The University of Tennessee Knoxville Campus

Stormwater Management Master Plan

Prepared for: Terry Ledford, Bethany Morris, and Ted Murphy Facilities Services University of Tennessee, Knoxville Prepared by: John S. Schwartz, PhD, PE; and Paul Simmons Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering University of Tennessee, Knoxville Contributors: Keil J. Neff, PhD, PE; Anthony Celebucki; and Robert Woockman Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Tim Gangaware, Assistant Director Tennessee Water Resources Research Center Andrea Ludwig, PhD; and Joanne Logan, PhD Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science University of Tennessee, Knoxville

July 16, 2013

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table of Contents 1

Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1

2

Study Area .............................................................................................................................. 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2.1

Description of University of Tennessee Campus ............................................................. 2

2.2

Physiographic, Land Use, Hydrologic and Climate ......................................................... 3

2.3

Campus Long Range Master Plan .................................................................................... 8

2.4

Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards .............................................................. 11

Water Quality Regulations for Stormwater Runoff ......................................................... 12 3.1

Overview: Stormwater Regulations ............................................................................... 12

3.2

NPDES Phase II Small MS4 Permits ............................................................................. 13

3.3

NPDES Construction Site General Permits ................................................................... 14

Planning Development ........................................................................................................ 15 4.1

General Approach .......................................................................................................... 15

4.2

Data Accumulation ......................................................................................................... 15

4.3

Sub-Watershed Delineation............................................................................................ 15

4.4

Runoff Model Calculations ............................................................................................ 16

4.5

Identification of Structural BMPs .................................................................................. 17

Description of Stormwater Management Units ................................................................ 19 5.1

Management Unit Descriptions...................................................................................... 20

5.2

Sub-Watershed Descriptive Statistics ............................................................................ 41

Hydrological Assessment of Proposed Structural BMPs ................................................. 47 6.1

Proposed Structural BMP Placements............................................................................ 47

6.2

Identification of Campus Buildings with External Gutters ............................................ 50

6.3

Hydrological Assessment: Maximum Potential Runoff Reductions ............................. 51

6.4

Planning Overview for Proposed Structural BMPs........................................................ 55

6.5

Conclusion...................................................................................................................... 57

Appendix A: Recommended Near Term Stormwater BMPs .......................................... 58 7.1

Recommended Non-Structural BMPs ............................................................................ 58

7.2

Recommended Structural BMPs .................................................................................... 60

Appendix B: Commonly Used Stormwater LID/BMPs ................................................... 69 8.1

9

Structural BMP Descriptions ......................................................................................... 69

Appendix C: Raw Data ....................................................................................................... 78

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9.1

Itemized Management Unit Statistics ............................................................................ 78

9.2

Structural BMP Data Sheet and Calculations ................................................................ 82

9.3

Management Unit Volumetric Reduction Datasheet ..................................................... 85

9.5

UTK Pre-Development Runoff Datasheet ..................................................................... 88

9.6

Buildings with External Gutters ..................................................................................... 89

10 Appendices D: Reference Material .................................................................................... 93 10.1

Curve Number Selection ................................................................................................ 93

10.2

Stormwater BMP Models ............................................................................................... 94

11 Appendix E: References ...................................................................................................... 95

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List of Figures: Figure 1: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Campus ...........................................................2 Figure 2: Elevation Map of UTK Campus .....................................................................................4 Figure 3: Soil Classification Map of UTK Including Campus Sub-Watershed Boundaries. .........5 Figure 4: Current Land Use of UTK Management Areas .............................................................7 Figure 5: Current Storm Drainage Infrastructure Map of UTK Campus .......................................8 Figure 6: The University of Tennessee Campus Master Plan (http://masterplan.utk.edu/docs/LongRangeMasterPlan.pdf) ........................................................10 Figure 7: UTK Campus Delineated Sub-Watersheds as Stormwater Management Units. ..........19 Figure 8: Percent Impervious Areas for the Second Creek Management Units ...........................42 Figure 9: Percent Impervious Areas for the Third Creek Management Units ..............................44 Figure 10: Percent Impervious Areas for the Tennessee River Management Units .....................46 Figure 11: Locations of Proposed Structural BMPs for the UTK Campus. .................................47 Figure 12: Locations of Proposed Small Structural BMPs for the UTK Campus ........................50 Figure 13: Approximate BMP Drainage Basins ...........................................................................51 Figure 14: Percentage of Maximum Runoff volume Reduction by Sub-Watershed Accounting for Building Runoff Contributions. ...............................................................................................53 Figure 15: Percentage of Maximum Runoff Volume Reduction by Sub-Watershed Neglecting Runoff from Buildings ...................................................................................................................54 Figure 16: Total Runoff Volume Reductions for Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River Drainage Areas for Four Hydrological Assessments: 1) Current Conditions, 2) Maximum Potential Reduction with Buildings; 3) Maximum Potential Reduction without Buildings; and 4) Pre-Development Runoff. ..............................................................................................................55 Figure 17: Locations of Proposed Structural BMPs for Near-Term Implementation. .................56 Figure 18: Locations of High Priority Near Term BMPs .............................................................60 Figure 19: Example of Vegetated Swale ......................................................................................69 Figure 20: Schematic of Vegetated Swale ....................................................................................69 Figure 21: Example of Large Rain Garden ...................................................................................70 Figure 22: Schematic of Rain Garden...........................................................................................70 Figure 23:Example of Small Rain Garden ....................................................................................71 Figure 24: Example of Infiltration Trench ....................................................................................72 Figure 25: Schematic of Infiltration Trench .................................................................................72 Figure 26: Example of Porous Pavement .....................................................................................73 Figure 27: Schematic of Porous Pavement System ......................................................................73 Figure 28: Example of Urban Green Roof....................................................................................74 Figure 29: Example Schematic of Green Roof System ................................................................74 Figure 30: Example of Rain Cistern .............................................................................................75 Figure 31: Buildings with External Downspouts ..........................................................................89

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List of Tables: Table 1: Rainfall Statistics ..............................................................................................................3 Table 2: USDA Classifications of Knox County Soils ...................................................................6 Table 3: Drainage Areas and Imperviousness for the Second Creek Management Units. ...........41 Table 4: Drainage Areas Imperviousness for the Third Creek Management Units ......................43 Table 5: Drainage Areas Imperviousness for the Tennessee River Management Units...............45 Table 6: Summary list of potential structural BMPs by UTK campus sub-watersheds .............48 Table 7: Totals for Maximum Potential Runoff Reductions for Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River Drainage Areas. ................................................................................................53 Table 8: BMP Ability for Stormwater Quantity Control ..............................................................76 Table 9: Cost Community and Environmental Issues for BMPs ..................................................77 Table 10: Relative Comparison of BMPs .....................................................................................77 Table 11: Second Creek Statistics.................................................................................................79 Table 12: Third Creek Statistics....................................................................................................80 Table 13: TN River Statistics ........................................................................................................81 Table 14: Structural BMP Runoff Data Sheet ..............................................................................82 Table 15: 2nd Creek Management Area Reductions......................................................................85 Table 16: 3rd Creek Management Area Reductions .....................................................................86 Table 17: Tennessee River Management Area Reductions ..........................................................87 Table 18: UTK Pre-Development Runoff Calculations................................................................88 Table 19: UTK Buildings with External Gutters (Detachable Downspouts) ................................90 Table 20: Curve Number Selection ...............................................................................................93 Table 21: Brief Outline of LID Computational Model Approaches .............................................94

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Introduction

In an effort to promote environmental stewardship on the Knoxville campus of The University of Tennessee (UTK), the Office of Sustainability was established in 2007. The Office of Sustainability promotes sustainability across campus in many areas, strategically bridging the gap between campus operations, teaching, research, and outreach. Under the Make Orange Green Program, the many areas have included recycling, energy efficiency, and water conservation. The Campus Environmental Policy, revised September 2011, strives to increase awareness of environmental issues and promote sound environmental practices. The Policy includes continual improvement to campus operations in order to prevent pollution, comply with legal statutes and voluntary commitments, and enhance its overall natural setting. Undertaking these policy goals, Facilities Services identified the need to improve stormwater management on campus reducing runoff pollutants from buildings, parking lots, and other infrastructure. Development of a Stormwater Master Plan was proposed in April 2011 by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering to Facilities Services and the student’s Environmental Incentives Committee under Make Orange Green Program. Goals of the stormwater planning process are to compile the available information on drainage infrastructure, hydrologically assess the existing stormwater system, and propose best management practice (BMP) improvements to the system. Improvements include low-impact development (LID) controls such as rain gardens, impervious pavement, grassy swales, bioretention facilities, and other structural controls to reduce pollutants from entering near-by waterways. In addition, information sources and needs to control erosion during construction were compiled as a campus reference document. This planning effort was integrated with the existing UTK campus Master Plan for new facilities. The importance of developing a UTK Stormwater Master Plan grew this past year with UTK recognized by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) as a municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4), which required UTK to submit a Notice of Intent (NOI) to apply for a Phase II stormwater permit. Prior to this past year, UTK’s stormwater system was part of the City of Knoxville’s Phase I MS4 permit. The NOI was submitted to TDEC in July 2012, which defined the MS4 and receiving waters, and proposed general activities to meet their regulatory requirements. Proposed management activities included developing a stormwater master plan, among other BMPs. A UTK stormwater management coordinator will be hired to implement pollution prevention efforts. In January 2013, UTK received notice for its Notice of Coverage (NOC) from TDEC. Development of this stormwater master plan included the efforts of several students with faculty and staff guidance. It constitutes an initial effort, and recognizes that it’s a “living” document that will change with any changes made to the overall Campus Master Plan, new priorities set by the UTK Office of Sustainability and student interests, and regulatory changes. Adaptive management strategies will be implemented, and plan improvements undertaken by the UTK stormwater management staff.

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Study Area Description of University of Tennessee Campus

Figure 1: The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Campus The University of Tennessee, Knoxville (UTK) is a public, land-grant university located along the Tennessee River adjacent to downtown Knoxville (Figure 1). Founded in 1794, UTK serves as the flagship institution for the University of Tennessee system consisting of 5 campuses and multiple extension units within the state of Tennessee. UTK is an urban campus comprised of roughly 27,000 students along with an additional 10,000 in faculty and staff. Within the past decade the university has entered a new period of growth and improvement by increasing the academic level of incoming students resulting in higher research productivity and graduation rates. With this growth, construction is occurring across campus with new buildings, such as the Haslem Business Building, Tickle Building, Min H. Kao Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Building, and the Natalie L Haslem Music Building. The further progression of campus has provided UTK with an opportunity and need to implement environmentally responsible practices throughout its campuses. The lands owned and operated by the University of Tennessee, Knoxville are displayed in Figure 1. Included in these properties are the main, agricultural, and Cherokee Farms campuses as well as the Forensic Anthropology Center and Veterinary school properties. Also included in this report are areas within the Fort Sanders neighborhood of Knoxville which are not owned by the University of Tennessee; however, the stormwater consolidated within these areas comes in direct contact with UTK storm sewers and properties.

