant will receive emails about updates of the website. Government officials will not be indicated in this public list.
-
feedback - stakeholders are invited to submit comments on (draft) reports or other study material through a feedback form.
During the study two stakeholder meetings are foreseen, which will allow a direct exchange of views, providing better insight in the methodology and progress of the study. 1.3
Methodology
As discussed under section 1.1.1 the aim of the study is to rank energy-related product groups according environmental impact. Tasks The study is split up into four main tasks: 1. The first task is generic and requires describing the study background, preparing for stakeholder participation (this includes the website and organisation of two stakeholder meetings) and reporting. 2. The second task focuses on producing a list of product groups that are identified as energyrelated products. The starting point for this list will be the Prodcom product categories. These product groups will first be selected according their coverage by current and completed studies/measures. The enlargement of the scope compared to the previous first Working Plan will also be made visible. The final aim of Task 2 is to provide a list of energyrelated product groups, suggesting product group descriptions that can be used as initial scope of future preparatory studies. A check of product descriptions as used by the Prodcom categories against other descriptions or product definitions as used in the first study for the Working Plan will be provided. 3. The third task involves the description of the market volume, energy consumption and energy improvement potential of the energy-related products. The list of Prodcom categories will be aligned with Comext (CN823) product categories, to allow calculation of sales & trade (Task 3). Besides the assessment of market and stock, the average use patterns, average energy consumption and an indication of costs associated with energy improvement potential shall be described. Based on this a ranking will be applied of which 25 product groups will be chosen for further assessment. Parallel to this a thorough reconsideration of the Prodcom/CN8 product categories will be provided, since the Prodcom categories do not necessarily constitute the best description (definition) of the product groups for which future preparatory studies will be performed.
23
CN8 refers to "Combined Nomenclature at 8 digit level", a list of economic transactions for products across the EU borders.
27
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4. The fourth task involves a more elaborate environmental analysis of the 25 product groups identified in the previous task taking non-energy consumption aspects into consideration. Furthermore, an analysis of current and future legislation or initiatives (both voluntary and mandatory, intra and extra EU) will be conducted. The combined environmental and political assessment will result in a final ranking of product groups. The identification of product groups will initially be based on the product categories described in Prodcom 2009. However, the study will employ in Task 2 an additional route for identification of relevant product groups, based on a pragmatic approach of considering the largest energy flows and identification of potentially successful improvement options. These options do not necessarily have to be linked to product groups, but may also apply to larger systems of product groups across categories. The task reports, the two stakeholder meetings and the feedback received, will provide the Commission with the relevant background information and analysis needed to set out an amended Working Plan (in collaboration with the Consultation Forum). Planning The study will run for a period of 12 months. During this period the consultant will organise in collaboration with the Commission Services two stakeholder meetings in order to present the interim and (draft) final results and receive stakeholder feedback. An indicative planning is given below. Table 2: Indicative Planning Date (indicative)
Description Task/Result
Nov 2010
Project start Launch website www.ecodesign-wp2.eu
Feb 2011
Draft report Task 1-2 preliminary results Task 3
Mar 2011
1st stakeholder meeting
May 2011
Draft report Task 1-3
Jul 2011
Draft final report Task 1-4
Sep 2011
2nd Stakeholder meeting
Oct 2011
Final report Task 1-4
The website will remain accessible after the study has been finalised, at least until the second Working Plan is adopted. The website is: www.ecodesign-wp2.eu.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
2
TASK 2 - LIST OF PRODUCT GROUPS
2.1 2.1.1
Introduction Aim
In this task 2 a list of energy-related product groups, excluding those product groups dealt with in the first Working Plan for 2009-2011 and the products groups studied in the transitional period (the transitional product groups as listed in Annex II of the Working Plan 2009-2011), will be suggested. Consideration will be given to classification into categories most suitable for the study and the work that will follow the study. 2.1.2
Method
The creation of the list of product groups follows three steps, the experiences of which will guide the creation of this list. The first step is based upon the list of Prodcom 2009 product categories. The original Prodcom list is first reduced by exempting non energy-related product categories and second by exempting product categories that are dealt with by the Ecodesign policy processes (e.g. on-going preparatory studies, Commission working documents, (proposals for) Ecodesign Regulations and Voluntary Agreements). The studies following the first Working Plan and remaining product groups are also considered. This step results in a list of product groups which are within scope for further study, categorised according Prodcom categories (see section 2.2 and Annex 5 of this report - separately attached). The drawback of this approach is that it is very much centred on economic sectors, whereas ecodesign might be very effective in horizontal product approaches that apply across sectors. Therefore a second step, based on primary product functions, is applied following a top-down energy analysis using energy accounting. This step provides a basis for grouping of products according primary functions (section 2.3). The third step is an assessment of the product group descriptions as applied in the first Working Plan study. Maintaining similar groups or describing new products groups is discussed and gives guidance to an improved structure of the list of energy-related products (section 2.4). The three assessments are combined in the last section 2.5. On the basis of the conclusions drawn from these assessments a suggestion for a list of product groups is made. The list is structured in a table, making visible the hierarchy that exists in product group definitions. 2.2
First step – reducing the Prodcom list
The Prodcom list is essentially a database of 'economic activities' structured according product categories. The database presents per product category data on production - and for some product groups also import and export - expressed in value (euros) or quantities (kg or units), for each Member State, over multiple years and allows the EU to keep track of its economic activities inside the EU and across its borders. The economic activities may cover the placing of products on the market, but may also refer to activities (such as service and maintenance) that fall outside the scope of the Directive and this study (see scope section 1.1.3). This first step takes the Prodcom 2009 categorisation as the basis.
29
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) At its highest level of detail (group numbering using 8 digit) Prodcom 2009 uses 3900 product categories, with descriptions ranging from basic ores, to complex products like nuclear reactors and services like repair and maintenance of products. Of course not all of these 3900 product categories fit the scope of the Ecodesign Directive and this section explains how the products that fall outside the scope have been identified and exempted from further analysis. Section 1.1.3. describe the criteria on which basis activities are considered to be in- or outside the scope of the Directive and the study: The general approach is shown below: The list will first be reduced by selecting only the energyrelated products for further study ("STEP 1", section 2.2.1). In a second step the product categories that are not already covered by the Ecodesign policy process are then selected for further study ("STEP 2 a/b", section 2.2.2 and 2.2.3).
STEP 2a Studied / dealt with: - 204 STEP 1 Energy-related: = 1028
STEP 2b Not complete coverage: + 14 Remaining categories for study: = 838
Prodcom: 3902 Not energy-related: - 2872
Figure 3: Method for Task 2.2
2.2.1
Select energy-related products in Prodcom 2009
The non energy-related products have been identified by applying “exclusion-rules”, based on the definitions of ‘energy-related products’ according the Directive 2009/125/EC. The rules for exempting product categories are: 1. If the product is considered a ‘means of transport for persons or goods’, it is exempted; 2. If the product does not affect energy consumption (of the product or the system it is used in) during use of the product, it is exempted. This rule is applied with a broad interpretation of how energy consumption can be affected: Curtains are included since they can reduce energy consumption during the heating season, paint is included since some IR reflective paints can reduce the cooling load of buildings in summer. Some simple non-electric measuring devices of which no relation to energy use could be assumed were exempted;
30
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 3. If the product does not allow an independent assessment of environmental performance it is exempted. This rule is applied in general to Prodcom categories of which no environmental aspect could be envisaged. Especially the product categories describing “parts of …. (various equipment)” have been excluded since there is no information on what the function of the part is; The Directive also requires that in order to be considered an energy-related product, the product must be ‘placed on the market / put into service’. In practice, almost all product categories that appear in Prodcom can be considered to be placed on the market, since the list is meant to describe economic activities. After application of the ‘exclusion - rules’ the original Prodcom list of 3900 product categories was reduced to 1028 product categories. Some additional remarks regarding this assessment: Remarks 1) Product categories covering primary resources (raw materials, foodstuffs and other products from livestock and crops) and most basic chemical products (except washing detergents) are not considered energy-related products - see section 1.1.3 on definition of 'energy-related' etc.; 2) Product categories related to 'intermediate / semi-finished' products of wood, ceramic/mineral, metal and synthetic (plastics/rubbers) may be associated with energy-related products, but are not considered energy-related products since the final application is unknown. For example: Building envelope materials (e.g. window frames) are considered to be within scope, whereas most structural materials (e.g. wooden beams, steel girders) are considered to be outside the scope; 3) Product categories that contain both ‘powered’ and ‘passive’ versions of products (e.g. safety helmets with/without lights, bed matrass supports with/without motors for raising bed elements, etc.) are considered ‘not energy-related’ if it is to be expected that the overwhelming majority of products in the product category is not being an energy-related product. In Annex 5 the complete list of Prodcom categories is shown, indicating whether the category is considered energy-related or not. It is obvious that most of the 'new' energy-related products are 'indirect ErP', ie. they do not consume energy themselves, but mainly affect energy consumption of 'direct ErP'. Examples of 'indirect ErP' are: 1) products that influence energy consumption caused by unwanted heat losses or heat gain of buildings, such as: a) Products that affect heat loss/gain through the building envelope such as thermal insulation, glazing, building envelope elements like building blocks, doors and window frames, but also solar shading systems24 and IR reflective paints25 and even curtains/blinds26; 2) Products that affect heat losses in installations, such as: a) in building installations: showerheads, taps and valves (especially for heated water), heat recovery products and air filters, air vents, etc. b) in industrial processes: thermal insulation of ovens, heaters, tanks and reservoirs, etc.;
24
Solar shading is a passive cooling technique, avoiding unwanted solar heat gains.
25
Paints as applied on many metal roofs in Europe are mentioned in the coolroof-project by REHVA, since IR reflective paints can reduce cooling loads. 26 Closing the curtains is a well-known energy-saving measure against unnecessary heat loss from heated rooms.
31
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 3) products that influence energy consumption of motor driven systems, such as: a) Products that mainly affect mechanical friction losses, such as bearings, gears and (transmission) belts, etc. 27; b) Products that mainly affect fluid motion losses, such as filters and valves; The next section takes the list of 1028 product categories as a basis and identifies in this list the Prodcom categories that are already subject to (existing or future) legislation or preparatory studies in order to exclude them from further study.
2.2.2
Exclude products identified in the first Working Plan
The terms of reference of the tender state that product groups dealt with by finished or on-going preparatory studies and adopted implementing measures shall be considered and the product groups of the first Working Plan shall be excluded. The figure below shows the place of the Working Plan at the front of the Ecodesign policy process, preceding the preparatory studies.
Figure 4: Ecodesign policy process In order to describe which products groups defined in the first Working Plan must be exempted it is necessary to consider which product groups of the Working Plan have led to preparatory studies. These product groups can then be exempted together with the product groups dealt with by lot 1-19 of the Transitional Period. The table below gives an overview (status December 2010) of which Working Plan product groups have been taken up as preparatory studies. Table 3: Working Plan group status Working Plan Product examples for sub-groups (Annex I - COM(2008)Product 660) group 1 - Large airco and ventilation
covered by preparatory study
large air conditioners
ENTR lot 6
water-cooled air conditioners
ENTR lot 6
ventilation systems
ENTR lot 6
2 - Electric fossil fuel heating equipment
27
electric storage radiators
ENER lot 20 - local heaters
electric heaters for space and floor (soil?)
ENER lot 20 - local heaters
Each (ball) bearing introduces a small energy loss. Better, more efficient bearings can reduce these losses.
32
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) gas/oil fired local heaters (dry?)
ENER lot 20 - local heaters
heat pumps
ENER lot 20 - local heaters & ENER lot 10 - reversible airco & ENER lot 1 - boilers
3 - Food preparing equipment electric/gas fired ovens and microwave ovens
ENER lot 22
hobs and grills
ENER lot 23
coffee machines
ENER lot 25
4 - Industrial and laboratory furnaces and ovens infrared, resistance, induction heated ovens and furnaces
ENTR lot 4
furnace burners
ENTR lot 4
5 - Machine tools forming machine tools (bending, forging, shaping)
ENTR lot 5
separating machine tools (sculpting)
ENTR lot 5
physio-chemical machine tools
ENTR lot 5
6 - Network, data processing/storage equipment IT servers (if not covered by ENER Lot 3)
(not yet studied)
network communication equipment
(not yet studied)
uninterruptible power supplies
ENER lot 27
network standby losses
ENER lot 26 – (mainly domestic ICT/CE equipment)
7 - Refrigeration/freezing equipment service cabinets
ENTR lot 1
walk-in cold rooms
ENTR lot 1
chillers
ENTR lot 1
ice -makers
(excluded as non-significant from scope ENTR Lot 1) (excluded as non-significant from scope ENTR lot 1)
ice -cream/milkshake makers
8 - Sound and imaging equipment DVD/video players/recorders
ENTR lot 3
video projectors
ENTR lot 3
video game consoles
ENTR lot 3
digital amplifiers
(excluded from scope Lot 3 study)
subwoofers for home theatre
(excluded from scope Lot 3 study)
9 - Transformers
33
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) distribution transformers
ENTR lot 2
power transformers
ENTR lot 2
small transformers
ENTR lot 2
10 - water-using equipment water-cleaning appliances
_(not yet studied)
irrigation equipment, incl. animal troughs
_(not yet studied)
The reports of the preparatory studies have been used to assess in how much the product group is covered and to which Prodcom category it relates. The table 2 shows that almost all product groups identified in the first Working Plan are subject of a preparatory study. Still, some product groups mentioned as examples by the first Working Plan are not (yet) subject of preparatory studies. The reasons for which are indicated below : Table 4: Product groups mentioned in first Working Plan, but not studied network and data processing/storage equipment (examples: IT servers (if not covered by ENER lot 3), network communication equipment)
ENER lot 3 focused on desk-top servers and home servers. The 'servers' specifically designed for data centres were not covered by that study (and also excluded from the current Energy Star specifications for computers).
refrigeration/freezing equipment (examples: icemakers (e.g. for ice cubes ), ice-cream makers)
The first screening of ENTR lot 1 shows that icemakers and ice-cream makers have no significant improvement potential in EU-27: It is concluded that no further analysis is necessary
sound and imaging equipment (examples: digital amplifiers, subwoofers (for home theatre) )
ENTR lot 4 focuses on video players and recorders (DVD etc.), video projectors and game consoles. The remaining audio and video equipment (for which digital amplifiers and subwoofers are only examples) is still subject to further analysis in this study
water-using equipment (examples: water cleaning appliances, irrigation equipment)
Analysis by DG ENV and JRC indicates that cleaning equipment that uses water for cleaning and irrigation equipment do not offer significant energy improvement potential.
Therefore "network and data-processing/storage equipme nt" is still within the scope of the underlying study, as is "audio and video equipment". Excluded from the scope are "ice-(cream)-makers" and "water cleaning appliances and irrigation equipment", since previous analysis have shown that the energy improvement potential is low. The Annex 5 shows which Prodcom categories are covered by which "Lot" and whether they remain within the scope of the underlying study or can be exempted because they are dealt with by the Ecodesign policy process.
34
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 2.2.3
Exclude product groups covered by the Ecodesign policy process
This section describes which product groups are covered by preparatory studies (initiated under both the transitional period and the first Working Plan) or the policy process that followed. At the moment 32 preparatory studies (ENER Lot 1-26, ENTR lot 1-6) have been completed or are currently on-going (status December 2010). Five further preparatory studies are tendered (ENER Lot 27-31). Eleven (11) product groups have resulted in Regulations and a twelfth Regulation is underway. Three of these Regulations (ENER lot 6 - Standby/off mode, ENER lot 7 – external power supplies and ENER lot 26 – networked standby) apply to multiple product groups, meaning the measure applies horizontally over a wide range of product groups and no specific Prodcom category could be assigned. Four (4) Voluntary Agreements are proposed or currently discussed (imaging equipment, complex STB, machine tools and medical imaging equipment). The rest of the studies have reached the level of Working Documents, are finalised preparatory studies or are on-going preparatory studies. It is important to note that the interpretation of the “product group” (the scope of the preparatory study and the product definitions in Working Documents or Regulation text changed throughout the policy process). Each preparatory study starts with an indicative description of the product group (description as in first Working Plan). As the preparatory study commences and information is gathered, the product definition may become more concrete (relevant Prodcom categories are identified, definitions in relevant technical standards are presented). However, often, when the market analysis gives its first results, or when the base cases need to be described, the relatively wide scope of the first Tasks is reduced in order to provide a more pragmatic approach: The product group description often becomes more concrete. As the study is finalised and the Working Documents are discussed with the Consultation Forum, the scope of the policy instrument and the product definitions are subject to (sometimes intense) debate between stakeholders. Ultimately the Commission presents a draft Regulation to the Regulatory Committee which then, before vote, settles the actual scope and product definitions that apply to the product group. In order to give a status overview of which Prodcom categories are covered by the Ecodesign process, the product group descriptions in the most recent, most developed, documents were consulted (status End January 2011). Product definitions in documents at a higher hierarchy level are preferred over documents of a lower hierarchy level: Regulation texts are preferred over Working Documents, which are preferred over Task reports, etc.
Product group descriptions in Regulations / Agreements overrule those in Working Documents Product group descriptions in Working Documents overrule those in Task reports Product group descriptions in (Final) Task reports overrule those in the study tender document / Working Plan
Figure 5: Hierarchy in product group definitions
35
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The product group descriptions that have been identified are compared to Prodcom category descriptions to find the closest match. In those cases where the product group description and the Prodcom description matched each other well the Prodcom category is assumed to be covered adequately by the study/policy instrument. Also when the product description in the study or measure is ‘broader’ than the closest Prodcom description the Prodcom category is considered adequately covered by the study / policy instrument, since the Prodcom category is only a smaller part of the product group description of the policy process. The studies and product descriptions (with consideration of hierarchy of documents) are indicated below. The 'red' text indicates products that have been excluded from the scope of the relevant study or policy instrument (Measure or Voluntary Agreement) and therefore will remain within scope of the underlying study . Table 5: Preparatory studies, product group coverage and status Preparatory studies Product categories defined in Task reports / Working Documents / Final Policies Lot 1 - Boilers and combi-boilers Gas fired boilers Oil fired boilers Electric boilers Boilers with water heating functions Storage tanks used for central heating water or sanitary hot water. Boilers that produce electricity as a by product of heat generation Electric heat pumps (hydronic heating) Solar thermal systems (as part of hydronic system)
Source Working document 2009
Lot 2 - Water heaters Electric Storage water heater Electric Instantaneous water heater Gas or oil-fired storage water heater Gas or oil-fired instantaneous water heater Solar water heater Heat pump water heater Excluded: WH for biofuels, solid fuels, large combustion plants, district heating, from waste heat, equipment for room heating (not CH)
Working Document June 2010
Lot 3 - PC and computer monitors Desktop computers Notebook computers Integrated Desktop computers Workstations Thin clients Small-scale servers Servers
Working Document Dec 2009
Lot 3 - Monitors Computer monitor Digital Photo Frames Excluded: Other Electronic display
Working Document Dec 2009
36
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Lot 4 - Imaging Equipment
Proposal Voluntary Agreement 19 Feb 2010
Copiers Faxes Printers Scanners Multi -function devices Lot 5 - Televisions
Commission Regulation 642/2009 (22.7.2009)
Television sets (display, tuner(s)/receiver(s) and additional functions for data storage/display) Television monitors Lot 6 - Standby and Off-mode losses of EuPs
Commission Regulation 1275/2008 (17.12.2008)
Household appliances Cooking appliances Personal care appliances Information technology equipment intended primarily for use in the domestic environment Consumer equipment Toys Lot 7 - External power supplies
Commission Regulation 278/2009 (16.4.2009)
External power supplies, from mains AC to lower voltage AC/DC Excluded: low voltage converters, halogen lighting convertors, UPS, battery chargers, ext. power supplies for medical eq., spare parts Lot 8/9- Tertiary Lighting
Commission Regulation 245/2009 (13.4.2009) amended by 347/2009 (21.4.2010)
Double capped fluorescent lamps Single capped fluorescent lamps High intensity discharge lamps Ballasts for FL (several exemptions apply) Excluded: lamps/luminaires not for general lighting, emergency lighting, other -safety- lighting Excluded: specific lamp types Lamps that are not white light sources Lamps that are directional light sources Blended high intensity discharge lamps High intensity discharge lamps with Tc > 7000K high intensity discharge lamps having a specific effective UV output > 2mW/klm high intensity discharge lamps not having lamp cap E27, E40, PGZ12 Lot 10 - Room air conditioning appliances, local air coolers and comfort fans Air-to-air air conditioners with a rated capacity of = 12kW comfort fans with an electric fan power input = 125W
Working document Nov 2010
Lot 10 - Residential ventilation and kitchen hoods
Working document Dec 2010
37
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Ventilation units include fans with electric power input of less than 125 W Ventilation heat recovery systems Range hoods Lot 11 - Electric motors
Commission Regulation 640/2009 (22.7.2009)
single speed, three-phase, squirrel cage, electric motor 0,75-375 kW, with 2-6 poles, up to 1000 V Lot 11 - Circulators
Commission Regulation 641/2009 (22.7.2009)
Glandless circulators Lot 11 - Pumps Submersible multi-stage Single-stage end suction Vertical multi-stage
Working Document May 2008
Lot 11 - Fans Axial fans > 125 W Centrifugal fans > 125 W Other fans (mixed flow, tangential) > 125 W Excluded are: fans as in fan-cooled motors< 3kW, fans in domestic tumble driers < 3kW, fans in kitchen hoods < 280 W, fans designed for ATEX28, emergency-use. The efficiency requirements shall not apply to fans in vacuum cleaners, 'blowers' and/or fans transporting nongaseous substances Lot 12 - Commercial refrigerators and freezers Remote or Plug-in Refrigerated Display Cabinet Remote or Plug-in freezer Display Cabinet Cold Vending Machine (beverage coolers) Excluded are: household cold appliances, wine cellars, walk-in cold rooms, chilled drink dispensers, ice-cream makers, ice-makers (these were studied in ENTR Lot 1)
Working Document June 2010
Lot 13 - Domestic refrigerators and freezers
Commission Regulation 643/2009 (22.7.2009)
Working document April 2010
Refrigerator without other compartments Refrigerator-cellar Refrigerator-chiller and Refrigerator with a 0 star compartment Refrigerator with a ½/3 star compartment Refrigerator-freezer Upright freezer Chest freezer Multi -use and other refrigerating appliances Excluded: Cellar and wine storage appliances Lot 14 - Domestic washing machines
Commission Regulation 1015/2010 (10.11.2010)
Household washing machines (indicative capacity 3-10 kg)
28
ATEX stands for potentially explosive atmospheres.
