International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION DURING DEEPAWALI FESTIVAL Prashant P. Bhave Associate Professor Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute Mumbai, India
Nitinkumar L. Patel* M-Tech scholar Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT- Noise pollution has been well recognized as one of the pollutions that affect the quality of life in urban areas across the globe. In a city like Mumbai, apart from traffic noise and noise generated due to construction activity, major contributing source is noise produced during festivals. Present study analyses the trend and status of noise generated during an important festival Deepawali festival at different location in Mumbai city for last four years. As per data obtained from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board (MPCB), it is observed that there is no significant decrease in noise level at most of the places in year 2012 as compere to earlier years. At half of the places L(A)eq was well above 75 dB during day time. Keywords- Noise Pollution, Festival, Deepawali, Mumbai, Environmental Engineering
I. INTRODUCTION Noise pollution is a significant environmental problem in many urban areas that has not been properly recognised, despite the fact that it is steadily growing in developing countries [1]. Noise produces damaging effects among exposed person. It is said, "You may forgive noise but your body will never" [2]. At present, noise pollution is considered as one of the key problems of urban communities that has numerous hazardous effects on the urban environment and may result in a great deal of costs on the society [3]. There is no question that noise is both a public health hazard and an environmental pollutant as well. It is present in every human activity and is classified as either occupational noise i.e. noise in workplace, or as environmental noise, which includes noise in all other settings, whether at community, residential or domestic level when assessing its impact on human well-being [4]. The sources of noise pollution are extremely diverse and they are mainly classified as community noise and industrial noise. During festivals and functions loudspeakers produce a lot of annoying noise. Indian festivals are traditionally celebrated with song and dance in large groups, using musical instruments, drums etc. Bursting of fire crackers during celebrations produce intermittent and high frequency ‘impulse noise’ [5]. Deepawali festival showed an average noise level of 74.24 dB (A), 62.52 dB (A), 58.88 dB (A), and 50.02 dB (A) at industrial, commercial, residential and silent zones respectively. The result showed that there was an enhanced pressure of noise at all sites due to increase in number of vehicles and facilities of transportation. All the sites under study showed higher sound level than the prescribed limits of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [6]. Noise levels of ten sites were found to be above permissible limit during Deepawali festival weeks in Sangamner city in Maharashtra. The noise level was higher in the morning and evening but lower at noon. Pre-deepawali showed 0.1% to 20.6%, deepawali revealed 2.7% and post-deepawali showed 0.4% to20.3% higher sound level limit. The combination of various types of vehicular noise was found to be minimum 70.2 (0.3% higher) and maximum 90.0 (29% higher). The contributions of individual levels were found to be more than the traffic noise limit of 70dB (A) and varied from vehicle to vehicle [7]. A. About the Study Area There were a total of 45 locations covered during Deepawali festival in Mumbai by MPCB. The detailed list of location is as follows:Table 1: List of Monitoring Location (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
Monitoring Location Mumbai South Colaba Mantralaya Mazgaon Girgaon Worli
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs Chembur (E) Trombay Kurla Ghatkopar East Ghatkopar West