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Physiographic, Land Use, Hydrologic and Climate

The University of Tennessee, Knoxville campus resides in the eastern Tennessee Valley, situated between the Great Smoky Mountains to the east and the Cumberland Plateau to the west. The Tennessee Valley is part of the Ridge and Valley Physiographic Province of the Appalachians. Knoxville was built on the Tennessee River, downstream of the convergence of Holston and French Broad rivers. The campus lies adjacent to the Tennessee River on the south, and Second Creek on the east (Figure 1). Third Creek enters the campus area from the north and flows into the Tennessee River, with the agricultural portion of campus on the west. Aside the Tennessee River the elevation is 765 feet, and spanning to the north in the Fort Sanders area the elevation reaches a peak of about 1,190 feet (Figure 2). The Tennessee River is regulated by the downstream Ft. Loudon Dam. Knoxville is within the humid subtropical climate zone, but its proximity to the mountains causes its temperature to be slightly lower on average than other Ridge and Valley locations. Low and high temperatures as monthly averages in January are 27.4ºF and 47.3ºF, and in July are 68.4ºF and 87.9ºF (Table 1). Annual precipitation is 47.81 inches, which monthly averages range from 2.51 inch in the fall, and 5.08 inch during the summer. Winter and spring consistently brings rains about 4 inches per month consisting on continental storm fronts. In the summer, with the highest monthly localized convective storms of high intensity commonly occur. Native soils on the UTK campus grounds consist primarily of the soil types shown in Figure 3 and Table 2. The general soil profile is considered to be Type C soil meaning the soil is fine in texture with moderate runoff potential due to mediocre infiltration rates. Soil classifications were provided through the USDA & NRCS Soil Survey of Knox County, Tennessee. Table 1: Rainfall Statistics

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Figure 2: Elevation Map of UTK Campus

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Figure 3: Soil Classification Map of UTK Including Campus Sub-Watershed Boundaries. Classification codes are summarized in Table

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Table 2: USDA Classifications of Knox County Soils Soil ID Bd CcD CcE DeC2 DeD2 DeE2 DyC DyD EmB EtB LtD Ph ShB ShC So St Ur Uu W WeC WeD2 WwB

Description Bloomingdale Sile Loam Coghill-Corryton Complex Coghill-Corryton Complex Dewey Silt Loam Dewey Silt Loam Dewey Loam Dewey-Udorthents-Urban Land Complex Dewey-Udorthents-Urban Land Complex Emory Silt Loam Etowah Loam Loyston - Talbott- Rock Outcrop Complex Pettyjon-Hamblen Complex Shady Loam Shady Loam Shady-Whitwell Complex Steadman Silt Loam Urban Land Urban Land- Udorthents Complex Water Waynesboro Loam Waynesboro Loam Whitwell loam

0-2 percent slopes 12-25 percent slopes 25-65 percent slopes 5-12 percent slopes, eroded 12-25 percent slopes, eroded 25-40 percent slopes, eroded 2-12 percent slopes 12-25 percent slopes 2-5 percent slopes 2-5 percent slopes 5-12 percent slopes 0-3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded 2-5 percent slopes 5-12 percent slopes 0-3 percent slopes, rarely flooded 0-3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded

5-12 percent slopes 12-25 Percent Slopes, eroded 2 to 5 percent slopes, rarely

The UTK campus properties reside on approximately 767 acres with stormwater runoff directed through drainage infrastructure to the Tennessee River, Second Creek, or Third Creek (Figure 5). Comprised primarily of urban development on the main and agricultural campuses, the properties across the Tennessee River are mainly rural. The urban development consists of academic buildings, a large football stadium, sports fields, commercial development, residence buildings and many parking lots. A majority of these land use types are considered to be impervious surfaces, denoting that water cannot easily pass through the surface. Impervious surfaces increase runoff peaks and volumes during rainfall events, which can rapidly transport sediment and pollutants detrimental to the local waterways. It is with this in mind that improvements to the overall system development are constructed.

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Figure 4: Current Land Use of UTK Management Areas The existing drainage system consists primarily of street catch basins, manholes, pipes, drainage outlets (EOP), grassy swales, and trench drains (Figure 5). The infrastructure map was provided by the City of Knoxville and KGIS, and included within the GIS spatial representation of the pipes, swales and other system components is a database on size, location coordinates, drainage basin, slope and material characteristics. Although potential for a comprehensive understanding of the system is possible through these files, the database is vastly incomplete and outdated. Information provided by the city and KGIS was ground-truthed by visual inspection, and appropriate changes were made to the GIS map and database. The GIS data files are available for use by Facilities Services. This map provided the basis for delineating sub-watersheds that were used to estimate runoff and potential reductions through proposed implementation of BMPs (Section 6). These sub-watersheds can be considered stormwater management units. It should be noted that several pipe systems were difficult to determine their route and discharge points and 100% certainty was not always feasible. Further assessment of the existing system is needed with more advanced survey equipment over a visual inspection approach, and the GIS map and database updated.

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Figure 5: Current Storm Drainage Infrastructure Map of UTK Campus

2.3

Campus Long Range Master Plan

UTK has implemented a campus-wide building master plan that comprises the long-term vision for the future building development. The first Campus Master Plan was created in 1994 and subsequently updated in 2001 and 2011. Development of the plan was guided by the goal to build the necessary infrastructure to elevate the UTK’s standing as a top research institution nationally. In addition, the plan includes increased green space enhancing the environmental setting and promoting greater sustainability as directed in the Make Orange Green Program. The following statement is listed from the UTK Master Plan website as Goals for the Campus Master Plan (http://masterplan.utk.edu/process/):

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“The goals (of the Make Orange Green Program) are to define current and future facility needs, promote a sense of community, integrate instruction, research, student living, and student life, and create a pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly environment. Considerations of traffic, parking, and related infrastructure are taken into account, along with how to promote sound environmental policies and development and building practices. The goals are considered with the greater context of the City of Knoxville. Finally, it sets forth the steps needed to implement the final Campus Master Plan.” For reference, the map of the long range Campus Master Plan is shown in Figure 6. The images include near-term and long-term projects envisioned by the University Planning Committee. The vision is for UTK to become a more pedestrian friendly and increase green space, inherently promotes better quality of stormwater runoff. By implementing BMP’s into the UTK Campus Master Plan as supplemented by the stormwater master plan, the university can effectively reduce stormwater impacts and promote environmental stewardship. Development of the stormwater master plan utilized the Campus Master Plan as its guide. Recommendations for potential bioretention ponds, rain gardens, and other LID structures first considered proposed near term plans (within 15 years) developments prescribed with the Campus Master Plan. The reason the near-term Master Plan was included in the analysis was so that the university can conveniently include BMP’s in its future construction plans. LID structures consist of permanent landscape features and when properly designed beautify a location, and function as a water quality control structure. In addition to permanent LID structures, the stormwater master plan provides general guidance on temporary erosion control structures as required by a TDEC general permit for discharges from construction activities (Section 3.3). During UTK construction projects not only will a permit need to be filed with TDEC, but a stormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP). It is in the SWPPP that describes what temporary stormwater control facilities will be used, and these may include silt fences, sediment basins, sand filters, and other devices to control sediment from leaving the construction site. The full UTK Campus Master Plan document can be downloaded from the following web site: [http://masterplan.utk.edu/]

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Figure 6: The University of Tennessee Campus Master Plan (http://masterplan.utk.edu/docs/LongRangeMasterPlan.pdf).

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards

In addition to the UTK Construction Master Plan, a complementary Landscape Vision and Site Standards document exists in order to coordinate a cohesive vision for UTK landscape. The Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards were first developed in the spring of 2012 by Carol R. Johnson Associates in conjunction with the Landscape Technical Committee, Landscape Advisory Committee and Facilities Services. This plan is intended to reinforce the UTK Long Range Master Plan discussed in Section 2.3 by presenting specific technical design guidelines and site standards for future construction projects. Campus beautification has become a priority of the current administration with the goal of attracting quality students while contributing to the overall enjoyment of campus. In 2012 The Princeton Review ranked UTK as #6 on its list of Least Attractive Campuses suggesting considerable potential for improvement. Using this as motivation, the university strives to positively change its image, as it has a direct influence on prospective students’ decision on where to attend college. The objective is for UTK to become a Top 25 Public Research University and addressing the beautification of its campus is viewed as having a direct correlation with that goal. It is the desire of this Stormwater Master Plan to be implemented in compliance with the UTK Long Range Master Plan as well as the Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards. Used in coordination with these two documents the UTK campus can maximize efficiency of the system while meeting regulatory standards (Section 3) as well as contributing to the beautification of campus as UTK strives to become a Top 25 Public Research University. The full Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards document can be downloaded from the following web site: [http://masterplan.utk.edu/docs/landscape-site-standards.pdf]

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Water Quality Regulations for Stormwater Runoff

An important objective of this Stormwater Master Plan is to lay a foundation for the University of Tennessee to meet all necessary stormwater regulations. In order to do this a brief summary of current stormwater regulations is presented in the following sections.

3.1

Overview: Stormwater Regulations

In urban lands, stormwater runoff becomes polluted from chemicals generated by numerous human activities that are exposed to rain and runoff water. For example, cars leak oils and disperse air pollutants (nitrogen oxides, sulfates, etc.) resulting in pollutant deposition on road surfaces. Another example includes excessive fertilizers used on lawns are transported with runoff to local storm sewers, then to streams. Furthermore during construction, soils are exposed to rain and can more easily initiate erosion leading to excessive fine sediments entering streams. Many more potential sources for pollutants exist and in addition to excessive nutrients and sediment, there are many types of pollutants, i.e., heavy metals, waste oils and solvents, lubricants, herbicides, and pesticides. Because stormwater was degrading the water quality of rivers and streams in the United States, as originally characterized in the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 1983 National Urban Runoff Program, the Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1987 specifically addressed the control of stormwater pollutants [Section 402(p)(3)(B)]. In response to Section 402(p) in the 1987 CWA, the USEPA published regulations in the Federal Register [55 FR 47990] on November 16, 1990 that established NPDES permit application requirements for stormwater point source discharges. Besides the direct transport of pollutants with runoff during storm events, urban lands having more impervious surfaces (i.e., buildings, roads) generate greater volumes of runoff and peak discharges. Urban hydromodification changes a natural cycle of evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff. Less infiltration and more runoff leads can result in greater flood levels and lower baseflow. More floods at higher stages cause stream banks to fail depositing more sediment, ultimately degrading stream habitat quality and aquatic biota. Lower stream baseflows from the reduced infiltration, thus groundwater, also degrades habitat quality. With the concern over hydromodification, recent environmental rule changes for Phase II MS4 permits will require the first inch of rainfall to be infiltrated. In general, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) stormwater permits are required for MS4 through regulations promulgated in the CWA of 1987, and subsequent USEPA rule making (Code of Federal Regulations, CFR). In Tennessee, TDEC’s Division of Water Pollution Control has the legal authority and responsibility of implementing the NPDES program on behalf of the USEPA. NPDES permits establish water pollution control through discharge limits and monitoring requirements within permittee’s local jurisdictions and by doing so protect the designated uses of streams. Through TDEC as the regulatory authority, two NPDES permits

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pertain to stormwater runoff on UTK campus; they are 1) the Phase II Small MS4 permit and 2) the general permit for discharges from construction activities (TNR100000). Details on permit requirements follow.