38
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Lot 14 - Domestic Dishwashers
Commission Regulation 1016/2010 (10.11.2010)
Household dishwashers (approximately 4-16 place settings) Lot 15 - Solid fuel s mall combustion installations Open fireplace Closed fireplace Traditional cooker Traditional stove Modern stove Small manual boiler Small automatic boiler medium automatic boiler
Task 5 preparatory study July 2009
Lot 16 - Laundry driers electric household tumble drier (incl. built-in) gas-fired household tumble drier Excluded are: household combined washer-drier, household spinextractor
Working document June 2010
Lot 17 - Vacuum cleaners domestic vacuum cleaners, connected to mains or battery operated, but excluding hand-held Excluded are: wet vacuum cleaners, industrial/commercial vac. cleaners, robot machines, hand-held vac. cleaners, sweepers, central vac. cleaners
Working document June 2010
Lot 18 - Complex set-top boxes Basic complex set top box with sd Complex STB with SD and HDD Complex STB with SD, HDD, Second tuner, return path Basic complex set top box with HD Complex STD with HD and HDD Complex STD with HD and HDD, Second tuner, return path Lot 18 a Simple Set-top boxes
Working Document Oct 2009 (voluntary agreement discussed)
Commission Regulation 107/2009 (4.2.2009)
SSTB without any additional features: SSTB with an integrated hard drive: Lot 19 - General lighting (non-directional)
Commission Regulation 244/2009 (18.3.2009)
Incandescent lamp Halogen lamp Fluorescent lamp Lot 19 - Directional lighting Luminaires Reflector lamps LEDs
Working document September 2010
Lot 20 - Local room heating products Convector heaters Oil filled heaters
Task 1 preparatory study Oct 2010
39
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Fan heaters Radiant heaters Storage heaters Fireplaces (Electric, gas, liquid fired) Industrial unit heaters (Electric, gas, liquid fired) Air doors/ Curtains ( Electric and gas fired) Thin film/ cable heating system Lot 21 - Central heating products Direct Fired gas furnaces indirect fired gas furnaces Electrical Furnaces Heat pumps (above 12 KW cooling capacity Air handling
Task 1 preparatory study Oct 2010
Lot 22 - Domestic and commercial ovens Domestic electric oven Domestic gas oven Domestic Microwave oven Commercial electric combi oven Commercial gas combi steamer
Task 5 Preparatory study Oct 2010
Lot 23 - Domestic and commercial hobs and grills Domestic Electric Hob Domestic gas hob Mixed hob Gas grill Electric radiant grill Electric contact grill Commercial - to be added
Task 5 Preparatory study Oct 2010
Lot 24 - Professional Dishwashers Dishwashers with water change system Dishwashers with tank systems - One-tank dishwasher Multi -tank dishwashers transport dishwasher
Final Report Nov 2010
Lot 24 - Professional Laundry machines and dryers Semi -professional dryer, Condenser Semi -professional dryer air vented Professional Cabinet dryer Professional tumble dryer (40 kg) Pass-through (transfer) tumble dryer
Task 7 Preparatory study Jan 2011
Lot 25 - Non-tertiary coffee machines Coffee maker - compression Coffee maker - Percolating Coffee maker - Filtration Coffee maker - Vacuum
Task 1 -3 Preparatory study Nov 2010
Lot 26 - Networked standby losses Home Gateway, Home Desktop PC, Home Notebook PC, Home NAS,
Final Report Preparatory study Dec 2010
40
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Game Console, Complex TV, Complex STB, Complex Player/Recorder, Office Desktop PC, Office Notebook PC, ENTR Lot 1 - Refrigerating and freezing equipment Service cabinets blast cabinets walk-in cold rooms (industrial) process chillers remote condensing units Excluded are: ice-cream makers, ice-makers, water dispensers (non significant)
Final Report Summary Oct 2010
ENTR Lot 2 - Distribution and power transformers Distribution transformer 400 kVA Industry oil transformer 1 MVA Industry dry transformer 1,25 MVA Power transformer 100 MVA DER oil transformer 2 MVA DER dry transformer 2 MVA Smaller industrial separation/isolation transformer 16 kVA
Final Report Preparatory study Feb 2011
ENTR Lot 3 - Sound and imaging equipment Video Player Video Recorder Projector Games consoles
Final report Dec 2010
ENTR Lot 4 - Industrial and Laboratory furnaces and ovens Laboratory Furnaces Laboratory ovens Sterilizer ovens Metal melting furnaces Metal heat treatment furnaces waste incinerators induction furnace tunnel furnace bakery/biscuit ovens smelting furnaces Batch furnace for ceramics Glass melting furnace Glass annealing furnace (lehr) Infrared ovens Hydrocarbon cracker Cement kiln Lime kiln
Task 1 -3 preparatory study June 2010
ENTR Lot 5 - Machine tools and related machinery
Draft voluntary agreement CECIMO Nov 2009 for machining tools ENTR Lot 5 Task 1-5 study (larger scope than VA)
conclusion: no further research necessary
various tools for forming / shaping tools for metal, wood, and ceramics other materials including welding, soldering and brazing ENTR Lot 6 – Non-domestic ventilation products
Task 1 preparatory study June 2010
41
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Small extraction fan (local exhaust) Rooftop/boxed ventilation units (central exhaust or central supply). Local heat recovery ventilation (LHRV) unit: Central heat recovery ventilation (CHRV) unit Air Handling Unit (AHU): ENTR Lot 6 – Air Conditioning products, except air-conditioners < 12kW (ENER lot 10) chillers (fan coils end terminal eq.) AHU's (central AC) VRF / multi-split AC end terminal equipment (fan coils, VAV terminals) cooling towers
Task 1 preparatory study June 2010
Medical imaging equipment
Draft voluntary agreement COCIR Nov 2009
Computer Tomography (CT) Ultrasound X-Ray Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Nuclear Medicine. Excluded: other diathermic medical equipment ("diathermic" is more generic than medical imaging etc.) Excluded: other X-ray equipment (X-ray can be used for both imaging/diagnostic (radiology/radiography) and therapeutic purposes (radiotherapy)) Lot 27 - Uninterruptible power supplies Uninterruptible power supplies (not further defined)
Tender
Lot 28/29 Pumps (other than Lot 11) Pumps for private and public waste water pumps for fluids with high solids content Pumps for private and public swimming pools, Ponds, fountains and aquariums Water pumps larger than regulated under lot 11
Tender
Lot 30 - Other electric motors (outside Regulation 640/2009, other than lot 11) Special purpose inverter duty motors Asynchronous servo motors Permanent magnet motors Motors cooled by their load (Fans) Motors and products under article 1 Drives, such as soft starters, torque or variable speed drives Motors from 750 KW - 1000KW
Tender
Lot 31 - Compressors (outside Regulation 640/2009, other than lot 11) (large) Compressors Small compressors
Tender
42
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) For most lots it appeared that the Prodcom categories were covered adequately by the product definitions applied in the policy process (can be preparatory study, Working Document or final Regulation). This led to identification of 185 Prodcom categories that could be excluded because they were considered adequately dealt with. Only in cases where the product group description in policies is more strict than the closest Prodcom description, the Prodcom category is considered not to be adequately covered and the category is eligible for further study (specifying the products that are/are not covered by the study / instrument). This situation applied to 11 Prodcom categories in total: 1) ENER lot 3 – PC’s: The Working Document defines desktop and notebook form factors. These descriptions are more limited than in the Prodcom category ‘other digital automatic data processing machines’ which therefore can not be considered covered; 2) ENER lot 11 – Fans: The current Regulation covers fans > 125 W, the closest three Prodcom categories include also the smaller fans < 125 W and thus can not be excluded from further assessment. Also some specific fan applications (blowers, high temperature fans) have been excluded from the scope of the measure and are included in the scope of the u nderlying study; 3) ENER lot 12 – commercial cold: Beverage coolers are included, but the closest corresponding Prodcom category also includes machines that can heat; 4) ENER lot 12 – commercial cold: There is a Prodcom category on deep freezing furniture, but that could cover more than the display cabinets for (mostly) supermarkets; 5) ENER lot 26 – networked standby: The group covers standby-mode of various network equipment. Related Prodcom categories can not be excluded on the basis of possible requirements for network standby only; 6) ENTR Lot 1 – refrigeration/freezing equipment: This group could cover various cooled vending machines, but the Prodcom category also includes heated machines; 7) ENTR Lot 6 – ventilation systems: This group includes heat exchangers for v entilation air, but the closest Prodcom category ‘heat exchange units’ is unclear about the actual fluid streams (air-toair?, air-to-water?, etc.) 8) Medical imaging equipment: a) Ultrasound: the closest Prodcom category is ‘diathermic apparatus’ which is a much broader category; b) X-ray: the closest Prodcom category covers both X -ray radiology and radiotherapy equipment (not only for 'imaging'); In order not to exclude the product categories not addressed by the Ecodesign policy process these product categories w ere included for further assessment. 2.2.4
Conclusion
Of the originally 1028 product categories some 204 product categories were identified as being dealt with by the Ecodesign policy process. Of these 204 some 14 groups had energy-related products exempted from the study, which should be added to the scope of this study. The outcome is a list of 838 Prodcom product categories that will be considered in Task 3. In Annex 5 the complete list of Prodcom categories is shown, together with the assessment of whether the category is considered an energy-related product and whether it is covered by the Ecodesign process.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 2.3
Second step - top-down energy analysis
Besides a ‘bottom-up approach’ based on Prodcom statistics, also a ‘top-down approach’ is used to identify product groups eligible for the second Working Plan. The goal is to step away from categorisations based on economic activities and instead focus on actual product functions. These functions are identified by following the path from energy source through energy conversion to final function. Energy sector The ‘top-down approach’ starts with the official Eurostat EU-27 Energy Balance 29 in 2007. The energy balance gives the gross inland consumption of energy resources in mega-tonnes oil equivalent (Mtoe) relating to the Net Calorific Value of the resources. The energy balance provides an input/output analysis of the energy sector (power generation, refineries, district heating, etc.), per type of resource, and ends with the final energy-use per sector. Using a classic process energy analysis30, whereby the losses of conversion processes in the energy-sector are partitioned according to the calorific value of the outputs, an estimate has been made of how the losses in the energy sector can be divided between four major end-uses: • transportation and work fuels (see also section 1.1.3.); • feedstock fuels; • electricity; • heating fuels. As an intermediate step in the analysis a process analysis per major energy carrier was made, distinguishing between coal, oil, gas, renewable and nuclear. The process diagrams per energy carrier are given in the Annex 2. The result of the analysis is that out of a total gross inland consumption of ca. 1800 Mtoe, some 618 Mtoe is used for conversion into electricity (239 Mtoe as useful electricity and 379 Mtoe losses, ie. overall efficiency of 38.7%) and some 641 Mtoe is used for heating fuels (of which 555 Mtoe as useful fuel and 86 Mtoe losses). Transportation and work accounts for 409 Mtoe (including 33 Mtoe losses) of which transport for persons and goods and air/water/rail transport must be excluded. Feedstock fuel represents 122 Mtoe (including 7 Mtoe losses). Results are shown in figure 4. The energy analysis to arrive at these results is for the most part unproblematic and not controversial. The analysis is, given the restrictions of the source, not fully complete as it does not take into account most of the mining effort and the transportation of raw energy materials to Europe (crude, hard coal). But the omission is relatively small (estimated 50 MW (fossil, nuclear, hydro and renewable fuels, separate or combined)
waste heat recovery
electric power medium/large electric power generation and
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) storage small scale electric power generation ( 110 kV)
65
heat recovery, moisture recovery
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) process climate conditioning various processes
various equipment for climate of process conditions: process humidification (clean rooms, paper mill, wood processing)
heat recovery, moisture recovery
sensing & controlling process control components measurement / testing process diagnostic equipment
control panels, switchboards, powered valves, dosing systems (solenoids, magnetic couplings, etc.) measurement equipment for physical and chemical properties (weighing/scales, power meters, flow meters, clocks/timers) and testing equipment - includes utility meters, parking meters X-ray equipment e.g. weld checking
Tertiary/domestic applications (services) lighting lighting products
general lighting (indoor, outdoor)
daylight systems
general visualisation
specialty lighting (emergency/safety lighting, signalling, decorative lighting) displays, signs, electronic labels
indoor climate indoor climate
special purpose ventilation
central heating / cooling / conditioning (humidification, dehumidification, filtration, ionisation) / ventilation (heat generators, distributors, emitters, fans) room-based heating / cooling / conditioning / ventilation - also comfort fans district heating space heating/cooling for high temperature, safety, smoke extraction, etc.
thermal insulation, paints / window films, shading, distribution (ductwork, air vents / flaps, filters, etc.)
building control, access and transport building control & access
automatic doors, burglar alarms, fire/smoke alarms, thermostats, sensors, building automation systems
person transport
person transport (elevators, escalators, moving walkways, telerefics, etc.)
belts, gears, drives
multi-point and single point water heaters water purification/filtering equipment (anti-legionella), water circulation
insulation, taps & showerheads,
sanitary water heated water
district heating water heating
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) cold water
toilets, taps, water dispensing equipment (horticultural products, cleaning products), water purification/filtering
valves, waste water re-use
food heating, cooking
hobs, grills, cookers, ovens heated displays/service cabinets
thermal insulation
food/drink preparation
mixers, juicers, blenders, coffee/tea,
food preparation equipment
food/drink storage and presentation cold equipment
cold storage rooms, display cabinets, vending machines
heated equipment domestic appliances
catering equipment (as in heated counters, au-bain marie catering equipment, etc.) refrigerators, freezers
thermal insulation
cleaning equipment cleaning / hygienic equipment
domestic / professional appliances (washing machines, dishwashers, dryers, vacuum cleaners, other floor cleaning )
detergents, thermal insulation
personal care (hair dryers, waterbed, motorised mattress support, massage, sauna, personal weighing scale)
thermal insulation
personal care personal care
medical equipment diagnostic imaging equipment therapeutic &support equipment
valves
leisure equipment leisure equipment
music instruments, toys, animated displays, aquarium, sewing machines, swimming pools
data / communication equipment domestic end-use equipment
consumer electronics (TV, STB, A/V equipment) and ICT/office equipment (PC, notebook, i/o, phone, etc.), also for ‘SOHO’
professional end-use equipment
TV-A/V equipment (AV studio, camera's) office imaging equipment (printers, copiers) ICT equipment (blade servers, data storage, i/o, phone, local area network equipment), large UPS
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
distribution of data/communication other radio wave transmission / positioning
financial transactions equipment (cashiers, ticketing, ATMs) ICT transmission/distribution equipment (landlines and wireless) - for TV, radio, internet, phone, data (e.g. base stations) other radio wave equipment (radar/radio equipment for positioning, navigation, etc.)
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
As regards tertiary/domestic equipment: Determining whether the equipment is for professional or for domestic use depends on the “intended use” as indicated by the manufacturer. From purely functional perspective the difference is not always that evident (many consumers like to use professional equipment, giving rise to the term ‘prosumer’). The approach to combine domestic and professional equipment is followed in lot 22 (domestic and commercial ovens) and lot 23 (domestic and commercial hobs and grills). Note that the preparatory studies show that not all studies were conducted on product groups at the same hierarchical level. For example Lot 11 "Electric Motor systems" covers a tremendous amount of products (and applications). whereas the study lot 17 " vacuum cleaners" represented a very small contingent of energy-using products. The following Task 3 (and later on Task 4) will consider 'direct ErP' and 'indirect ErP'. However, it is very well possible that the suggested grouping of products is subject to change. The table above is therefore not "set in stone" ie. may change during the course of the study: It is not decided yet whether the exact same product grouping will be used as the final outcome of this study. Task 3 (preliminary analysis) and Task 4 (elaborate analysis) shall provide more insight in how to achieve balanced proposals for preparatory studies (especially the scope of the study).
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
3
TASK 3 - PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS
3.1
Introduction
This Task comprises a preliminary analysis of the energy consumption and the energy saving potential of energy related products. For direct energy-related products that actively consume energy, the savings indicated relate to a possible improvement of energy efficiency of that product, resulting in lower energy consumption by that product. For indirect energy-related products the savings potential is based on lower demands placed on other (direct) energy-using products which are part of the larger energy system in which the indirect energy-related product functions: ie. for thermal insulation, the savings are realised by a lower heating demand of buildings which results in a lower energy input to the heating system, etc. Note that the product groups that are already dealt with by the Ecodesign policy process (ie. for which preparatory studies are announced, have been completed or are on-going) are exempted from this preliminary analysis to avoid interference of studies and allow a more efficient allocation of resources. 3.1.1
Structure of Task 3
The next section 3.2 presents the method applied in the preliminary analysis (for indication of e nergy saving potential). Section 3.3 shows the results of the preliminary analysis, by presenting a table of the product groups ranked by improvement potential. More information regarding the calculation of the saving potential per product group is provided in Section 4 and 5: -
Section 4 'Preliminary assessments' presents the results of the preliminary assessments (note: the results will be discussed with relevant stakeholders) .
-
Section 5, 'under consideration' presents product groups for which the preliminary assessment could not be finalised for the drafting of the report. Depending on the specific issues related to these product groups the assessment will be finalised in a future version of the report, or will not result in a quantification of savings potential, although it is known that certain savings can be achieved.
Section 3.4 presents an assessment of costs related to purchase and operation, in order to give an indication of possible excessive costs. 3.1.2
Method
Following the terms of reference of the tender, the preliminary energy analysis is based on the following aspects: Volume of sales and trade Sales data from Prodcom and other sources are presented where possible and relevant. Prodcom sales data relates where possible to 'apparent consumption' (EU production, plus intra EU trade, minus extra EU trade) - if apparent consumption could not be calculated this is indicated. Sales data from other sources are presented 'as is'. The relevance of this sales data lies in that, combined with the estimated product life, the sales can be used as indicator for the stock. Stock data is presented, either based on sales data (as described above) or from other sources indicating the stock 'as is'.
71
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The description of sales and stock includes projections for future years, up to 2030, to include the absorption of 'improved products' (with a long product life) by the market. In case no sources for future projections where available these where estimated on the basis of stable market conditions (trend line extrapolations). Energy consumption The energy consumption by a product group is based on the current stock (as described above), and the average cq. representative annual energy consumption (based on average use patterns) of products in that stock. For passive energy-related products (that do not actively consume energy) the energy demand associated with the use of the energy-related product is indicated (where possible). For the purpose of identifying possible savings, the current and projected energy consumption is presented as the 'reference scenario' . Improvement potential The improvement potential is calculated as the difference between the Reference scenario (see above) and an Improvement scenario. This Improvement scenario is the energy consumption of the stock, assuming an gradual increase of 'improved products' in that stock. The overall stock volume is kept identical for the two scenarios. The Improved product is based on the standard product described above, but with an lower energy consumption. The lower energy consumption is either due to a higher energy efficiency (as for direct ErP) or results from a reduced energy demand (in case of indirect ErP). The rate of the penetration of 'improved products; is primarily based on average product life of products in that group. The analysis is restricted to a five year interval and the penetration of improved products is assumed to begin in year 2015 38. The difference between the Reference scenario and the Improvement scenario is the saving potential. For the ranking of products the saving potential for the year 2030 was selected since by then even products with a relatively high product life of 15 years will be completely absorbed by the market. The saving potential is expressed in PJ/year, and relates to primary energy. An equivalent electricity consumption in TWh is shown besides the PJ values, in order to facilitate comparisons with other studies using this metric. For primary fuel consuming products, this 'TWh' is entirely hypothetical. In order to improve the understanding of the preliminary energy analysis, two other aspects have been added to the descriptions of the product group. These are: Product group Each preliminary analysis of a product is preceded by a section that describes the product group in more detail than the descriptions in Task 2. The description indicates ( where possible or relevant) which products are included in the group and which products are excluded from that group. Note that for the purpose of the preliminary assessment product grouping may h ave changed in Task 3 when compared to Task 2. This is primarily due to limitations in availability of data. Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up The product groups for which a preliminary assessment is completed, present a final section called "Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up' where certain items that came to light during the
38
the amended Working Plan will apply from 2012 onwards and experience has shown that the time between preparatory study to actual implementation date of measures can be several years
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) drafting of the energy analysis, and that are relevant for discussion of the results or for any type of follow-up of this study, are presented. The aim is to show to stakeholders that certain issues have been noted and need to be addressed, depending on the type of follow-up that will take place.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 3.2
Ranking of product groups by energy saving potential
The table below presents the results of the preliminary analysis by presenting the product groups ranked by their saving potential in 2030. The saving potential is indicated in both PJ primary energy as well as equivalent TWh electricity (calculated with 40% electricity delivery efficiency). NOTE! The preliminary analysis of product groups is performed within a timeframe of 1-1,5 mandays per product group. The indicative savings should be viewed in this context. Table 9: List of product groups, ranked by indicative energy saving potential for year 2030 Section 4
Product group
Indicative savings (PJ/year)
4.11
Thermal insulation products for buildings Included: Batts, rolls, foams, etc. for off-site and 'in-situ' application. Also included if incorporated in building components. Excluded: thermal insulation for non-building applications (industrial etc.) Taps and showerheads Included: Both domestic and non-domestic types Excluded: none preliminary Steam boilers / systems Included: (no restrictions in capacity, fuel, etc.) Excluded: none preliminary Lighting control (systems) Included: All types of control for lighting Excluded: none Window products for buildings Included: window products for vertical and sloped building facade/roof Excluded: other fenestration products (doors, skylights) - to discuss Heating controls Included: both products (individually sold (room)thermostats, timers, thermostatic radiator valves) as well combinations of products Excluded: none Positive displacement / reciprocating pumps Included: all types of pos. displacement or reciprocating pumps Excluded: pumps already dealt with by Ecodesign process Detergents Included: detergents for machine washing Excluded: other detergents Server and storage equipment Included: (enterprise) servers, data storage equipment and specific ancillary equipment (power conversion etc.) Excluded: data centre infrastructure (cooling, UPS, lighting, etc.) Mobile power generation sets Included: mobile equipment Excluded: stationary equipment Stationary agricultural equipment Included: stationary equipment (milking machines to brooders) Excluded: mobile equipment Elevators, escalators and moving walkways Included: elevators, escalators and moving walkways (to add: telerefics) Excluded: (intra)logistic systems, such as conveyor belts for industrial applications Logistic equipment Included: self standing and configurations of equipment used for logistics (transport, storage, handling) of various material (bulk, unit shipment, etc.) Excluded: some logistic equipment is also covered by the produc group 'mobile construction machinery' (industrial , service trucks etc.)
1500 (between 1000 PJ and 4000 PJ)
4.20
4.24
4.32
4.12
4.31
4.9
4.14
4.19
4.10
4.4
4.27
4.30
39
No overlap of savings with Regulation 640/2009 Includes correction for overlap of savings with Regulation 640/2009 41 Includes correction for overlap of savings with Regulation 640/2009 40
74
Savings expressed in TWh electric equivalent 167
1131 *
126 *
886
98
610
68
473
53
319
87
270
30
220
24
135
34
64 39
7
58 40
7
57 41
7
50
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.34
4.22
4.1
4.28
4.18
4.15
4.2
4.7
4.8
4.23
4.33
4.29
4.13
4.6
4.17
4.3
4.5
4.16
4.25
4.26
Mobile phones Included: mobile phones Excluded: none / to discuss Electric kettles / water cookers Included: Equipment for boiling water, with the aim of consumption (assessment relates to domestic products only) Excluded: other boiling water equipment Mobile agricultural machinery Including: mobile machinery for agricultural, horticultural and forestry applications Excluding: agricultural tractors Non-domestic hot beverage equipment Including: coffee / tea / hot chocolate machines, (instant) soup preparing machines Excluding: domestic equipment, like coffee makers, etc. Base station subsystems Included: GSM-, UMTS base stations Excluded: (to discuss) Home audio products Including: home theatre systems, alarm clock radio’s, table radio's Excluding: Sound and imaging products already covered by ENTR Lot 3 Mobile construction machinery Including: cranes, dozers, excavators, for both construction and mining/quarrying applications Excluding: (to discuss) Blowers Including: blowers, sold separately or incorporated in products such as air knifes, hand dryers, etc. Excluding: (to discuss) High temperature ventilation equipment Including: various high temperature fans in various applications Excluding: fans covered by Lot 11 Point-of-sale and cash dispenser equipment Including: Various point-of-sale and cash dispenser equipment Excluding: (to discuss) Medical equipment Included: energy-related medical equipment not already covered by Ecodesign Policy process Excluded: Equipment covered by Voluntary Agreement (if accepted) Traffic lighting Included: street signs, stoplights, traffic signalling Excluded: other purpose lighting Clothes ironing products Including: various domestic and non-domestic products (analysis limited to domestic style products) Excluding: industrial style ironing Small fans < 125 W Including: small fans with electric input power < 125 W Excluding: fans covered by Lot 11 Lawn and riding mowers Including: various motorised mowing equipment Excluding: (to discuss) Handheld power tools Included: various power tools, both electric and with combustion engines (chain saws, jack hammers, hedge trimmers) Excluded: compressed air power tools Stationary construction equipment Including: sifters, screeners, graders, grinders, crushers Excluding: equipment covered by Lot 11 (fans, motors incorporated) Kitchen appliances Included: juicers, electric toasters, blenders Excluded: kitchen equipment covered by existing Ecodesign policy process Hot tubs / spa's / whirlpools Included: Excluded: swimming pools Sauna’s Included: various sauna types
75
46
5
37
4
33
4
33
4
30
3
22
2
22
2
22
2
17
2
16
2
16
7
0.8
6
1
6
1
5
1
5
1
3
1
2
0
0,5
0,07
0
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Excluded: (to discuss) 4.21
Toilets Included: normal flushing toilets (water urinals could be added) Excluded: non-flushing toilets
0,05
5
Under consideration
5.1
Humidifiers
PM
5.2
PM
5.3
Swimming pool equipment Included: pool filters, pool covers Excluded: pool pumps (are in ENER Lot 29), pool heaters (are in ENER Lot 2) Personal care products
5.4
Compressed distribution and air terminal equipment
PM
5.5
Power cables
PM
5.6
Fractional horsepower motors
PM
5.7
Low-voltage switchgear and control gear
PM
5.8
Commercial kitchen equipment
PM
5.9
Air filters
PM
0
PM
Note: This list is based on a preliminary analysis. Further in-depth research is needed to confirm the savings identified in this table! The table above, when presented in graphical form, gives a better understanding of the relative potential savings identified for the product groups. Figure 12 Graph of indicative saving potential per product group
Since each product group is described in a few pages and many product groups are covered, the specific product group preliminary analysis is presented in section 4 of this study.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 3.3
Assessment of costs related to purchase and operation
The products groups that have been ranked by saving potential have also been subject to an assessment of costs related to purchase and operation (in short: effects of product improvement on purchase costs and energy costs). The terms of reference of the study require a cost analysis to show that no excessive costs are involved in achieving the indicated savings. Since no full cost analysis is required or possible, this study examined the cost effects as follows: The energy costs (energy consumed multiplied by energy unit price) for the Reference scenario and the Improvement scenarion are calculated, taking into account the type of energy (electricity, fuel for stationary applications (mainly gas, some oil) and fuel for mobile machinery (mainly diesel, some gasoline) and the type of end-user (to take into account the different electricity rates for domestic and anon-domnestic end-users). Divided by the stock 42, this gives the energy costs per year for the average product in the product group. The purchase costs have been approximated by taking from Prodcom datasets the average unit value of relevant product categories. This value is multiplied by a factor three to take into account mark up factors for manufacturing, wholesale and retail. The result is labelled 'purchase costs'. Divided by the average product life, as applied in the energy calculations, the annual average purchase price for the average product in the product group for the Reference scenario per year is calcualted. For the Improvement scenario, it is assumed that the unit price (based on Prodcom values) is increased by the same percentage as the energy savings that can be achieved43. An indication of 'excessive costs' occurs if the purchase price increase exceeds the energy cost decrease of the product according the improvement scenario and the total annual costs of ownership (purchase and operation) are higher for the improved scenario than for the reference scenario. This is indicated in the column "Diff. life cycle costs (euro, over product life)". Another check is the 'simple payback period', where the total purchase price increase is divided by the annual energy cost decrease (all expressed in euro). Where the simple payback period covers a significant portion of the total product life, this can be an indication of excessive costs. The payback is indicated in the column " payback = diff. PP / diff. EC (year)". This calculation did not prove possible for all product groups due to lack of data or incompatible metrics. The results of the assessment are shown in the next pages.
42 43
'Stock' means the total installed base of products currently in use.. This is a factor that historically applied to whitegoods. Its applicability to other product groups should be investigated in-depth, but that analysis is outside the scope and budget of the underlying study
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 10 Assessment of costs related to purchase and energy Product group
Purchase price Ref. (euro)
Purchase Price Impr. (euro)
Difference Purchase Price (Impr. - Ref.) (euro)
Energy costs Ref. (euro per year, per unit)
Energy costs Impr. (euro per year per unit)
Difference annual energy costs (Ref.Impr.)
Thermal insulation products for buildings Taps and showerheads
2,04
2,30
0,27
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
48,17
57,49
9,31
58,25
46,99
11,26
Steam boilers / systems
277,52
311,89
34,37
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Electronic motor control (VSD)
No unit data
No unit data
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Utility Meters (incl. 'smart'meters)
55,73
61,31
No unit data 5,57
372,27
335,04
37,23
Lighting control (systems)
No unit data, no sales
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
116,70
No unit data, no sales 6,66
No stock
Window products for buildings
No unit data, no sales 123,36
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Heating controls
21,39
23,10
1,71
473,20
435,35
37,84
Positive displacement and reciprocating pumps Detergents
35,02
43,77
8,75
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
2,77
2,77
0,00
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Data centre server, storage and ancillary equipment Mobile power generation sets
0,00
0,00
0,00
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
33725,76
40386,33
6660,57
6653,96
5339,86
1314,11
5,07
133535,23
120484,22
-13051,01
Stationary agricultural equipment
11646,24
12957,85
1311,62
365,24
324,10
41,13
31,89
17124,81
17819,42
694,61
Elevators, escalators and moving walkways Logistic equipment
86507,64
108413,01
21905,37
438,79
327,68
111,11
197,15
99671,48
118243,52
18572,03
5952,45
6871,04
918,59
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Electric kettles / water cookers
328,75
411,50
82,75
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Mobile agricultural machinery
1016,64
1067,86
51,22
58065,75
55140,30
2925,45
0,02
872002,89
828172,36
-43830,53
Non-domestic hot beverage
3524,87
4406,09
881,22
407,41
305,56
101,85
8,65
7598,95
7461,64
-137,30
78
payback = diff. PP / diff. EC (year)
0,83
0,15
0,05
Total life cycle costs Ref. (euro, over product life)
630,68
9362,50
7119,32
Total life cycle costs Impr. (euro, over product life)
527,40
8437,40
6553,41
Diff. life cycle costs (euro, over product life)
-103,28
-925,10
-565,91
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Product group
Purchase price Ref. (euro)
Purchase Price Impr. (euro)
Difference Purchase Price (Impr. - Ref.) (euro)
Energy costs Ref. (euro per year, per unit)
Energy costs Impr. (euro per year per unit)
Difference annual energy costs (Ref.Impr.)
payback = diff. PP / diff. EC (year)
Total life cycle costs Ref. (euro, over product life)
Total life cycle costs Impr. (euro, over product life)
Diff. life cycle costs (euro, over product life)
Base station subsystems
2972,45
3873,19
900,74
2750,00
1916,67
833,33
1,08
23597,45
18248,19
-5349,26
Mobile construction machinery
28498,93
29923,87
1424,95
4875,75
4631,96
243,79
5,85
89445,80
87823,41
-1622,40
Blowers
no unit value
23,97
3,49
302,30
no unit value 109,03
27,46
Home audio products
no unit value 411,33
1,98
1,27
0,72
could not be calculated since no unit price data could be established 152,39 322,14 424,02 101,87
High temperature ventilation equipment Point-of-sale and cash dispenser equipment Other medical equipment
no unit value
no unit value 1113,11
10191,32
9602,65
588,67
2226,23
no unit value 3339,34
42,33
21,16
21,16
25,40
27,94
2,54
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Traffic lighting
no unit value
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
213,35
no unit value 14,89
No stock
Small fans < 125 W
no unit value 228,24
13,38
12,44
0,93
15,95
280,24
290,46
10,22
Clothes ironing products
90,31
107,79
17,48
1,97
1,59
0,38
45,91
105,06
119,68
14,62
Lawn and riding mowers
535,85
693,45
157,60
7,15
5,04
2,10
74,99
607,30
743,89
136,59
Stationary construction equipment
105367,38
113472,56
8105,18
2561,00
2364,00
197,00
41,14
143782,38
148932,56
5150,18
Handheld power tools
315,38
428,02
112,64
49,64
31,91
17,73
6,35
526,37
563,65
37,28
Kitchen appliances
77,73
92,53
14,81
No stock
No stock
could not be calculated due to lack of energy costs per unit of product
Hot tubs / spa's/ whirlpools
could not be calculated - not enough data available
Sauna’s
could not be calculated - not enough data available
Toilets
could not be calculated - not enough data available
Swimming pool equipment
could not be calculated - not enough data available
equipment
79
could not be calculated since no unit price data could be established 52,59 2649,51 3550,98 901,47
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Clarification of the cost assessment table above: - Purchase price Reference: An approximation of the product purchase price based upon the unit value as identified on the basis of Prodcom data, multiplied by a factor three to account for mark-ups related to wholesale, retail , etc.; - Purchase price Improvement: Same as above, however now corrected by a factor of the same magnitude as the energy savings potential (in %). For certain products groups this relation between purchase price and energy saving has been indentified. For the preliminary analysis this assumption is applied to all product groups; - Difference purchase price: 'Purchase price Improvement' minus 'Purchase price Reference'; - Energy costs Reference: The energy costs of the stock of products as calculated in the Reference scenario. The energy costs take into account the type of energy (electric or fuel), the sector (domestic electricity or non-domestic electricity) and the type of fuel (gas/oil for most stationary applications, diesel/gasoline for most mobile applications); - Energy costs Improvement: Same as above, but now based on Improvement scenario; - Difference annual energy costs: 'Energy costs Reference' minus 'Energy costs Improvement'; - Payback: Is calculated as the 'Difference purchase price' divided by 'Difference annual energy costs' and provides an indication of how many years of energy saving are needed to recuperate the increase of the purchase price. Note that this is an indication only, based on a simplified approach; - Total life cycle costs Reference: This is the 'Purchase price Reference' to which the 'Energy costs Reference' over the product life (annual costs multiplied by average product life) are added. This is an approximation of the total life cycle costs (also known as 'costs of ownership'). - Total life cycle costs Improvement: Same as above, but now based on Improvement scenario; - Difference life cycle costs: This is calculated as the 'Life cycle costs Improvement' minus 'Life cycle costs Reference' . A negative value indicates that the life cycle costs of the Improvement sceanrio are lower than the Reference scenario costs, indicating that according this calculation the improvement will result in lower costs (expenditure);
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3.3.1
Discussion
If the total life cycle costs of the improvement scenario option are higher than those of the reference options, the achieved savings will result in a higher net expenditure. This is most prominently the case for: - Stationary agricultural equipment (total life cycle costs are 104% of reference life cycle costs) - Elevators, escalators and moving walkways (119%) - Home audio products (132%) - Point-of-sale and ATM equipment (134%) - Small fans < 125 W - Clothes ironing equipment - Lawn and riding mowers - Stationary construction equipment - Handheld power tools - Kitche appliances - Payback period It may well be that for these product groups the factor that dictates a price increase equivalent to the percentual savings does not apply. Also, if the purchase price is relatively large when compared to the energy costs, the reduction of life cycle costs is also less easy to achieve. This is also reflected in the payback period which, for these same product groups, is relatively high. This does not automatically mean that achieving energy savings in these products groups will lead to 'excessive' costs. It may also be the case that further in-depth study of these products groups, their purchase prices, the effects of energy saving measures on that purchase price and the actual monetary savings due to lower energy consumption shows that no excessive costs are involved. For 17 out of 36 product groups no cost assessment w as possible due to lack of data, of either the purchase price (based on Prodcom unit values), lack of data for individual units in the stock, or due to lack of information on the energy consumption of an individual unit in the stock. Note that the above assessment is an assessment of costs related to purchase prices and energy costs. It is not intended as a full cost analysis as applied in preparatory studies.