Mumbai Western Suburbs Sahar Santacruz (E) Vile Parle Bandra Goregaon
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page -1
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
Monitoring Location Mumbai South Mulund East Mulund West Sakinaka Powai Wadala Dharavi Sewree Kalina Vikhroli (W) Bhandup (W)
Mumbai South Prabhadevi Mahim Parel Byculla Dadar Sion Hindu Colony Matunga Kamathipura Malabar Hills
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Mumbai South Jogeshwari Versova Marve Borivali East Borivali West Dindoshi Kandivali (E) Dahisar (E) Juhu Malad (W)
B. About the Deepawali Festival Deepawali is an important Festival of India known as festival of lights. It falls in the month of October or early November. It marks the victory of Lord Rama over Ravana and celebrated in the honour of Lord Rama’s return to Ayodhya after Fourteen Years of exile. Deepawali when translated means "rows of lighted lamps" and the occasion is also referred to as the Festival of Lights. Lakshmi Puja is performed in the evening to seek divine blessings of Goddess of Wealth. It gives a message of love, brotherhood and friendship. The heart of everyone should be illuminated with light [8]. On this occasion, a lot of fire crackers are used almost in every part of the country as a part of celebration. This causes not only air pollution but noise pollution also. The crackers contain dangerous chemicals that are harmful and cause bronchitis, asthma, etc. while noise from fire crackers can cause headache and nervous system problems in human beings while birds and animals have to cope with the blasts and toxic smoke [8]. II. MATERIAL Data used in this paper is taken from MPCB Deepawali report. This report get published each year after Deepawali festival and contain record of noise level of each monitoring location. III. METHODOLOGY USED BY MPCB Noise pollution monitoring during Deepawali Festival has been carried out on the day of Laxmipujan and Bhaubeej for year 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 continuously for 24 hours. Continuous noise monitoring was done to find out maximum and minimum noise level during day time as well as night time. Noise standards for ambient noise level during day and night are different (Table 2); hence noise levels were measured accordingly as follows: Day shift from 06:00 Hrs. to 22:00 Hrs: 0600 to 14:00 Hrs. & 14:00 to 22:00 Hrs. Night shift from 22:00 Hrs. to 06:00 Hrs. Pre-calibrated Sound Level Meters (Type II) were used for the monitoring. All the measurements were made at fast response mode using ‘A’ filter, keeping in view the quickly changing nature of noise levels. The main purpose of noise monitoring was to find out the impact of noise generated during Deepawali by various activities like bursting fire crackers, Sound systems, Music Systems etc. on human being and disturbance made in environment. Table 2: Ambient noise standards (Standards of noise levels under EPA (1986): Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000)
Limits in dB(A) Leq Day time Night time 75 70
Area Code
Category of Area
A
Industrial area
B
Commercial area
65
55
C
Residential Area
55
45
D
Silence Zone
50
40
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION After the analysis of data following trend are obtained for day time and night time noise pollution for the study period. Noise levels recorded on the days of Laxmi Pujan are as follows: _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page -2
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Table 3: Day time noise levels on the days of Laxmi Pujan (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Day Time), dB(A) Mumbai South
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs
Mumbai Western Suburbs
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
69.6
75.1
71.9
78.4
Chembur (E)
73.1
73.1
73.6
73.8
Sahar
71.6
87.4
71.2
75.4
Mantralaya
68
73.6
71.9
75.4
Trombay
76.1
63.1
68.2
74.4
Santacruz (E)
66.7
77.7
69.3
78.2