3.2

NPDES Phase II Small MS4 Permits

UTK applied for a Phase II (Small) MS4 NPDES permit in July 2012 per a NOI permit application. As noted in the Introduction, UTK received notice for its Notice of Coverage (NOC) from TDEC in January 2013, after approval of their NOI permit application submittal in July 2012 (Permit No. TNS076121). The UTK stormwater system is currently managed by Facilities Services. According to the USEPA, a regulated small MS4 operator must develop, implement, and enforce a stormwater management program designed to reduce the discharge of pollutants from their MS4 to the “maximum extent practicable,” to protect local water quality, and to satisfy the appropriate water quality requirements of the CWA. The rule assumes the use of narrative, rather than numeric, effluent limitations requiring implementation of BMPs. As part of the MS4 NPDES permit, UTK is expected to establish BMPs addressing the following six minimum control measures; they are: (1) Public education and outreach; (2) Public participation/involvement; (3) Illicit discharge detection and elimination; (4) Construction site run-off control; (5) Post-construction run-off control; and (6) Pollution prevention/good housing keeping. Small MS4 operators must identify its BMP selection and measurable goals for each minimum measure in the permit application. The evaluation and assessment of those chosen BMPs and measurable goals must be included in periodic reports to the NPDES permitting authority. These requirements were referenced from the following web site, which also contains more information on developing measureable program goals, implementing and monitoring BMPs, and reporting on performance and effectiveness: [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/permreq.cfm] With the new NPDES permit, UTK will need to investigate, monitor, and control all aspects of its stormwater conveyance system. This stormwater master plan initiates the process of meeting the requirements in the permit. It identified sub-watershed management units, completed an assessment of need based on current runoff discharges and areal infiltration rates, and proposed BMPs. BMPs include non-structural priorities and structural LID features around campus. Nonstructural BMPs mostly include recommendation on illicit discharge detention and elimination\, and public education and outreach. General descriptions of commonly used LIDs are in Section

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9.0. It is the desire of the University of Tennessee Knoxville campus to become more environmentally sustainable with water and water quality.

3.3

NPDES Construction Site General Permits

As part of UTK Phase II MS4 permit, construction site runoff controls are required (Section 3.2). UTK must complete a separate NPDES permit for construction sites greater than one acre of disturbed land, in which a SWPPP is generated and submitted to TDEC. The NPDES permit is a general permit for discharges from construction activities (TNR100000). The permit application and guidelines for generating a SWPPP can be downloaded from the TDEC web page: [http://www.tn.gov/environment/permits/conststrm.shtml] The SWPPP will include temporary controls for sediment and other pollutants associated with stormwater discharges from construction sites. Examples of temporary include sediment basins, truck wash pads, erosion controls such as silt fences and hay bales, and water quality detention tanks. Temporary controls are removed once the construction has been completed. TDEC has a useful erosion control manual that can be downloaded from the following web site: [http://www.tnepsc.org/handbook.asp] It should also be noted that if construction causes a disturbance or alternation to a stream or wetland area, an Aquatic Resource Alteration Permit (ARAP) permit will also be required by TDEC. Information regarding the completion and submittal of an ARAP permit can be found from the following web site: [http://www.tn.gov/environment/permits/arap.shtml]

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Planning Development

4.1 General Approach The general approach to this planning effort for this Stormwater Master Plan was to: 1) Obtain basic information, including permits, GIS data on drainage infrastructure, and other university planning documents; 2) Delineate sub-watersheds as campus stormwater management units; 3) Field inspect delineated sub-watersheds and GIS infrastructure data; and identify potential locations for structural BMPs; 4) Estimate runoff volumes for current conditions, potential maximum runoff reductions through proposed BMPs implementation, and a pre-development conditions for comparison; 5) Recommend non-structural BMPs, and a short list of structural BMP projects that could be accomplished in the near term; and 6) Summarize and describe some commonly used structural BMPs as LID. The planning goals of the UTK stormwater master plan are to aid in the university in meeting their Phase II MS4 permit requirements and integrate elements of this plan with planned landscaping features. In addition, the goal is to provide opportunities for environmental education and the advancement of a sustainable environment on the university campus.

4.2

Data Accumulation

GIS mapping data was obtained by the City of Knoxville, KGIS, and UTK Facilities Services. Planning information was supplied by the UT Facilities Services, Division of Design and Construction. This data was used to achieve relevant conclusions on the condition of UTK stormwater, and assess potential for improvement outlined in Sections 4.3-4.5.

4.3

Sub-Watershed Delineation

A key task for the stormwater master plan, and required for the Phase II MS4 permit is the delineation of campus sub-watersheds that can function as stormwater management units. The campus area was initially treated as a large drainage basin with the main sewer lines acting as outflow points. Three major drainage areas were identified with stormwater entering Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River directly. Elevation data, sewer junction and outflow points were used comprehensively in ArcGIS to delineate sub-watersheds within these three main drainage areas. The flow accumulation tool along with the watershed tool helped identify approximate drainage basins to be visually inspected. A total of 50 sub-watersheds were delineated throughout the campus. The sub-watersheds were numbered in a systematic order primarily in the direction of east to west and secondarily north to south (Section 5).

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Visual inspection by checking storm sewers and elevations boundaries of all sub-watersheds was necessary in order to confidently determine accurate borders, as frequently ArcGIS data and maps contain minor errors. New construction and mapping of the storm sewers will inevitably lead to slight changes in sub-watershed boundaries and could potentially create new ones. Nevertheless, the delineated sub-watersheds provide a sound foundation for stormwater analysis by creating management areas and allow the University of Tennessee to make simple changes if needed. With delineation completed, ArcGIS was used to determine zonal statistics using the campus land use data. Sub-watershed zonal statistics for sub-basin green, paved, and building surface areas were compiled in order to determine the total pervious area and total impervious area per management unit. Proposed structural BMPs are identified by the enumerated sub-watershed numbers (Section 6).

4.4

Runoff Model Calculations

In order to predict the volume of stormwater in each sub-watershed, and effectively determine the amount of potential runoff reduction, the NCRS TR-55 method was used. This method was developed by the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NCRS) as a simplified prediction tool with capabilities of estimating runoff peak rates and the generation of hydrographs for a drainage area up to 2,000 acres. The simplified TR-55 equation takes into consideration drainage area, rainfall, soil type and initial infiltration. It is as follows:

( (

) )

The value S is related to land cover and soil conditions in a watershed and a value can be estimated by the following equation:

where: Q = Runoff as depth per watershed area (in) P = Accumulated rainfall (potential maximum runoff) (in) S = Potential maximum retention of rainfall on the watershed at the beginning of the storm (in) CN = Curve Number The curve number is a representation of infiltration potential based on a scale from 0 to 100. Higher values are attributed to land covers with low infiltration, and therefore greater volumes of runoff, such as developed areas and areas with unfavorable soil structure. Correspondingly, low

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curve numbers represent high infiltration potential such as large green spaces with suitable soil conditions. UTK is primarily located on Hydrologic Group Type C soil which is regarded as having slow infiltration with moderate runoff potential. The CN of 74 was chosen for use in vegetated “green” areas, meaning that the vegetation covers over 75% of the surface area and is bedded in Type C soil. For impervious area a standard CN of 98 was used. A detailed table outlining curve number selection can be examined in Appendix D. Through the application of the NRCS TR-55 method runoff volumes were determined for preand post-development of UTK as well as runoff influenced by the implementation of BMPs. In order to determine pre- and post-development runoff volumes for the UTK campus, ArcGIS was employed to calculate relevant sub-watershed statistics pertaining to land cover types then condensed to represent either impervious areas or green spaces as mentioned in Section 4.3. The NRCS curve number method was next applied along with sub-watershed surface area to calculate the runoff volume accumulation caused by a 2-year, 24-hour storm (3.04 inches). As stated previously, impervious areas were assigned a CN = 98 and green spaces a CN = 74. Pre development calculations assumed 100% green space. In order to compute the amount of runoff reduction caused by the introduction of BMPs, the same methodology was applied to the drainage basins influenced by BMP placement. BMP upland catchment areas were established using the ArcGIS flow accumulation and watershed tools with the pour points representing the location of the BMP. Further information regarding the selection of BMP locations follows in Section 4.5. It is important to note that runoff analysis is consistent throughout the report. Due to the incomplete nature of the UTK storm system data and the planning nature of this document, the storm drain inlets and sewers were not considered. However, the overall approach to modeling runoff is acceptable for campus-wide management, but if local system repair or construction is implemented more accurate modeling may be required to meet design criteria.

4.5

Identification of Structural BMPs

Implementation of a structural BMP is controlled by several parameters. In order for a BMP to be effective, areas of high runoff volumes are required. Along with significant runoff capacity, the location of a BMP is bound by the existing urban infrastructure. The ideal BMP placement is selected based on potential to maximize infiltration, reduce pollutant load, and ability to abide by practical cost analysis. One further desire is that the BMP is visible in order to promote education and outreach. It was with these general criteria that potential locations for structural BMPs were identified. In order to effectively locate potential structural BMPs on campus, a combination of ArcGIS analysis and visual inspection was utilized. The ArcGIS analysis of BMP selection was achieved by creating a cost index map. The cost index included such variables such as future construction

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locations, land use, flow accumulation modeling, infiltration capacity, and total sub-watershed runoff. Priority was given to areas with near term future construction, close proximity to flow accumulation paths, infiltration capacity, sub-watershed runoff volume, and favorable land use. The result consisted of a map with large areas conducive to BMP placement. Essential to BMP location selection, visual ground-truthed inspection was completed using the ArcGIS cost index map as a reference. This allowed for site specific, practical locations with potential for BMP placement to be determined. With specific BMP locations identified, unique BMP types were selected for implementation at the site. A description of potential structural BMP types can be found in Appendix B, and results for suggested BMP locations and types are in Section 6. A comprehensive vision for the future of the UTK campus is detailed in Sections 2.3 and 2.4. It is the goal of this Stormwater Master Plan to be implemented in compliance with the UTK Long Range Master Plan as well as the Campus Landscape Vision and Site Standards. In order to achieve integration with these planning documents, a multi-disciplinary effort will be required through the collaboration between university officials, facilities services, contracted planning and engineering firms must be achieved. Used in agreement with these two documents the UTK campus can maximize efficiency of the system while meeting regulatory standards (Section 3) as well as contributing to the beautification of campus as UTK strives to become a Top 25 public research university.

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5

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Description of Stormwater Management Units

In an effort to promote smarter stormwater organization and meet preliminary MS4 requirements, sub-watersheds were delineated on the UTK properties and 50 stormwater management units enumerated (Figure 7). A prefix is used to designate the receiving stream of the stormwater runoff from the sub-watersheds; they were: 1) a “S” for Second Creek, 2) a “T” for Third Creek, and 3) a “TN” for the Tennessee River. Of the 50 units, Second Creek had 11 units, Third Creek had 19 units, and the Tennessee River had 20 units. Drainage area sizes of the management units are appropriate to effectively model reductions in runoff volumes, increases in infiltration, and improvements to water quality by use of hydrologic engineering programs (Section 5.2). Preliminary hydrologic analyses were conducted for this stormwater master plan, and results were used to proposed locations of various BMPs (Section 6). A general description of each of the sub-watersheds follows in Section 5.1.

Figure 7: UTK Campus Delineated Sub-Watersheds as Stormwater Management Units.

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5.1

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Management Unit Descriptions

Sub-watershed descriptions for Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River were summarized with a delineated runoff boundary over an aerial photo image with existing infrastructure shown. Second Creek Watershed Management Area S-1 Comprised of 2.6 acres, this management unit is located at the corner of the divide between the Second Creek, Third Creek, and TN river watersheds. S-1 includes Strong Hall along with various sidewalks contributing to the 43.9% impervious area. The UTK Master Plan calls for the renovation and expansion of Strong Hall in the near term increasing the impervious area; however, providing opportunity for BMP implementation.

S-2 This management unit consists of a large area in the Fort Sanders neighborhood of Knoxville. Approximately 70.5% of the subwatershed’s 28.2 acres is impervious, making it a high volume area for stormwater runoff. S-2 boasts a unique diversity of structures consisting of the White Street parking garage, Volunteer Hall, the UT College of Law, a Scottish Rite Temple, and multiple housing units. The boarders of this subwatershed are bound by the topography of the area and the main storm sewer along Cumberland Avenue, where runoff from S-2 is conveyed.

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S-3 This management unit resides on the eastern side of Fort Sanders adjacent to Worlds Fair Park. Only a portion of S-3 is UT property, with a Four Points Hotel and other small businesses existing within the area. In extreme rain events, the steep roads bisecting Clinch Avenue may cause a stream effect with stormwater coming into S3 from the northern border of 11th St. Roughly 74% of S-3’s 9.9 acres is impervious area.