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4
PRODUCT GROUP PRELIMINARY ENERGY ASSESSMENTS
4.1
Mobile agricultural machinery
4.1.1
Product group
"Mobile agricultural machinery" means mobile machinery intended for use in agricultural, horticultural and/or forestry applications. The group intends to cover all equipment used in agricultural and/or forestry settings, that is selfpropelled, intended to be towed by self-propelled equipment or incorporated in such equipment. Agricultural, horticultural and forestry machinery that is intended to be installed permanently 44 is covered by another product group. Mobile agricultural and horticultural equipment covered b y this group may be used for (but is not limited to) soil cultivation, planting, fertilizing and pest control, produce sorting, harvesting/postharvesting, hay making and various other purposes that can be indicated as agricultural or horticultural applications. Examples are: 2-wheel tractors, harvesters / combines, sprayers, manure distributors, agriculture mowers, nalers, tillers, swatchers, etc.). Mobile f orestry equipment covered by this group may be used for (but is not limited to) felling, logging, tree/timber harvesting and processing, etc. (harvesters, skidders, tree processors, haulers, forestry cultivators, fellers/bunchers, shredders, log loaders, pilling machines, etc.). An option is to limit this product group to 'self-powered' products only. This would exclude passive energy-related products (such as ploughs towed behind a tractor) from the scope of the scope. Stakeholder opinion is sought to reflect on this option. Excluded Excluded from the scope of the Ecodesign Directive are 'agricultural tractors', since these are considered 'means of transport, primarily intended for persons or goods' (in line with Machinery Directive). However, many pieces of equipment receive power from tractors (for operation and mobility) which means that in this energy assessment the energy use of tractors must be included. Excluded from this product group is stationary equipment (installed 'permanently' in one place) like milking machines, stationary sorters and other (often material handling) equipment. These will be handled in a separate product group. Excluded is 'handheld' equipment for which a separate product group applies. Excluded from this product group are riding and lawn mowers, these products have a large domestic end-user base, whereas the other products have not. The actual sales figures of motorised mowers are also much higher. Therefore a separate product group has been created for such mowers. Major stakeholders relevant for this group are represented on European level by: -
Euromot45: European Association of Internal Combustion Engine Manufacturers (engines for power plants, pumps, power carriers, non-road mobile machinery, lawn and garden equipment, locomotives, marine and commercial vessels and recreational equipment) CECE46: European Construction Equipment Industry;
44
In this study, 'permanently' is meant to apply to products who spend their technical or economical product life (whichever is shortest) on a single site 45 http://www.euromot.org/about%20euromot/what%20is%20euromot 46 http://www.cece-eu.org/
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CEMA 47: Agricultural Machinery Industry in Europe. Market and stock data
The apparent consumption of mobile agricultural/forestry equipment according Prodcom is shown below. Table 11 Apparent consumption of m obile agricultural/forestry equipment App.cons.
(units)
Prodcom #
Description
28303140
Ploughs
"p/st"
28303150
"p/st"
22147
1458
49893
15913
10079
-37930
#VALUE!
28303210
Ploughs (excluding mouldboard ploughs) Scarifiers and cultivators
"p/st"
153433
214023
128148
123343
181998
583365
627355
28303220
Disc harrows
"p/st"
14211
-11362
10536
17870
21272
4796
15766
28303230
"p/st"
18169
35230
28799
3391
5974
28631
17823
28303250
Harrows (excluding disc harrows) Rotovators
"p/st"
154606
125556
148867
163961
278920
227176
253295
28303270
Weeders and hoes
"p/st"
30456
85691
2910
46585
78542
77791
129642
28303333
Central driven precision spacing seeders for agricultural or horticultural use Seeders for agricultural or horticultural use (excluding central driven precision spacing seeders) Planters and transplanters
"p/st"
13779
9961
20155
31904
431135
816959
558707
"p/st"
31331
45128
115254
37663
122432
45228
58526
"p/st"
18190
41855
-31215
21298
25525
-21836
15842
"p/st"
216020
190310
196961
243017
222566
-112253
170111
28303450
Distributors for mineral or chemical fertilizer for soil preparation Manure spreaders and fertilizer distributors (excluding for mineral or chemical fertilizers)
"p/st"
30202
305863
318
-1421
148373
145646
177821
28305200
Hay-making machinery
"p/st"
6059
28718
-1795
64788
54997
132978
81691
28305330
Pick-up balers
"p/st"
23367
14636
27900
-59954
42669
28969
14022
28305350
Straw or fodder balers (excluding pick-up balers) Potato-diggers and potato harvesters Beet-topping machines and beet harvesters Root or tuber harvesting machines (excluding potatodiggers and potato harvesters, beet-topping machines and beet harvesters) Forage harvesters (excluding self-propelled) Forage harvesters, self propelled Harvesting machines (excluding combine harvester threshers, root or tuber
"p/st"
9193
1524
-4551
2379
104404
69765
5605
"p/st"
6091
5540
5730
6447
4999
5663
5379
"p/st"
485
485
285
1675
-1638
291
279
"p/st"
1369
1318
1421
-5145
1685
32904
75829
"p/st"
6433
-7273
6169
21814
-676
-3097
1091
"p/st"
-9688
1048
327
21632
358
1167
890
28303335
28303350 28303430
28305420 28305450 28305480
28305945 28305960 28305970
47
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009 86812
"p/st"
362
http://www.cema-agri.org/
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
28305990
28305915
harvesting machines, forage harvesters) Harvesting machines (excluding combine harvester threshers, root or tuber harvesting machines, forage harvesters, grape harvesters) Combine harvester-threshers
"p/st"
88318
11404
13096
53374
59708
77679
#VALUE!
"p/st"
8346
7159
-7208
-8213
8670
8979
6714
28305930
Agricultural threshing machinery (excluding combine harvester-threshers)
"p/st"
2815
1903
4551
2304
12506
5024
3130
28306030
Portable mechanical appliances with or without a motor, for projecting, dispersing or spraying liquids or powders, for agricultural or horticultural use (excluding watering appliances) Sprayers and powder distributors designed to be mounted on or drawn by agricultural tractors (excluding watering appliances) Other appliances, agricultural or horticultural
"p/st"
846119 3
860917 3
809575 8
560571 9
660694 8
699068 2
7149818
"p/st"
500988
144581
90698
107635
96620
253933
25379
"p/st"
195289 1
183730 8
591938
376878 8
-346250
736867 4
-982930
Self-loading or self-unloading trailers for agricultural purposes Agricultural or horticultural watering appliances
"p/st"
88829
90295
86828
91639
92864
100619
80344
"p/st"
837166 3
560000 0
459536 3
941992 9
924141 4
829091 2
1175062 5
28306050
28306090
28307040
28306010
Characteristics Most equipment in this group is powered by built-in compression ignited engines (diesel or light fuel oil) or indirectly powered by tractors (by mechanical or hydraulic power supplied from tractor to other equipment). For the purpose of this assessment the market and stock data is described according subgroups as identified in the main source of information, the NRMM Review48 by IES: -
small agricultural equipment: any small equipment not in other categories agricultural tractors: all agricultural and forestry tractors agricultural harvesters: combine, forage and other self-powered harvesters.
These groups and therefore this section does not include sales of agricultural/forestry equipment without engines (ie. towed or incorporated and driven by an engine of another piece of equipment) these are essentially passive energy-related products and any improved of energy efficiency of these products, results in a reduced demand for energy from the self-powered products. This is then reflected in the energy analysis below by a reduction of energy consumption of these self-powered equipment.
48
Krasenbrink, A. et al, 2007 Technical Review of the NRMM Directive 1997/68/EC as amended by Directives 2002/88/EC and 2004/26/EC, DG JRC - IES, (Final), September 2008
84
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Market The NRMM review describes the sales of agricultural equipment with an engine for EU15 only. Assuming that the EU15 represents 85% of total EU27 sales49 the EU27 sales have been approximated by adding the missing 15% of sales in EU10+2: Table 12 sales of agricultural equipment SALES EU27 (units)
2005
power range (kW)
< 19 kW
19-37 kW
37-56 kW
56-75 kW
Small equipment
22.353
0
0
Agricultural tractors
17.259
3.835
Agricultural harvesters
0
0
TOTAL
39.612
tractors as % of total
44%
130-560 kW 0
> 560 kW
total
0
75-130 kW 0
0
22.353
38.353
57.529
57.529
17.259
0
191.765
0
0
904
10.165
226
11.294
3.835
38.353
57.529
58.433
27.424
226
225.412
100%
100%
100%
98%
63%
0%
85%
Total sales of mobile agricultural equipment (including forestry, excluding tractors) is some 33.6 thousand pieces in 2005. If tractors are included the sales are about six times larger and amount to 225 thousand units. No split-up between agricultural and forestry equipment could be given. Sales of towed and mounted agricultural equipment without an engine were not identified. Future and historic sales are approximated using a binominal trend line, based on fuel consumption estimates. Figure 13 Sales of mobile agricultural equipment
Stock The NRMM Review calculated the stock of agricultural equipment, based on the following assumptions: -
49
relatively stable market conditions in the EU15; product life of equipment with engines > 37 kW: 16 years or 10.000 hrs. (whichever comes first);
Based upon NRMM review table 2.7 to 2.12.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) -
product life of equipment with engines < 37 kW: 10 years or 6250 hours (whichever comes first); machinery population follows normal distribution with a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 0.25.
For agricultural harvesters a smaller product life was assumed to correct for increasing sales in recent years. Table 13 agricultural equipment - input for calculation STOCK EU27 (units)
2005
power range (kW)
< 19 kW
19-37 kW
37-56 kW
56-75 kW
Small equipment
223.529
0
0
Agricultural tractors
172.588
38.353
Agricultural harvesters
0
0
396.118 44%
% tractors in total
130-560 kW 0
> 560 kW
total
0
75-130 kW 0
0
223.529
613.647
920.471
920.471
276.141
0
2.941.671
0
0
14.455
162.635
3.613
180.704
38.353
613.647
920.471
934.926
438.776
3.613
3.345.904
100%
100%
100%
98%
63%
0%
88%
Based on the NRMM calculation of the EU15 stock (see assumptions above) and the ratio between EU15 and EU10+2 sales and stock, the underlying study assumes a total stock (including tractors) of some 3.3 million pieces of machinery equipped with an engine, including tractors. If tractors are removed some 400.000 pieces (12% of total agricultural) of machinery remain within the scope of the assessment . The historic and future stock is based upon the NRMM estimates for future fuel consumption (NRMM table 2.10-2.11) Figure 14 Stock of agricultural equipment
4.1.3
Energy consumption
The energy consumption of various mobile agricultural equipment (incl. tractors) is estimated to be some 641 PJ/year for year 2005, slightly growing towards 671 PJ/year (table 2.11-2.12 of NRMM review). This estimate takes into account the effects of Directive 2004/26/EC, tier IIIB and IV. Table 14 mobile agricultural equipment energy consumption EU27 (PJ/year)
2005
2010
2015
2020
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Agricultural mob. eq.
641
659
667
671
This growth is primarily caused by an increase of fuel consumption of such equipment in especially the 'new' EU Member States as shown in the figure below. The trend line shows a small gradual increase indicating the effects of opposing trends of a sales increase (in EU10+2) and reduced fuel consumption / improved fuel efficiency (in the EU15, most likely related to tighter emission limits). Figure 15 Energy consumption of mobile agricultural equipment
4.1.4
Improvement potential
The trend line above represents the Reference scenario on which the energy improvement potential is projected. A complicating factor is that a certain share of the total energy improvement potential is realised by the current NRMM Directives. The remaining potential is therefore based on an estimate, taking into account the expected reductions in emissions and fuel consumption and reductions for the overall sector as identified in various literature sources. An overview of saving potential within agricultural sector as established for the US sector is provided below.50 Note that these savings potential include both technology improvements as well as practice improvement (e.g. transition to no-till agriculture serves). Table 15 agricultural equipment - energy saving options
50
Brown, Elizabeth, Neal Elliot, R., Potential Energy Efficiency Savings in the Agricultural Sector, report nr. IE053, ACEEE, April 2005
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For tractors this source indicates '0.70' savings potential, whereas forage harvesters and other machinery have a savings potential of '0.05'. Assumed is that the tractor potential includes mostly practice improvement (reduced use of tractors: no-tillage crop production, etc.) whereas for harvesters the improvement is likely to be more technology related. Therefore an overall technology related savings potential of 0.05 is probably applicable given the Ecodesign context. Assuming one third of sales have a product life of 10 years and two thirds have a product life of 16 years, the average product life is 14 years. This means that (assuming stable markets) 5/14 or 36% is replaced in 2020, 10/14 or 71% is replaced in 2025 and the whole population has established the saving potential in 2030. Table 16 calculation mobile agricultural machinery 2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
BAU
641
659
667
671
666
655
population remaining for saving potential % saving potential (PY/year)
100%
100%
100%
64%
29%
0%
32
33
33
21
10
0
EU27 incl. savings (PY/year)
641
659
667
659
642
622
actual savings (PY/year)
0
0
0
12
24
33
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 16 Reference and improvement scenario energy consumption of mobile agricultural machinery
The assessment indicates a saving potential of 12 PJ in 2020, increasing compared to BAU to 24 PJ in 2025 and 33 PJ in 2030.
4.1.5
Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up
-
The savings identified above include savings by agriculture tractors. These products are not within the scope of the current Ecodesign Directive. No source i ndicating the allocation of energy (and therefore saving potential) to use of the tractor itself or to the use of 'other' agricultural equipment was found. This issue can be addressed in follow-up studies (if applicable).
-
The effects of the NRMM Directive (covers noise, NOX and PM10 emissions) were not integrated in this assessment and can be addressed in follow-up studies (if applicable) .
-
Stakeholder input is asked for the consideration of costs for improvement.
-
A sector approach would probably indicate that certain environmental impacts (like GHG) of the agriculture sector are much more determined by other emissions sources than the equipment used.
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4.2
Mobile construction machinery
4.2.1
Product group
"Mobile construction machinery" means mobile machinery used for construction, but also mining and quarrying applications, and that is self-propelled, intended to be towed by self-propelled equipment or incorporated in such equipment. Equipment that is intended to be installed permanently in one place is covered by another product group. Mobile construction machinery covered by this group may be used for (but is not limited to) building construction ( mobile elevating platforms, cranes, dozers, pavers, etc.), tunnel construction, road and other infrastructure construction (excavators, asphalt plant, etc.). The group also comprises equipment for mining and quarrying applications and certain 'light industrial applications' including airport services and other service equipment (sweepers/cleaners, snow ploughing/levelling, towing, lifting). Mobile elevating platforms can be considered to be included in this product groups, as well as various industrial trucks. Excluded Excluded from this product group is stationary equipment (permanently installed) like sorters, conveyors and other equipped installed permanently on a production site. These will be handled in a separate product group. Excluded is 'handheld' equipment for which a separate product group applies. Major stakeholders relevant for this group are represented on European level by: 4.2.2
Euromot51: European Association of Internal Combustion Engine Manufacturers (engines for power plants, pumps, power carriers, non-road mobile machinery, lawn and garden equipment, locomotives, marine and commercial vessels and recreational equipment) CECE52: European Construction Equipment Industry; CEMA 53: Agricultural Machinery Industry in Europe. FEM, industrial trucks, mobile elevating platforms, etc. Market and stock data
The apparent consumption of mobile construction machinery according Prodcom is shown below. Table 17 apparent consumption of mobile construction machinery App. cons. (units)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
28922130 Crawler dozers (excluding wheeled) 2892215 0 Wheeled dozers (excluding track-laying) 28922200 Motor graders and levellers
12143
1232
2802
4857
3193
298
-224
-361
-3653
-5690
3037
468
88953
-12291
-18150
58830
521
1488
1486
7425
-80953
28922300 Motor scrapers
5199
4677
21346
2733
12296
8067
-2657
28922400 Ride-on compaction equipment and the like 28922530 Loaders specially designed for underground use
30037
5598
43835
49249
-29470
19820
-13008
-10535
-140
-29040
-598
-2032
-288
-861
51
http://www.euromot.org/about%20euromot/what%20is%20euromot http://www.cece-eu.org/ 53 http://www.cema-agri.org/ 52
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 28922550 Wheeled loaders, crawler shovel loaders, front-end loaders 28922600 Self-propelled bulldozers... with a 360° revolving superstructure 28922730 Self-propelled bulldozers, excavators..., n.e.c. 28922750 Self-propelled earth moving, excavating... machinery, n.e.c. 28922900 Dumpers for off-highway use
72107
32287
32348
20497
26618
38491
-56128
77701
78380
88563
7146
-30034
13693
99899491 44472
53865
-49950
409959 10575
177315
208947
541826
19435
20527
18181
18038
16826
-16
28923010 Pile-drivers and pile-extractors
-9080
-52508
-2773
-7528
13066
-76053
12793
28925000 (Crawler tractors) Track-laying tractors
-5286
4414
10964
4616
-3352
6381
3927
28921233 Self-propelled coal or rock cutters and tunnelling machinery 28921253 Self-propelled boring or sinking machinery 28922750 Self-propelled earth moving, excavating... machinery, n.e.c. 28923070 Scrapers earth moving, excavating, extracting... machinery, not self-propelled 28923090 Machinery for public works, building..., having individual functions 28924030 Sorting, screening, separating, washing machines; crushing, grinding, mixing, kneading machines excluding concrete/mortar mixers, machines for mixing mineral substances with bitumen
40000
4376
5534
6829
3135
60000
2598
76070
66261
71616
54027
50283
88244
70632
3313
3474
7395
9664
10737
9283
6237
21178
25183
67210
74169
51481
37779
19079
187280
124676
121370
230451
315802
374251
326267
138917
121182
142130
187101
122906
152591
700000
is the Prodcom category descriptions are however not conclusive whether the equipment is mobile or not (although the 'self propelled' equipment can be considered to be 'mobile'). Characteristics Most equipment in this group is powered by compression ignited engines (diesel or light fuel oil). Some pieces of equipment may be indirectly powered by tractors (by mechanical or hydraulic power supplied from tractor to this equipment). Most construction machinery applies a hydrostatic drive, with a combustion engine driving a hydraulic compressor, which then drives the propulsion and other mechanics.
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Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 17 Hydrostatic drive mechanism 54 Certain industrial trucks or service equipment may be electrically powered (using batteries, such as airport service trucks and industrial trucks). Market For the purpose of this assessment the market and stock data is described according subgroups as identified in the main source of information (NRMM Review).: -
small construction equipment: any small equipment not in other categories; light construction equipment (< 75 kW motor output); heavy construction equipment (> 75 kW motor output);
This source does not cover the market or energy aspects of the electrically driven machinery in this product groups. No other source providing information regarding these aspects was found. The NRMM review describes the sales of construction machinery with an engine for EU15 only. Assuming that the EU15 represents 85% of total EU27 sales55 the total sales have been approximated by adding the missing 15% of sales in EU10+2: Table 18 sales of construction machinery SALES EU27 (units)
2005
power range (kW)
< 19 kW
37-56 kW 0
56-75 kW 0
75-130 kW 0
130560 kW 0
> 560 kW 0
total
39.136
19-37 kW 16.773
Small equipment Light construction equipment heavy construction equipment
33.545
33.545
28.514
72.123
0
0
0
167.727
0
0
0
0
20.295
15.867
738
36.900
TOTAL
72.682
50.318
28.514
72.123
20.295
15.867
738
260.536
55.909
Total sales of mobile construction equipment (including various 'light equipment') is some 260 thousand pieces in 2005. Sales of towed and mounted constructional equipment without an engine could not be identified. Future sales are based on fuel consumption estimates, historic sales are approximated using a binominal trend line. Figure 18 Sales of mobile construction equipment
54 55
http://www.merlo.com/Tre_Emme/prodotti/idrostatica_e.htm Based upon NRMM review table 2.7 to 2.12.
92
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Stock The NRMM Review calculated the stock of construction machinery, based on the following assumptions: -
relatively stable market conditions i n the EU15; product life of equipment with engines > 37 kW: 16 years or 10.000 hrs. (whichever comes first); product life of equipment with engines < 37 kW: 10 years or 6250 hours (whichever comes first); machinery population follows normal distribution with a mean of 1 and a standard deviation of 0.25.
For large construction equipment a smaller product life was assumed to correct for increasing sales in recent years. Table 19 mobile construction machinery - input data STOCK EU27 (units)
2005
power range (kW)
< 19 kW
37-56 kW 0
56-75 kW
391.364
19-37 kW 167.727
Small equipment
130-560 kW 0
> 560 kW 0
total
0
75-130 kW 0
Light construction equipment heavy construction equipment
335.455
335.455
456.218
1.153.964
0
0
0
2.281.091
0
0
0
0
243.540
158.670
7.380
409.590
TOTAL
726.818
503.182
456.218
1.153.964
243.540
158.670
7.380
3.249.772
559.091
Based on the NRMM calculation of the EU15 stock (see assumptions above) and the ratio between EU15 and EU10+2 sales and stock, the underlying study assumes a total stock (including tractors) of some 3.2 million pieces of mobile construction machinery (equipped with a combustion engine). The historic and future stock is again approximated using the estimates for future fuel consumption (NRMM table 2.10-2.11). Figure 19 Stock of mobile construction machinery
93
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
4.2.3
Energy consumption
The energy consumption of various mobile construction machinery is estimated to be some 369 PJ/year for year 2005, growing towards 428 PJ/year (table 2.11-2.12 of NRMM review). This estimate takes into account the effects of Directive 2004/26/EC, tier IIIB and IV. Table 20 mobile construction machinery energy consumption EU27 (PJ/year)
2005
2010
2015
2020
Mobile constr. machinery
369
394
414
428
This growth is primarily caused by an increase of fuel consumption of such equipment in especially the 'new' EU Member States as shown in the figure below. The trend line shows a small gradual increase indicating the effects of opposing trends of a sales increase (in EU10+2) and reduced fuel consumption / improved fuel efficiency (in the EU15, most likely related to tighter emission limits). Figure 20 Energy consumption of mobile construction machinery
4.2.4
Improvement potential
The trend line above represents the baseline scenario to which the energy improvement potential is assessed. 94
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The saving potential for construction equipment is assumed to be comparable to that of mobile agricultural equipment, ie. 5% 56 (see also 'Mobile agricultural equipment'). The savings and saving potential is then calculated as follows. Assuming half of the sales have a product life of 10 years, some 8% of sales have a life of 12 years and almost 39% of sales have a life of 16 years, the average product life is 12.5 years. This means that (assuming stable markets) 5/12.5 or 40% is replaced in 2020, 10/12.5 or 80% is replaced in 2025 and in 2030 the whole population has put in practice the saving potential. Table 21 mobile construction machinery - energy savings BAU population remaining for saving potential % saving potential (PY/year) EU27 incl. savings (PY/year) actual savings (PY/year)
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
369
394
414
428
437
440
100%
100%
100%
60%
20%
0%
18
20
21
13
4
0
369
394
414
419
419
418
0
0
0
9
17
22
The scenario-analysis indicates a potential saving of 9 PJ in 2020, increasing to 17 PJ in 2025 and 22 PJ in 2030. Figure 21 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of mobile construction machinery
4.2.5 -
56
Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up The effects of the NRMM Directive (noise, NOX and PM10 emissions) were only partially integrated in this assessment and can be addressed in follow-up studies (if applicable) .
Brown, Elizabeth, Neal Elliot, R., Potential Energy Efficiency Savings in the Agricultural Sector, report nr. IE053, ACEEE, April 2005
95
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) -
The estimate of average 5% savings for new products (on top of savings due to existing measures) needs to be firmed up by cross-checking with relevant stakeholders..
96
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.3
Handheld power tools
4.3.1
Product group
"Handheld power tools" means tools intended to be carried by hand or carried on the human body, with a self-contained motor (connected to an on-board or separate power source) and used for (but not limited to) various applications in a construction, agricultural, horticultural, industrial and domestic context. Examples of such products are demolition jack hammers, electric power tools(e.g. in construction and building / DIY), chainsaws (in agricultural and forestry) and hedge trimmers, cutters possibly with combustion engines (in garden sector). Also leaf or lawn blowers can be regarded to be included in this product group. For the assessment the product group is split up into electric power tools (both corded and cordless) and tools with combustion engines (represented by chainsaws). Of course the product group is more diverse than these two subgroups, but the level of detail should be enough to provide an estimate for the ranking. Only the market data based on Prodcom and the overall combined savings potential is indicated for both groups combined. 4.3.2
Market data
This overview gives the apparent consumption according Prodcom for electric and other p ower tools. Table 22 apparent consumption power tools App. cons. (units) Prodcom #
Description
28241113
Electromechanical hand drills operated without an external source of power Electro pneumatic hand drills (including drilling, tapping or reeming machines, boring machines and rock drills) Electromechanical hand drills of all kinds (excluding those operated without an external source of power, electro pneumatic) Electromechanical chainsaws Electromechanical circular saws Electromechanical
28241115
28241117
28241123
28241125
28241127
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
12.015.815
13.324.222
12.346.425
12.511.369
12.176.250
10.730.189
8.922.357
3.099.492
3.548.592
3.096.496
3.973.354
4.148.928
2.978.534
1.907.258
13.867.262
14.498.384
11.539.075
11.264.794
11.212.184
9.585.793
6.256.563
1.394.309
1.056.831
1.279.744
1.640.270
2.134.991
1.502.110
1.273.689
3.232.360
3.370.250
2.936.407
3.496.755
3.013.449
2.442.932
2.274.289
7.371.645
8.146.670
7.690.861
7.538.349
7.521.931
5.516.817
4.314.129
97
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
28241133
28241135
28241150
28241180
28241190 28241240
28241260
28241280
handsaws (excluding chainsaws, circular saws) Electromechanical hand tools used for working textile materials (excluding drills, saws) Electromechanical hand tools operated without an external source of power (excluding drills, saws, those used for working textile materials) Grinders, sanders and planers, for working in the hand, with selfcontained electric motor, operating with an external source of power Electromechanical hedge trimmers and lawn edge cutters Other electric tools Tools for working in the hand, pneumatic, rotary type, including combined rotarypercussion Chainsaws with a self-contained non-electric motor Hand tools, hydraulic or with a self-contained non-electric motor (excluding chainsaws)
10533
10490
10029
0
0
0
0
3.531.924
4.540.405
6.138.961
8.212.744
9.749.884
7.469.348
4.721.583
9.977.389.546
23.894.289
22.201.755
21.756.158
27.189.872
22.542.525
13.261.736
5.397.798
5.940.589
7.517.465
5.655.449
7.252.761
8.032.152
6.756.940
12.133.868
13.321.089
11.445.398
10.290.418
9.787.509
7.911.585
6.105.723
1.045.371
1.097.157
1.498.336
1.048.675
1.146.888
1.044.823
648.707
3.684.356
3.463.370
4.557.661
4.507.126
5.159.010
5.016.253
4.305.317
752.151
2.500.000
2.578.697
2.818.595
2.792.466
1.770.553
1.603.696
Stock data is presented for each subgroup. The next subsections focus on two handheld products, electric power tools and chainsaws, to describe market, stock, energy consumption and improvement potential. 4.3.2.1 Electric power tools Market of electric power tools Electric power tools are used for working with wood, metal and mineral products such as stone and concrete by professionals, skilled tradesmen and “do it yourself” (DIY) consumers. There are four categories of power tools. Corded power tools both for pro’s and for DIY consumers and cordless power tools for both groups. The context of use is most often home or construction sites.
