Structural Neuroimaging in Late-Life Mood Disorders

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You are looking at 1-10 of 827 items for: structural AND neuroimaging CAR0042

Structural Neuroimaging in Late-Life Mood Disorders Sean J. Colloby and John T. O’Brien Print Publication Year: 2013 Published Online: Jun 2013 ISBN: 9780199796816 eISBN: 9780199323081 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199796816.003.0032

Affective disorder research has mainly focused on studying many of the structures implicated within the limbic–cortical–striatal–pallidal–thalamic circuit. This chapter concentrates on structural MRI brain changes associated with unipolar major depression and bipolar disorder (BD) of late-life, with particular attention to structural imaging, white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Structural brain deficits are associated with late-life disorders (LLDs) and late-life bipolar disorders (LLBDs), with a pattern supporting the notion of “frontostriatal” disturbances in affective disorders of late life. Increased prevalence of WMH is another characteristic of LLDs and LLBDs, with perhaps location rather than burden being more important to their pathogeneses, but may also indicate their increased cerebrovascular risk factors. Microstructural DTI changes are largely seen in frontal regions in LLDs and have not been investigated in LLBDs. Future studies with larger clinically representative populations with further aid to elucidate the specific anatomy and etiology of structural MRI changes in late-life mood disorders and investigate their relationship with clinical factors.

Imaging of treatment effects David Linden Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: May 2016 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780198739609 eISBN: 9780191802591 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198739609.003.0009 Item type: chapter

’Imaging of treatment effects’ introduces the different phases of clinical trials and the different types of biomarkers and explains how biomarkers can be used to improve the quality or reduce the costs of clinical trials. It also explains the role of radionuclide imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) or single photon emission tomography (SPECT) for the in vivo study of pharmacological effects of new or existing drugs. It also reviews the development of neuroimaging approaches to identify biomarkers of treatment success, which could then be used for treatment stratification or as surrogate outcomes in clinical trials. Moreover, it summarizes changes in brain networks that have been observed as a consequence of non-invasive or invasive treatments in psychiatry.

Page 1 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 29 January 2017

Neuroimaging Studies of Bipolar and Unipolar Depression Amelia Versace, Jorge R. C. Almeida, and Mary L. Phillips Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2013 ISBN: 9780199797608 eISBN: 9780199323135 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199797608.003.0057

Bipolar disorder is defined by the occurrence of mania, but affected individuals spend most of their time when ill struggling with depression. Consequently, understanding the neurobiology of depression might clarify the neural substrates of bipolar disorder. Moreover, contrasting the neurobiology of unipolar and bipolar depression might identify specific features of bipolar illness that result in mood cycling and might aid in diagnosis. Despite the significant promise in these considerations, relatively few neuroimaging studies have directly compared bipolar and unipolar depression. Nonetheless, white matter neuroimaging (e.g., diffusion tensor imaging, DTI) findings suggest that depression in bipolar and unipolar disorder may be distinguished by different abnormalities in right uncinate fasciculus. Moreover, these findings support a hypothesis that unipolar depression demonstrates left- but not right-sided abnormalities in amygdala-orbitomedial prefrontal cortical structural connectivity. Functional connectivity studies report corresponding differences between bipolar and unipolar depressed subjects in right-sided bottomup amygdala-medial prefrontal effective connectivity. More studies comparing these depressive disorders are clearly needed to extend this model of bipolar depression.

Sleep and Movement DisordersNeuroimaging Aspects Thien Thanh Dang-Vu, Martin Desseilles, Pietro-Luca Ratti, Philippe Peigneux, and Pierre Maquet Print Publication Year: 2013 Published Online: Sep 2013 ISBN: 9780199795161 eISBN: 9780199353262 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199795161.003.0019

In this chapter, we will focus on neuroimaging studies of sleep-related movement disorders. We will consider specific sleep disorders such as restless legs syndrome (RLS), often associated with periodic limb movements during sleep (PLMS), and parasomnias taking place either during non-REM sleep (such as sleepwalking) or REM sleep (REM sleep behavior disorder [RBD]). Several neurological disorders associated with specific sleep disturbances, such fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and specific epileptic syndromes occurring during sleep, such as nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), benign epilepsy with centrotemporal lobe spikes (BECTS), Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), and the syndrome of continuous spike-and-wave discharges during slow-wave sleep (CSWS), will also be discussed.

Imaging Genetics of Schizophrenia Thomas M. Lancaster, Joanne L. Doherty, David E. Linden, and Jeremy Hall Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: Feb 2016 ISBN: 9780199920211 eISBN: 9780190209780 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199920211.003.0012

Page 2 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 29 January 2017

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of common and rare genetic variants have given unprecedented insight into the genetic architecture of schizophrenia, characterizing it as a highly heritable, polygenic disorder with multifaceted genetic aetiology. Neuroimaging methods provide critical insight into mechanisms of schizophrenia susceptibility by exploring the neural circuits that interpose between genetic risk and the clinical syndrome. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of schizophrenia susceptibility on brain macro/microstructure and alterations of neural circuitry using functional and connectomic approaches. The effects of schizophrenia susceptibility on the brain are explored using an array of genetic risk factors, drawing on neuroimaging studies that probe schizophrenia risk by studying unaffected relatives, common risk polymorphisms, and rare structural variants.