S-4 This management unit rests in between S-2 and S-3 in the Fort Sanders neighborhood of Knoxville. Topography, along with the urban landscape, causes this section to be separated from the two other sub-watersheds bordering it. Most of the runoff in S-4 is consolidated in smaller storm-sewers and conveyed to the main Cumberland Avenue storm line before reaching Second Creek. 58% of the 6.4 acres in this subwatershed is impervious. The nearterm UTK Master Plan includes construction of a large classroom/laboratory building in place of the large parking lot located in the center of the subwatershed.

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S-5 This management unit consists of the main vegetated section of the UTK historic Hill portion of campus. The topography is essentially one large hillslope with the borders of the subwatershed being the curbs and gutters consolidating stormwater into a localized storm sewer along Circle Drive. Only 33% of the sub-watershed’s 8.5 acres is impervious, with the majority being roads and various walkways. S-6 This management unit borders the Hill and consists of several large science and engineering buildings. The western border of S-6 is also the highest point, while the eastern border is bound by curbs and gutters, resulting in most stormwater being consolidated along the Middle Drive sewer line before connecting to the Cumberland Avenue main line; 58.5% of the 5.1 acres of S-6 is considered impervious area.

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S-7 This management unit runs parallel to S-6 and is similarly structured. Bordered by curbs and gutters along its eastern side and western sides, stormwater generally is consolidated along Estabrook Road before reaching Cumberland Avenue. Of the 5.4 acres in this sub-watershed, 40.4% is impervious.

S-8 This management unit also runs parallel to S-6 and S-7. Stormwater in this section is not consolidated in a storm sewer but instead flows directly into Second Creek. 27.6% of the 4.2 acres in S-8 is impervious, with the majority of the impervious area existing in its southern section where the new Tickle Civil & Industrial Engineering building will be located.

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S-9 This management unit exists on the eastern side of Second Creek, consisting primarily of a faculty parking lot. Most stormwater in S-9 is consolidated at the end of the parking lot before being released into Second Creek. 65.6% of S-9’s 1.8 acres is impervious.

S-10 The S-10 management area occupies the area in between S-9 and S-11. It boundaries are controlled by topography and Second Creek. A majority of the stormwater in this subwatershed is consolidated in a culvert before reaching Second Creek. This small 0.9 acre management area is approximately 57% impervious due to the Second Creek greenway.

S-11 This management unit borders Neyland drive and Second Creek, with the Second Creek greenway running in between it and S-9. Like S-9, this unit is primarily a parking lot with runoff being consolidated and directly dumped into Second Creek. 80% of the 1.6 acres in S-11 is impervious.

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Third Creek Watershed Management Area T-1 This 7 acre management unit is Pre-Cast Concrete Plant recently purchased by UT to be renovated into the new location for Facilities Services. It will contain offices for designers, project coordinators, as well as the shops for the various trades (electrical, HVAC, plumbing, carpentry, etc.)Being primarily an office? Space with parking lots, 84% of the area is considered impervious.

T-2 The T-2 management unit borders are clearly defined by the Alcoa Highway, railroad tracks, Third Creek Greenway and Cumberland Avenue. The Kingston Pike Building, which houses Information Technology, is the principle occupant of this management area.46% of its 12.4 acres is considered impervious areas.

T-3 This management unit is the northernmost part of the UT Agriculture Campus. The area is used primarily as a rugby field, with a distinct border of Third creek and the intersection of Kingston Pike and Alcoa Highway. No storm sewers exist within the management unit resulting in rain being either infiltrated or flows into Third Creek. Of the 4.8 acres in T-3, only 0.06% is impervious.

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T-4 This management unit covers the entire length of the UT Agriculture Campus. It consists of all area within the Third Creek watershed that is not consolidated into storm sewers. All stormwater in this sub-watershed is either infiltrated or flows as runoff directly into Third Creek. In-fact, the T-5, T-6, and T-7 management units’ runoff empties into T-4 before entering Third Creek. This is important to keep in mind when dealing with any of these management units. The Third Creek Greenway paved path that runs the length of T-2 contributing to the 24% of the sub-watershed’s 15.3 acres is considered impervious. The UTK near-term Master Plan includes construction of a parking garage along Joe Johnson Drive. Therefore boundaries are subject to change in T-4 following construction. T-5 This small management unit is located between Morgan Hall and the Alcoa Highway. Its topography and drainage design cause it resemble a bowl, funneling stormwater to a grassy hill in T-4; 53% of this 1.1-acre subwatershed is impervious.

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T-6 This small management unit is located between T-5 and T-7. All stormwater in this section is consolidated into a single storm sewer draining into T-4 and soon thereafter Third Creek. This 1-acre area is 42% impervious.

T-7 T-5 is another small management unit with a localized sewer system draining into T-2. This sub-watershed collects runoff from Morgan Circle and adjacent hillslopes; 65.8% of this 0.3-acre area is impervious.

T-8 This management unit primarily collects runoff from the parking areas near the Business Incubator Building and agricultural lab buildings. It also collects runoff from a drain on the Joe Johnson Drive bridge. Of the 2.28 acres in T-8, 54% is considered impervious area.

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T-9 This 1.78 acre management unit includes multiple green houses. T-9 is another small watershed on the UT Agriculture Campus with a localized sewer system draining into Third Creek. 59.6% of the area in this sub-watershed is considered impervious. The Near-Term Master Plan calls for a greenhouse expansion in the future.

T-10 Located on the UTK Agriculture campus, T-8’s area is 54.6% impervious. This 2.4 acre management unit includes several greenhouses and administrative buildings. Runoff in T-10 is collected in a storm sewer along its eastern border before being conveyed to Third Creek.

T-11 This 22.7 acre management unit is located within the Fort Sanders neighborhood of Knoxville. Bound by topography on its northern border and Cumberland Avenue at its southern border, this urbanized sub-watershed is 77.4% impervious existing mostly of businesses, parking lots and housing units. Only a small fraction of this subwatershed is UT property; however, the stormwater runoff from T-11 runs into a main UT storm line on Lake Avenue.

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T-12 This is a large 39.7 acre management unit located immediately south of Cumberland Avenue. T-12’s topography creates a small valley which runs the length of the sub-watershed, making a natural stormwater collection area. Unsurprisingly, a main storm sewer runs down Lake Avenue, collecting stormwater from T-11, T-13, T-14 and T-15. This management unit promotes an assortment of businesses, houses and university property with about 67% of the area being impervious.

T-13 This 10 acre management unit lies along Volunteer Boulevard constrained by Caledonia Avenue and the Tennis complex. Stormwater collects in a sewer system along Volunteer Boulevard and flows north until convening with the Lake Avenue collection system. Most of the 65% impervious area exists in the roads, parking lots and tennis courts within this management area

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T-14 The stormwater collected in this management area is consolidated in the narrow finger section along South 21st Street before joining the Lake Avenue storm sewer. Of the 13.1 acres in T-14, 57.4% is considered to be impervious. Bound by elevation to the south and Terrace Avenue on the north, the impervious area is largely comprised of university housing buildings, parking lots, and roads.

T-15 This management unit consists primarily of the N7 parking deck and a small section of Volunteer Boulevard. Stormwater in the parking deck is conveyed to the main line on Volunteer Boulevard, which runs into the T-13 management unit before convening with the Lake avenue storm sewer. Only 17.7 percent of this 3.5 acre subwatershed is pervious, mainly the small pockets of grass surrounding the parking deck, and small grassy medians.

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T-16 This 27.1 acre management unit runs the length of Andy Holt Drive with approximately 59.6% of its area considered to be impervious. Stormwater collected in this sub-watershed is conveyed directly to Third Creek, meaning that T-16 is an independent Third Creek subwatershed. Most of the area in this subwatershed is dedicated to student housing, roads and parking lots. Several future construction projects are scheduled along Andy Holt Drive in the future, making it an ideal location for future stormwater BMP developments.

T-17 Like T-16, the stormwater in this management unit is consolidated and flows directly to Third Creek. Of the 31 acres in T-17, 59%is considered impervious. Within this subwatershed reside most of the student recreation facilities, along with the track and field stadium, and the facilities services complex.

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T-18 This 25.35 acre management unit borders the Third Creek Watershed along Volunteer Boulevard with 40.5% impervious area. It is confined on its southern border by the private railroad land. This sub-watershed consists of many fraternity houses, therefore boasts a more suburban landscape. The stormwater is consolidated near the corner of Todd Helton Drive and Volunteer Boulevard becoming a major storm sewer and conveying runoff under the railroad complex to a swale in T-19 before reaching Third Creek.

T-19 This management unit is located within an isolated finger of UTK property along Third Creek and bordering TN-21. The 7.2 acres includes the softball complex and a parking lot with 63% of area being considered impervious. Runoff from TN-18 is also collected in this management area before entering Third Creek.

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Tennessee River Watershed Management Area TN-1 The TN-1 management unit is known as the Cherokee Farms campus. It is currently being reconfigured from rural farm land into a collaborative research institution with a multidisciplinary consolidation of partners. The entire 145 acres of TN-1 area is currently under construction, therefore it has not been included in certain parts of the analysis.

TN-2 The 59 acre TN-2 management area resides on the southern side of the Tennessee River across the river from the UTK Agriculture campus. Within this management unit resides the Forensic Anthropology Center, otherwise known as the “Body Farm”, and buildings and lands used by the College of Veterinary Medicine. Due to its seclusion and lack of data, visual analysis was not completed within TN-2; however, it is believed that all surface runoff enters the Tennessee River directly.

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TN-3 This 6.5 acre management unit contains UTK visitor center. Stormwater within TN-3 either enters the TN river directly or is consolidated within the parking lot or roof before entering. In this analysis, 44% of the area in TN-3 was considered impervious; however, TN-3 has since had several land use changes, therefore the statistics must be updated.

TN-4 This management unit encompasses 16.2 acres on the western side of campus. Surrounded by 3 major roads, TN-1 is an isolated sub-watershed where the Morgan Hill Sorority Village is currently being constructed. Since construction is not completed, incomplete statistics are available for TN-1 and no reasonable analysis was made in this report.

TN-5 This small management unit is located on the UT Agriculture Campus nestled behind McCord Hall. All stormwater in TN-5 is consolidated in a concrete swale running adjacent to the interstate ramp before being delivered to the Tennessee River. 85% of the 0.7 acres in this sub-watershed is pervious land.

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TN-6 This 18.3 acre management unit located on the UT Agriculture campus is 65% impervious, consisting of many academic buildings and parking lots. The borders of this sub-watershed are confined by a slight ridge spanning the length of the UT Agriculture Campus and Joe Johnson Drive.

TN-7 This management unit is located in the middle of the UT Agriculture campus bordered by TN6 and TN-8 and the Third Creek Watershed. 59% of the sub-watershed’s 20.4 acres is impervious area. A large parking lot is the source of a significant amount of runoff, which consolidates along the TN-8 border in an eroded swale which would be an optimal location for a BMP.

TN-8 This management unit is the “greenest” area on campus. 99.8% of its 10.58 acres are considered pervious. Essentially, TN-8 is a large rain garden consisting of a variety of vegetation. Hypothetically, if desired, TN-8 could be a large bioretention area collecting runoff from multiple areas on the agriculture campus.

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TN-9 The TN-9 management area marks the divide between the Tennessee River Watershed and the Third Creek Watershed on the west and Second Creek Watershed on the north. Most runoff is consolidated in a storm sewer along Volunteer Boulevard before convening with the main storm line along Cumberland Avenue where it flows into TN-10. Of the 10.5 acres in this sub-watershed, approximately 59% is considered impervious area.