98
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Do It Yourself products are typically used intermittently and are purchased for home projects or gifts. With the typical motor life and average operating pattern the typical product life is estimated to be five years. Professional products are used more frequently and purchased by tradesmen or professionals for their work. The designed lifespan of professional tools is two years. The market for electric power tools is between 3 to 4 billion euro in size (source: EPTA communication). Table 23 Sales data power tools Sales ( EPTA ) Sales in € Billion
2000 2,7
2002 2,8
2004 2,9
2006 3,2
2008 4,0
2009 2,9
Forecast 2010 2011 3,0 3,2
2012 3,4
2013 3,6
Figure 22 Sales of electric power tools
Recovery in 2010 is thought to have been positive and the forecast for the coming three years show an increase at the rate of 3 to 5 %. Professional sales are influenced by residential and industrial construction trends. DIY sales influenced by the economy and disposable income trends. Sales data on unit level are available for year 2009. A split up is applied into professional and DIY products and corded/cordless products. The sales and lifespan data are used to calculate the stock. Every year one fifth of the DIY stock is replaced and half of the stock for professional products. Energy consumption of electric power tools Corded DIY products use universal motors rated between 250 and 750 watts. Corded professional products are powered between 500 and 2500 watts. The universal motors operate at typically 60% efficiency. Cordless DIY products use batteries mainly in the range 7,2 to 12 volts usually with a low amp hour rating. Cordless professional products apply a range of 12 to 36 volt, usually with a higher amp hour rating. The three batteries chemistries in use are NiCad, NiMH and LI-Ion. Cordless products use predominantly permanent magnet motors. Data regarding average product life, annual operating hours, typical power consumption is provided by EPTA. The resulting annual energy consumption per product type is shown in table below. Table 24 input data power tools Realistic
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Average
Motor
Design
Design
Input
Lifetime
Annual
99
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Efficiency
Life
Life
Power
Energy
Energy
Use phase
Use phase
%
Hours
Years
KW
KWh
KWh
Corded
60
80
2
1,0
80
40
Cordless
80
100
2
n/a
41
21
Corded
60
20
5
0,5
10
2
Cordless
80
20
5
n/a
97
19
Professional
DIY
Total
Design life: The motor lasts for approximately 80-100 hours for professional products and approximately 20 hours for DIY products. Note that this is an average and that depending on the specific type of product motor life may vary significantly. Input power: For cordless tools the energy consumption in the use phase is determined by the battery charging equipment and how it is handled. Power tools stock: For professional products the stock is calculated assuming a design life of 2 years (meaning the average stock is replaced every two years) and the annual sales. For DIY products a different approach is needed, since it is known that many products are given as presents and do not fully end-up in the 'active' stock. Calculation stock on the basis of annual sales and a design life of 5 years would lead to an exaggeration of stock. Therefore EPTA assumed that the active stock is about twice as big as the annual sales. Combining professional and DIY figures leads to an overall stock of 28.6 million tools. The total electric power consumption of the stock is approximately 1 TWh per year (in 2009). Improvement potential of electric power tools The main improvement area for corded power tools relates to the motor. Efficiency can be improved by using permanent magnet motors which need additional electronics to provide control. Thus far this technology has not been commercially viable due to the on-cost for the consumer in relation to the overall product price. Nevertheless, efficiency improvements of around 15% could be achieved. The efficiency improvements of professional cordless products is zero, since these already use advanced battery loading controls. For cordless DIY products some saving is possible as regards the energy loss from battery loading (33% of average annual electricity consumption). The industry association EPTA indicates that although savings may be technically possible, the product on-cost (purchase price increase) will outweigh the economic savings from lower electricity consumption. Therefore these savings are not cost-effective according industry opinions. Furthermore, the increased use of electronics and efficient motors will lead to a higher resource use of rare-earth materials.
100
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 25 sales and energy consumption power tools Sales professional DIY
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
corded
6,4
6,3
7,8
8,5
9,2
10,0
million
cordless
3,4
3,3
4,2
4,5
4,9
5,3
million
corded
13,0
12,8
16,0
17,5
18,9
20,4
million
cordless
6,3
6,2
7,7
8,4
9,1
9,8
million
29,1
28,6
35,8
39,0
42,3
45,5
million
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
corded
32
31
39
43
46
50
million
cordless
17
17
21
23
25
27
million
corded
26
26
32
35
38
41
million
cordless
total product life DIY
years
2
professional
years
5
Stock professional DIY
13
12
15
17
18
20
million
total
87,4
86,0
107,5
117,2
127,0
136,8
million
Energy consumption professional
standard
improved
corded
40,0
34,0
kWh/year
cordless
20,5
20,5
kWh/year
corded
2,0
1,7
kWh/year
cordless
19,5
13,1
kWh/year
DIY
Energy consumption Reference scenario professional DIY
corded
1,3
1,3
1,6
1,7
1,8
2,0
TWh/year
cordless
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,5
TWh/year
corded
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
TWh/year
cordless
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,4
TWh/year
TOTAL
1,9
1,9
2,4
2,6
2,8
3,0
TWh/year
corded
50%
cordless
50%
corded
20%
cordless
20%
replacement rate professional DIY
Replaced by improved product
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
professional
corded
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
cordless
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
corded
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
cordless
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
DIY
Energy consumption improved scenario professional DIY
corded
1,3
1,3
1,6
1,5
1,6
1,7
TWh/year
cordless
0,3
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,5
0,5
TWh/year
corded
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
0,1
TWh/year
cordless
0,2
0,2
0,3
0,2
0,2
0,3
TWh/year
TOTAL
1,9
1,9
2,4
2,2
2,4
2,6
TWh/year
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,4
0,4
0,4
TWh/year
Saved
0
0
0,0
3,4
3,7
3,9
PJ primary
101
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) For the electric power tools the scenario analysis calculated a possible savings of some 4PJ in 2020. Figure 23 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of handheld power tools
Table 26 assumptions power tools Notes and assumptions Sales volumes derived from EPTA industry data for EU27 Data relates to power tools only and not products such as household and hand held vacuum devices The "Power Tools in use" numbers are derived using the design life for Professional tools and 40% of the design life for DIY as it is known that DIY tools are little used Energy consumption data derived from aggregated member company input as shown in the detailed workings sheet and relates to use phase only Energy improvement figures derived from aggregated member company input as shown in the detailed workings sheet For the savings potential on cordless DIY products, it has been assumed that savings can only be made on products using simple transformer chargers without controls. It has been assumed that these comprise 3m of the total 6.2m DIY cordless products Energy improvements can only be delivered with additional manufacturing phase energy resulting in increased energy use overall Additional manufacturing phase energy data is derived from the LCA performed for EPTA and Recharge by PE International in 2009 on a corded and cordless power tool Additional "Critical Raw Materials" as detailed in the EU Communication dated 2nd February 2011 would also be needed to achieve these energy improvements
4.3.2.2 Chainsaws A chainsaw (or chain saw) is a portable mechanical saw, powered by electricity, compressed air, hydraulic power, or most commonly a two-stroke engine. It is used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, by tree surgeons to fell trees and remove branches and foliage, to fell snags and assist in cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and to harvest firewood. Chainsaws with specially d esigned bar and chain combinations have been developed as tools for use in chainsaw art. Specialist chainsaws are used for cutting concrete 57 Market and stock data
57
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsaw
102
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Total sales of chainsaws in Europe are some 1.5 million units in 2020, based on NRMM Review s ales data 58. Most chain saws (> 95%) belong to the 'hobby' category. Table 27 market chainsaws split up
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Sales
1.501.376
1.279.744
1.546.417
1.792.721
2.078.255
2.409.267
2.793.001
units
Stock Total
9.808.448
9.586.816
9.853.489
10.099.793
10.385.327
10.716.339
11.100.073
units
hobby
95%
9.292.214
9.082.247
9.334.884
9.568.225
9.838.731
10.152.321
10.515.859
units
professional
5%
516.234
504.569
518.605
531.568
546.596
564.018
584.214
units
The product life of chain saws ranges from 8 years for hobby products to just 2 years for professional users. The difference can partly be explained by the intensity of use. Based on the data provided by the NRMM Review the stock has been estimated to grow from almost 10 million products in 2010 to almost 11 million in 2030. Table 28 calculation chain saws Sales Chain saws
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
hobby
1,43
1,22
1,47
1,70
1,97
2,29
2,36
million
professional
0,08
0,06
0,08
0,09
0,10
0,12
0,12
million
total
1,5
1,3
1,5
1,8
2,1
2,4
2,5
million
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
hobby
9,3
9,1
9,3
9,6
9,8
10,2
10,2
million
professional
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,5
0,6
0,6
million
total
9,8
9,6
9,9
10,1
10,4
10,7
10,8
million
Stock Chain saws
Energy consumption The NRMM provided characteristics for chain saws which can be used for an energy assessment. Table 29 input data chain saws Engine type Chainsaws hobby chainsaws professional
Engines numbers per year 1.022.220
Market population 8.177.760
average power [kW] 1,8
engine class
EDP [h]
SH 2
50
Average run time per year (hrs/year) 6,25
227.160
454.320,
3
SH 3
300
150
(EDP means 'Engine Durability Period' or the product life expressed in hours) Professional chain saws require 22 MJ fuel input for each kWh output (efficiency 16%), hobby chain saws require 28 MJ/kWh (efficiency 13%) 59. Combined with a load factor of 0.6 and 0.3 respectively and the above data the primary energy consumption of the stock is as shown below.
58
Non-road mobile machinery directive, http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/mechanical/files/nrmm/final_report_nrmm_review_part_i_en.pdf 59 http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/muute/tyokoneete/bens_s_te.htm
103
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 30 energy consumption chain saws Chain saws
hobby
6,6
6,5
6,7
6,8
7,0
7,2
7,3
PJ
professional
6,1
6,0
6,2
6,3
6,5
6,7
6,7
PJ
TOTAL
12,8
12,5
12,8
13,1
13,5
13,9
14,0
PJ
Improvement potential No sources were found regarding the improvement potential for (gasoline) chain saws. Assuming that energy efficiency has never been a real design issue before, and the general efficiency is one of the worst identified for moveable equipment 60, the indicative improvement potential was set at 50%. Assuming a renewal of stock based on average product life, the savings are as shown below. Table 31 improvement potential chain s aws replacement rate Chain saws
hobby
13%/year
professional
50%/year
Replaced by improved product
2005
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Chain saws
hobby
0%
0%
0%
0%
63%
100%
100%
professional
0%
0%
0%
0%
100%
100%
100%
Energy consumption improved scenario
2005
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Chain saws
hobby
6,6
6,5
6,7
6,8
5,6
4,8
4,9
PJ
professional
6,1
6,0
6,2
6,3
4,3
4,5
4,5
PJ
TOTAL
12,8
12,5
12,8
13,1
9,9
9,3
9,4
PJ
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
3,6
4,6
4,7
PJ
The indicative energy improvement scenario calculates an energy saving of almost 5 PJ of primary energy in 2030. 4.3.3
Improvement potential
The energy saving potential of electric power tools is some 4 PJ/year but is not cost-effective and should therefore be discarded. The energy saving potential of chainsaws (and other handheld equipment with combustion engines) is some 5 PJ/year in 2030 and will be used for the relative ranking of this product group. 4.3.4 -
60
Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up Regarding electric power tools, the relevant industry association has indicated that the savings in this product group will not be cost-effective (will not be recouped by lower electricity bills). The estimate of 50% savings potential for chain saws needs to be firmed up by cross-checking with relevant stakeholders and a consideration of costs.
http://lipasto.vtt.fi/yksikkopaastot/muute/tyokoneete/bens_s_te.htm
104
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
4.4
Stationary agricultural equipment
4.4.1
Product group
"Stationary agricultural equipment" means non-mobile energy-related equipment that is intended to be used in agricultural, horticultural and forestry applications. Examples for the agricultural sector are milking machines/robots, herding equipment (automated gates, fences, sluices), incubators/brooding equipment, equipment for transport / distribution of fodder, equipment for handling manure/excrements, etc. Examples for the horticultural / forestry sector may be stationary shredders, compactors for plant waste, etc. Excluded Excluded are 'generic' products used in these sectors: Heating, lighting, ventilation products have been dealt with or are being dealt with by the Ecodesign policy process (respectively Lot 20/21 on local heating and air heating, Lot 8/9/19 on lighting and Lot 10 on Fans > 125 W). Cleaning products such as power washers are indirectly dealt with by reciprocating/positive displacement pumps, material handling equipment such as conveyor belts are treated under "Intralogistic systems" and are treated under a different heading. 4.4.2
Market and stock data
Energy-related agricultural equipment is mainly limited to intensive farming as extensive farming does not rely so much on automated equipment. The apparent consumption of such stationary agricultural equipment according Prodcom is shown below. Table 32 apparent consumption of such stationary agricultural equipment App.cons. (units)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2830810 0 2830820 0 2830830 0 2830840 0 2830850 0 2830864 0
Machines for cleaning, sorting or grading eggs, fruit or other agricultural produce Milking machines
28000
15000
15000
14521
11124
13176
12385
12340
8583
610449 4 74024
82302
16143
10279
Machinery for preparing animal feedstuffs
40713
41669
77262
86263
189976
96446
Poultry incubators and brooders
90711
77356
137306
199242
122187
90715
Poultry-keeping machinery (excluding poultry incubators and brooders) Automatic drinking troughs for farm animals
180000 0 139077 7
175959
276539
312869
141216
157661
135372 4
134032 4
199151 5
152002 8
183916 1
11573 1 12807 6 30421 8 n.a.
The average 'apparent consumption' between 2003 and 2008 is some 3.3 million units. Assuming an average product life of 15 years (often applicable to installed equipment) and stable market conditions, the average stock is estimated to be some 50 million units. The market data shows large deviations (between 1.7 million in 2004 to 8.8 million in 2006) . Therefore, as a conservative estimate the stock of equipment is assumed to remain constant (only following increase of intensive farming).
105
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The total number of farms (agricultural holdings) in EU27 is close to 7.3 million in 2007, but this includes also small (extensive) farms61. Figure 24 Farm holdings by size
The Eurostat study expects a continued increase of larger farming enterprises. 4.4.3
Energy consumption
Across all farming businesses, the major areas of energy consumption are lighting, heating, ventilation, air circulation and refrigeration. Specific agricultural equipment is not identified as major area of interest for energy savings. The main areas of energy consumption by broad agricultural activity are 62: • • • • • •
horticulture - heating typically accounts for 90 per cent of the energy used in a greenhouse; pig farming - energy is used in a number of pig farming processes, including welfare and feeding systems, building services and environmental protection, waste management and emissions control; poultry farming - most energy is used for maintaining good environmental conditions for housing the flock (ventilation, lighting, heating); dairy - cooling milk and heating water account for as much as 65 per cent of the energy used, with l ighting and pumping identified as other significant consumers; crop stores - the amount of energy required by a crop store is closely linked to the thickness of the insulation and the difference between the storage temperature and the temperature outside (cooling, heating); combinable crops - energy is often wasted in storing and drying these crops;
A desk research study has been undertaken to identify the energy consumption of the various agricultural stationary equipment, but no usable data could be retrieved within the budgetary constraints of this study. Therefore, in order to provide an indicative assessment of the agricultural energy consumption a top-down approach is used. Total consumption of energy in agriculture in 2007 was 27826 kton oil equivalent or 1165 PJ. Considering this includes the approximately 650 PJ for mobile agricultural equipment, this leaves
61 62
Agricultural Statistics - Main results 2008-09, by Eurostat, 2010 edition Carbon Trust, UK
106
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) some 515 PJ for other agricultural energy consumption 63, most of which is assumed to be related to stationary equipment. For forecasts to 2030 the energy consumption of non-mobile agricultural equipment is assumed to stay constant at 515 PJ/year , because even if the total number of agricultural holdings is decreasing, this will be mainly at the cost of small holdings. The larger holdings are in general more intensive holdings. 4.4.4
Improvement potential
Agricultural and forestry/horticultural businesses carry out a wide range of different activities but there are several low and no-cost measures, as well as those requiring investment, that farming businesses can put in place to lower energy consumption and save money. These relate to the energy consuming activities shown above (previous section). According studies by the UK Carbon Trust 64 average savings are in the area of 50% for intensive livestock (pig farming) and 10% for crop production. Considering that most of these savings are achieved by products already dealt with (air heating, lighting, ventilation, etc.) the remaining saving potential will be lower. • • • • •
Improve energy efficiency of heating systems - dealt with b y ENER lot 21 - air based heating and Lot 20 Local heating Improve energy efficiency of ventilation systems - dealt with by ENER Lot 11 (Fans > 125 W) Improve energy efficiency of lighting systems - dealt with by ENER lot 8/9 Improve energy efficiency of refrigeration systems - specific refrigeration systems (milk coolers etc.) not yet dealt with, however s pill-over effects are expected from ENER Lot 12, ENTR Lot Reduce building fabric losses - assumed to be dealt with by EPBD
Nonetheless, there will be a small share of agricultural (non-mobile) energy consumption that is not already addressed by Ecodesign measures existing and expected. Figure 25 Energy consumption of US farms, by fuel and by application
According a study by ACEEE 65 18% of farm energy use can be traced back to motor systems, 1% to lighting, 3% to onsite transport, 9% to machinery and 69% could not be categorised. Figure 26 Dairy farm energy consumption per application66
63
One kg oil equivalent (OE) equals 41.868 kJ energy (net calorific value). Therefore 1 Mtoe (1000 kg) equals 41.9 PJ and 28.000 ktoe equals 1165 PJ.
64
http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publications/pages/publicationdetail.aspx?id=CTV009&respos=0&q=agriculture&o=Rank&od= asc&pn=0&ps=10 65 Brown, E. and Elliot, R.N., On-farm energy use characterizations, March 2005, Report number IE052, http://www.aceee.org/node/3078?id=28
107
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
In order to provide an indicative estimate of the saving potential it is assumed that a remaining saving potential of 15% is unlocked, through an implementation rate of 5% per year (a renewal rate of 20 years). Note: this assumption for the remaining saving potential is not based on independent sources or research material. Stakeholders are invited to respond and present their assessment of the saving potential for stationary agricultural equipment. Table 33 improvement potential stationary agricultural equipment Reference scenario
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
515
PJ
Saving potential
-15%
Savings implemented Unchanged stock
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
75%
50%
25%
Improvement scenario Savings
515
515
515
515
515
515
496
476
457
% of stock % of stock PJ
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
19,3
38,6
57,9
PJ
Figure 27 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of stationary agricultural equipment
66
http://www.dairyfarmenergy.com/page1.html
108
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
The scenario analysis concludes an indicative saving of 60 PJ/year by 2030, assuming the 15% saving for 5% of stock per year can be achieved. Correction on savings due to Electric Motor Regulation 640/2009 A part of the savings identified for stationary agricultural equipment may be realised by the Electric Motor Regulation as well - these savings overlap. In Annex 5 (section 5.3) a quantification of this overlap is given of some 2 PJ. Therefore the corrected savings for stationary agricultural equipment, without overlap, should be closer to 60 PJ - 2 PJ are 58 PJ.
4.4.5 -
Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up The European average agricultural energy intensity is heavily distorted by the large amount of crop production in greenhouses in the Netherlands, the most energy-intensive form of agricultural production. While the Netherlands employs only 1 % of EU27 Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA, in ha), the country uses 6.7% of the European final energy consumption associated with agricultural use. The discussion whether 'greenhouses' are/can be covered under the Ecodesign Directive can not be answered in this report. The effects of a less energy intensive greenhouse sector could not be investigated in this study. The saving potential indicated is assumed to apply to generic farming equipment and not buildings.
-
Agriculture also uses energy indirectly, for the production of agrochemicals, farm machinery and buildings. Considerable amounts of natural gas are used for the production of inorganic nitrogen fertilisers. This indirect energy consumption is outside the scope of this study.
109
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.5 4.5.1
Stationary construction equipment Product group
"Stationary construction equipment" means stationary67 energy-related equipment that is intended to be used in construction, mining and quarrying applications. Most if not all construction equipment is mobile and construction sites are usually only temporary. Mining and quarrying are in essence also mobile sites (the mines/quarries shall be depleted at some time), but here the duration of the activities may be such that the equipment used on the site can be considered stationary. Therefore the only 'stationary' construction equipment is likely to be mining and quarrying equipment. Of the various equipment used in the mining/quarrying industry, most is mobile equipment (drills, dozers. loaders, shovels, draglines, long wall and continuous miners, borers, trucks, graders, etc. - see also "mobile construction machinery"). Stationary equipment may be found in equipment for handling and processing the final products like graders, crushers, grinders, centrifuges, flotation equipment, dryers, screens and other separators, filters, washers, thickeners, compactors, cyclones, furnace, roasters, smelter, refiners, calcining equipment, etc. although some of this equipment may also be mobile. Other stationary e quipment will be the auxiliary equipment like fans, pumps, compressors, motor systems for transport/material handling, lighting, etc. 68 4.5.2
Market and stock d ata
It is estimated 69there are some 114 mines in Europe (not counting Turkey) of which a certain share is already dormant/closed. The amount of quarries will be in the number of thousands. The production (not 'apparent consumption') of stationary mining e quipment (excluding selfpropelled equipment) as identified in Prodcom are indicated below: Table 34 production stationary mining equipment Production (units) 289211 00 289212 55 289212 35
Continuous-action elevators and conveyors, for underground use Boring or sinking machinery (including fixed platforms used for oil or natural gas exploration) (excluding self-propelled) Coal or rock cutters and tunnelling machinery (excluding self-propelled)
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Producti on Producti on
62241, 00 25136, 00
18000, 00 25677, 00
28793, 00 32035, 00
37357, 00 19183, 00
27897, 00 20619, 00
42848, 00 13849, 00
27089, 00 7887,0 0
Producti on
2717
5700
6000
2101
1850
1020
1000
Total annual production is well below the indicative threshold of 200.000 units. Production trends are diverging for the specific types of equipment, with conveyor sales rising and boring / cutting machines following a predominantly downward trend. .Based on these production data, a market (excluding import/export activities) of some 60.000 units is identified (average of 2003-2009). Assuming a product life of at least 15 years (often applied to installed equipment) this would indicate a stock of some 900 thousand units. No other sources have been identified which could confirm or oppose these conclusions.
67
"stationary" means: intended to be used on the same site within the technical or economical product life of the equipment - whichever is shortest
68
Product examples taken from the overview from US Department of Commerce, data quality and methodology for calculating energy consumption estimates, based on SHERPA Mine Cost Estimating Model from Western Mine Engineering Inc. 69 http://www.tailings.info/ minesineurope.htm
110
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.5.3
Energy consumption
A desk research study has been undertaken to identify the energy consumption of the various stationary construction equipment, but no usable data could be retrieved within the budgetary constraints of this study: Information on EU mining energy consumption is scarce. Therefore, in order to provide an indicative assessment of the stationary construction energy consumption a topdown approach is applied. The energy consumption of mining in the USA is according to a study by LBNL/Oak Ridge 70 some 44 TWh, of which some 90% is consumed by motor driven systems, the majority being u nderground fan systems (12 TWh annually or 27% of the total, applicable to year 1997, 1998). The rest is consumed mainly by compressed air and pumps and other equipment such as lighting, furnaces, other motor systems. Assuming that the EU mining industry output is around 50% of that of the US (year 1990), the total energy consumption of the EU mining industry could therefore be close to some 22 TWh (assuming comparable energy intensity) or 80 PJ. Excluding the fans (27% of total) the energy consumption of other motor driven systems would be around 60 PJ. Figure 28 Mining output per region, Euromines presentation71
Note that the actual total EU energy consumption of the products covered in this group is probably more influenced by economic trends (closure of mines etc.) than by possible legislation on product energy efficiency of mining equipment. Future energy consumption is estimated to decrease ( in spite of a resurgence of activities expected by Euromines after 2010). In order to have an indication of the future energy consumption of the product group an exponential trend line is created on the basis of historical EU mining output (see above). For the years 2010-2030 this trend line indicates - on average - a gradual decrease of activities by 5% per 5 years. The energy consumption is assumed to follow this trend. Figure 29 EU Mining output approximation
70
Riyaz Papar, P.E. et al, "Increasing Energy Efficiency of Mine Ventilation Systems", Lawrence Berkely National Laboratory, together with Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Flowcare engineering and ABC Industries.Year unknown. 71 Presentation by Euromines
111
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
4.5.4
Improvement potential
Most end-use equipment within the scope of this group is already dealt with (lighting, pumps, fans, furnaces) or will be dealt with by coming studies ( ie. DG ENTR Lot 28-31, 'other' pumps, compressors). The remaining categories of stationary construction products (crushers, grinders, screens, other separators, etc.) are predominantly 'motor systems' of which the motors are also already dealt with by the Electric Motor Regulation. Nonetheless, it is possible that despite motor efficiency improvements, some energy saving potential remains in most equipment. In order to provide an indicative estimate of the saving potential it is assumed that a remaining saving potential of 15% is unlocked, through an implementation rate of 12.5% per 5 year (a renewal rate of 40 years). This scenario would lead to savings of some 3 PJ in 2030. Note: this assumption for the remaining saving potential is not based on independent sources or research material. Stakeholders are invited to scrutinise the assumptions and present alternative data. Table 35 saving potential mining equipment Reference scenario
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
97
93
88
84
80
76
72
69
65
PJ % of stock % of stock
Saving potential Savings implemented
Improvement scenario
-15% 0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
13%
25%
38%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
88%
75%
62%
97
93
88
84
80
76
71
66
62
PJ
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1,4
2,6
3,1
PJ
Figure 30 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of stationary construction machinery
112
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
The scenario analysis concludes an indicative saving of 5 PJ/year by 2030, assuming the 15% saving for 2.5% of stock per year can be achieved.
4.5.5
Discussion / Issues to consider for follow-up
-
The savings potential used in the above analysis is an indicative estimate, which needs to be confirmed by product specific studies or stakeholder comments;
-
It is assumed that the savings can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or users - this needs to be confirmed through follow-up study and/or stakeholder consultation.
113
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
4.6 4.6.1
Small fans (< 125 W) Product group
This product group comprises electrically powered fans with a power input below 125 W72 . These fans are excluded from the scope of the 'Fan regulation' and found in numerous applications ranging from cooling fans in PC's, combustion fans,' frost-free' fans in refrigerators, fancoil-units of HVAC systems, hairdryers, etc. 4.6.2
Market and stock data
The fan market, due to its ubiquitous properties, is notoriously difficult to quantify. Prodcom identified for 2009 an EU production of fans below 125 W (category 27511530 "Table, floor, wall, window, ceiling or roof fans, with a self-contained electric motor of an output 1980) use 9 to 6 l/flush. The total volume of flushed water is approximately 20 million m3 in 2010. The production, distribution and waste water treatment of mains water requires an energy input of 0.4-0.8 kWh-electric/m3 154,155 depending on source (groundwater or surface water) and scale of facility (small or large network). For this study and average energy intensity of 0.7 kWh-electric/m3 is assumed.