Mazgaon
73.4
79.2
65.5
82.8
Kurla
77.4
79.3
75.1
73.8
Vile Parle
76.5
73.3
76.6
74.3
Girgaon
69.6
70.7
67.9
79.8
Ghatkopar (E)
62.8
70
75.1
74.5
Bandra
68.4
79.6
75.1
79
Worli
73.8
74.2
74.7
81.9
Ghatkopar (W)
69.3
76
73.4
86.5
Goregaon
70.3
71.5
71.1
81.4
Prabhadevi
66.2
77
75.8
70.6
Mulund (E)
72.8
74.2
76.7
72.6
Jogeshwari
76.3
73.5
71.5
74.4
Mahim
74.6
73.1
75.2
73.8
Mulund (W)
74.7
78.4
74.6
76.7
Versova
63.1
67.7
69.4
71.8
Parel
64.4
66.9
72.6
68.5
Sakinaka
74.6
77.9
69.2
73.6
Marve
74.7
73.7
75
74.1
Byculla
77.9
67.9
77.7
85.8
Powai
74.8
66
74.5
68.3
Borivali (E)
76.8
83.2
75.4
67.1
Dadar
71.7
72.7
76.5
72.1
Wadala
88.6
80.7
75.5
66
Borivali (W)
68.5
78.9
77
83.8
Sion
81.2
70.2
78.1
85.4
Dharavi
81.6
81.2
71.8
81.8
Dindoshi
74.2
75.1
76.9
67.1
Hindu Colony
75.3
75.6
82
63
Sewree
68.5
80
67.6
71.2
Kandivali (E)
62.2
67.1
77.7
70.4
Matunga
72.8
72.8
76.9
70.2
Kalina
75.4
76.6
71.4
75.5
Dahisar (E)
66
77.7
78.4
76
Kamathipura
72.8
74.3
79.6
74.2
Vikhroli (W)
82.4
78.2
68.5
79.4
Juhu
75
79.7
81.9
70.6
Malabar Hills
73.8
79.7
75.8
81.5
Bhandup (W)
68.7
63.1
69.8
80.1
Malad (W)
74.7
89.4
76.7
75.7
Fig. 1. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai South (Day)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Fig. 2. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Day)
Fig. 3. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Western Suburb (Day)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) Table 4: Night time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
the days of Laxmi Pujan (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Night Time), dB(A) Mumbai South Year
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs
Mumbai Western Suburbs
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
72
73.5
65.4
73.1
Chembur (E)
63.7
72.4
63.8
74.1
Sahar
70.6
69.7
56.3
62.2
Mantralaya
67.4
70.7
54.5
61.4
Trombay
66.4
68.2
65.1
76.5
Santacruz (E)
63.7
64.3
66
57.6
Mazgaon
59.9
74.5
64.3
73.9
Kurla
71.4
69.9
57.1
63
Vile Parle
71.3
70.2
64.8
72.9
Girgaon
71.8
75.7
66.9
70.3
Ghatkopar (E)
63.2
62.1
65.5
60.7
Bandra
68.4
70.7
70.6
79.1
Worli
67.7
64.1
68.5
67.3
Ghatkopar (W)
59.9
61.8
60.2
80.8
Goregaon
57.3
67.4
68.9
79
Prabhadevi
57.1
85.2
68.6
73.2
Mulund (E)
71
70.9
65.3
75.1
Jogeshwari
63.9
68.2
54.9
73.3
Mahim
66.3
68.3
70.8
75.3
Mulund (W)
62.4
68.2
65.8
72.3
Versova
56
49
61.2
72.5
61
56
70.7
57.4
Sakinaka
64.6
70.3
65.7
58.8
Marve
63.7
70.2
65.2
73.5
Byculla
79.6
49.6
72
78.2
Powai
74.5
63.9
64.7
70.2
Borivali (E)
67.2
73.9
57
62.1
Dadar
71.8
74.7
70.4
56
Wadala
80.9
68.4
53.9
73
Borivali (W)
57.7
69.7
67.8
63.5
Sion
73.9
66.5
71.2
81.1
Dharavi
82.8
76.4
63.9
78.7
Dindoshi
72.8
76.5
63.4
66.1
Hindu Colony
66.1
71.8
74.5
70.6
Sewree
61
58.8
65.7
60.6
Kandivali (E)
55
66.9
63.5
62
71
68.7
63.4
63.2
Kalina
73.5
70.1
63.6
74.4
Dahisar (E)
68.7
80
72
56.5
Kamathipura
71.3
68.4
69.1
62.5
Vikhroli (W)
80.7
81.3
55.4
80
Juhu
77.5
66.4
62.3
60.7
Malabar Hills
65.3
76
71.9
74.7
Bhandup (W)
65.6
64.7
62.3
72.3
Malad (W)
70.5
70.5
63.2
74.2
Colaba
Parel
Matunga
Fig. 4. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai South (Night)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Fig. 5. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Night)
Fig. 6. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Western Suburb (Night)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page -6
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) Table 5: Day time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
the days of Bhaubeej (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Day Time), dB(A) Mumbai South Year
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs Year
Mumbai Western Suburbs
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
67.1
78.6
73.7
72.6
Chembur (E)
71.8
73.6
68.3
83.4
Sahar
Year
73.9
71.6
75.9
80.2
Mantralaya
68.6
74.3
70.9
78
Trombay
83.4
66.9
73.1
76.7
Santacruz (E)
68.1
75.8
66.6
72.2
Mazgaon
68.5
75.5
73.3
72
Kurla
75.1
67
66.8
75.8
Vile Parle