TN-10 This 12.77 acre management area connects TN-9 to the major TN river watershed sewer in TN-13. It has 58.8% impervious area; however that is currently changing due to the current construction of a new UT Student Center. The near-term Campus Master Plan includes a reconstruction of Phillip Fulmer Way which also happens to be a large conveyor of runoff, making it an optimal location for a future BMP.

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TN-11 This management unit borders the Hill section of campus, collecting runoff from the surrounding buildings. Runoff collects along Middle Drive and then connects to the main storm sewer along Phillip Fulmer Way. 48.44% of the 3.26 acres in this sub-watershed are impervious areas.

TN-12 This management unit primarily collects stormwater from Circle Park and the Amphitheatre green space before being consolidated into a main storm sewer along Andy Holt Drive where it consolidates with TN-10 and TN-11. Confined by the urban environment on its eastern side and elevation borders on its northern and western borders, this 19.3 acre sub-watershed has roughly 47% impervious area.

TN-13 This management unit contains several large parking lots, the Alumni center and several other academic buildings. At its border along Phillip Fulmer Way, 3 other watersheds convene to create a significant sewer line which runs through the sub-watershed. All runoff collected in TN-13 is conveyed in this main line which runs under the football stadium (TN-16). The management unit’s boundaries are defined solely by urban features and 60.7% of the sub-watersheds 11.1 acres are considered impervious area.

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TN-14 This management unit is comprised solely of Neyland Stadium, whose urban topography resembles a large bowl. TN-14 has a large grass field; however, a significant amount of the stormwater that comes in contact with the field probably enters the storm sewer due to the stadiums superior drainage system. The main sewer line for the Tennessee River watershed runs underneath the stadium continuing on in TN-15. Approximately 75% of this management unit’s 10.8 acres is impervious area.

TN-15 This 17.9 acre management unit is defined by the 69% impervious area surrounding Neyland Stadium and the Tennessee River. A major storm sewer runs through TN-15 from TN-14 before exiting into the Tennessee River. Most of the runoff in this sub-watershed converges with this main line; however, much of the remaining stormwater is delivered to the river through a few small localized outlets. The Near-Term Master Plan calls for a renovation in the area surrounding Neyland Stadium potentially impacting the boundaries and hydrological properties of this sub-watershed.

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TN-16 Stormwater in this 35.3 acre management unit is consolidated along Pat Head Summit Street, then along Todd Helton Drive before convening with TN-17 along Lake Loudoun Boulevard followed by a discharge into the TN River. 63% of the area in TN-16 is considered impervious area, with a diverse land use of athletic fields, parking lots and academic buildings.

TN-17 This horseshoe shape management unit collects runoff from the area beneath Circle Park and is consolidated along Lake Loudoun Boulevard before entering the Tennessee River. Consisting of a large quantity of parking lots and the Thompson-Boling Arena, approximately 76% of the sub-watershed’s 28.4 acres is considered impervious area. Runoff from TN-16 convenes with TN-17 at the corner of Lake Loudoun Boulevard and Phillip Fulmer Way (Todd Helton Drive).

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TN-18 This management unit is located in an isolated section of campus along with TN-19 and T-19. 40% of the sub-watersheds 13.2 acres are imperious areas, consisting primarily of parking lots and Stephenson Drive. Also contained in TN-21 are the Regal Soccer Stadium and other athletic fields, which provide large amounts of infiltration.

TN-19 This management unit includes the Parking, Transit and Graphic Arts Service buildings. 92% of the sub-watershed’s 14 acres is impervious area resulting in the generation of substantial amounts of runoff. The stormwater convenes along Stephenson Drive where it then connects with TN-18 before being delivered to the Tennessee River.

TN-20 The TN-20 management area is 11.78 acre with roughly 57% impervious area. The principal occupant of TN-20 is a coal fired steam plant, which supplies steam for campus. It should be noted, the plant which occupies TN-20 has its own industrial stormwater permit.

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5.2

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Sub-Watershed Descriptive Statistics

Using ArcGIS as a tool along with the data provided by UTK and KGIS, summary statistics were determined for each of the management units. The following tables and figures include simple statistics from the appropriate sub-watersheds. These statistics were used to calculate runoff and reduction values which are examined in Section 6 – Hydrological Assessment of Proposed Structural BMPs. If desired, itemized data sheets used to determine sub-watershed statistics can be found in Appendix C. Second Creek Sub-Watershed Management Units Second Creek sub-watersheds encompass approximately 74.5 acres on the eastern side of the main UTK campus covering 9.7% of total UTK area. On average, the Second Creek drainage is 59% impervious, contributing to 13.7% of total UTK impervious areas. Table 3 below shows that the amount of impervious area varies significantly on a sub-watershed basis. The pie graph in Figure 8 illustrates which sub-watersheds are the most problematic with generating high volumes of stormwater runoff represented by large amounts of impervious surfaces. It can be then inferred that management units S-2 and S-3 account for the largest runoff volumes in the Second Creek drainage. S-2, encompassing the area along Cumberland Avenue near the College of Law Building, contains the most impervious surfaces while S-3 in the Fort Sanders area has the second highest amount, although less than half of S-2. Unfortunately, these two management units include minimal amounts of UTK property; therefore there is insignificant room for BMP placement and therefore improvement. Table 3: Drainage Areas and Imperviousness for the Second Creek Management Units. Sub ID

Total Area

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S - 10 S - 11

Acres 2.61 28.15 9.88 6.37 8.49 5.12 5.37 4.17 1.83 0.89 1.58

Acres 1.47 8.30 2.54 2.68 5.68 2.12 3.20 3.02 0.63 0.38 0.32

Acres 1.15 19.85 7.34 3.70 2.81 2.99 2.17 1.15 1.20 0.51 1.27

% 56.1 29.5 25.7 42.0 66.9 41.5 59.6 72.4 34.4 42.8 20.0

% 43.9 70.5 74.3 58.0 33.1 58.5 40.4 27.6 65.6 57.2 80.0

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Second Creek Sub-Watershed Impervious Area S - 9 S - 10 S - 11 S - 1 S - 8 3% 1% 3% 2% 3% S-7 5% S-6 7% S-5 6%

S-2 45%

S-4 8%

S-3 17%

Figure 8: Percent Impervious Areas for the Second Creek Management Units Third Creek Sub-Watershed Management Area Consisting of approximately 228 acres, the Third Creek management area is located on the UTK main and agriculture campuses containing 29.7% of the total UTK properties. The Third Creek management areas contributes to 40.5% of total UTK impervious area and average of 59% impervious per management unit although this value varies greatly among the 19 sub-watersheds (Table 4). Figure 9 represents the pie chart distribution of impervious areas in the Third Creek drainage. Total impervious area in the Third Creek Watershed is dominated primarily by four sub-watersheds; they were T-11, T12, T-16, and T17. These sub-watersheds are generally located along southern sections of Cumberland Avenue and Andy Holt Drive.

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Table 4: Drainage Areas Imperviousness for the Third Creek Management Units Sub ID

Total Area

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

ID T-1 T-2 T-3 T-4 T-5 T-6 T-7 T-8 T-9 T-10 T-11 T-12 T-13 T-14 T-15 T-16 T-17 T-18 T-19

Acres 7.01 12.36 4.85 15.28 1.14 1.05 0.27 2.28 1.78 2.40 22.72 39.71 10.02 13.10 3.48 27.14 31.03 25.35 7.21

Acres 1.16 6.71 4.84 11.67 0.53 0.61 0.09 1.05 0.72 1.09 5.12 13.22 3.52 5.59 0.62 10.97 12.75 15.09 2.64

Acres 5.85 5.65 0.00 3.60 0.60 0.44 0.18 1.23 1.06 1.31 17.59 26.49 6.50 7.52 2.86 16.16 18.28 10.26 4.57

% 16.5 54.3 99.9 76.4 47.0 57.9 34.2 45.9 40.5 45.5 22.6 33.3 35.2 42.6 17.7 40.4 41.1 59.5 36.6

% 83.5 45.7 0.1 23.6 53.0 42.1 65.8 54.1 59.5 54.5 77.4 66.7 64.8 57.4 82.3 59.6 58.9 40.5 63.4

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Third Creek Sub-Watershed Impervious Area T-3 0% T-18 8%

T-19 4%

T-1 4%

T-4 3%

T-2 4%

T-5 0%

T-6 0% T-7 T-8 0% 1% T-9 1% T-10 1%

T-17 14% T-11 14%

T-16 12%

T-15 2%

T-14 6%

T-12 20% T-13 5%

Figure 9: Percent Impervious Areas for the Third Creek Management Units

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Tennessee River Sub-Watershed Management Area Comprised of roughly 465 acres, the Tennessee River sub-watersheds represent the largest drainage area on campus consisting of 60.6% of total UTK area. Included within the Tennessee River management area is the main, agriculture and Cherokee farms campuses as well as the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Forensic Anthropology Center. This report, however, excludes TN-1 and TN-4 in certain analyses because of incomplete data due to the ongoing construction of the Cherokee Farms Campus and Morgan Hill Sorority Village, which encompass the entire respective management units. Also excluded from certain analyses is TN-2 because it is essentially farm land with insignificant impervious surfaces and no storm sewers. Including these management units the Tennessee River management area averages 33.6% imperviousness between its 20 units. On the contrary, excluding TN-1, TN-2 and TN-4, 245 acres remain in the Tennessee River drainage average 60.6% of impervious area (Table 5). The Tennessee River drainage represents the largest area on campus covering areas on both the main and agricultural campuses. Because of its overall size, it has the greatest total area of impervious surfaces as well as pervious green space. Table 5: Drainage Areas Imperviousness for the Tennessee River Management Units Sub ID

Total Area

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

ID TN - 1 TN - 2 TN - 3 TN - 4 TN - 5 TN - 6 TN - 7 TN - 8 TN - 9 TN - 10 TN - 11 TN - 12 TN - 13 TN - 14 TN - 15 TN - 16 TN - 17 TN - 18 TN - 19 TN - 20

Acres 145.21 58.65 6.52 16.21 0.71 18.27 20.39 10.58 10.45 12.77 3.26 19.33 11.14 10.80 17.91 35.27 28.37 13.24 13.95 11.78

Acres 145.16 58.63 3.63 16.20 0.60 6.38 8.35 10.56 4.28 5.27 1.68 10.26 4.38 2.71 5.51 13.13 6.76 7.90 1.11 5.11

Acres 0.06 0.01 2.89 0.01 0.11 11.89 12.04 0.02 6.17 7.51 1.58 9.07 6.77 8.09 12.40 22.13 21.61 5.34 12.84 6.67

% 100.0 100.0 55.7 99.9 85.0 34.9 41.0 99.9 41.0 41.2 51.6 53.1 39.3 25.1 30.8 37.2 23.8 59.7 7.9 43.4

% 0.0 0.0 44.3 0.1 15.0 65.1 59.0 0.1 59.0 58.8 48.4 46.9 60.7 74.9 69.2 62.8 76.2 40.3 92.1 56.6

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TN River Sub-Watershed Impervious Area TN - 1 0%

TN - 2 TN - 3 TN - 4 0% 2% 0% TN - 20 5%

TN - 18 4%

TN - 19 9%

TN - 5 0%

TN - 6 8% TN - 7 8%

TN - 8 0%

TN - 9 4% TN - 17 15%

TN - 10 5%

TN - 12 6%

TN - 11 1%

TN - 13 5%

TN - 16 15% TN - 15 8%

TN - 14 5%

Figure 10: Percent Impervious Areas for the Tennessee River Management Units

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Hydrological Assessment of Proposed Structural BMPs Proposed Structural BMP Placements

Using a combination of ArcGIS analysis and visual investigation, potential locations for 44 BMP’s were identified (Figure 11). A structural BMP is a physical structure designed to collect stormwater runoff before entering a storm sewer or waterway. Benefits of structural BMPs include: water quality improvements, replenishment of local aquifer, reduction of downstream erosion and more. Examples of structural BMPs include: infiltration systems, rain gardens, bioretention ponds, porous pavement, vegetated swales, underground rain cisterns, and green roofs (Appendix B). Figure 11 shows the proposed locations of structural BMPs on the UTK campus along with their approximate footprint area. The BMP locations are ordered numerically based on volumetric reduction potential, with BMP #1 influencing the largest stormwater volumes. Individual descriptions for each potential BMP are summarized in Table 6. Included in Table 6 is inclusion of future construction potentials coordinated with university planning per near-term developments in the Campus Master Plan (Section 2.3).