4.21.4 Improvement potential The amount of water needed for flushing can be reduced to some 4 l, even 3 l per flush per toilet. For the calculation of an indicative saving potential a water consumption of 4 l/flush is assumed, combined with a stock renewal rate based on a toilet product life of 20 years (5% renewal per year). Table 95 energy consumption and improvement potential toilets Toilets
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Habitants EU 27 in million
483
491
501
511
522
532
543
2414
2456
2506
2556
2608
2660
2714
35%
10%
2%
average toilet use per day = 5 flushes per day (million) Stock per flush volume
l/flush
older models (12,5 l/flush)
12,5
% of stock 60%
newer models (9-6 l/flush)
7,5
40%
65%
90%
97%
100%
100%
100%
newest models (BAT 3, l/flush)
4
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Reference scenario
million m3
25
23
20
19
20
20
20
153
http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/html/residents/wateruse.shtml
154
http://www.waternetwerk.nl/downloads/news/vupyxDUTeec8pBLB.pdf http://www.sustainablewaterloo.org/files/downloads/RCIM/ CalculatingGHGemissionsfromWaterUse_CollectioninWaterlooRegion.pdf
155
190
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Energy (in GWh-e, based on 0,7 kWh/m3) Energy (PJ)
0,7
18
16
14
13
14
14
14
0,16
0,14
0,13
0,12
0,12
0,13
0,13
Improvement scenario Stock per flush volume older models (12,5 l/flush)
12,5
60%
35%
10%
2%
0%
0%
0%
newer models (9-6 l/flush)
7,5
40%
65%
90%
97%
70%
45%
20%
newest models (BAT 3, l/flush)
4
0%
0%
0%
0%
25%
50%
80%
Improvement scenario
million m3 0,7
25
23
20
19
16
14
13
18
16
14
13
11
10
9
0,16
0,14
0,13
0,12
0,10
0,09
0,08
0
0
0
0
3,3
5,7
7,6
0
0
0
0
2
4
5
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,02
0,04
0,05
Energy (in GWh-e, based on 0,7 kWh/m3) Energy (PJ) Water saved Energy (0,7 kWh/m3) Energy (PJ)
million m3 0,7
The water savings of such toilets is some 8 million m3 in 2030, which relates to an indicative energy savings of 0.05 PJ primary energy.
4.21.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
-
191
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.22 Electric kettles / water cookers 4.22.1 Product group description An electric water cooker, also called an electric kettle, dispensing pot or water urn is a household kitchen appliance u sed for boiling water and possibly maintaining it at a constant temperature. It is typically used to provide an immediate source of hot water for making tea, hot chocolate, ramen noodles, or baby formula, or any other household use where hot water at boiling temperature is required. There is also an "installed' version of the electric kettle, which is essentially a storage container plus dedicated tap, connected directly to the mains water. The water is stored at temperatures above 100ºC which allows tapping of boiled water.
4.22.2 Market and stock data According the Prodcom database the apparent consumption of "electric water heaters" is some 15 to 27 million units. It is not known whether this category includes electric kettles. It is sure that the group comprises a large amount of normal water heaters (not providing cooked water) so the sales are in any case not correct for this product group. Market Table 96 market of water heaters (may include electric kettles) Sales
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Electric water heaters (including storage water heaters) (excluding instantaneous)
15.761.718
15.607.301
20.240.271
23.355.004
27.431.621
25.147.265
22.443.444
Stock Since the sales data can not be used as an indication of stock, an estimate of household penetration of 67% is used as basis for the stock calculation. This penetration rate is based on anecdotal evidence as presented in related studies 156.
4.22.3 Energy consumption The Quooker energy analysis by VHK 157 describes in detail the energy consumption of an electric kettle (and its alternatives for cooking water). The analysis concludes that the electric kettle requires some 216 kWh electric energy to serve 1000 l of water (excluding indirect energy for production/end-of-life, including 30% overdosing on average). The Quooker report also presents some data on boiling water consumption in the Netherlands and the UK. Assuming that the main function of the e lectric kettle will be tea making, the amount of water to boil for tea will be close to 500 l/year (this is the amount of water tapped for these applications, the amount actually consumed in the form of tea is only half of this, suggesting an
156 157
http://www.vhk.nl/downloads/Definitief_Basisdocument_8dec2008.pdf http://www.vhk.nl/downloads/Energy%20analysis%20Quooker%20main%20final%20april%202010.pdf
192
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) overdosing of 100%). This means the electric kettle will consume on average 108 kWh per year if used mainly for tea making (this of course very much depends on the number of persons in a household and their consumption habits). The overall energy consumption of the stock is calculated in the section 'Improvement potential'. 4.22.4 Improvement potential The two main routes for reducing energy consumption of electric kettles are 1) reducing energy losses (by adding insulation, fast activating boiling shut-off switches, lowering thermal mass, etc.) and 2) modifying consumer b ehaviour to reduce overdosing (there are 'eco kettles' that allow better control over the exact amount of water to boil, feedback on actual amount of water in the kettle can be improved, etc.). Although there is no study that presents the average savings of such options, this indicative analysis assumes that an improved kettle helps in reducing overdosing to 50%. Since overdosing contributes by 50% in the overall energy consumption the reduction is 25% for the total. Table 97 improvement potential electric kettles 2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Households
205
208
211
218
221
225
million
penetration
67%
67%
67%
67%
67%
67%
%
137
139 13%
141
146
148
151
Stock product life Energy consumption per kettle
Energy consumption of improved kettle Renewed stock Improvement scenario
7,5
years kWh/year
108 15
15
15
16
16
16
134
135 75%
137
142
144
147
-
-
-
134
135
-
-
81
million
TWh PJ/year kWh/year
67%
100%
100%
137
118
108
110
-
24
36
37
Savings
% PJ/year PJ/year
The primary energy savings calculated in this improvement scenario are some 37 PJ in 2030. 4.22.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
193
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.23 Point-of-sale and cash dispenser equipment 4.23.1 Product group Point-of-sale terminals or POS equipment Point of sale (POS) is the location where a financial transaction occurs. A POS terminal refers to the hardware (and software) used for checkouts in a shop. The interface of the POS terminal is usually accessible by a salesperson . The same system allows the creation and printing of the receipt. POS terminals represent a significant portion of the energy consumed by office and telecommunications equipment in retail environments. Automatic Teller Machines or ATM Equipment Automatic Teller Machines come in two distinct forms: full function and cash dispenser units. The full function units usually reside at banks, dispense cash and accept deposits, whereas cash dispensers are found at a variety of locations where they only dispense cash. 4.23.2 Market and stock data The Prodcom database can not provide adequate sales data as regards POS and ATM terminals. Only a production volume of 60.000 units in 2009 is provided. The CN database indicates imports/exports per 100kg unit, not per piece. Some equipment may be covered by Prodcom group 26201500 "Other digital data processing machines…" but it is not known how many of these are POS or ATM equipment. Table 98 Apparent consumption and production POS and ATM equipment 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
26201200
Point-of-sale terminals, ATMs and similar machines capable of being connected to a data processing machine or network App. consumption "p/st" Production CN 84729030
"p/st"
60000
AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES
IMPORT
100kg
17569
36798
31308
11746
14932
EXPORT
100kg
219589
347101
348511
402254
286652
26201500
Other digital automatic data processing machines whether or not containing in the same housing one or two of the following units: storage units, input/output units App. consumption "p/st" 4.812.797 4.707.976 4.950.527
These data are not adequate to provide a basis for an estimate of the stock. Therefore other resources have been consulted to give more insight in the sales and stock data 158 POS equipment In 2006 over 3,5 million POS terminals were in stock in Europe and this continued to grow towards some 5 million terminals in 2010. The growth in 2008 is 5,5% for western Europe and 15,5% for eastern Europe159. The projections for the coming years are based on the assumption that paying with cards is still increasing in Europe and will continue to grow towards 2030. Table 99 Sales and stock of point-of-sale equipment (POS) 158 159
HSN Consultants Inc. 2008 THE NILSON REPORT Summary of “POS Systems in Europe 2005”, by Interconnection Consulting Group (via www.reportlinker.com)
194
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) POS
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Sales
400.000
928.125
1.600.000
1.900.000
2.200.000
2.500.000
2.800.000
Stock
1.000.000
2.784.375
4.800.000
5.500.000
6.600.000
7.500.000
8.400.000
ATM terminals The sales and stock estimations of ATM are based on data found for 1992 and 2010. In 1992 there are 82000 ATMs installed i n Europe160. In 2010 383.623 ATMs are in stock in the EU-27161 . The total number of ATMs in Europe rose by 2% from 2009 to 2010. Table 100 Sales and stock of automatic teller equipment (ATM) ATM Sales Stock
2000 27.647 240.000
2005 35.294 300.000
2010 45.014 382.623
2015 48.824 415.000
2020 53.529 455.000
2025 56.176 477.500
2030 58.824 500.000
The number of ATMs is still increasing but the growth is expected to level off in the future as more and more people will start using electronic money. This trend is already happening in western Europe. The mobile POS points (also accepting electronic cash) will grow much stronger and displace the ATMs partly.
4.23.3 Energy consumption POS equipment Only some anecdotal data regarding the energy consumption of POS systems could be retrieved. Table 101 Energy input data for POS equipment Source IBM
Average of 30 different systems
hours/week
Hours/a
Wh/a
kWh/a
Powered Off/sleep
Watt
3,5
84
4368
15288
15,288
On /IDLE (S0)
watt
72,5
35
1820
131950
131,95
Standby (S1)
watt
46,0
49
2548
117123,0667
117,12
total
264,36
The above data indicates a electricity consumption of 265 kWh/year.
ATM equipment Also regarding ATMs only very limited data is available. Different types of ATMs can be found and to represent the diversity of the ATM stock the average of the power draw levels is estimated 162. Table 102 Energy input data for ATM equipment power dispensing in W
power idle in W
160
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-12178961.html www.european-atm-security.eu 162 [citation needed] 161
195
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 585
475
250
150
250
250
357
283
471
379
250
200
360,5
289,5
Table 103 Usage input data for ATM equipment ATM calculations Hours/day active
3,4
hours
Hours/day Idle
21,6
hours
Power dispensing
1226
Wh
Power idle
6253
Wh
The above results in a consumption of 2730 kWh per year per ATM. The combined total energy consumption, based on the above presented data, is provided in the next section.
4.23.4 Improvement potential The improvement potential has been calculated on a savings potential that is based on the difference of the least and most efficient ATM equipment which is close to 50% savings. Based on a product life of 10 years (10% replaced per year) the savings potential is calculated in TWh and PJ. Table 104 Overview of energy calculation POS and ATM equipment Stock
million inst.
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
POS
1,00
2,78
4,80
5,50
6,60
7,50
8,40
million units
ATM
0,24
0,30
0,38
0,42
0,46
0,48
0,50
million units
TOTAL
1,2
3,1
5,2
5,9
7,1
8,0
8,9
million units
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
POS
0,27
0,74
1,27
1,46
1,75
1,99
2,23
TWh/year
ATM
0,66
0,82
1,04
1,13
1,24
1,30
1,37
TWh/year
TOTAL
0,92
1,56
2,32
2,59
2,99
3,29
3,59
TWh/year
Energy consumption standard
replacement rate POS
10%
%/year
ATM
10%
%/year
Replaced by improved product
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
POS
0%
0%
0%
0%
50%
100%
100%
ATM
0%
0%
0%
0%
50%
100%
100%
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Energy consumption improved scenario
196
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) POS
0,27
0,74
1,27
1,46
1,31
0,99
1,11
TWh/year
ATM
0,66
0,82
1,04
1,13
0,93
0,65
0,68
TWh/year
TOTAL
0,92
1,56
2,32
2,59
2,24
1,65
1,80
TWh/year
Saved
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,75
1,65
1,80
TWh/year
Saved
0
0
0
0
6,7
14,8
16,2
PJ/year
Figure 63 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of POS and ATM equipment
4.23.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
197
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.24 Steam boilers
4.24.1 Product group Steam boilers are water heating equipment specifically designed to create superheated water, steam and/or superheated steam. Steam boilers are difficult to categorize since they are used for a very diverse range in applications and may use very different energy sources. The table below identifies the most common conversion technologies that have been applied in steam production.. Table 105: Steam boiler fossil fuel energy conversion technologies 163 Fossil fuel Resource
Energy Conversion
Coal
Stoker fired boiler Pulverized coal boiler Fluidized bed boiler Supercritical coal boiler Integrated coal gasification CC Cogeneration
Oil
Oil-fired boiler Cogeneration
Natural gas
Simple cycle combustion turbine Combined cycle combustion turbine Cogeneration
The steam boiler equipment covered by this product group includes the following applications: • • •
Boilers to produce steam; Process heaters, for example to heat up crude oil in distillation units, to achieve steam cracking in petrochemical plants, or steam reforming for the production of hydrogen; Furnaces or units where materials are heated at elevated temperatures to induce a chemical transformation, for example, cement kilns and furnaces for producing metals.
4.24.2 Market and stock Market The apparent EU-2009 market, derived from PRODCOM and Eurostat external trade data, constitutes a value (in msp164) of € 1,4 billion, The apparent consumption of steam boilers could not be identified by Prodcom, only production data of some groups were present.
163 164
[citation needed] Manufacturer selling prices.
198
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Table 106 Prodcom data for steam boiler equipment (production only) Production (pcs) 25301110
25301150
25301170
28251130 25301230
25301250
Water tube boilers (excluding central heating hot water boilers capable of producing low pressure steam) Vapour generating boilers (including hybrid boilers) (excluding central heating hot water boilers capable of producing low pressure steam, water tube boilers) Super-heated water boilers (excluding central heating hot water boilers capable of producing low pressure steam) Heat exchange units Auxiliary plant for use with boilers of HS 84.02 or 84.03 Condensers for steam or other vapour power units
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
"p/st"
8489
7064
5014
300000
300000
"p/st"
58009
37726
35549
33333
25343
"p/st"
4920
4834
4513
2945
2875
"p/st"
24015041
31665695
23019312
22483389
18022406
"100k g"
341121,27
572779,55
685546,49
800841,05
535119,92
"100k g"
28232,86
41380
36000
120000
80000
The production of water tube, super-heated water and vapour generating boilers in Europe is since 2008 well above 300.000 units. However, with the absence in import/export data the EU apparent consumption can not be calculated. No data regarding the stock of steam boilers in the EU could be retrieved within the budgetary constraints. The next section however does present some data regarding the energy consumption associated with the unknown number of steam boilers installed.
4.24.3 Energy consumption On the basis of IPPC BREF documents 165the energy consumption of steam boilers and systems is estimated to be some 7155 PJ/year for year 2005. This estimate takes into account that the mentioned industries account for around 80% of the total industries consumption.
165
BREF, reference document on best available techniques for Energy Efficiency, February 2009
199
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 107 Energy consumption of steam production in several industries166 Industry
Energy to generate steam (PJ)
Percentage of the total energy used by this industry
Pulp and Paper
2.318
83%
Chemicals
1.957
57%
Petroleum refining
1.449
42%
Total (80% of total industries)
5.724
Estimated total industries
7.155
100%
4.24.4 Improvement potential Various improvement options van be applied to reduce steam boiler (system) energy consumption: -
Throttling devices and the use of backpressure turbines; Improving operating procedures and boiler controls; Preheating feed-water (including the use of economisers); Prevention and removal of scale deposits on heat transfer surfaces; Minimising blow down from the boiler; Optimising deaerator vent rate; Minimising boiler short cycle losses; Optimising steam distribution systems; Insulation on steam pipes and condensate return pipes; Insulation of removable insulating pads or valves and fittings; Implementing a control and repair programme for steam traps; Collecting and returning condensate to the boiler for re-use; Re-use of flash steam; Recovering energy from boiler blow down.
The assessment of the improvement potential is complicated by the fact that a certain share of the total energy improvement potential is realised by current cogeneration boilers. The exact remaining potential is therefore an estimate, taking into account the expected reductions in emissions and fuel consumption and reductions for the overall sector as identified in various literature sources. Note that these savings potential include both technology improvements as well as practice improvement. The saving potential is derived from the US department of Energy reports. Table 108 Energy saving for steam boiler equipment per sector Industry
Energy to generate steam (PJ)
Industry fuel savings167
Savings potential (PJ)
Pulp and Paper
2.318
12,5%
290
Chemicals
1.957
12,4%
243
Petroleum refining
1.449
12,2%
177
Total (80% of total industries)
5.724
709
Estimate total
7.155
886
166 167
source: BREF documents US Department of energy, Steam System opportunity assessment for the pulp and paper, chemical manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries.
200
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The assessment reveals an estimated saving of 886 PJ. Assuming the market and energy consumption is fairly stable, this savings potential is assumed to apply to 2030 as well.
4.24.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The savings potential is based on a preliminary and simplified assessment of possible energy savings. More in-depth research is needed to firm up this assessment.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
-
The larger steam boilers/systems (indicatively > 20 MW) are covered under the scope of the Industrial Emissions Regulation.
201
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.25 Hot tub / Spa / Whirlpool
4.25.1 Product group Portable electric spas are pre-fabricated, self-contained electric spas or hot tubs, as opposed to “inground” units ( such as those attached to a pool), other permanently installed residential spas, public spas, or spas that are operated for medical treatment or physical therapy. In this document168 portable spas are electrically heated; this constraint has the advantages of fitting with the market reality of the portable spa as a consumer product, and of defining a category sufficiently narrow to facilitate the adoption of a reasonably streamlined, uniform standard. Although some portable spas exceed 1500 litres, the most p opular models range from around 700 to 1500 litres. Filtration pumping, water heating, shell insulation, and cover, are the primary components affecting energy efficiency. The vast majority of electrically-heated portable spas are located in single family homes—96% according to RECS 1997. The term “portable” might seem to imply that owners relocate their spa when they move to a new home, and indeed specialty “spa relocation” firms do exist. However, a spa upgrade often happens coincident with the move. Portability is better understood as representing the advantage of a straightforward and low-cost installation. This product group covers 'hot tubs' (also referred to as 'spa', 'home spa' and 'portable spa' or 'whirlpools') that are a form of bath tubs equipped with air and/or water jets, creating a warm relaxing and massaging effect on people's muscles and joints. -
Hot tub: name originally given to the earliest tubs that were round, made of wood, and located outdoors; now is commonly used interchangeably with the phrases 'home spa' and 'portable spa'.
-
Home spa: generally made with a plastic shell; surrounding cabinet may be made of wood or synthetic materials; can be used to describe an above ground, in-ground, indoor or outdoor spa.
-
Portable hot tub/portable home spa: name for any hot tub/home spa that is pre-assembled and sits above ground; actual size and features of a portable hot tub vary widely, from small portable hot tubs that weigh only a few hundred pounds and plug into a household outlet to large tubs that weigh several thousand pounds and require specific installation methods and electrical wiring..
4.25.2 Market and stock Appliance Magazin indicated Germany, France, UK, Italy, and Poland as main markets for hot tubs in the EU. 169, but other data regarding the European hot tub market is scarce. For the US however, the total base (stock) is known, as well as annual sales. In year 2000 some 3.4 million hot tubs were installed and annual sales were 370.000 units170..In 2009 the number of tubs installed has risen to 6.3 million tubs. At approximately 300 million inhabitants this comes down to is one tub per 47 inhabitants.
168
Codes and Standards Enhancement Initiative For PY2004: Title 20 Standards Development Analysis of Standards Options For Portable Electric Spas Prepared for: Gary B. Fernstrom, PG&E Prepared by: Davis Energy Group Energy Solutions May 12, 2004 169 http://www.appliancemagazine.com/editorial.php?article=166 170 http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/2003rulemaking/documents/case_studies/CASE_Portable_Spa.pdf
202
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 109 Sales and stock of hot tubs etc. Statistic Sales 2009 Stock 2009171
Hot tubs 175.000 6.351.000
If in the EU the s pa penetration is about half of that in the US (one per 100 inhabitants) the total stock would be close to 5 million tubs (at almost 500 million inhabitants). No data has been found on sales in the EU. The sales may be hidden in the product group 27512490 Electro-thermic appliances, for domestic use (excluding hairdressing appliances and hand dryers, space-heating and soil-heating apparatus, water heaters, immersion heaters, smoothing irons, microwave ovens, ovens, cookers, cooking plates, boiling rings, grillers, roasters, coffee makers, tea makers and toasters), a group of which sales are between 70-100 million units in the EU.
4.25.3 Energy consumption A hot tub requires energy for creating water or air jets (pump action), keeping water at the right temperature (heater), cleaning/disinfecting water (filters, possibly disinfection), and other equipment like lighting and sometimes integrated audio-video equipment. Monthly energy consumption of hot tubs was identified to be between 100-300 kWh, depending on climate conditions based on US data 172. The Californian report 173 identified an annual energy consumption of 1200 to 3000 kWh/year. No European data could be retrieved. Therefore, for the purpose of this assessment an indicative energy consumption of 1500 kWh per spa was assumed.
4.25.4 Improvement potential A few studies have looked at the potential for reducing spa energy use. The Davis study174 estimated the long-term savings of several efficiency measures: • Improving spa covers is estimated to save 10 per cent, or about 250 kWh annually – the same amount of energy as improving tub insulation; • More efficient pumping systems save even more – 15 per cent, or about 375 kWh/yr; • Improved controls can save an estimated 5 per cent, or 125 kWh/year. Energy efficient spas and h ot tubs - Today, significant improvements in the construction, controls, and equipment (such as using preheated air for jets and low wattage pumps and lights) make hot tubs more energy-efficient than 5 or 10 years ago. An average sized energy efficient hot tub consumes 5-7 kWh per day, while a poorly insulated, inefficient hot tub may use 12-18 kWh per day.175
171
Contiguous 48 States and the District of Columbia
172
Based on a medium-sized spa set at 102°F used 6 times per week, 15 minutes with the jets on, 15 minutes with the jets off during each use. Individual energy consumption will vary depending on water set temperature, actual consumer usage patterns, and actual environmental ambient conditions. 173 http://www.energy.ca.gov/appliances/2003rulemaking/documents/case_studies/CASE_Portable_Spa.pdf 174 [citation needed] 175 http://www.energyideas.org/documents/factsheets/spatips.pdf
203
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) In the U.S. estimated 'long term' energy savings in 2020 for hot tubs were identified to be some 0,5 TWh (0,75 PJ)176. This can be taken as an estimation for the European hot tub improvement potential, which means the saving potential will not exceed 1 PJ in 2020 and even towards 2030. 4.25.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The savings potential is based on a preliminary and simplified assessment of possible energy savings. More in-depth research is needed to firm up this assessment.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
-
176
http://www.standardsasap.org/documents/a062.pdf
204
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.26 Sauna's 4.26.1 Product group In DG ENER Lot 20, Local room heating products, sauna heaters are mentioned Although electric sauna heaters can be classified as local room heating products, they have a very specific use that is different from the other heaters in this study as they heat spaces up to a much higher temperature. It is proposed that they are considered outside the scope of the LOT 20 study. Small domestic heaters have a typical power output of 2-6 kW, whilst larger sauna heaters for professional use (e.g. fitness centres, swimming pools, etc.) can be up to 22 kW.
Figure 64 indicative range of uses and sizes of ENER lot 20 and ENER lot 21 The 3 types most common types of sauna’s and the type of heaters are: Table 110 Different types of sauna's Sauna
Type Heater
Smoke
Wood
Steam (Finnish)
Wood, Electric Gas (Propane)
Infrared
Electric IR
Smoke Sauna This older type of sauna is gaining a newfound popularity lately. It’s only found in the countryside, built into small huts usually made of logs. T he stove is much larger and the benches higher than in an ordinary sauna. The smoke sauna let’s all its smoke into the room and to avoid an unfortunate carbon monoxide incident, a small window in the opposite wall is opened to let the air clear before people actually use the sauna. 205
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Steam (Finnish) Sauna Much less common than the Finnish and smoke saunas, steam sauna is what most English speakers would refer to as a ‘Turkish bath.’ As the name implies, large amounts of steam are pumped into the room, which is usually lined with tile, rather than wood. The three types of traditional steam sauna heaters are: • Wood Fired Sauna Stoves: more traditional, can achieve higher temperatures, more maintenance & cleaning • Electric Sauna Heaters: most convenient, fast warm up time, accurate temperature control • Propane / Natural Gas Sauna Heaters: needs no electricity to operate, millivolt ignition system, alternative to high cost electricity areas Infrared Sauna Usually build into a smaller sauna booth, the infrared sauna uses heat lamps, rather than a stove, to warm. It is the latest in sauna technology. 4.26.2 Market and stock data Market No data regarding the EU sauna market could retrieved. Stock Regarding the stock of sauna's, only anecdotal data from a few specific countries was found. In the Netherlands, there is on average one sauna centre per 100,000 people, which brings the total of centres to 170177. The number of domestic saunas is unknown. In Finland the stock of sauna's is approximately 2 million units, about three times as much as in 1980. A time series table is provided below. Table 111 Sauna stock (Finland) Saunas(x1.000)
1)
1980
1990
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
548
932
1.212
1.247
1.274
1.303
1.333
1.366
1.396
1.431
1.463
1.479
1) Only saunas in flats. The total number of saunas was estimated to be over 2 000 000 at the end of 2009.
178
In Germany there are some 2,300 public saunas, 3,800 sweat rooms in sport and fitness clubs, 5,100 sauna's in hotels and around 1.5 million in private homes.179, which brings the total also to some 1.5 million units. Table 112 Sauna stock - Finland and Germany Country
Inhabitants (million)
Location sauna
Sauna's
Number of sauna's per 1000 inhabitants
Finland (Fi)
5,4
Flats
1.479.000
>370
Houses
> 600.000
Public
2.300
Sport/ fitness club
3.800
Germany (DE)
81,8
177
http://www.holland.com/press/story_ideas/recreation/spas_welness.jsp http://www.stat.fi/tup/suoluk/suoluk_asuminen_en.html 179 http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,411541,00.html 178
206
18
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Hotels
5.100
Private
1.500.00 0
With Finland and Germany having more then 3,5 million sauna’s it is assumed that the other Northern European countries add also some 3 million sauna’s, the middle of Europe and Southern Europe might add around 1 million. This results in around 7 million sauna’s in Europe. Because IR sauna’s are not that long on the market as Finnish sauna’s a market segmentation of 75% Finnish, 20% IR and 5% wood is assumed180.
4.26.3 Energy consumption Only anecdotal data regarding energy consumption of sauna's was retrieved. The table below gives some manufacturers' indications of electric steam sauna's181. Table 113 Energy consumption of electric sauna's Sauna heater
Heating up time (min)
Energy consumption (kWh)
Tylö
31
6,5
Helo
67
8,7
Harvia Trendi
84
7,9
Harvia Termonator
67
8,4
Infrared sauna Power consumption The power consumption of an infrared sauna comes down to two factors, the number of heaters and their respective power usage. Some manufacturers of infrared saunas favour the use of many smaller ceramic heaters while other manufacturers prefer to use fewer but higher powered ceramic heater units. Whichever method is preferred the consensus seems to be that an overall output of in the region of 1kW - 2kW for a 1-2 person infrared sauna, and 2kW - 3kW needed for 3-4 person sauna. When you compare this to a typical steam sauna which has a power consumption in the region of 6kW you can see there are significant savings in relation to running costs of an infrared sauna over the conventional steam sauna. In the UK running costs for a far infrared sauna will be in the region of 9p-19p per hour depending on the model. Another factor to consider when comparing the two is the warm-up time. According to many manufacturers, a far infrared sauna has a quicker warm-up period thus saving time and energy.182 Table 114 Power consumption electric sauna's 183 SAUNA MODEL 1 PERSON
VOLTS 110 Volts
WATTS 1200 Watts
AMPS 10 Amps
180
Estimate, based on anecdotal data only. [citation needed] 182 http://www.saunavillage.com/infrared-sauna-power-consumption.php 183 http://www.vitalsaunas.com/green_initiative.html 181
207
MAX AMPS 15 Amps
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 2 PERSON 3 PERSON 4 PERSON
110 Volts 110 Volts 110 Volts
1650 Watts 1950 Watts 1950 Watts
15 Amps 18 Amps 18 Amps
15 Amps 20 Amps 20 Amps
Combining the average energy With around 7 million sauna’s in Europe this gives us the following energy consumption: Table 115 Overview of energy calculation sauna's Sauna
Type Heater
Market share %
Market share units
Smoke
Wood
5%
350.000
Steam (Finnish)
Electric
70%
4.900.000
Gas
5%
350.000
Electric IR
20%
1.400.000
Infrared
Energy use (kWh)
Energy use total (kWh)
Energy use PJ
7,8
38.146.500
0,3433
1,7
2.380.000
0,0214
The total energy consumption of 90% of the market is 0,3647 PJ.
4.26.4 Improvement potential No data regarding energy saving in Sauna heater technology was found. Nonetheless, even when assuming an energy savings potential of 20% (better insulation, more efficient heater) a saving of only 72,94 TJ can be achieved (0,07294 PJ).