70.1
74.6
66.7
71.2
Girgaon
67.1
71.1
74.1
82.1
Ghatkopar (E)
63.8
70
69.7
70.4
Bandra
66.9
75
71
71.8
Worli
71.7
72
64.6
77.9
Ghatkopar (W)
67.5
77
69.6
73.4
Goregaon
64.6
70.3
73.9
75.5
Prabhadevi
63.1
78.1
67.4
79.4
Mulund (E)
68.6
72.6
69.4
72.7
Jogeshwari
73.4
72.5
69.9
72.3
Mahim
72.7
74.5
73.9
72.1
Mulund (W)
76.3
79.4
64.5
80.1
Versova
61.1
56.9
80.9
71.3
Parel
63.8
65.2
70.3
75.7
Sakinaka
88
78.5
71.9
75.5
Marve
69.3
73.6
71.8
73.3
Byculla
76.4
65.7
62.3
63.1
Powai
69.5
64.6
68.7
74.7
Borivali (E)
74.5
80.9
68.9
74.8
Dadar
72.9
71
78.4
84.1
Wadala
78.2
72.9
77.7
64.1
Borivali (W)
64.3
77
75.1
86.6
Sion
74.5
65.6
71
67.8
Dharavi
83.8
78.8
76.7
69.2
Dindoshi
70.3
76.7
76.7
68.4
Hindu Colony
71
73.5
74
78.7
Sewree
69.9
80.8
69.3
64.8
Kandivali (E)
62
69.3
74.1
73.4
Matunga
71.7
73.7
73.5
67.6
Kalina
73.8
73.7
66.9
74.9
Dahisar (E)
59.9
74.2
74.4
69.4
Kamathipura
77.6
72.6
71.6
68.3
Vikhroli (W)
82.4
78.3
69
81.4
Juhu
71.3
75.9
73.2
66.9
Malabar Hills
69.7
73.7
73.9
72.4
Bhandup (W)
67.6
64.4
65.9
77.1
Malad (W)
70.2
88.6
83.7
73.8
Fig. 7. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai South (Day)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Fig. 8. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej an in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Day)
Fig. 9. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Western Suburb (Day)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page -8
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014) Table 6: Night time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
the days of Bhaubeej (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Night Time), dB(A) Mumbai South
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs
Mumbai Western Suburbs
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
66.8
64.3
62.6
79.3
Chembur (E)
70.1
73.5
62.4
67.4
Sahar
69.1
66.6
60.5
61.4
Mantralaya
63.2
72.5
60.8
69.1
Trombay
82.4
71.7
61.5
69.7
Santacruz (E)
63.5
65.7
66.1
56
Mazgaon
62.8
72.8
59.9
71.9
Kurla
69.9
72.7
69.2
75.4
Vile Parle
64.3
70
64.9
55
Girgaon
67.2
72.9
58.6
76.6
Ghatkopar (E)
64.5
58.6
65.5
64.2
Bandra
67.3
65.6
47.7
57.1
Worli
67.8
68.8
56.7
70.4
Ghatkopar (W)
55.1
62.4
60.6
71.5
Goregaon
67
67.7
60.9
66.4
Prabhadevi
57.6
82.2
56.7
67.7
Mulund (E)
65.2
68.4
60.4
86.7
Jogeshwari
70.1
81.8
69.8
71.6
Mahim
66.3
69.6
62.4
70.3
Mulund (W)
69.5
69.6
62.9
72.9
Versova
56.6
47.7
66.5
71.3
Parel
58.6
62.2
56.2
71.9
Sakinaka
87.7
69.5
63
74.5
Marve
70.1
60.9
57.9
65
Byculla
70.8
60.9
59
77
Powai
67.1
61.3
64.9
74.3
Borivali (E)
68.3
69.8
62
69.3
Dadar
66.5
74.7
66.5
73.3
Wadala
83.7
66.5
71
67.6
Borivali (W)
57.8
66.5
66.9
60.3
Sion
76.7
70.9
65.4
79
Dharavi
76.2
75.9
64.8
66.6
Dindoshi
72.6
64.8
71.6
55.3
Hindu Colony
65.2
65.2
62.4
62.7
Sewree
67.7
70.9
60.5
73.2
Kandivali (E)
54.5
60.5
59.6
67.2
Matunga
70.6
64.2
66.5
69
Kalina
68
76.4
67.1
61.2
Dahisar (E)
52.5
74.9
64.8
57.2
Kamathipura
74.7
71.8
60.5
68.4
Vikhroli (W)
80.7
63.2
64.3
59.8
Juhu
73.2
59.8
60.5
59.9
Malabar Hills
68.1
72.6
67.3
71.9
Bhandup (W)
61.7
66
58.2
70
Malad (W)
71.5
67.9
67.6
60.3
Fig. 10. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai South (Night)
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International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs (NightTime) 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40
2012
2011
2010
2009
Fig. 11. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Night)
Fig. 12. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Western Suburb (Night)
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ © 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved Page -10
International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE) Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163 http://ijirae.com