Figure 11: Locations of Proposed Structural BMPs for the UTK Campus.

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Table 6: Summary list of potential structural BMPs by UTK campus sub-watersheds including type and descriptions (GR = green roofs, RB = rain barrel or cistern, IS = infiltration system or trench, VS = vegetated swale, RWG = rain garden and bioretention area, and PP = porous pavement). GR- Green Roof RB- Rain Cistern (Barrel) IS- Infiltration System (trench)

ID 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

Management Area TN-7 TN-18 TN-13 TN-6 T-16 S-5 T-14 TN-15 TN-12 T-16 TN-10 S-5, S-6, S-7 T-17 T-13 T-17 S-7 TN-16 T-18 TN-18 T-16 TN-17 TN-12 S-9 T-12 T-5 T-12 T-18 T-18 TN-7 T-13 TN-12

VS- Vegetated Swale RWG - Rain Garden / Bio-Retention Area PP - Porous Pavement

Type

Description

IS/VS PP IS/VS IS IS/PP IS IS/VS PP/RWG/IS RWG PP IS/VS PP RWG IS/VS PP IS/VS IS/VS RWG/IS VS RWG/IS IS/VS RWG RWG/IS RWG RWG IS/VS RWG/IS RWG/IS RWG IS/VS PP

Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff (Green Lot Capabilities) Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Road Runoff (Near Term) and Pedestrian Path (Long Term) Infiltrate Runoff from Circle Drive Collect/Infiltrate Road and Parking Lot Runoff Collect/Infiltrate Runoff from Future Construction around Stadium Infiltrate Runoff from Surrounding Areas Infiltrate Pedestrian Walkway Runoff (Future Construction) Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Cumberland AVE (Strip Along Curb) Infiltrate Road Runoff and Tie into Future Construction Collect/Infiltrate runoff from Caledonia Ave and Tennis Courts Infiltrate Runoff from Tennis Courts and Surrounding Areas Collect/Infiltrate Road Runoff Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Fraternity Parking Lot Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot, BLDG, and Stormwater Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Parking Lot Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Future Parking Deck and Surrounding Areas Infiltrate Runoff from Parking Lot Infiltrate Runoff from Parking Lot Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Collect/Infiltrate Park and Road Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Fraternity Parking Lot Infiltrate Runoff from Fraternity Parking Lot Infiltrate Runoff from Surrounding Areas Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot Runoff Infiltrate Pedestrian Walkway Runoff (Future Construction)

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Type

Description

32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40

Management Area TN-10 TN-17 T-12, T-13 T-13 T-4 T-18 TN-16 S-3 TN-17

PP GR IS/VS IS/VS RWG/RB RWG/IS RWG RWG RWG

41 42 43 44

T-4 TN-17 T-4 S-7

RWG RWG VS RWG

Infiltrate Runoff from Cumberland AVE (Strip Along Curb) Infiltrate Storm Water from Communications BLDG Collect/Infiltrate Parking Lot/Road Runoff Collect/Infiltrate Tennis Court Runoff Infiltrate Runoff from Future Parking Deck and Surrounding Areas Infiltrate Runoff from Fraternity Parking Lot Infiltrate Runoff from Surrounding Areas Infiltrate Runoff from Cumberland Avenue and Surrounding Areas Infiltrate Runoff from Parking Lot Collect Runoff from 43 and Surrounding Areas (alternative/addition to 25) Infiltrate Runoff from Surrounding Areas Collect Parking Lot Runoff (alternative/addition to 25) Infiltrate Runoff from Cumberland Avenue and Surrounding Areas

ID

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6.2

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Identification of Campus Buildings with External Gutters

In addition to determining areas conducive to BMP placement, UTK buildings with external downspouts were also identified. A majority of the buildings possessing external gutters deliver runoff directly from the roof into the storm sewer. The significance of locating these specific buildings is so that, if desired, the building’s downspout may be disconnected and runoff may be infiltrated into surrounding areas or stored in a rain cistern for later use. This effectively reduces the amount of stormwater runoff exiting the UTK system and may provide reduced irrigation costs if managed appropriately. A comprehensive list of these buildings may be viewed in Appendix C. In order to better visualize potential for downspout disconnection and use, Figure 12 includes all buildings with external gutters on the UTK campus as well as nearby green spaces. A total 98 out of 503 buildings in the UTK management area (19.5%) have external gutters resulting in 18.3% of all roof surface area.

Figure 12: Locations of Proposed Small Structural BMPs for the UTK Campus

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Hydrological Assessment: Maximum Potential Runoff Reductions

The hydrological assessment for computing maximum potential runoff reductions was based on the Knoxville 2-year storm event, which is 3.04 inches in a 24 hour period (one-day). Runoff estimates were based on the NRCS rainfall-runoff method, programed into TR-55 software (Section 4.4). A 2-year, 24-hour storm event produces approximately 4,485,034 ft3 (3.35 x 107 gallons) of stormwater runoff on the UTK Management Areas. This large volume is result of an average 58% of the land area north of the TN River covered by impervious surfaces and the lands south of the TN River being substantial in size. Curve numbers used in this analysis are defined in Section 4.4. Pre-runoff volumes were also computed assuming a curve number of 74 for grass cover in type C soil. If a thorough examination of runoff/reduction calculations is desired, comprehensive data sheets may be viewed in Appendix C (Section 9.1). The maximum amount of runoff reduction was determined by applying NRCS methodology to the approximate drainage basins influenced by the introduction of BMPs. ArcGIS was employed to establish catchment areas and statistics relevant to runoff calculation. Runoff analysis and curve number selection was consistent with previous calculations. This method assumes that by introducing a BMP all upland runoff is captured and infiltrated. Figure 13 presents the drainage areas influenced by BMP’s as defined by ArcGIS.

Figure 13: Approximate BMP Drainage Basins

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Maximum potential runoff reductions were estimated per sub-watershed from implementation of BMP recommendations in Section 6.1 and 6.2 (Figure 14). Figure 14 includes the surface areas from land and buildings contributing to overall runoff volumes. Several areas of significant potential to reduce runoff volumes include: S-5, S-7, T-5, T-13, TN-7 and TN-13. However, since total building reductions represent a large percentage of runoff volume, and it is not reasonable that all buildings can implement BMPs to alleviate runoff, a separate reduction analysis was completed excluding the effects of downspout BMPs (Figure 15). A map showing composite runoff volume reductions for all structural BMPs, excluding runoff reductions caused by disconnected downspouts, can be viewed in Figure 15. This reveals that even without the presence of BMPs associated with buildings; large reductions can still be accomplished. Some sub-watersheds of significance include: T-5, TN-7, TN-18, and TN-15 for their resilience and capacity for stormwater runoff reductions. This map is a more realistic representation of how much potential runoff reduction can be achieved through the implementation of structural BMPs. Table 7 has been included to quantify the total maximum percent reduction for the UTK Management Areas. In an urban environment with large amounts of impervious areas such as UTK, it is not possible to reverse the impact from urbanization and return hydrology to a predevelopment condition. However, implementation of structural BMPs can greatly reduce impacts from excessive runoff.

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Figure 14: Percentage of Maximum Runoff volume Reduction by Sub-Watershed Accounting for Building Runoff Contributions.

Table 7: Totals for Maximum Potential Runoff Reductions for Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River Drainage Areas. Watershed

Maximum % Reduction

Maximum % Reduction w/o Buildings

Second Creek Third Creek TN River

19.41 16.16 13.8

11.03 10.83 10.28

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Figure 15: Percentage of Maximum Runoff Volume Reduction by Sub-Watershed Neglecting Runoff from Buildings

In order to better visualize the total amount of potential reduction per UTK watershed management area, Figure 16 has been included. This bar graph includes an estimate of predevelopment runoff volumes with respect to current runoff volumes and reduced volumes. The graph represents the relative reduction across campus under current conditions and proposed structural BMP implementations. The potential reductions created by implementing all BMPs assessed in this paper perform well to reverse the trend of increasing runoff volumes with development, however still remain considerably larger than pre-development values. This analysis hopes to articulate the potential for improvement of UTK’s campus, as shown by Figures 14-16.

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Figure 16: Total Runoff Volume Reductions for Second Creek, Third Creek, and Tennessee River Drainage Areas for Four Hydrological Assessments: 1) Current Conditions, 2) Maximum Potential Reduction with Buildings; 3) Maximum Potential Reduction without Buildings; and 4) Pre-Development Runoff.

6.4

Planning Overview for Proposed Structural BMPs

Different BMPs can be used in coordination together to maximize results. Depending on the desired result (pollutant reduction vs. runoff reduction), distinct BMPs may be considered. In addition, a cost estimate should be accounted for during BMP site selection. These proposed locations for structural BMPs (Figure 17) may not include all potential locations, and through collaboration with other staff and faculty, other locations may be recommended. Revisions to this stormwater master plan are expected, and this process of continued revisions constitutes an adaptive management strategy. While the primary focus of this analysis was on runoff volume reduction, water quality issues cannot be ignored. Reductions of runoff volumes correlate with the improvements to runoff water quality, where in general more runoff reduction relates linearly with more pollutant reduction. Estimating improvements in water quality through BMPs can be accomplished by the use of several stormwater management models, i.e., HSPF, SWMM, WinSLAMM, and WPQ-

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COSM (Appendix D). These models require input water quality data from the sub-watersheds routed to the BMPs. Therefore in order to run these models stormwater monitoring is required. As part of the UTK’s Phase II MS4 permit, water quality monitoring is required and a separate monitoring plan needs to be developed.

Figure 17: Locations of Proposed Structural BMPs for Near-Term Implementation. In addition to the BMP’s presented in this section, Appendix A recommends and details several specific BMP’s advantageous to near term planning.

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Conclusion

Due to the urban nature of UTK, it was established that many locations favorable for BMPs placement are those situated adjacent to roads and parking lots in order to collect maximum stormwater runoff and capture the highest concentration of pollutants. Not only are these locations the most efficient, they allow the university to add more vegetated green space along roads and parking lots, increasing the beautification of campus. Along with the proposed BMPs, UTK should reexamine its master plan and during future construction when possible, plan to implement more BMPs. For example, implementing rain cisterns for new buildings and parking decks and implementing porous pavement in sidewalk and road design. Also, infiltration trenches, vegetated swales and rain gardens next to future roads and parking lots. These structural BMP’s can also be implemented by way of a nonstructural BMP regulating a construction contract to provide incentive to implement BMPs. In order to progress stormwater sustainability, it is important to plan for the future. Included with this report are relevant ArcGIS files and Excel spreadsheets in an effort to provide future UTK stormwater planners the ability for further analysis and modifications. The effect adjustments in desired management area, land use, rain event, curve number, and BMP implementation/reductions have on the system is easy to investigate by applying ArcGIS and Excel collectively providing a foundation for future stormwater management. This Stormwater Master Plan is the first step to upmost compliance with regulations and is meant to emphasize the University of Tennessee’s potential for responsible stormwater management.