4.26.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
208
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.27 Elevators, escalators and moving walkways 4.27.1 Product group The definition of an 'elevator' or 'lift' as it is called in EU directives is: an appliance serving specific levels, having a car moving along guides which are rigid and inclined at an angle of more than 15 degrees to the horizontal and intended for the transport of: • • •
Persons Persons and goods Goods alone i f the car is accessible, that is to say, a person may enter it without difficulty, and fitted with controls situated inside the car or within reach of a person inside.
An escalator is defined as a moving staircase consisting of stair treads fixed to a conveyor belt, for transporting passengers between levels, especially between the floors of a building. A moving sidewalk, moving walkway or travelator is a slow speed conveyor belt to transport people; they can walk along it or stand; it is like a horizontal escalator. 4.27.2 Market and stock data Market For 'person elevators' or 'person lifts' no adequate Prodcom number was identified. For escalators and moving walkways the Prodcom data does not allow an assessment of apparent consumption as only production data i s provided. Until 2007 production of escalators and moving walkways is around 16-17 thousand units. Table 116 Prodcom data for escalators and moving walkways (app. consumption) 28221670
Escalators and moving walkways
"p/st"
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
17840
15464
16678
8850
9949
Other sources 184 indicate that i n the EU-25 there are more then 4,3 million elevators and 85 thousand escalators and moving walkways. Presently, 125 thousand new elevators and 5 thousand new escalators and moving walks are installed every year. Until 1998, hydraulic elevators were the most commonly installed solution due to their low cost, high security and very easy installation. In the 1990s hydraulic elevators sales in Europe represented about 60% of total market share. In 1995, with the appearance of the machine room-less traction elevator this tendency begun to decrease Table 117: Elevator market statistics185 Country (pcs)
Stock (2005)
Sales (2005)
Austria
72.148
2.855
Belgium
77.000
2.722
184 185
[citation needed] ELA-Elevator market statistics 2005
209
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) CH (*)
164.220
6.791
Germany
631.000
11.450
France
475.000
11.604
Denmark
26.800
855
Finland(*)
50.000
840
Italy
790.000
17.900
Luxemburg
7.500
500
Norway
28.500
1.051
Netherlands
77.800
3.373
Portugal (*)
106.700
4.737
Spain
680.873
27.322
Sweden (*)
108.300
1.328
Greece (*)
308.000
8.475
Poland
70.000
2.000
Czech Republic
77.500
1.314
Hungary
32.950
1.000
UK
240.000
9.499
EU-27
4.024.291
115.616
Table 118: Sales of escalators 2008186 Area
Stock
Sales
% of total
units
% of total
units
China
40%
200.000
52%
21.840
Europe
19%
95.000
13%
5.460
Japan and Korea
20%
100.000
11%
4.620
Americas
11%
55.000
5%
2.100
Rest of world
10%
50.000
19%
7.980
Assuming a stable and linear growth of 2% per 5 year, the sales (market) and stock have been estimated as indicated below. Table 119 Sales and stock of escalators and elevators Sales
Stock
186
(million)
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
elevators
0,12
0,125
0,13
0,13
0,14
0,15
0,17
escalators
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,005
0,006
0,006
0,007
million inst.
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
elevators
4,22
4,30
4,39
4,56
4,84
5,24
5,79
escalators
0,08
0,09
0,09
0,09
0,10
0,10
0,11
http://www.kone.com/corporate/en/Investors/Businessenvironment/business_review_2008/escalatormarket/Pages/default.aspx
210
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.27.3 Energy consumption The E4 study 187provided data regarding the EU27 energy consumption of elevators and escalators. Elevators use about 4% of the electricity in tertiary sector buildings. The total electricity consumed by lifts is estimated to be 18,4 TWh, of which 6,7 TWh are in the residential sector, 10,9 TWh in the tertiary sector and only 810 GWh in the industrial sector. See also Table 5 total existing technologies. Escalators (including moving walkways) consume some 904 TWh in 2005. Some 70% of the installations already use inverters (variable speed drives). 4.27.4 Improvement potential As regards elevators, the E4 project indicated that the Best Available Technology would achieve overall savings of more than 65%. The study identified a reduction of over 11 TWh (99PJ) using the Best Technology Available. As regards escalators (and moving walkways) the study indicated a potential reduction in the electricity consumption of around 255 GWh (28%)(2,3PJ) using BAT technology.
For the running mode consumption the following assumptions were made: • Motor efficiency: 15% lower losses than IE3 in IEC60034-30 (Super Premium or Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors) (IEC 60034-30) • Efficiency of helical gear – 96% • Friction losses (5%) • Efficiency of VSD (95%) (Almeida 2005) For the standby mode consumption two scenarios were considered: 1. BAT - Consider the best available technologies for each of the components which contribute to the stand-by energy consumption: • Led Lighting (varies from 12W for lift with load 320 kg to 18W for 1000 kg load lift) • Electronic Controllers (25 W) • Inverter (20 W) • Door operators (5W) 2. BNAT - Same as BAT scenario but: • Consider turning off of all non-essential components which contribute to the standby energy consumption when the elevator is not in use. • Consider putting the controller and inverter into sleep-mode (1 W each). For the assessment of the indicative saving potential for elevators, escalators and moving walkways, the assessment assumed an overall saving potential for elevators of 50% (below the BAT level identified by E4 report), 25% for escalators and a renewal rate of 3% per year (product life is 30 years). Table 120 Overview of energy consumption of elevators and escalators product life
Reference
elevators
30
4280
kWh_electric
50%
2140
kWh_electric
escalators
30
10600
kWh_electric
25%
2650
kWh_electric
187
Improvement
energy efficient elevators and escalators, www.e4project.eu
211
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Stock
0,98
1
1,02
1,04
1,06
1,08
1,10
million inst.
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
elevators
4,22
4,30
4,39
4,56
4,84
5,24
5,79
escalators
0,08
0,09
0,09
0,09
0,10
0,10
0,11
TOTAL
4,3
4,4
4,5
4,7
4,9
5,3
5,9
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
elevators
18,0
18,4
18,8
19,5
20,7
22,4
24,8
TWh
escalators
0,9
0,9
0,9
1,0
1,0
1,1
1,2
TWh
TOTAL
18,93
19,31
19,69
20,49
21,74
23,53
25,98
TWh
Energy consumption standard
replacement rate elevators
3%
escalators
3%
Replaced by improved product
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
elevators
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
33%
50%
escalators
0%
0%
0%
0%
17%
33%
50%
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
18,0
18,4
18,8
19,5
19,0
18,7
18,58
TWh
escalators
0,9
0,9
0,9
1,0
0,9
0,8
0,79
TWh
TOTAL
18,9
19,3
19,7
20,5
19,9
19,5
19,37
TWh
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1,8
4,0
6,62
TWh
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
16,6
36,0
59,6
PJ
Energy consumption improved scenario elevators
Figure 65 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of elevators, escalators and moving walkways
212
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
The total savings potential for the product group elevators, escalators and moving walkways is therefore a little less than 60PJ in year 2030. Correction on savings due to Electric Motor Regulation 640/2009 A part of the savings identified for elevators and escalators and moving walkways may be realised by the Electric Motor Regulation as well - these savings overlap. In Annex 5 (section 5.1) a quantification of this overlap is given of some 5%. Therefore the corrected savings for stationary agricultural equipment, without overlap, should be closer to 60 PJ *95% 57 PJ.
4.27.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The savings potential is based on a preliminary and simplified assessment of possible energy savings. More in-depth research is needed to firm up this assessment.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
213
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.28 Non-domestic hot beverage equipment
4.28.1 Product group description The product group "non-domestic hot beverage equipment" comprises various equipment used for preparing hot drinks and intended for a non-domestic environment. Most of these machines are thought to be equipped with a vending function, allowing financial transactions. Examples are coffee / tea / hot chocolate machines, soup preparing machines, as found in many public places and offices. 4.28.2 Market and stock data Sales of non-domestic hot beverage equipment could not be identified using Prodcom data since import and export data was lacking. Production data indicated an annual production volume of around 350 to 450 thousand units. Prodcom number Figure 66 Sales of non-domestic hot beverage equipment
Table 121 Prodcom data for sales of non-domestic hot beverage equipment ( production only) PRODQNT (p/st)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
28.93.15.60 Non-domestic percolators and other appliances for making coffee and other hot drinks
372.00 0
377.88 3
432.55 7
418.49 4
363.46 3
The product life is estimated to be approximately 10 years, which would result (in a stable market) in a European stock of some 3.5 to 4.5 million units. Table 122 Stock of non-domestic hot beverage equipment PRODQNT (p/st)
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
3.720.000
3.778.830
4.325.570
4.184.940
3.634.630
214
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.28.3 Energy consumption of non-domestic hot beverage equipment The Japanese Top Runner program188 has set limit values for various types of vending equipment, including 'vending machines for cups', which are assumed to cover hot beverage equipment. Figure 67 Japanese top runner values for hot beverage equipment
If a machine with 5000 kJ adjusted heat capacity is taken as average of the market, the energy consumption per machine is then close to 3000 kWh/year.
4.28.4 Improvement potential Based on the Top Runner information, the difference between average and best performing equipment is some 25%. Therefore as indication of the saving potential the energy consumption of the improved machine is set to at 2250 kWh/year. Based on the above assumptions regarding sales, stock, product life and energy consumption, the energy saving potential is calculated as follows. Table 123 Overview energy consumption of non-domestic hot beverage equipment Sales
Stock
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
non-dom. hot drinks
0,37
0,37
0,40
0,43
0,46
0,49
million inst.
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
non-dom. hot drinks
3,72
3,72
4,01
4,31
4,60
4,90
million
TOTAL
0,0
3,7
3,7
4,0
4,3
4,6
4,9
million
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Energy consumption standard
188
2000
http://www.eccj.or.jp/top_runner/pdf/tr_vending_machines_may2007.pdf
215
million
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) non-dom. hot drinks TOTAL
non-dom. hot drinks Improved
TOTAL
0,0
11,2
11,2
12,0
12,9
13,8
14,7
TWh
0,00
11,16
11,16
12,04
12,92
13,81
14,69
TWh
product life 10
Reference energy consumption 3000 kWh_electric
Energy saving 25%
Improvement energy consumption 2250 kWh_electric
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
TWh
0,00
8,37
8,37
9,03
9,69
10,36
11,02
TWh
0,00
8,37
8,37
9,03
9,69
10,36
11,02
TWh
replacement rate non-dom. hot drinks
10%
% per year
Replaced by improved product
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
non-dom. hot drinks Energy consumption improved scenario non-dom. hot drinks TOTAL
0%
0%
0%
0%
50%
100%
100%
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
0,0
11,2
11,2
12,0
11,3
10,4
11,02
TWh
0,0
11,2
11,2
12,0
11,3
10,4
11,02
TWh
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1,6
3,5
3,67
TWh
Saved
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
14,5
31,1
33,1
PJ
% of stock
Figure 68 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of non-domestic hot beverage equipment
The indicative savings potential in the product group "non-domestic hot beverage equipment" is calculated to be 33 PJ in 2030.
216
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.28.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
217
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.29 Traffic lights 4.29.1 Product group Traffic lights are light signalling equipment to regulate traffic. Traffic is mainly road traffic, although traffic lights for waterways and air fields can be included. Emergency lighting (safety lighting) is not included in this product group189.
4.29.2 Market and stock There is no specific Prodcom category for this product group. Actual sales data could not be retrieved. As regards stock, some anecdotal data is available regarding the number of traffic light sites in the UK: 31.200 sites (road junctions only). Traffic sites are here limited to lights that regulate a four-way junction, with multiple heads. The number of heads is 421.260, the number of bulbs (times 2,5) is 1.053.150 in the UK. If this number is extrapolated to the EU27 on the basis of sites per inhabitant (12%) or GDP (14%) the total is some 7.5 to almost 9 million traffic light bulbs. Table 124 Estimation of traffic lights based on UK figures UK
Europe
Europe
12%
14%
Sights
31.200
260.000
222.857
pcs
Heads
421.260
3.510.500
3.009.000
pcs
Bulbs
1.053.150
8.776.250
7.522.500
pcs
In the Netherlands there are some 5,500 traffic light installations containing approximately 600.000 light bulbs in 2000190. Using the same method as before the EU estimate for traffic light installations is some 140.000 sites, which leads to almost 15.000.000 light bulbs in total. The Aachen Led study191 speaks of 32 million traffic lights worldwide. If the EU is 30 per cent of the world, this means about 10 million traffic lights. The combination of the two sources show there are probably between 8 and 10 million traffic light bulbs in Europe. The total will be higher if simple road traffic lights (no four-way junction site) and waterway/airfield lights are included.
4.29.3 Energy consumption The around 1 million bulbs in UK traffic lights represent a rated power consumption of 21 MW, for the EU this is then over 200 MW. 189
CELMA argued that emergency lighting should not be subject to energy efficiency requirements since the only relevant energy parameters is the charging of the battery incorporated. 190 http://www.ecn.nl/docs/library/report/2000/c00025.pdf 191 [citation needed]
218
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The power consumption is in the order of Table 125 Traffic lights in UK Table 126 Energy consumption of traffic lights in the UK Sites
Traffic signals per site (heads)
Pedestrian heads per site
Total no. of heads
Total Consumption Before dimming
After dimming
Pedestrian crossing
16,500
6 (50%) 4 (50%)
2
115500
5.78MW
5.02MW
Small junction
7,350
12
8 (60%)
123480
6.17MW
5.29MW
Large junction
7,350
20
8 (60%)
182280
9.15MW
7.93MW
TOTAL
31,200
421260
21.1MW
18.24MW
The energy consumption based on the figures from the Netherlands assume a light bulb power consumption of 50 W. A traffic light installation in the Netherlands contains an average of 108 bulbs per installation. One third of the bulbs are assumed 'on' all the time. This makes a total of 87.360 MWh/a. By extrapolating this number over the whole EU (on basis of GDP) then the total electricity consumption is in the order of 2.2 TWh or 19.5 PJ. Table 127 Energy consumption of traffic lights extrapolated to the EU27 NL
Europe
sites
5500
4% of inhabitants/GDP 137.500
bulbs
600000
14.850.000
MWh/a
87.360
2.162.160
TWh/a
0,1
2,2
PJ/a
0,8
19,5
4.29.4 Improvement potential For traffic signals, LEDs offer improved energy efficiency. The use of LEDs is considered the best available technology (BAT) for traffic signals and can reduce energy consumption by at least a factor of three or four with currently available technology192. In the UK for example, it is estimated that converting all traffic signals to LED lights would save 57.000 tonnes of CO2 per year by 2010. The energy consumption for LED traffic signals is around 17W bright and 8W dim, compared to 50W bright and 25W dim for ordinary incandescent signals 193. This alone offers significant savings in energy consumption without retracting from the performance of the lighting system. In the Aachen study the savings potential is calculated to be 30%.
192
Policy Brief: Improving the energy performance of street lighting and traffic signals, DEFRA, July 2008 http://www.mtprog.com/spm/files/download/byname/file/2006-07-10%20Policy_Brief_street_lighting%20fin.pdf 193 Quick Hits, Traffic Signal, UK ERC, December 2006 http://www.ukerc.ac.uk/Downloads/PDF/06/0612_Traffic_Signals_QH.pdf
219
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) By applying an overall savings potential of 35%, the total savings will be approximately 6,6 PJ. Considering the range in estimates regarding the total stock of traffic lights, the saving potential is in reality probably between 5 PJ and 10 PJ. No projections as regards future energy consumption of traffic lights have been retrieved. The savings potential of 6.6 PJ is therefore assumed to apply to year 2030 as well, in order to provide an indicative estimate. 4.29.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
220
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
4.30 logistic equipment 4.30.1 Product group This product comprises "logistic equipment" which are installations for transport of goods within industrial or tertiary facilities. Goods can be unit parcels or bulk material. The equipment may be belt-type conveyors, screw type conveyors (for loose material), rollers, etc. and may include the equipment to control the mechanical action. Other electric motor driven equipment, such as hoists, elevators and other k ind of lifting equipment can be considered to be included in this indicative energy assessment, extending the range to the following product subgroups: -
Conveyors for bulk handling: bulk materials conveyors, ship loading and unloading systems, loose bulk sorting equipment and pneumatic handling equipment for bulk materials
-
Cranes and lifting equipment: lifting and hoisting equipment, tower and harbour cranes and mobile cranes
-
Elevating equipment: lift tables, dock levellers and tail lifts for vehicles
-
Racking & shelving equipment
Intralogistic systems may also be included. Such systems are a horizontal product group, addressing single materials handling product and complete turnkey systems and focus on automation, control and IT, and integration of several types of materials handling equipment into one system.
4.30.2 Other, mobile, logistic equipment194 is currently covered by the product group "mobile construction machinery" Market and stock Only production related data related to logistic equipment products could b e extracted from Prodcom. No data regarding import of export was found. Table 128 Prodcom data for various logistics equipment (app. consumption) 282217 33
842820 91
282217 35 282217 50 282217 70 282217 93
842820 98
282217 95
282218 90
194
Pneumatic elevators and conveyors for bulk materials (excluding those specially designed for agricultural use) Pneumatic elevators and conveyors (excluding for agricultural use, for bulk materials) Bucket type continuous-action elevators and conveyors for goods or materials Belt type continuous-action elevators and conveyors for goods or materials Roller conveyors for goods or materials (excluding pneumatic elevators and conveyors, those specially designed for use underground, bucket type, belt type) Continuous-action elevators or conveyors for goods or materials (excluding pneumatic elevators or conveyors, those designed for use underground, bucket type, belt type, roller conveyors) Lifting, handling, loading or unloading machinery, n.e.c.
"p/s t"
20308
26061
50374
20157
16066
"p/s t" "p/s t" "p/s t" "p/s t"
32025 6 23436
26909 0 22381
20795 9 34306
14819 7 20377
12012 58 27810 0
51475 2 31709 3 11362 03 29228 3
11820 25 30251 1
67409 8 54000 0
48214 5 60000 0
"p/s t"
58087 4
67109 8
60000 0
57279 5
42779 5
"p/s t"
66809 9
82351 8
83489 2
10652 69
25643 26
Mobile logistic equipment may be: Industrial trucks: self-propelled industrial trucks, rough terrain fork and variable reach trucks, pedestrian-propelled manual and semi-manual trucks, driverless industrial trucks and industrial wheels and castors. Mobile elevating work platforms: self propelled platforms, vehicle mounted platforms, trailer push-around, vertical personnel platforms, insulated aerial devices
221
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) The number of produced products greatly exceed the indicative threshold of 200.000 units as indicated in the Ecodesign Directive, but these production figures can not be used to estimate the market nor the stock of such equipment. 4.30.3 Energy consumption No data could be retrieved which specified the energy consumption of the various types of and components of logistic equipment. In order to provide some insight in the energy consumption of such equipment, the Lot 11 study on electric motors was used for an estimate of energy consumption of conveyor lines, which are assumed to represent the bulk of the equipment considered. Conveyor systems are estimated to consume some 36 TWh annually (or 4% of a total of 860 TWh, for i ndustrial and tertiary sectors combined). No data has been retrieved which would allow future projections of energy use. 4.30.4 Improvement potential Direct s avings on energy consumption can be achieved by 1) replacement of standard motors by more efficient motors, 2) adding variable speed drives to systems that transport varying loads. Improving motor efficiency could save some 5% on this energy consumption (2 TWh). VSDs could save another 10% (roughly) on this, bringing the total savings to 15% or 5.5 TWh or almost 50 PJ. Since no data could be retrieved on which future projections of energy consumption and savings could be based, the savings are considered to apply to 2030, as by then any introduction of improved products by 2015 will be absorbed by the market.
4.30.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
This savings potential does not include a correction for more efficient motors in the stock due to the Electric Motor Regulation. In addition the sources for the assumption are outdated and need to be scrutinised. The actual savings may therefore be lower than indicated.
-
These savings also do not address the savings possible by the application of "smarter" intralogistic systems: Better control over material throughput could lead to savings related to fewer or more efficient transport activities. A full system approach could be used to quantify such savings.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
222
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.31 Heating controls 4.31.1 Product group The product group "heating controls" comprises equipment used for controlling the heat output of space heating equipment in relation to current and set indoor temperatures and/or other parameters. The stakeholder organisation EUBAC proposed as product group definition for "Control products": "Individual products that control aspects of the internal environment with the ultimate aim of reducing energy use or carbon emissions of the building (e.g. thermostat OR valve)." Examples of control products are: thermostats, timers, thermostatic radiator valves, zone controllers, weather compensators, automatic balancing devices and occupancy detection devices. Recognising the possibility of achieving even higher energy savings by optimising the interplay between these products, the stakeholder organisation EUBAC also provided a definition for "Control systems" which means "an interconnected set of control products installed in a building to manage energy using appliances, distribution systems and where appropriate emitters and heat exchangers in relation to the building and occupants needs so that energy use and carbon emissions are minimised (e.g. thermostat AND valve)." This assessment provides savings estimates for control products and control systems as a range. 4.31.2 Market and stock The Prodcom database presents between 2005-2009 for electronic thermostats an apparent consumption of 31 - 37 million. Sales of radiator thermostats are between 119 and 316 million. These sales are directly affected by the number of new builds (visible by the drop in 2009 which is due to the economic crisis). Table 129 Prodcom data for heating controls (app. consumption) app. cons. 26517015
90321020
26517019
90321081
28141253
8481803 1
28141255
8481803 9
Electronic thermostats Nonelectronic thermostats Central heating radiator thermostatic valves Central heating radiator valves, other
"p/st" "p/st"
"100kg"
"100kg"
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
32.479.925
36.849.525
36.453.432
36.730.361
30.901.608
338.224.710
341.420.878
342.037.351
259.778.980
199.806.055
156.699
189.264
316.186
295.192
119.173
351.928
334.477
309.686
302.883
303.316
The installed stock is difficult to assess on the basis of the Prodcom sales only, since it is not known how much of these sales are for heating systems. Therefore the stock is estimated on the basis of the number of heating systems. According the Lot 1 study some 150 million individual and collective central heating systems are installed in the domestic sector (covering some 109 individual boilers) and some 8 million heating systems in the nondomestic sectors195 (data relates to year 2004 and to EU22 - no data for EU 27). The total stock of
195
Lot 1 study, Task 2, 2 July 2007, p. 10-14
223
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) heating controls (thermostats) is estimated to be in the order of some 120 million units. The stock of timers and radiator valves could not be assessed. EUBAC is currently investigating the sales and stock of control products in more detail. 4.31.3 Energy consumption Although electronic thermostats and timers are energy-using products, their main impact (and that of other products like TRVs) lies in the reduction of energy use by heating equipment. In this respect the control products behave like other indirect energy-related products, l ike insulation products and window products who also have their main impact on other energy-using equipment. The stakeholder organisation EUBAC provided an analysis of related energy consumption and saving potential based on sales of heating controls of 1 million per year each for controls, timers and thermostatic radiator valves. This sales volume was primarily chosen in order to provide some initial guidance in the estimate of possible savings. The energy consumption for controls in residential central heating systems is estimated to be some 5100 PJ (122 million dwellings, of average 11.602 kWh/year). If other space heating systems (solid fuel systems, local heaters, district heating, etc.) and sectors (tertiary, industrial) are included the total energy consumption for space heating is closer to 13.225 PJ/year (see Task 2, section 2.2).
4.31.4 Improvement potential The following assessment of savings is based on data provided by EUBAC. Savings by control products The estimate assumes that the current numbers of controls sold will remain constant but that the energy saving performance of the individual control products will improve. The savings are based on the three most common types of heating control; timers, temperature controllers (including weather compensators) and TRVs. These were also the categories used in the initial boiler calculation model developed for Ecodesign Lot 1. This allowed to derive efficiency improvements for individual control types from that calculation model. The table below shows the total annual EU energy savings in the residential sector from the establishment of minimum standards for selected individual control types. A great deal of work will be required through a preparatory study to establish appropriate data and control categories. Table 130 Energy input data for heating controls Control
Current base level
Timer
Setback timer
Temp control
On/off room thermostat
Valve control
TRV
Assumed new minimum standards Timer with boiler optimiser
Energy saving for control upgrade 0.3%
Energy saving per dwelling 35 kWh
Units sold per annum
Modulating or TPI room thermostat TRV with balancing
2.5%
2.8%
TOTAL
x 80% market factor
1,000,000
Total annual saving 35 GWh
290 kWh
1,000,000
290 GWh
240 GWh
325 kWh
1,000,000
325 GWh
260 GWh
29 GWh
529 GWh
224
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) -
Controls and savings taken from the boiler calculation model developed for the initial stages of Ecodesign Lot 1 (boilers), a gas condensing boiler is assumed.
-
Energy saving per dwelling is based on the percentage energy saving against an average EU space heating load of 11,602 kWh/a, taken from the Lot 1 preparatory study.
-
Units sold is a conservative estimate based on total EU boiler sales of 6 million per annum, assuming installation when boilers are installed, cross checked against UK controls sales data. In the figures for valve control a ‘unit’ relates to a number of TRVs installed in a single system to match the energy saving assumption.
-
An 80% market factor has been applied to represent an estimate that in a business as usual scenario about 20% of sales would have been at the higher standard.
Note that the savings are related to a sales volume of 1 million products (in each category) only. The combined annual savings of this sales volume is estimated to be some 0.5 TWh or 2 PJ. If instead the total residential central heating stock consumption of 5100 PJ is taken as basis the combined savings of 5.6% would result in maximum savings of 285 PJ. And if the total space heating energy demand is taken as reference, the savings would amount to 740 PJ, but the actual combined savings percentage of 5.6% would then need to be reconsidered. Savings by control systems It is expected that the most significant savings in the residential sector would be from the extension of standards for control systems with the installation of new and replacement heating systems and the retrofit installation of improved controls. The latter provides the greatest opportunity for energy saving. The European controls industry estimates that 50% of EU dwellings have a minimal level of controls in place, referred to as ‘manual only.’ A further 30% of dwellings are estimated to have a ‘basic controls’ level where there are controls in place but only providing reference control functions. 20% are estimated to have a control system in place that uses best available technology196. Calculation methodologies in the European Standard EN 15316.2 clearly show that a potential improvement in system efficiencies of u p to 25% can be expected, dependant on controls installed. This concurs with industry estimates based on experience across a range of technologies. This figure is therefore used to estimate the energy saving potential in existing dwellings, with an intermediate saving figure of 10% for improvements in controls to a basic level. Table 131 Energy saving by heating controls Type System type 1 Manual controls only System type 2 Basic controls level System type 3 Good controls level TOTAL
196
Proportion of existing systems 50%
Efficiency gain Ref
Technical energy saving potential 177 TWh
Practical energy saving potential 78 TWh
30%
10%
64 TWh
32 TWh
20%
25%
0
0 TWh
241 TWh
110 TWh
These estimates are supported by data from the Energy Saving Trust, a UK Government agency, showing that in the UK, where we would expect the controls to be above average for the EU as reference control standards have been in place for boiler installations since 1995 there are still only about 30% of properties that meet this reference standard. Although many of the other properties have some controls in place there remains considerable room for improvement.
225
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) -
Based on 122m EU dwellings with wet central heating and an average space heating load of 11,602 kWh/a, figures taken from the Lot 1 preparatory study.
-
Technical potential assumes that all type 1 and 2 systems are upgraded to type 3.
-
Practical potential assumes that a) 60% of type 1 are upgraded to type 2 and 20% to type 3, and b) 50% of type 2 are upgraded to type 3.
The savings from the control system 'Practical' scenario are therefore in the range of 110 TWh or almost 400 PJ, which is a saving potential of 8%. Using a simplified approach, based on a saving potential of 8% and a renewal rate of 7% per year, the stock energy consumption and savings from improved products for year 2030 are calculated to be 319 PJ/year (this is lower than the maximum potential, since the energy use of the stock has been reduced by that time). Table 132 Overview of heating control energy saving Reference scenario
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
5302
5376
5359
5255
5095
4935
4477
4233
3989
PJ/year
Improvement (%)
-8,0%
Improved stock (%)
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
33%
67%
100%
Remaining stock (%)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
67%
33%
0%
Improvement scenario
5302
5376
5359
5255
5095
4935
4358
4007
3670
% of total % per year % of stock % of stock PJ/year
Renewal rate
7%
0
0
0
0
0
0
119
226
319
PJ/year
Figure 69 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of heating controls
226
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.31.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
227
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.32 Lighting Controls All data, including the estimates regarding the annual energy consumption and energy saving potential have been based on information provided by CELMA, the European lamp companies federation . 4.32.1 Product group Lighting controls means product systems for control of tertiary and public street lighting. The available options depend on the context of the lighting system but most lighting systems combine multiple functions/effects. The options applied by such lighting control (systems) are daylight linking, presence detection, time management and constant luminance level control system. It is difficult to determine how the lighting product is going to be installed in the particular application. For some product groups, such as lighting in the tertiary sector, the use-phase energy efficiency is to a large extent determined by the design of the entire system and the context of each particular installation. Therefore there is potential in improving the energy efficiency of both the individual products (bulbs and ballasts) and that of the lighting systems in which they are used.