Neuroimaging in PsychiatryThe Clinical–Radiographic Correlate David L. Perez, Laura Ortiz-Terán, and David A. Silbersweig Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Aug 2015 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780199731855 eISBN: 9780190213381 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199731855.003.0007 Item type: chapter

Brain imaging techniques allow clinicians to explore the in vivo integrity of neural circuits mediating behavioral, affective, perceptual, and cognitive dysfunctions in patients with primary and secondary psychiatric symptoms. In this chapter, structural and functional neuroimaging techniques are detailed, with particular emphasis given to computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, single proton emission computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. Thereafter, the use of brain imaging to refine differential diagnoses in neuropsychiatric populations is discussed. Lastly, neural circuits commonly implicated in psychiatric disease and the specific neuroanatomy of schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder are reviewed.

Integration and ConsolidationA Neurophysiological Model of Bipolar Disorder Stephen M. Strakowski Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2013 ISBN: 9780199797608 eISBN: 9780199323135 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199797608.003.0109

Bipolar disorder is one of the most common and disabling conditions affecting humankind. Although defined by the occurrence of mania, it is characterized by a dynamic course of illness in which affective, cognitive and neurovegetative symptoms wax and wane. The illness typically starts in adolescence and progresses during its early years from rare to increasingly common affective episodes. Bipolar disorder is strongly familial, suggesting that it originates from specific genetic risk factors, although these have not yet been well defined. Together, these characteristics suggest that bipolar disorder involves dysfunction within ventral prefrontal networks that modulate limbic brain structures. Moreover, this dysfunction appears to arise during critical developmental stages in brain development, likely reflecting the impact of specific genes that underlie brain growth and development, Page 3 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 29 January 2017

monamine control, circadian rhythm regulation or related functions. In this chapter, then, we converge evidence from neuroimaging and genetic studies to develop a specific neurophysiological model of bipolar disorder to guide future investigations.

Neuroimaging and diagnostic disease markers David Linden Print Publication Year: 2016 Published Online: May 2016 Publisher: Oxford University Press ISBN: 9780198739609 eISBN: 9780191802591 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198739609.003.0006 Item type: chapter

‘Neuroimaging and diagnostic disease markers’ reviews the main biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of mental disorders that have arisen from neuroimaging research. It explains that the search for biomarkers using MRI or radioligand imaging has so far been most successful for dementia. In addition to diagnostic markers for different types of dementias, this research has also yielded promising candidates for the early non-invasive detection of the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It also explains that, although meta-analyses have detected consistent patterns of changes in brain structure and neurotransmitter metabolism in psychotic and affective disorders, none have so far reached the status of being confirmed, individually discriminative biomarkers. It also introduces the use of pattern classification analyses of imaging data with the goal of predicting the course of mental illness. Moreover, it reviews some of the characteristic neuroimaging features associated with specific neurodevelopmental syndromes.

Structural Brain Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder Koji Matsuo, Marsal Sanches, Paolo Brambilla, and Jair C. Soares Print Publication Year: 2012 Published Online: Jun 2013 ISBN: 9780199797608 eISBN: 9780199323135 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780199797608.003.0022

Structural brain imaging, particularly using fMRI, provides a means to identify the neuroanatomic substrate for psychiatric conditions, including bipolar disorder. Regional brain volumetric studies suggest enlargement in several key structures that subsume emotional and cognitive control, including striatum (particularly putamen) and possibly amygdala in adult bipolar subjects. Decreased volumes have been observed in prefrontal areas, the cerebellar vermis and white matter structures. Unlike findings in adults, bipolar youth exhibit decreased amygdala volumes, suggestion developmental specificity of abnormalities within this structure. The functional meaning of these abnormalities has been difficult to ascertain, as correlations with clinical data are often inconsistent. Nonetheless, some changes seem to reflect progression related to the number of affective episodes as well as potentially from treatment exposure. In particular, lithium may increase gray matter volumes in some structures (e.g., amygdala) over time. White matter abnormalities have also been relatively consistently demonstrated using various structural imaging techniques in bipolar disorder. These findings support a neuroanatomic model of bipolar disorder involving abnormalities within ventral brain networks that modulate mood. Page 4 of 5 PRINTED FROM OXFORD MEDICINE ONLINE (www.oxfordmedicine.com). © Oxford University Press, 2015. All Rights Reserved. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a title in Oxford Medicine Online for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy). date: 29 January 2017

Principles of Psychiatry and Psychology Mary M. Machulda Print Publication Year: 2015 Published Online: Jul 2015 ISBN: 9780190214883 eISBN: 9780190214913 Item type: chapter

Publisher: Oxford University Press DOI: 10.1093/med/9780190214883.003.0036

Cognition, classic psychiatric constructs, and an approach to the evaluation of cognition and psychologic disorders are discussed in this chapter. Cognitive evaluations may include simple office-based procedures, but formal neuropsychological testing and functional imaging have aided practitioners in further understanding and treating disorders as well as understanding normal function.

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