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Appendix A: Recommended Near Term Stormwater BMPs

Section 6 outlines all potential stormwater BMPs recommended by this Master Plan; however, in order to distinguish priority in BMPs most conducive to implementation by UTK in the foreseeable future, Appendix A has been included. This section presents specific BMPs of high priority ensuing immediate results. This section consists simply of suggestions for favorable BMP locations. Before actual implementation, a collaborative multi-disciplinary planning effort will need to occur between university officials, facilities services, contracted planning and engineering firms.

7.1

Recommended Non-Structural BMPs

Recommendations for non-structural BMPs were not explicitly detailed in this report; however, they are extremely important in the overall effort to improve runoff water quality. Phase II MS4 permits identify the following non-structural BMPs: 1) public education, outreach, and participation of small structural BMP construction, 2) illicit discharge detection and elimination, and 3) pollution prevention through good “housing keeping” (Section 3.2). UTK is an excellent institution to promote clean water issues among the campus community, and in addition the broader Knox County community. The USEPA provides helpful guidance manuals for implementing non-structural BMPs. The National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices for Phase II MS4 is specifically relevant UTK stormwater and can be reached at the following website: [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/] This is an important resource to use when implementing the 6 minimum control measures required by Phase II MS4 as it thoroughly outlines each measure and provides relevant information and examples. Other resources include the City of Knoxville and Knox County Stormwater manuals as well as the TDEC Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. They can be obtained by: [http://www.cityofknoxville.org/engineering/bmp_manual/] [http://www.knoxcounty.org/stormwater/volume2.php] [http://www.tn.gov/environment/wpc/sed_ero_controlhandbook/] An initial discussion with staff and faculty contributors resulted in a suggested list of nonstructural BMP activities that UTK could implement to meet requirements of their Phase II MS4 permit. They include: 1. Update the stormwater drainage infrastructure GIS map, for areas the infrastructure details are not clearly surveyed. 2. Develop a chemical spill plan per building and sub-watershed management area.

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3. Adopt TDEC sediment controls per their published manual, and offer training to Facilities Services staff. 4. Inspect/Clean stormwater catch basin semi-annually 5. Increase street sweeping to a frequency that reduces runoff pollutants. 6. Inspect/enforce maintenance of erosion control devices at active construction sites. 7. Implement educational programs about stormwater quality. 8. Increase public involvement/participation This list is provided to give a few simple suggestions for UTK to consider. Many more opportunities for education, outreach, pollutant control, construction maintenance and cleanup can be developed over time by the UTK stormwater coordinator.

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Recommended Structural BMPs

This section identifies 8 “high priority” structural BMPs from Section 6.1 which may be implemented in near-term projects. These particular BMPs and their locations were chosen primarily based on areas with large amounts of potential runoff reduction (Figures 14 and 15). Another objective for BMP selection was the ability to be located in highly visible areas with considerable potential for education, research, and outreach. A map detailing the location of the 8 recommended BMPs can be viewed in Figure 18. It should be noted that these are merely examples and that university planners may determine other BMPs not listed to be more appropriate for implementation.

Figure 18: Locations of High Priority Near Term BMPs

The recommended BMPs specified include a description of the surrounding area, reasons for demand, approximate BMP area and the approximate drainage basin impacted by the BMP.

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Recommended BMP 1: Collection/Infiltration System along Jacob Drive BMP # 1

Management Area: TN-7

Description: Similar to TN-6, the majority of impervious area in TN-7 exists in a large parking lot. This parking lot is the major parking center on the Agriculture campus. Runoff on this lot flows into Service Dr. SW and then to Jacob Drive. Along Jacob Drive, eroded swales have formed due to lack of infrastructure. In accordance to the natural pattern of erosion, this would be an ideal spot to install a vegetated swale or an infiltration strip to collect runoff along Jacob Drive. Installing a BMP would help prevent future erosion and increase infiltration capabilities significantly while creating a nicer boundary with the UT gardens (TN-8) and increasing campus beautification.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.138 acres Drainage Basin Area: 5.10 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 42948 ft3 (3.2 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 2: Infiltration System along Phillip Fulmer Drive BMP # 3

Sub-Watershed: TN-13

Description: This potential BMP is located along Phillip Fulmer Drive collecting runoff primarily from the large S9 parking lot as well as upland areas. It commands large runoff reduction and water quality improvement potential, significantly reducing the amount of stormwater entering the large TN-15 conveyance system. The location of this BMP is also advantageous to visibility and can increase campus green space. The Near Term Master Plan calls for a reconstruction of Phillip Fulmer Way, creating an opportunity for easy implementation. Overall, this area receives large amounts of traffic and if a vegetated swale is considered, potential for campus beautification surrounding Neyland Stadium is increased.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.056 acres Drainage Basin Area: 5.46 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 32466 ft3 (2.4 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 3: Infiltration Trench along CFN1 Parking Lot BMP # 4

Management Area: TN-6

Description: The largest impervious surface within TN-6 is the CFN1 parking lot. This lot exhibits a constant downward slope in the direction of the Tennessee River resulting in all stormwater to be collected along the curb parallel to Neyland Drive. This makes the area in between the parking lot and Neyland Drive favorable for implementation of a BMP. Currently, runoff is consolidated in several concrete culverts before being delivered to a catch basin. This BMP would intersect runoff before it reaches the storm sewer, with possibility to convey the runoff also (potentially to a rain garden). Design could be such that it is placed in an existing median area, or in front of it. General statistics on this BMP and its potential capabilities can be reviewed below.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.14 acres Drainage Basin Area: 2.68 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 24305.6 ft3 (1.8 x105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 4: Infiltration System along Circle Drive BMP # 6

Sub-Watershed: S-5

Description: The historic hill section of campus is the primary producer of runoff in S-5. During storm events, runoff convenes along Circle Drive and is conveyed in a stormwater sewer near the base of the hill before entering the Cumberland Avenue conveyance system. Implementation of an infiltration system between Circle Drive and the grassy hill allow infiltration of a majority of runoff before entering the sewer system. In addition to potential infiltration capabilities, this BMP would be located strategically near the centerpiece of UTK’s campus. This allows for education and outreach opportunities while portraying UTK’s commitment to environmental responsibility near the picturesque hill area.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.187 acres Drainage Basin Area: 5.24 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 21983 ft3 (1.6 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 5: Rain Garden in UTK Amphitheatre BMP # 9

Management Area: TN-12

Description: This BMP has been recommended primarily due to its location in a high traffic area on campus. The visible location of this BMP makes it a favorable location to promote the “green” initiative, education, and outreach. The best BMP for this location would be some form of rain garden, in order to promote maximal infiltration and beautification. Equipped with an information sign, this would be a valuable commodity to achieving MS4 status.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.53 acres Drainage Basin Area: 2.94 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 19349 ft3 (1.4 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 6: Infiltration System along Philip Fulmer Way BMP # : 11

Management Area: TN-10

Description: Phillip Fulmer Way is subject to reconstruction according to the Near Term Master Plan. This section of the street is also a significant collection area for stormwater runoff. Along with collecting runoff, TN-10 delivers its runoff to a major collection area in TN-13. These variables make it an ideal location for the implementation of a BMP in the future. There are multiple options for BMP systems in this area. Porous pavement may be installed along the road, or some form of infiltration strip or vegetated swale may be implemented along the sides or in the median to collect runoff. Being that this is a highly trafficked area of campus, it would be an ideal location for a BMP as well as having campus beautification and outreach potential.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.54 acres Drainage Basin Area: 2.48 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 15448 ft3 (1.2 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 7: Infiltration Systems behind Fraternity Row BMP # 18, 27, 28, 37

Sub-Watershed: T-18

Description/Benefits: This collection of potential BMPs is located in the parking lots behind the UTK fraternity houses. These BMP’s have the ability to impact large amounts of runoff coming primarily from adjacent parking lots. In regards to selection of a BMP, either a small rain garden or an infiltration trench could be implemented. The major incentive for construction of these BMP’s is public outreach and education capabilities. Ideally, fraternities could adopt these BMP’s by installing and maintaining them. This would provide a sense of community responsibility while fulfilling MS4 requirements.

Considerations: Total BMP Areas: 0.291 acres Total Drainage Basins Area: 4.75 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 23421 ft3 (1.8 x 105 gal)

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Recommended BMP 8: Infiltration System along Lake Avenue BMP # 26

Management Area: T-12

Description: This section of Lake Avenue is an advantageous place to implement a BMP, particularly an infiltration trench or vegetated swale. The majority of the runoff in this section comes from the Park adjacent to Lake Avenue; however, this BMP also has potential to collect stormwater from the surrounding roads. Underneath Lake Avenue is one of the largest conveyers of runoff in the UTK system. Implementing a BMP along this stretch would significantly help reduce runoff while potentially contributing to the flora of the park.

Considerations: BMP Area: 0.240 acres Drainage Basin Area: 1.62 acres Maximum 2-yr Volume: 6531.74 ft3 (4.8 x 104 gal)

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Appendix B: Commonly Used Stormwater LID/BMPs Structural BMP Descriptions

This section provides several options for the selection of Structural BMP’s. Included are 6 specific BMP types along with brief descriptions. This list is not all encompassing; rather, it is a simplified list of stormwater BMPs believed to be effective on the unique UTK campus. A future engineering consulting firm may consider the addition or alteration of several BMP’s. The Knoxville BMP Manual is a useful guide to reference when deciding specific BMP type and design considerations. It can be found at the following web address for download: [http://www.cityofknoxville.org/engineering/bmp_manual/] Vegetated Swale A vegetated swale is a channelized area comprised of dense grasses with the primary purpose of conveying stormwater runoff while simultaneously reducing runoff velocity. This allows sediment and pollutants to settle before reaching the sewer system, effectively increasing water quality while enhancing infiltrating capacity of the designated area. The amount of infiltration is confined by the design and surrounding soil properties, however, proper design may allow for infiltration capabilities to overcome local conditions. The ideal placement for a vegetated swale is next to impervious surfaces with large amounts of pollutants, such as parking lots and roads. They can also be designed with the purpose of transporting runoff to another BMP, such as a rain garden, in order to increase pollutant reduction as well as infiltration. To optimize stormwater treatment effectiveness the vegetated swale should be designed to maximize pollutant reduction and infiltration simultaneously.

Figure 19: Example of Vegetated Swale http://conservationtools.org/uploads/Image/swale.gif

Figure 20: Schematic of Vegetated Swale http://stormwater.horrycounty.org/Portals/21/SiteImages/GrassSwale.bmp

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Rain Garden/Bio Retention Area A rain garden, also known as a bio-retention area, is a piece of land used to collect stormwater and infiltrate the majority of it into the existing soil in order to reduce pollutants and runoff volume. The rain garden nomenclature is usually given to small bio-retention areas, while the namesake bioretention pond is associated with larger, more engineered, settings. Rain gardens are synonymous with bioretention areas because they treat runoff from surrounding areas before being either infiltrated or conveyed into the stormwater system. Flow is diverted into the rain garden Figure 21: Example of Large Rain Garden primarily from impervious surfaces or http://www.erthproducts.com/dnn/dnn/Portals/0/bioretention2.jpg hillslopes, conveying pollutants. Rain gardens are depressed areas comprised of good soil and native plants. Native plants are chosen for the flora so that irrigation is not required. They are depressed in order to trap stormwater so that it may be infiltrated. Water that is not infiltrated into the local aquifer may be transported to a local storm sewer depending on target design. Proper implementation greatly reduces the amount of water volume, while filtering out a significant portion of pollutants, of a target area Figure 22: Schematic of Rain Garden http://www.tiptheplanet.com/images/5/57/Raingarden_pic.JPG before entering the sewer systems. Rain gardens are very flexible in their size and scope. They range from large, encompassing, areas with intricate drainage design to small gardens with simple designs. The flexibility of a rain garden design is one of its major advantages. Rain gardens are easy to construct and can cause large reductions in stormwater and improvement of water quality.