4.32.2 Market and stock CELMA estimates that in the EU-27 non-residential buildings sector: -
90% of the buildings were not designed according to current lighting standards
-
85% of existing buildings stock do not use intelligent lighting
-
75% of existing installations older than 25 years
-
Refurbishment rate is ~ 7% / year
-
Intelligent systems improve the quality of light
-
Saving potential: 70-75 TWh / year
Regarding street lighting in the EU-27: -
33% of technology older than 40 years
-
Refurbishment rate is ~3% / year
-
98% of existing street lighting has no any control, but switch on/off
-
Intelligent lighting control can save up to 40% of electrical consumption
-
Intelligent lighting control can improve lighting quality due to provide right light and the instant report of failures
-
Intelligent lighting control can reduce obtrusive light (light pollution)
-
Saving potential is 10 to 15 TWh/year
228
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.32.3 Energy consumption According to CELMA (quoting the preparatory study Lot 8-9 on tertiary lighting) some 1.6 billion lighting points were installed in non-residential buildings and street lighting in 2005, leading to an energy consumption of 200 TWh electricity (1800 PJ primary energy) of products in these lighting systems. The energy saving potential is therefore based on this related energy consumption.
4.32.4 Improvement potential The improvement potential can be unlocked by installing lighting systems that employ one or more of the following control strategies: Table 133 Stock (and saving potential) of lighting control systems Permanent (on - off) Options: Daylight linking Presence detection Time management Constant luminance level
Penetration indoor 97%
Saving potential 0%
< 8%
20-40%
< 8% < 4% < 4%
15-30% 5-15% 10-25%
The figure below shows how daylight adaptive lighting can reduce the energy consumption of well-lit areas, closer to windows. while maintaining a constant luminance level. Figure 70 Example of lighting control - daylight adaptive system
The energy saving (assuming a reference energy consumption that includes savings by the Ecodesign Regulation for bulbs and ballasts - 35 TWh savings by 2030, on a total of 200-220 TWh for 2030) for applying lighting systems with a renewal rate of 7% per year (product life 14 years) and a saving potential of 40%, are indicated in the table below. Table 134 Overview of lighting control system energy savings Reference scenario
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1722
1651
1586
1525
Improvement (%)
-40,0%
Renewal rate
7%
Improved stock (%)
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
35%
70%
100%
Remaining stock (%)
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
65%
30%
0%
229
PJ/year % of total % per year % of stock % of stock
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Improvement scenario
1800
1800
1800
1800
1800
1722
1420
1142
915
PJ/year
0
0
0
0
0
0
231
444
610
PJ/year
This improvement scenario shows savings over 600 PJ (over 70 TWh) for 2030. Because the reference scenario assumes that bulbs and ballasts have become more efficient due to the e xisting Ecodesign Regulations, the savings are somewhat less than indicated by CELMA. Figure 71 Reference and Improvement scenario energy consumption of lighting controls
4.32.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
230
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.33 Medical equipment 4.33.1 Product group Medical equipment means197 any instrument, apparatus, appliance, material or other article, whether used alone or in combination, including the software necessary for its proper application intended by the manufacturer to be used for human beings for the purpose of: - diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment or alleviation of disease, - diagnosis, monitoring, treatment, alleviation of or compensation for an injury or handicap, - investigation, replacement or modification of the anatomy or of a physiological process, - control of conception, and which does not achieve its principal intended action in or on the human body by pharmacological, immunological or metabolic means, but which may be assisted in its function by such means and that can be considered 'energy-related' according the definition explained in section 1.1.3 of this study. Examples of medical equipment are: 1. medical imaging equipment for human applications, such as equipment for computer tomography (CT), ultrasound, X -ray, magnetic-resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear medicine. These types of equipment are subject to a proposal for a Voluntary Agreement by COCIR; 2. other medical equipment (non-imaging) used for patient treatment, recovery, support, anaesthesia, cleaning of medical d evices, etc. In order to avoid possible overlap with the on-going Ecodesign process ("products already dealt with") this section covers the medical equipment outside the scope of the COCIR Voluntary Agreement (group 1 above). There may be a very small overlap with the preparatory study regarding ovens and furnaces, since some oven-like equipment is used for sterilising medical devices. This overlap could not be quantified.
4.33.2 Market and stock Prodcom coverage of medical equipment is scattered and could not be used for the purpose of energy analysis. Table 135 Prodcom data for various medical equipment (production only) Prod. only
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
26601230
Electro-cardiographs
"p/st"
226080485
259455972
300000000
658232174
300000000
26601300
Ultraviolet or infrared apparatus used in medical, surgical, dental or veterinary sciences
"p/st"
500000
800074
1023605
900257
797200
197
This definition is based on Article 1, item 2 of Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices
231
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 136 Prodcom data for various medical equipment (apparent consumption) app. cons. 26601433
26601450
Appliances for overcoming deafness (excluding parts and accessories) Pacemakers for stimulating heart muscles (excluding parts and accessories)
"p/st"
"p/st"
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
4.101.118
5.852.511
5.770.238
5.810.912
5.878.484
601.673
711.960
1.404.189
1.321.855
11.223.823
No other sources of data regarding sales (or s tock) of medical equipment have been found, other than the background document by COCIR for the Voluntary Agreement, which focuses on medical imaging equipment only, and ultrasound products in particular. For medium and high power imaging equipment (subject to proposed Voluntary Agreement on imaging equipment) market data related to the US was retrieved198. This data is presented together with energy data in the next section.
4.33.3 Energy consumption Regarding the energy consumption of the 'other' medical equipme nt (outside the scope of the COCIR agreement) no direct stock and energy data could be retrieved. Therefore, in order to provide an initial estimate, the energy consumption of this equipment is calculated as the TOTAL medical equipment energy consumption, minus the energy consumption by 'COCIR equipment'. TOTAL medical energy consumption (all equipment) According a Dutch study the average electricity consumption of hospitals of approximately 100 kWh/m2 per year, distributed over following end-use applications shown below. Figure 72 Breakdown of hospital energy consumption per application
198
See reference to TIAX study on next pages
232
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
In the above figure "medical equipment" is assumed to be covered by the group "miscellaneous". The energy intensity is some 21 kWh/m2 per year (14% of hospital energy). According the WHO199 the average floor area per hospital bed in the EU15 is 130 m2. When applied to the total number of hospital beds in Europe (2.8 million, according European Hospital and Healthcare Federation) the total floor area must be approximately 360 million m2. Applying the 21 kWh/m2 floor area for medical equipment results in a medical equipment energy consumption of 7.4 TWh electricity (or 66 PJ) applicable to the period 2005-2010. This f igure however hardly exceeds that of the COCIR equipment alone (6.8 TWh for year 2005 - see following section). Therefore a second approach is applied, based on total numbers of hospitals. If it is assumed that in the EU there are some 15.000 hospitals200 and if it is assumed that each hospital is on average 50.000 m2201, then the total energy consumption of the hospital equipment only (excluding other energy related applications in hospitals) is 15 TWh/year (electricity), or 135 PJ. In the DG ENTR Lot 6 study on non-tertiary cooling and ventilation, an overview of medical facilities is given. Table 137 Overview of 'medical' buildings Table 3- 1. VHK Business & public sector statistics, section N - Health and social work (2005, EU-25, © VHK 2007-2010)
Code
Description
Number
85.111
Hospital primary health activities
5.949
85.112
Hospitals for specialized somatic health activities
2.732
85.113
Hospitals for specialized psychiatric health activities
833
85.114
Rehabilitation centres
13
85.115
Other specialized health activities
2.250
199
Totals
mln. m³/h @18°C
Stauskis, G. "Optimization of urban model for developing health care network in Vinius regional area", March 2005. source: European Hospital and Healthcare Federation 201 Based on values provided by the DG ENTR Lot 6 study on tertiary ventilation and air conditioning systems 200
233
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
85.121
Medical practices, at hospitals
161.804
85.122
Medical practices, not at hospitals
139.813
85.123
Somatic polyclinics
506.534
85.124
Psychiatric healing centre
19.333
85.125
Adult psychiatric polyclinic
10
85.127
Children’s and adolescents psychiatric polyclinic
11.314
85.130
Dental practices
993
838.808
815
156.840
189
336.928
2.028
45.754
55
73.112
1.320
156.840
85.141
Medical laboratories etc.
13.535
85.142
Ambulance transports and ambulance health activities
6.045
85.143
Medical nursing homes
45.341
85.144
Other health establishments n.e.c.
272.001
85.145
Organ collection centres and banks
6
85.200
11.777
Veterinary clinics
45.754
85.311
Service homes and homes for the aged
6.128
85.312
Homes for disabled persons
5.807
85.313
Homes for children and young people
13.776
85.315
Homes for adult substance misusers
2.786
85.316
Hostels etc.
489
85.322
Child day-care establishments
15.927
85.323
Social work establishments for children and young people
1.533
85.324
Welfare and counselling centres
10.097
85.325
Humanitarian relief organisations
1.439
85.327
Day-care establishments for the aged
3.836
85.328
Day-care establishments for disabled persons
9.297
85.329
Day-care establishments for adult substance misusers
1.998
TOTAL
1.463.219
5.400
Facilities under Nace code 85.1 to 85.2 are some 4080 million m3, of which 24% is related to primary hospital services. Concluding, for the year 2005 it is assumed that the total energy consumption of medical equipment is between 7.4 and 15 TWh electricity. For the description of the 'Reference scenario', it is assumed that 2005 consumption is 10 TWh. For future projections a rise in total energy consumption is assumed, based on a rise in population and the appliance energy consumption projections indicated by the TIAX for medical equipment. Energy consumption of 'COCIR equipment' MRI equipment 234
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Regarding MRI machines, some 4800 units or 11 machines per million inhabitants are thought to be installed in Europe with an average stock growth of 7%/year (between 2002 and 2008) 202. MRI machines, breakdown by selected countries Table 138 Stock of MRI equipment in selected EU countries 203
Stock (pcs)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Austria
105
107
118
142
146
151
155
Belgium
72
72
72
83
83
95
98
France
204
237
268
323
387
435
475
Germany
995
1080
1130
1160
1195
1225
1260
Spain
343
355
370
403
430
445
470
United Kingdom
331
331
331
438
480
485
500
total of these countries
2050
2182
2289
2549
2721
2836
2958
According a US study 204the power draw for active/standby/off is 25/11/7 kW (such equipment contains a cryogenic cooler which runs 24/7). The average energy consumption per appliances is assumed to increase from 81000 kWh/year in 2005 to 135000 kWh/year. The energy consumption of MRI equipment is approximately 81000 kWh/unit (year 2005) 205. CT equipment Utilization rates of CT equipment are highest in the US and Japan, with an estimated 80 scanners per million people in the US versus about 90 scanners/ million people in Japan206. The US has over 20,000 installed CT scanners. If it is assumed that the EU has 70 scanners per million inhabitants, the total would be some 35.000 units. The energy consumption of CT equipment is approximately 73000 kWh/unit (year 2005) 207. X-ray machines Mobile X-ray equipment draws a maximum power of 3.3 kW and a nominal power of 1.5 kW208. Stationary equipment may use 50 to 80 kW, maximum power. The plug load of stationary equipment is assumed to be more significant than that of mobile equipment. The energy consumption of n on-portable X-ray equipment is approximately 16000 kWh/unit (year 2005) 209. Ultrasound equipment Ultrasound equipment, according COCIR consumes some 700-800 kWh/year. Based upon the assumptions described above, the following indicative saving potential was calculated.
202
source: www.emrf.org http://www.emrf.org/EMRF%20FAQs/FAQs%20How%20many%20MRI%20are%20there.htm 204 http://wpui.wisc.edu/news/EIA%20Posts/TIAX_EIA_MiscElecReport.pdf 205 http://wpui.wisc.edu/news/EIA%20Posts/TIAX_EIA_MiscElecReport.pdf 206 According Marketstrat 207 http://wpui.wisc.edu/news/EIA%20Posts/TIAX_EIA_MiscElecReport.pdf 208 http://incenter.medical.philips.com 209 http://wpui.wisc.edu/news/EIA%20Posts/TIAX_EIA_MiscElecReport.pdf 203
235
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 139 Overview of energy calculation of medical equipment (total minus COCIR = remaining energy consumption) TIAX study (USA): MRI in USA
CT in USA
Non-port. X-ray in USA
2005
2010
2015
2020
2030
stock
7
11
16
22
34
thousand
Electr. cons. per unit
81000
101000
122000
128000
135000
kWh/year
Total stock cons.
0,6
1,1
1,9
2,9
4,5
TWh/year
stock
12
19
24
30
38
thousand
Electr.cons. per unit
73000
73000
73000
73000
73000
kWh/year
Total stock cons.
0,9
1,4
1,8
2,2
2,8
TWh/year
stock
160
177
194
213
254
thousand
Electr.cons. per unit
24800
29900
35000
41600
48200
kWh/year
Total stock cons.
4
5,3
6,8
8,9
12
TWh/year
297
310
324
337
365
million
USA population EU27 population
500
conversion factor USA to EU correction based on USAEU difference
1,6
MRI in Europe (est.)
CT in Europe (est.)
Non-port. X-ray in Europe (est.)
million
MRI
40%
CT
100%
X-ray
75%
(based on indicated base of EU appliances = 4800 units in 2008) (based on indicated base of EU appliances = some 35.000 units) (estimate)
2005
2010
2015
2020
2030
stock
5
7
10
14
22
thousand
Electr.cons. per unit
52258
65161
78710
82581
87097
kWh/year
Total stock cons.
0,4
0,7
1,2
1,9
2,9
TWh/year
stock
19
31
39
48
25
thousand
Electr.cons........................................ .............. per unit Total stock cons.
117742
117742
117742
117742
47097
kWh/year
1
2
3
4
1,8
TWh/year
stock
103
114
125
137
164
thousand
Electr.cons........................................ .............. per unit Total stock cons.
16000
19290
22581
26839
31097
kWh/year
2,6
3,4
4,4
5,7
7,7
TWh/year
sales (est.)
15
21
25
30
30
thousand
stock (est.)
113
188
263
338
438
thousand
Electr.cons........................................ .............. per unit Total stock cons.
942
762
762
762
762
kWh/year
0,1
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,3
TWh/year
4,5
6,5
8,7
11,4
12,8
TWh/year
Ultrasound COCIR
TOTAL EU COCIR agreement (est.)
236
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) TOTAL Medical TOTAL outside scope COCIR (remaining)
(=Reference)
10
15
20
25
30
TWh/year
5,5
8,5
11,3
13,6
17,2
TWh/year
4.33.4 Improvement potential The study "Does EU environment policy influence hospitals and public health"210 does not identify medical equipment as an important aspect to improve energy efficiency within hospitals. instead this, and many more studies, focus on improving rather generic hospital applications such as heating, ventilation, lighting, etc. Purchasing energy-efficient medical equipment can be quite difficult because there is little known about usage patterns and actual energy consumption. Neither is there an established medical equipment energy rating or labelling system211. Imaging equipment, such as an MRI machine or a CT scanner, typically represents the largest single plug load. According GE (manufacturer of MRI e quipment) their models now use 34% less energy (60.000 kWh) which indicates a total annual electricity consumption of 176000 kWh per year 212. According GE213 a new series CT scanner with its Energy Saving Mode activated, GE's Optima CT660 Series scanner is designed to reduce electricity consumption for operation and ambient cooling by more than 33,000kWh per machine annually, a savings of more than 60% compared to prior GE technology. This means that the average e nergy consumption is some 55.000 kWh/year. Digital X-rays reduce the environmental impact of radiography in a number of ways. Traditional X rays require the use of film, fixer and developer chemicals which must be disposed of after use. Digital radiography eliminates the need for these materials, as well as the gallons of water used by traditional X -ray developing techniques. According to GE, "eliminating 50,000 analog films saves 1,900 gallons of fixer and developer chemicals per year." Digital radiography is also potentially less energy-intensive, according to GE, which states that their digital X -ray system "has the potential to reduce energy consumption by 4,300 kWh or 78%." This means the reference equipment used 5500 kWh/year214. These examples show that especially for the large imaging equipment significant savings are possible, depending on the reference taken. However, these types of equipment are expected to be covered by the COCIR Voluntary Agreement. Much smaller medical devices such as patient monitors and EKGs also are considered major energy consumers because while they draw moderate amounts of power, they are used quite frequently. Where applicable, it would be ideal to reduce medical equipment loads by using energy-saving settings during working hours and by turning off devices during any appropriate non-working hours.
210
Bachelor thesis by Schulz, R. "Does EU environment policy influence hospitals and public health?", conducted at Maastricht university, with host European Hospital and Healthcare federation, July 2009
211
US Department of Energy, building technologies program, Hospitals pulling the plug on energy wasting electric equipment and procedures 212 http://www.ecomagination.com/technologies/high-efficiency-mr-magnetic-resonance-systems/ 213 http://www.ecomagination.com/technologies/high-efficiency-ct-computed-tomography-systems/ 214 http://www.soyouwanna.com/benefits-digital-xrays-21389.html
237
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Many portable hospital equipment like portable blood pressure meters are battery operated. These appliances are recharged every time they are plugged in. An average battery may be between 200215 and 500 Wh216 and lasts up to 8-14 hours. If it is assumed that throughout the day the battery is depleted, then such equipment would use between 0.2-0.5 kWh/day times 365 days is 70 to 180 kWh/year (charge and standby losses set aside). Energy saving for such portable equipment would focus on reducing losses of plug to battery conversion (since much equipment is battery operated) and reduction of energy loss from batteries. Other type of medical equipment (sterilising, measuring, analysing, pumping, etc.) might require totally different kind of energy reducing strategies. In order to provide an initial estimate a savings potential of 10% has been assumed. In-depth study of this type of equipment is needed to substantiate this assumption. Table 140 Energy improvement potential of 'other' medical equipment Reference scenario
(outside scope COCIR)
2005
2010
2015
2020
2030
5,5
8,5
11,3
13,6
17,2
TWh/year
50%
100%
% of stock
stock replacement Improvement %
10%
% of reckons.
Improvement scenario
5,5
8,5
11,3
12,9
15,5
TWh/year
Savings
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,68
1,72
TWh/year
6,1
15,5
PJ/year
4.33.5 Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up -
The scenario analysis assumes a saving potential of 10%. This assumption needs to be investigated further by in-depth analysis of the technologies and usage involved.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
215 216
Emerson mobile workstation flo 1760
238
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.34 Mobile phones 4.34.1 Product group description A mobile phone is a portable telephone device that does not require the use of landlines. Mobile phones utilize frequencies transmitted by cellular towers to connect the calls between two devices. Mobile phones may also be referred to as wireless or cellular phones.217 The “Smart phone” is the newest development in the market and the market share is rapidly increasing. A smartphone is a device that lets you make telephone calls, but also adds in features that you might find on a personal digital assistant or a computer--such as the ability to send and receive e -mail and edit Office documents, for example.
4.34.2 Market and stock data In Western Europe, the market penetration of the mobile phone have reached 130% of the total population, meaning over 1,3 mobile per person, including babies and elderly. In rapidly developing Eastern Europe, overall penetration is not far behind western Europe, at 123%, according to Wireless Intelligence. 218 Based on the market penetration figures from different European countries, the stock was calculated to be about 588 million Mobile phones in Europe, about 120% of the population in 2011. For the stock beyond 2011 a reducing growth was assumed limiting the overall penetration to max 132% in 2030. (based on the assumption that most people will only carry one phone) Table 141 Market and stock of mobile phones 1999
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Market penetration
22%
40%
90%
118%
128%
130%
131%
132%
Population in million
481
482
491
501
508
515
522
529
Stock in million
105
193
442
588
650
669
684
699
22%
55%
80%
92%
95%
129
357
535
630
665
Table 142 Stock of mobile (smart) phones Stock percentage Smartphone
0%
Stock smartphones In million
Figure 73 Market penetration mobile phones
217 218
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/mobile-phone.html http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10569081
239
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Of this stock the % of smart phones will expect to grow towards >95% of the mobile stock. We expect the smart phone will eventually replace the normal phone. (figure below shows this.) Market penetration of smart phones Figures of DOW jones in 2009, show the market penetration increased by 52% to a total of 15% smartphones. Of the five biggest EU countries, Italy has the highest smartphone penetration rate at 32%, followed by Spain on 28.3% and the UK on 22.9%, Germany and France have lower rates at 16.5% and 15.2% respectively. The US has overall smartphone penetration of 18.2% (42.7 million smartphones from 234 million subscribers).219 On average in 2010, 22% of the phones where a smart phone. 220 Figure 74 Market penetration mobile 'smart' phones
219 220
http://www.allaboutsymbian.com/news/item/11342_comScore_data_shows_smartphone.php http://www.iphoneclub.nl/12819/gartner percentage-smartphones-groeit-naar-65%
240
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 4.34.3 Energy consumption Charging and lifecycle According to lot 7, the mobile charger is unplugged 18 hours a day, which also means it is plugged in for 6 hours a day, assuming this applies to the mobile phone as well. Mobile phone subscriptions usually last for about 2 years, most people replace their mobile phone every 2 years. With new features made available every year, there is also a smaller group of people replaces their mobile phone every year. On average mobile phones are replaced every 18 month, this means an average lifecycle of 1,5 years221
Figure 75 CO2 emissions I phone 4 2010 2008, total 3,8
Figure 76 CO2 emissions
Of the various sources describing the impact of mobile phones, two documents have been selected to represent the current phone and smart phone. The table below shows the figures of Sony and apple, assuming that these numbers can represent all smartphones. And Sony's phone can represent the “old fashioned” phones Table 143 CO2 emissions and energy consumption of mobile phones I-phone 4 Sony Ericsson (2008)
221 222
kg CO2 total 45
% Use phase 34%
CO2 in use phase 15,3
kWh in use phase over product life 222 38,25
Per phone in kWh/year
23,8
16%
3,808
9,52
6,35
http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php/debates/responses/3979/ Bases on 0,4 kg CO2/ kWh
241
25,50
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Total stock of mobile phones 588 million To calculate the energy consumption of the phones, it is needed to estimate how many mobile phones are actually used. The penetration percentage of 130% means there are unused telephones and these are probably not all charged every day. If assumed that 90% of the population uses one mobile phone, there are 450 million phones in the EU-27 charged every couple of days (or every day in case of the i -phone) Table 144 Split up of mobile phone stock Percentage of total stock 22% 78%
Smartphones Phones
Stock (2010) 99,5 million 352,8 million
Table 145 Energy consumption per mobile phone type Type of phone
Stock (2010)
Smartphones
99,5 million
Energy consumption 2,54 TWh/a
phones
352,8 million
2,24 TWh/a
total
450 million223
4,78 TWh/a
Total
42,98 PJ
4.34.4 Improvement potential Improvement potential of 30% Estimates for energy saving of mobile (smart) phones are complicated by the fact that the average performance of the products is changing by the year. In addition, energy saving of mobile products has always been high on the agende of manufacturwers if only to improve battery life and provide a better ciustomer experience. Nonetheless Apple claims for the iPod a reduction in carbon emissions of 50 % over the last 9 years, while the average performance (in very generic terms 'computing power') has increased. Other Apple products also achieved significant reductions224. On this basis it is assumed that electronic products, like mobile phones, can achieve a 30% improvement potential over the coming 25 years. Table 146 Overview of mobile phone energy calculation 2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Market penetration
40%
90%
117%
128%
130%
131%
132%
EU Population
482,77
491,13
501,10
508,16
515,32
522,58
529,94
Stock
193,11
442,02
588,28
650,45
669,92
684,58
699,53
Stock percentage smartphone
0%
?
22%
55%
80%
92%
95%
223 224
Estimation based on 90% of the population using 1 phone http://www.apple.com/environment/
242
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Stock smartphones
0,00
129,42
357,75
535,94
629,82
664,55
stock percentage phone
100%
78%
45%
20%
8%
5%
Stock phones
193,11
458,86
292,70
133,98
54,77
34,98
Energy consumption smartphone (@25,50 kWh/a) (TWh) Energy consumption phone (@ 6,35kWh/a) (TWh) total (TWh)
0,00
3,30
9,12
13,67
16,06
16,95
1,23
2,91
1,86
0,85
0,35
0,22
1,23
6,21
10,98
14,52
16,41
17,17
Total (PJ)
11,03
55,91
98,82
130,65
147,67
154,51
30%
30%
30%
0%
100%
100%
100%
-
39,20
44,30
46,35
Energy consumption, constant
Improvement potential (% reduction) Percentage of stock renewed Improvement potential (PJ)
-
-
-
This means for 2030 the improvement potential is 46 PJ per year in 2030. The improvement potential is realised through the reduction of energy consumed for charging the batteries via the external power supply. Improvement potential external power supplies, based on lot 7 The power supply itself is already subject to legislation (see section 2). It is stated in the preparatory study (lot 7 battery chargers) that the annual electricity consumption due to losses for power conversion and no-load are 17 TWh in 2010. 225 This consumption is predicted to increase to 31 TWh in 2020. The Lot 7 study concluded that the lifecycle energy consumption and the use-phase electricity consumption can be improved significantly. The Regulation, ecodesign requirements for no-load condition electric power consumption and average active efficiency of external power supplies, therefore increases the market penetration of technologies that reduce the lifecycle environmental impact of external power supplies, leading to estimated lifecycle energy savings of 118 PJ and electricity savings of 9 TWh (81 PJ) by 2020, respectively, compared to the situation without taking any measures. This is the savings potential for all products that have an external power supply, such as laptop, mobile phones, Cordless phones and digital camera’s.
225
COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) No 278/2009, ecodesign requirements for no-load condition electric power consumption and average active efficiency of external power supplies
243
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
5
UNDER CONSIDERATION
The following product groups have been considered or are still under consideration by the study team. This means that these product groups might be added to the list of product groups once a preliminary analysis is completed, or that they may be dismissed/exempted because of other reasons (expected exemption on basis of Task 4 results, or too little data / information / experience that can be used for a preliminary assessment).
5.1
Humidifiers
5.1.1
Product group
A humidifier means equipment that generates a water mist or steam and releases it into the space where the unit is located, or through the duct work for transportation to separate rooms/ areas in order to increase the relative humidity of the conditioned air. There are different types of humidifiers depending on their function. An overview of the different types of humidifiers is presented in the table below Table 147: Technologies for humidifiers 226 Type of Humidifier
Reservoir
Electrical
no
Gas
no
Low pressure
yes
Irrigation
yes
High pressure
yes/no
Hybrid
yes/no
Compressed air
yes/no
Infrasound
yes/no
Ultrasound
yes/no
5.1.2
Market and stock
CN8 numbers: 84158300 - Air conditioning machines comprising a motor-driven fan, not incorporating a refrigerating unit b ut incorporating elements for changing the temperature and humidity (excl. of a kind used for persons in motor vehicles, and self-contained or "split-system" window or wall air conditioning machines) 84159000 - Parts of air conditioning machines, comprising a motor-driven fan and elements for changing the temperature and humidity, n.e.s. Market
226
http://www.cumulus.nl/pdf/VV_EnerAdiab_bev.pdf
244
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) There is no specific Prodcom number for humidifying equipment, the equipment is assumed to be 'hidden' in data related to air conditioning equipment. Table 148 Prodcom data for humidifiers 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
28251270 Air conditioning machines not containing a refrigeration unit; central station air handling units; vav boxes and terminals, constant volume units and fan coil units PRODUCTION
IMPORT
EXPORT
APPARENT CONSUMPTION
x 1000 units
1919
2200
2341
2582
1284
x 1000 units
19
24
27
x mln. Euro
224
203
158
165
x 1000 units
93
72
x mln. Euro
179
190
228
185
240
1454
1262
x 1000 units x mln. Euro
9
250
Steam
Recycled water
Microniser
Market penetration
70%
25%
5%
Quantity (m 3/year)
67
236
75
Price m 3 (euro)
124
259
400*
533
254
357
274
207
766
1565
1405
1200*
270
344
390
328
1939 1516
531 1701
710 1600
617 1559
2,6 0
€
175
€
613
€
194
Water treatment
€0
€
20
€
20
Pump
€0
€
10
€
10
Spilled water (µ 80)
€0
€
39
€
39
48.720
473
€
€
Electricity Quantity (kWh/year) Price kW (euro)
0,1 0
4.872
350 47
€
35
CO2 emissions tonnes/year
14,13
0,14
Heating
€0
€
1.388
€
1.388
Replacement parts
€
€
500
€
314
MO/year (h.)