It is observed that though the permissible L(A)eq noise level set by CPCB is 55 dB(A) and 45 dB(A) for day and night time respectively for residential zone, the levels obtained at all places are much more than permissible limit for all 4 years. It is observed that on Laxmi Pujan L(A)eq sound levels are highest at 17 places during day time and 16 places during night time in year 2012 compared to all previous years. Similarly for Bhaubeej also at 18 places for day time and 17 places for night time L(A)eq are highest in the year 2012. Permissible noise level for industrial area is 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) for day and night respectively. The readings observed are even more than that at many location though most of the places are residential area. At 21 places during day time and 27 places during night time & at 17 places during day and 20 places during night noise levels are more than the limits set for industrial area on Laxmi Pujan & Bhaubeej respectively in the year 2012. Maximum high levels for day time are recorded in Mumbai South and at Suburban part of Mumbai noise levels are higher during night time one reason of this can be that this part of Mumbai is residential zone and people celebrate this festival mostly in night. V. CONCLUSION During the present study the noise levels observed by MPCB were analysed for the year 2009 to 2012 during the festival Deepawali in Mumbai. The Noise levels were found to have a range bound trend, which remained same for study period. The noise levels observed to be much higher than the permissible standard for the noise in the residential area. There was no reduction in the noise levels during these four years. VI. RECOMMENDATIONS The monitoring locations consist of areas belonging to residential, commercial and sensitive zones. The noise so produced during the festival are area source, so it is very hard to locate one particular high noise emitting source. To counter this problem following steps can be taken, Proper supervision is required to make sure that cracker manufacturers/sellers following the noise standards set for crackers. Making people more aware about the effects of noise pollution. And to make sure that all existing laws, such as the time limit on the use of firecrackers, are followed by citizens. REFERENCES [1] Jamrah, A., Al-omari, A. And Sharabi, R. Evaluation of traffic noise pollution in Amman, Jordan. Environmenatal monitoring assessment 120 (1-3), 499-525, 2006. [2] Agarwal, S., Yadav, S. Noise Pollution and Its Impact on Health. International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE), vol 3, no 6, 2013. [3] Martin, M. A., Tarrero, M. A., Gonzaler, A. And Machimbarrena, M. Exposure effect relationships between road traffic noise annoyance and cost valuations in Valladolid, Spain. Journal of applied acoustics 67 (10), 945-652, 2006. [4] Chien, M. K. And Shih, L. H. An imperical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in the electrical and electronics industry and their relation to organisational performances. International journal of environment, science and technology 4 (2) 383–394, 2007. [5] Concha-Barrientos, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D. and Steenland, K. Occupational noise, assessing the burden of decease from work related hearing impairment at national and local levels. Environmental burden disease series, no 9, World Health protection of the human environment, Geneva, 2004. [6] Saler, P., Vibhute, S. (2012). Ganeshotasv- A festival of noise. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, vol. 3, No 1, 81-83, 2012. [7] Mangalekar, S. B., Jadhav, A. S. And Raut P. D. Study of noise pollution in Kolhapur city, Maharashtra, India. Vol. 2 issue 1, 65-69, 2012. [8] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NoiseDeepawali09-new.pdf. [9] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Report_Noise_Deepawali_2010.pdf. [10] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Noise_deepawaliReport2011.pdf [11] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/MPCBDeepawaliNoise_2012.pdf.
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