16
50
4
€ 560
€ 1.750
€ 140
€ 35
Annual cost
227
1716
1474 1270 1253 1531 1688 1716 1681 84158300 & 8390 Air conditioning machines comprising a motor-driven fan, not incorporating a refrigerating unit but incorporating elements for changing the temperature and humidity (excl. of a kind used for persons in motor vehicles, and self-contained or "split-systems")
Table 149: Energy data for selected humidifier technologies227
Price MO (euro/hour)
1837
x mln. Euro
€
1.000
6.607
€
0,10
4.367
data by Microniser (manufacturer)
245
€
2.140
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 5.1.3
Energy consumption
Table 150 Calculation of humidifier energy demand for two sectors unit
Number
Source
p/st
15.000
European hospital and healthcare federation (HOPE)
m
2
30.345
LOT 6 task 3 page 70
Total surface area EU-27
m
2
455.175.000
Energy use
MJ/m2
20
Total energy use
PJ
9,1035
Number of office buildings EU-27
p/st
52.140
offices 1,1% van 4,74 mln units lot 6 task 3 page 21
Surface area total building
m2
21.000
Lot 6 task 3 page 67
Number of hospitals EU-27 Surface area total building
Total surface area EU-27
m
2
Energy use
MJ/m
Total energy use
PJ
1.094.940.000 2
2 2,1899
Total 11PJ energy consumption 5.1.4
Improvement potential
•
VFD/VSD
•
Efficient motors
•
Fans efficiency
•
Filters
•
Controls/ sensors
5.1.5 -
Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
246
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 5.2
Swimming pool equipment
5.2.1
Product group
The product group “swimming pool equipment” means equipment for swimming pools. Swimming pools are (as opposed to hot tubs, etc.) installed in the ground or in other fixtures permanently. Excluded from the product group "swimming pool equipment" are products that are currently or will be covered by the Ecodesign policy process (completed, on-going or announced preparatory studies). Examples of such products are swimming pool pumps and swimming pool water heaters. -
Swimming pool pumps are covered by the preparatory study ENER lot 29: "Pumps (extended product approach including motors, VSD and controls, where appropriate) for private and public swimming pools, ponds, fountains and aquariums, as well as clean water pumps larger than those regulated under Lot 11" (Lot 11 covers single stage end suction, vertical multistage, submersible multistage water pumps228)
-
Water heating equipment for swimming pools are covered by the Lot 2 study on dedicated water heating equipment 229. Swimming pool heaters may use as energy input: gas; oil; electricity (Joule effect); renewable energy: heat p ump/solar thermal systems; other heat source in combination with heat exchangers.
The remaining swimming pool equipment that does fall under the scope is filtering equipment and auxiliary equipment (e.g. basin covers)
5.2.2
Market and stock
No market or stock data regarding the remaining swimming pool equipment could be retrieved. Therefore the analysis will be based on the overall number (market and stock) of swimming pools. Market
228
Requirements for electric pumps were discussed in Consultation Forum in May 2008. Regulatory Committee was expected in Autumn 2010 but is now postponed. According to the proposal an electric pump is defined as a pump used for clean water duty of three categories: Single stage end suction water pumps, vertical multistage water pumps and submersible multistage pumps (see Annex II for further characteristics). Minimum energy efficiency requirements are introduced in two phases: one year and four years after the measure has come into force. The Commission encourages Member States to set public procurement requirements for pumps with minimum energy efficiency values of the second phase (see Annex I) already from the beginning of the measure. Excluded from the working document are pumps, which may have special features to cope with the following operating requirements: • fluids with particularly high or low temperatures; • aggressive fluids, such as acid, flammable or explosive; • matter to be pumped that needs careful handling, e.g. food processing; • precision measurement of fluids; • pumping of fluids with high solids content, such as waste water treatment.
229
Ecodesign and labelling requirements as well as transitional testing and calculation methods for water heaters were proposed in Summer 2010. Voting in Regulatory Committee is expected in early 2011. The minimum performance and labelling requirements for boilers and water heaters were discussed in one proposal in Consultation Forum 29 February 2008. A revised proposal for water heaters was submitted in September 2008 (see Lot 1 for information about boilers). A water heater is defined as a product connected to an external supply of drinking water to generate heat and transfer this water to desired temperature levels. The hot water is typically used for cooking, cleaning, bathing and space heating (and several items in industry).
247
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Annual sales are estimated in the order of 250.000 swimming pools, with 50-60% in concrete, 3035% pre-fabricated and 15-20% in polyester (data 2008). The latest published figure on the annual sales growth rate is around 5% (2004) 230. Stock In the EU-27 around 4 to 5 million swimming pools are installed, of which 70% in ground and 30% above ground. Countries with most swimming pool owners are France (1,4 mln. installed) and Spain (1,1 mln. installed). Figure 77 Stock of swimming pools
Filtering systems Swimming pools may employ various filter systems. A breakdown of the swimming pool stock by filter systems could not be retrieved. Table 151 Swimming pool filter characteristics Filter Type Sand
Cartridge
DE
Pros • Easy to maintain • Doesn't lose filter medium during backwash • Inexpensive • Doesn't lose filter medium during back flush • Filters reasonably well • Excellent filter medium
(Diatomaceous Earth)
Zeolite
Cons • Does not filter as well as other mediums • Sand should be replaced every 5-6 years • Some report short life of the filter • Cleaning procedure is not as effective as a back flush procedure • Delicate screens inside filter • Back flush removes much of the filter medium • Hazardous to lungs when adding to filter • Hazardous to lungs when adding to filter
• Very effective filtration • Doesn't lose filter medium during back flush • Can be put into existing sand filters All filters require some type of maintenance. Back flushing your filter on a regular basis will decrease the resistance to water flow, allowing more water to be filtered. A plugged filter does not allow water to flow through it and does not filter effectively.
Heating systems
230
[citation needed]
248
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Data on swimming pool heating systems is also scarce. One study in German swimming pools, shows that gas heaters are the dominant type of heating231 in Mid/Northern Europe (the same source indicates that pools in Southern Europe are most often unheated). Table 152 Energy consumption of (Mid/Northern) European swimming pools
The heating energy is some 325000 kWh/year for a typical German swimming pool. Table 153 Costs of (Mid/Northern) European swimming pools
5.2.3
Energy consumption
Swimming pool pump energy consumption The energy consumption of filtering equipment is related to that of the swimming pool pump. Based on the above identified stock of swimming pools and therefore swimming pool pumps, the filters are related to an estimated 10-15 TWh/a (85-130PJ) energy consumption by pumps. Figure 78 Swimming pool equipment
231
http://www.solpool.info/uploads/media/1_DGS_5_TTZ_demand_and_potential_report_Germany_ENG.pdf
249
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Figure 79 Breakdown of swimming pool energy consumption
232
Energy savings may be possible by improving pool filtering techniques. Unfortunately no data could be retrieved Swimming pool water heater energy consumption [to be completed]
232
http://senternovem.databank.nl/
250
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 5.2.4
Improvement potential
Reducing pump energy consumption by measures for swimming pool filters may be based on operational parameters (pump runtime can be adapted to meet water quality, instead of running the pump all year round: Reducing filter operating times to no less than 4 to 5 hours per day during the summer and 2 to 3 hours per day during the winter period will reduce annual electrical consumption by 40 to 50 %). Normal and heavier swimming use may require as much as eight or more hours filtration per day. Should water clarity or chemical imbalance indicate inadequate filtration, immediately operate the filter until acceptable water clarity has again been established. Reducing water heater energy consumption can be achieved by a pool cover. A good pool cover will save energy and water. It can keep the water in your pool an average of 10 degrees warmer, which can cut summertime pool heating costs by up to 90 per cent. A cover reduces water and chemical evaporation by up to 70 per cent, saving nearly a thousand litres of water per month. A cover also helps keep the pool clean.
Figure 80 Energy loss swimming pools indoor and outdoor and type of pool covers233
5.2.5
5.3
Discussion / issues to consider for follow-up
-
The savings potential is based on a preliminary and simplified assessment of possible energy savings. More in-depth research is needed to firm up this assessment.
-
The scenario analysis assumes that the improvement can be achieved without excessive costs to manufacturers or end-users. This assumption needs to be confirmed or amended by stakeholder comments or further investigations.
Personal Care
Product group description "Personal care products" means products used for personal care, in both domestic and non-domestic environments. Examples are provided in the table below (not exhaustive). Table 154 Prodcom d escriptions of personal care products PRODCOM 27511400 27512200 27512313
233
Electric blankets Shavers, hair-removing appliances and hair clippers, with self-contained electric motor Electric hair drying hoods
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/water_heating/index.cfm/mytopic=13140
251
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) 27512315 27512330 27512350 27512370 28293200
Electric hair dryers (excluding drying hoods) Electric hairdressing apparatus (including hair curlers, curling tongs) (excluding hair drying hoods, hair dryers) Electric hand-drying apparatus Electric smoothing irons Personal weighing machines, including baby scales; household scales
31031100
Mattress supports (including wooden or metal frames fitted with springs or steel wire mesh, upholstered mattress bases, with wooden slats, divans) Tooth brushes
32911210
The preliminary assessment focuses on a few well-known products in order to provide an indicative energy figure for the overall product group.
252
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Hair dryers The table below shows the apparent consumption of electric hair dryers and drying hoods. Table 155 Prodcom data for hair dryers (app. consumption) Prodcom (prod+impexp)
2003
2004
Electric hair drying hood Electric hair dryers
44.131.565
42.518.276
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
729.146
739.512
807.686
512.383
472.043
40.814.372
32.078.653
31.477.261
33.119.993
26.296.4 21
The energy consumption of hair dryers is based on a few anecdotal sources of information and inhouse estimates of usage patterns. Stakeholders are invited to comment on the values suggested. Table 156 Energy input data for hair dryers Electric hair drying hood
Electric hair dryers (home use)
Electric hair dryers (professional)
Source/remark
life span in hours
1200
500
1200
http://healthsential.com/hair-dryers-may-be-a-hazard/
hours in use a day
120
0,1667
2
Estimation, 10 minutes when used
nr of days used
260
260
260
Estimation, 5 days a week
hours in a year
50
262
life span year
10
4,580152672
10 and 4,6 are very high??
Life span estimation
5
2
Estimation
Power in watt
1000
1800-2200 watts
Percentage of Prodcom sales Installed base
98%
2%
60%
of all households (estimation)
Table 157 Basis for energy calculation - households Number of households (2,4p) Stock calculations for electric dryer home
209 million 125.275.856,25
Table 158 Energy calculation for hair dryers Energy consumption per Dryer multiplied by stock
60,83
kwh per year
7.620.947.921,88
kwh per year
7,62
TWh per year
68,59
253
Primary energy in PJ
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Shavers Table 159 Prodcom data for shavers Prodcom
27512200
description
Unit
Shavers, hair-removing appliances
"p/st"
Prod+imp-exp 2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
63.342.786
64.807.074
51.529.739
60.261.5 82
66.984.585
Table 160 Energy input data for shavers Shavers Product life in years
4
hours 100% loaded
2
25% rated load
22
Energy use on-mode consumption per hour
0,02114286
On-mode no of hours
365
Total per year in kWh
7,7171439234
Population Number of people
501.103.425,00
Number of households (2,4p)
208.793.093,75
Stock calculations for shaver
267.938.340
Market penetration percentage
120%
Stock calculations for shaver
250.551.713
Sales times life span
334.922.925
Table 161 Energy consumption of shavers Energy consumption 1,93
TWh per year
17,40
Primary energy in PJ
Electric Toothbrush Table 162 Prodcom data for tooth brushes ( assumed electric and non-electric) PRODCOM
OMSCHRIJVING
UNIT
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
32911210
Tooth brushes
"p/st "
921.008.534
941.357.119
969.845.829
1.071.568.095
1.097.793.415
234
Lot 7
254
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Table 163 Energy input data for electric tooth brushes unit Product life
4
years
Energy use charging
1,5
Watt
average usage (brush is not being loaded)
1,4
Watt
Days plugged in
365
Assumption toothbrush loader is always in wall socket
hours a day plugged in
24
nr of hours per year
8760
source: Lot 6 EU-25 penetration rate is based on penetration rate for France [GIFAM].
Table 164 Stock data for electric tooth brushes Electric toothbrush
Household penetration
Stock in million (EU25)
2005
22,4
42,7
2010
22,5
43,6
2020
25,9
50,6
Table 165 Total energy consumption for tooth brushes Total energy usage per year Electric toothbrush
572.904.000
Kwh TWh
0,57
PJ
2,06
Primary energy in PJ
5,16
Electric Blanket Table 166 Prodcom data for electric blankets (app. consumption) PROD+IMP-EXP PRODCOM
CN8
UNIT
2005
27511400
Electric blankets
"p/st"
3.140.858
2006
2007 4.487.691
4.793.274
Table 167 Energy input d ata for electric blankets Specifications Power in watt
120235236
Life span
9
235 236
8-10 years (source: _)
http://www.energysavers.gov/your_home/appliances/index.cfm/mytopic=10040 http://www.daftlogic.com/information-appliance-power-consumption.htm
255
2008
2009
4.113.791
4.476.555
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Days used per year
210
estimation (3 month, 7 days a week)
hours used per night
2
estimation 2 hours
Hours used per year
420
Table 168 Basis for stock electric blankets Population Number of people
501.103.425,00
Number of households (2,4p)
208.793.093,75
Table 169 Stock of electric blankets Stock calculations for shaver Market penetration percentage
15%
Stock calculations for shaver
31.318.964,06
Sales times life span
37.821.904,20
Table 170 Energy consumption of electric blankets Energy consumption Energy used per blanket
50,4
kWh
Energy used stock
1.578.475.788,75
Kwh
1,58
TWh
14,21
Primary energy in PJ
Waterbeds An average waterbed uses about 800 kWh per year. 237238 And is present in 4% of all households in the Netherlands according to a research in 2008. 239 Based on these figures an estimation is made for the rest of Europe. The overall market penetration of waterbeds is estimated to be 3% of all households. Table 171 Basis for stock of water beds Number of people
501 million
Number of households (2,4p)
209 million
Stock calculations for waterbeds
6.2 million
Table 172 Energy consumption of stock of water beds 5
TWh/year
18,04
PJ/year
45,10
Primary energy in PJ/year
237
http://www.infotalia.com/nld/wonen/huishouden/slaapkamers/slaapkamer_detail.asp?id=1065 www.mileucentraal.nl 239 VHK: Elektrische apparatuur in Nederlandse Huishoudens 1980-2020 238
256
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
Table 173 Overview of personal care products Product Sales 2009 Stock Power consumption Stand by use total energy consumption Primary energy Improvement potential in PJ
5.4
Unit
Hair dryers
Watt
26.296.421 125.275.856 1000
Watt hrs./year TWh/year
15 2,29
PJ PJ 10%
8,23 20,58 2,06
Electric Hair removing app 66.984.585 250.551.713
Electric Toothbrush 43600000 1,5
electric blanket 42.799.472 31318964 120
Waterbed
Total
1,93
0,3 8760 0,11
420 1,58
3,34
9,25
6,96 17,40 1,74
0,41 1,03 0,10
5,68 14,21 1,42
12,03 30,07 3,01
33,31 83,28 8,33
4.175.861,88
Compressed air distribution and terminal equipment
After industrial pumps, air compressor units are one of the largest industrial electricity consumers. They are used for process air, machine-tools, hand tools and spraying of paint. Main application areas are the manufacturing and construction industry, but small units are widely used also in the tertiary sector (repair shops). In their application as an (intermediate) power source they are often delivered with air dryers. Also controls and piping play an important role i n their energy efficient operation. Compressors are currently covered by the preparatory study that will follow from the Tender ENER Lot 31 "Products in motor systems outside the scope of the Lot 30 and the Regulation 640/2009 on electric motors, in particular compressors, including small compressors, and their possible drives. The EU-27 electricity consumption of compressors is estimated at 70-90 TWh/a. The flow-diagram below relates to air compressors and identifies possible energy losses beyond the compressor. Air compressors total 70-90 TWh/a
fossil fuel (enthalpy) 100 power generation 38
mobile 5% power distrib. 33
turbo 11%
motor&drive 30 15
compressor air distribution air-driven tools (useful power)
rotary displacem ent 47%
13
reciproc. displacem ent 37%
4
efficiency
257
total compressor market by value
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Figure 81 Overview of compressor energy consumption (from source to terminal equipment) and of compressors
Not yet included (at least not specifically) is the compressed air equipment beyond the compressor itself (piping, terminal equipment). Air compressor overall primary efficiency, from fuel for the power plants until the actual power delivered to a tool, is not higher than 4-5% and although ‘good practice’ programs in Member States have addressed the peripheral energy use of leaking ductwork and at least some basic control, the efficiency of the actual core product have hardly been addressed.
5.5
Power cables
According to information received by the European Copper Institute (ECI) energy savings are possible in the product group "Power cables ". The main conclusions are: -
Up to 35 TWh/year of savings potential by sizing cables at their economic optimum
-
Payback time of over-investment between 3.3 and 4.8 years
-
Between 0.42 € and 0.71 € of extra-investment to save 1 kWh/year (which means about 17.000 M€ to implement the 35 TWh/year savings)
5.6
Fractional horsepower motors
According to information received by Eurocopper energy savings are possible in the product group of fractional horse power (FHP)electric motors (below 0.75 k W). These are embedded in many electrical equipment/appliances and are currently not subject to (meaningful) performance requirements. Despite the apparently low duty cycles, the sheer volume and the very low current efficiency levels translate into a significant energy savings potential and justify action. The US-DoE has studied this opportunity and has introduced, late 2010, a ruling establishing minimum performance requirements for FHP motors. Such policy could add value and allow substantial cost-effective energy and CO2 savings in Europe too. The main conclusions are: -
Current FHP motors’ annual sales in Europe are about 450 million units (FROST) and growing 4-5% per year
-
Current efficiency levels are low, with a very large part of motors sold having still aluminium rotors
-
US DoE reports that efficiency level can go up 5-6 steps, cost effectively
The European Copper Institute (ECI) is currently conducting a thorough analysis of the US policy and the EU situation, which shall provide information as regards the possible effects of minimum performance standards for FHP motors in Europe from an economic, environmental and political points of view. This information could be helpful for the preliminary assessments of this product group in the background study for the Amended Working Plan as well. The results are expected by the end of May. 258
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
The product group scope of fractional horsepower motors should be limited to such motors below 200 W, since electric motors of 200 W and beyond are currently dealt with by the Ecodesign policy process (ENER Lot 30 will cover: "Products in motor systems outside the scope of the Regulation 640/2009 on electric motors, such as special purpose inverter duty motors (asynchronous servo motors), permanent magnet motors, motors cooled by their load (fans), including motors and products under Article 1, points 2(b), (c) and (d) and including drives, such as soft starters, torque or variable speed drives (VSD) from 200-1000 kW. The study should also cover motors in the scope of the Regulation 640/2009 from 750 kW-1000kW).
5.7
Low-voltage switchgear and control gear
In the application area "electric power", electrical connectors, switches, fuses, circuit breakers are mentioned as "active ErPs (page 48). The function of these devices is to wire, control and to protect the electric loads and also to protect the human beings against electric chock. For this purpose, these switches use a very small percentage of the energy that is used by the load (approximately 1 on 10 000).
5.8
Commercial kitchen e quipment
Restaurants, or facilities with commercial kitchens, feature are one of the highest energy consumers of buildings — using approximately 250,000 Btu/sq.ft. This is roughly 2.5 times more energy per square foot than other commercial buildings . There are currently 6 ENERGY STAR criteria documents for Commercial Kitchen Equipment: 1. Commercial Dishwashers 2. Commercial Fryers 3. Commercial Griddles 4. Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinets 5. Commercial Ice Machines 6. Commercial Ovens 7. Commercial Solid Door Refrigerators & Freezers 8. Commercial Steam Cookers Of these eight groups "fryers", "hot food holding cabinets" and "steam cookers" have not yet been subject to studies in the context of the Ecodesign policy process. Their uptake could be considered.
5.9
Air filters
Air filters means products used to remove contaminants from ventilation air, as opposed to filters or scrubbers used to remove contaminants from flue gases, or combustion air or other process fluid streams.
259
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) Air filtration can be mechanical, by passing the air through a fabric with a porous size that traps contaminants, or by electrostatic fields that remove contaminants from an air stream. Each air filter has an effect in fan power input needed to create the air flow. The less mechanical resistance is introduced, the more efficient the fan system can operate. Therefore filter systems with less air resistance can have an indirect energy saving effect (they are indirect ErP). If the air filters uses electricity to operate the filter however is labelled as an direct ErP, with added indirect ErP effects. A preliminary analysis to quantify the possible savings is in the making, but has not been finalised yet.
260
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011)
ANNEX 1: PREPARATORY STUDY PRODUCT GROUP DEFINITIONS AND PRODCOM NRS. This table is an Annex to Task 2.2.3. It describes the p roduct group descriptions as used in the Ecodesign policy process, indicated with the closest match of Prodcom categories Note: due to space constraints the product group and corresponding/closest Prodcom category are not always horizontally aligned. Preparatory studies Product categories defined in Task reports / Working Documents / Final Policies Lot 1 - Boilers and combi-boilers Gas fired boilers Oil fired boilers Electric boilers Boilers with water heating functions Storage tanks used for central heating water or sanitary hot water. Boilers that produce electricity as a by product of heat generation Electric heat pumps (hydronic heating) Solar thermal systems (as part of hydronic system) Lot 2 - Water heaters Electric Storage water heater Electric Instantaneous water heater Gas or oil-fired storage water heater Ga s or oil-fired instantaneous water heater Solar water heater Heat pump water heater Excluded: WH for biofuels, solid fuels, large combustion plants, district heating, from waste heat, equipment for room heating (not CH)
Lot 3 - PC and computer monitors Desktop computers Notebook computers Integrated Desktop computers
Source
Table 174: Product groups of the Ecodesign policy process matched with Prodcom Prodcom 2009
Prodcom description
Working document 2009 25211200 Boilers for central heating other than those of HS 84.02
Status
covered
25291120
Storage tanks with heat insulation
covered
28251380
Heat pumps other than air conditioning machines of HS 8415
covered
Working Document June 2010 27512550 Electric water heaters (including storage water heaters) (excluding instantaneous) 27512530 Electric instantaneous water heaters
covered covered
27521400
Non-electric instantaneous or storage water heaters
covered
28251380
Heat pumps other than air conditioning machines of HS 8415 Boilers for central heating other than those of HS 84.02
covered
25211200
Working Document Dec 2009 26201300 Desk top PCs 26201100 Laptop PCs and palm-top organisers 26201500 Other digital automatic data processing machines whether or not containing in the same housing one or two of the following units: storage units, input/output units
covered
covered covered to consider
Workstations Thin clients Small-scale servers Servers Lot 3 - Monitors Computer monitor Digital Photo Frames
Working Document Dec 2009 26403460 Flat panel video monitor, LCD or plasma, etc., without tuner (colour video monitors) (excluding with cathode-ray tube) 26201500 Other digital automatic data processing
261
covered
covered
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) machines whether or not containing in the same housing one or two of the following units: storage units, input/output units
Excluded: Other Electronic display 26403440 26403480 Lot 4 - Imaging Equipment Copiers
Faxes Printers Scanners Multi function devices
Proposal Voluntary Agreement 19 Feb 2010 26201640 Printers, copying machines and facsimile machines, capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network (excluding printing machinery used for printing by means of plates, cylinders and other components, and machines performing two or more of the functions of printing, copying or facsimile transmission)
26201800
28232100
Lot 5 - Televisions Television sets (display, tuner(s)/receiver(s) and additional functions for data storage/display) Television monitors
Lot 6 - Standby and Off-mode losses of EuPs Household appliances
Colour video monitors with cathode-ray tube Black and white or other monochrome video monitors
Machines which perform two or more of the functions of printing, copying or facsimile transmission, capable of connecting to an automatic data processing machine or to a network Photo-copying apparatus incorporating an optical system or of the contact type and thermo-copying apparatus
Commission Regulation 642/2009 (22.7.2009) 26402090 Other television receivers, whether or not combined with radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproduction apparatus n.e.c. 26402091 Other television receivers, whether or not combined with radio-broadcast receivers or sound or video recording or reproduction apparatus n.e.c. Commission Regulation 1275/2008 (17.12.2008) Washing machines, Clothes dryers, Dish washing machines Electric ovens, Electric hot plates, Microwave ovens, Toasters, Fryers, Grinders, coffee machines, equipment for opening/sealing containers or packages, Electric knives, Electric knives, Other appliances Hair drying, tooth brushing, Scales, massage and other body care appliances
Cooking appliances
Personal care appliances Information technology equipment intended primarily for use in the domestic environment Consumer equipment
Radio sets, Television sets, Video cameras, Video recorders, Hi-fi recorders, Audio amplifiers, Home theatre systems, Musical instruments, And other equipment for the purpose of recording or reproducing sound or images including signals or other, technologies for the distribution of sound and image other than by telecommunications leisure and sports equipment, Electric trains or car racing sets, Hand-held video game
Toys
262
covered covered
covered
covered
covered
covered
covered
Study for the Amended Ecodesign Working Plan Draft Report Task 1, 2 & 3 (version 14 July 2011) consoles, Sports equipment with electric or electronic components, Other toys leisure and sport equipment, Lot 7 - External power supplies External power supplies, from mains AC to lower voltage AC/DC Excluded: low voltage converters, halogen lighting convertors, UPS, battery chargers, ext. power supplies for medical eq., spare parts Lot 8/9- Tertiary Lighting Double capped fluorescent lamps Single capped fluorescent lamps High intensity discharge lamps Ballasts for FL (several exemptions apply) Excluded: lamps/luminaires not for general lighting, emergency lighting, other -safety- lighting Excluded: specific lamp types Lamps that are not white light sources Lamps that are directional light sources Blended high intensity discharge lamps High intensity discharge lamps with Tc > 7000K high intensity discharge lamps having a specific effective UV output > 2mW/klm high intensity discharge lamps not having lamp cap E27, E40, PGZ12 Lot 10 - Room air conditioning appliances, local air coolers and comfort fans air conditioners with a rated capacity of = 12kW comfort fans with an electric fan power input = 125W
Commission Regulation 278/2009 (16.4.2009) 27115040 Power supply units for telecommunication a pparatus, automatic data-processing machines and units thereof
Commission Regulation 245/2009 (13.4.2009) amended by 347/2009 (21.4.2010) 27401510 Fluorescent hot cathode discharge lamps, with double ended cap (excluding ultraviolet lamps) 27401530 Fluorescent hot cathode discharge lamps (excluding ultraviolet lamps, with double ended cap) 27401550 Other discharge lamps (excluding ultraviolet lamps) 27115015 Ballasts for discharge lamps or tubes (excluding inductors) 27115013 Inductors for discharge lamps or tubes
covered
covered
covered covered covered
Working document Nov 2010 28251220 27511530 28251380
Lot 10 - Residential ventilation and kitchen hoods Venti lation units include fans with electric power input of less than 125 W Ventilation heat recovery systems Range hoods
covered
Window or wall air conditioning systems, selfcontained or split-systems Table, floor, wall, window, ceiling or roof fans, with a self-contained electric motor of an output 75 kW but 15 mm, single-stage with a single entry impeller, close coupled 28131453 Centrifugal pumps with a discharge outlet diameter > 15 mm, single stage with a single entry impeller, long coupled 28131460 Centrifugal pumps with a discharge outlet diameter > 15 mm, multi-stage (including selfpriming)
Single-stage end suction
Vertical multi-stage
Lot 11 - Fans Axial fans > 125 W
Centrifugal fans > 125 W
Other fans (mixed flow, tangential) > 125 W
Lot 12 - Commercial refrigerators and freezers Remote or Plug-in Refrigerated Display Cabinet
Working Document June 2010 28252030 Axial fans (excluding table, floor, wall, window, ceiling or roof fans with a selfcontained electric motor of an output