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Figure 23: Example of Small Rain Garden http://www.harrisburgmagazine.com/Home-Garden/October2012/I-Never-Promised-You-a-Rain-Garden/RainGarden.jpg

Along with environmental improvements, rain gardens can also benefit the aesthetics of the surrounding area. Installed with proper vegetation, rain gardens can disguise themselves as an inconspicuous garden without showing signs of engineered initiative, as seen in Figure 23. The aesthetics of a rain garden can also inhibit its educational and outreach value. In order to promote this, rain gardens may be placed in specific, highly visual, areas with an information plaque attracting visitors. This can increase curiosity in the public and spread the ideal of responsible stormwater management.

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Infiltration System

Figure 24: Example of Infiltration Trench http://www.pca.state.mn.us/artwork/stormwater/infiltrationstrip.jpg

An infiltration system is simply a BMP designed to infiltrate stormwater into the local soil. Many times stormwater is diverted to, or passes over, an infiltration system before reaching the storm sewer. Examples of infiltration systems include, but are not limited to: infiltration basins, infiltration trenches, drywells, and porous pavements. Since porous pavement represents a distinctive category of its own, it occupies its own section below. Infiltration systems differ from rainwater gardens (bio retention areas) in the fact that they are designed solely to infiltrate stormwater into the surrounding aquifer. An infiltration trench is the primary infiltration system recommended for use at UTK. This is because UTK resides in an urban area where infiltration trenches can be easily placed next to paved areas to collect their runoff. Infiltration trenches are narrow, deep systems generally placed between a paved area and an unpaved area or subsequent BMP. For maximum reduction, infiltration systems should be paired with a filter system so that pollutants can be settled and runoff can be reduced.

Figure 25: Schematic of Infiltration Trench http://www.seagrant.sunysb.edu/cprocesses/pdfs/BMPsForMarinas_files/infiltrationtrench.gif

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Porous Pavement

Porous pavement is a specific type of infiltration system. Porous pavement is selfexplanatory in nature, simply being a pavement that has a highly porous medium allowing stormwater to infiltrate through its structure. The use of porous pavement as a BMP essentially diverts the majority of runoff into the soil to be infiltrated rather than into a storm sewer. Porous pavement also helps remove a majority of the pollutants which convene on roadways.

Figure 26: Example of Porous Pavement http://www.ia.nrcs.usda.gov/features/images/Gallery/PermeablePaving.jpg

The use of porous pavement is highly flexible. It can be installed to replace entire roadways, used as strips collecting runoff at the edge of parking lots, used as pavers on sidewalks, and a variety of other projects. Costs may also range from highly expensive, in the case of roadway use, to relatively inexpensive, in the use of a porous paver walkway. Figure 27: Schematic of Porous Pavement System http://www.horsleywitten.com/smartgrowth/LID/regional_planning/ The use as a highly trafficked roadway is least cost effective, LID/new_photos/PorAsph-colored-xsec5-wlogo.JPG since the increase in porous area decreases the strength of the road. Ideal use of porous pavement is determined by finding equilibrium between cost and overall effectiveness. The introduction of porous pavement as a BMP will significantly increase infiltration and can also increase aesthetics. Compared to regular asphalt pavements or concrete, porous pavements can be decorative such as in Figure 26.

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Green Roof

Figure 28: Example of Urban Green Roof http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS96f_rIqSq4Ue0DIz3ULrx92r MiiTWnHeUGazLCY1_sMidpZPST9B4NJx_

A green roof is an engineered vegetation system placed on a top of a building or structure. Green roofs have several advantages. One is the infiltration and evapotranspiration of stormwater, preventing it from entering the sewer system. Another is the aesthetic value that a green roof has on a local building. Other benefits include provide insulation for the building, lower urban air temperatures, and provide a habitat for wildlife. Instillation of a green roof also will help provide LEED credits. Disadvantages of green roof systems include the costs, upkeep, and structural stress placed on a building. Overall, green roofs are a highly visual stormwater BMP which provide satisfactory benefits including education opportunities.

Figure 29: Example Schematic of Green Roof System http://organicconnectmag.com/wp/wpcontent/uploads/2012/04/greenroof.jpg

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Rain Cistern

Figure 30: Example of Rain Cistern http://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/images/nan-buckardt-ryerson-woods-emily_cikanek.jpg/imagefull;max$600,600.ImageHandler

A rain cistern is a hollow compartment which stores a designated volume of stormwater. Traditionally, stormwater is captured on a roof and transported into a rain cistern through existing gutters. Once in the rain cistern, the stormwater is either infiltrated into the local aquifer, transported to another BMP to be infiltrated, or reused for irrigation or grey water. The holding capacity of the rain cistern allows for a large amount of stormwater to be captured before entering a storm sewer. Rain cisterns can be implemented as simple additions to a buildings drainage system, or can be large underground vaults responsible for capturing considerable amounts of stormwater from surrounding buildings and storm sewer diversions. Once captured in the rain cistern, the stormwater can be used in a variety of functions. One commonly used option is to be diverted to a surrounding BMP with the purpose of infiltrating the stormwater. Another option is for the rain barrel to have infiltration capabilities of its own. A sustainable option is for the rainwater to be stored within the barrel and reused as grey water for a variety of other functions such as watering plants and flushing toilets. UTK campus has a large amount of opportunity for rain cistern use. 98 out of 503 buildings in the UTK sub-watershed Management Area (19.5%) have external gutters resulting in 18.3% of all roof surface area (Section 6.2). This provides a large, untapped amount of improvements to the system.

75

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Structural BMP Overview The following tables are included in order to provide a relative comparison regarding BMP efficiency and potential. These values should not be used when designing specific BMP’s; moreover, these tables should be used to develop a conceptual understanding of BMP usage and ability.

Table 8: BMP Ability for Stormwater Quantity Control

http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/environ/DWQ_StormwaterBMPmanual_001[1].pdf

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2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 9: Cost Community and Environmental Issues for BMPs

http://www.ncsu.edu/ehs/environ/DWQ_StormwaterBMPmanual_001[1].pdf

Table 10: Relative Comparison of BMPs

http://www.campserv.emory.edu/pdc/engineering/Engineering_Documents/EMORY_SWMP2.pdf

77

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

9 9.1

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Appendix C: Raw Data Itemized Management Unit Statistics (Continued on the next page)

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University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 11: Second Creek Statistics Second Creek Management Areas Curve Number Impervious P (in)

3.04 inch

2 year event

98 Pervious 74

Sub ID

Sum Area

Gree n Area

Paved Area

Building Area

STR

Extra

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

2 year runoff Depth

2 yr volume

ID

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

in.

ft

S-1

1.47

0.51

0.55

0.00

0.08

1.47

1.15

56.14

43.86

84.53

S-2

2.61 28.1 5

1.83

1.59

15044.28

8.30

8.03

7.35

0.94

3.54

8.30

19.85

29.48

70.52

90.92

1.00

2.10

214785.63

S-3

9.88

2.54

2.90

2.60

0.00

1.84

2.54

7.34

25.67

74.33

91.84

0.89

2.18

78315.74

S-4

6.37

2.68

1.87

1.42

0.00

0.41

2.68

3.70

42.00

58.00

87.92

1.37

1.85

42735.08

S-5

8.49

5.68

2.06

0.64

0.00

0.11

5.68

S-6

5.12

2.12

0.84

1.91

0.00

0.24

2.12

2.81

66.89

33.11

81.95

2.20

1.41

43341.01

2.99

41.50

58.50

88.04

1.36

1.86

34496.03

S-7

5.37

3.20

1.11

1.82

0.00

-0.76

3.20

2.17

59.57

40.43

83.70

1.95

1.53

29778.91

S-8

4.17

3.02

0.59

0.00

0.00

0.56

3.02

1.15

72.41

27.59

80.62

2.40

1.32

19981.00

Composite CN

S

3

S-9

1.83

0.63

1.07

0.00

0.00

0.13

0.63

1.20

34.40

65.60

89.74

1.14

2.00

13288.69

S - 10

0.89

0.38

0.22

0.00

0.00

0.29

0.38

0.51

42.78

57.22

87.73

1.40

1.83

5919.83

S - 11

1.58

0.32

1.05

0.01

0.00

0.21

0.32

1.27

19.96

80.04

93.21

0.73

2.31

13271.33

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University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 12: Third Creek Statistics Third Creek Management Areas Curve Number P (in)

3.04

inch

2 year event

Impervious

98

Pervious

74 2 year runoff Depth

2 yr volume

in.

ft

0.64

2.39

60883.11

84.97

1.77

1.62

72676.75

Sub ID

Sum Area

Green Area

Paved Area

Building Area

STR

Extra

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

Composite CN

ID

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

1

7.01

1.16

3.32

2.43

0.01

0.09

1.16

5.85

16.55

83.45

94.03

2

12.36

6.71

2.59

1.75

0.00

1.32

6.71

5.65

54.30

45.70

S

3

3

4.85

4.84

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

4.84

0.00

99.94

0.06

74.01

3.51

0.93

16438.41

4

15.28

11.67

1.95

1.63

0.00

0.03

11.67

3.60

76.42

23.58

79.66

2.55

1.26

69796.43

5

1.14

0.53

0.42

0.02

0.00

0.16

0.53

0.60

46.95

53.05

86.73

1.53

1.75

7230.61

6

1.05

0.61

0.26

0.11

0.00

0.07

0.61

0.44

57.86

42.14

84.11

1.89

1.56

5915.93

7

0.27

0.09

0.15

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.09

0.18

34.17

65.83

89.80

1.14

2.00

1986.00

8

2.28

1.05

0.84

0.21

0.00

0.19

1.05

1.23

45.91

54.09

86.98

1.50

1.77

14658.52

9

1.78

0.72

0.40

0.65

0.00

0.02

0.72

1.06

40.45

59.55

88.29

1.33

1.88

12150.20

10

2.40

1.09

0.65

0.76

0.00

-0.11

1.09

1.31

45.45

54.55

87.09

1.48

1.78

15487.03

11

22.72

5.12

11.19

4.33

0.00

2.07

5.12

17.59

22.56

77.44

92.59

0.80

2.25

185806.00

12

39.71

13.22

16.04

7.59

0.20

2.66

13.22

26.49

33.29

66.71

90.01

1.11

2.02

291446.85

13

10.02

3.52

4.35

1.19

1.15

-0.19

3.52

6.50

35.15

64.85

89.56

1.17

1.98

72177.18

14

13.10

5.59

5.28

1.83

0.00

0.41

5.59

7.52

42.63

57.37

87.77

1.39

1.84

87295.87

15

3.48

0.62

1.01

1.22

0.00

0.64

0.62

2.86

17.71

82.29

93.75

0.67

2.36

29879.85

16

27.14

10.97

9.45

4.21

0.01

2.49

10.97

16.16

40.44

59.56

88.29

1.33

1.88

184951.22

17

31.03

12.75

8.93

5.71

3.16

0.48

12.75

18.28

41.10

58.90

88.14

1.35

1.86

210048.43

18

25.35

15.09

5.78

2.50

0.43

1.55

15.09

10.26

59.54

40.46

83.71

1.95

1.53

140662.07

19

7.21

2.64

1.64

0.73

0.00

2.19

2.64

4.57

36.63

63.37

89.21

1.21

1.95

51128.90

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University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 13: TN River Statistics Tennessee River Management Areas Curve Number P (in)

3.04

inch

2 year event

Impervious

98

Pervious

74

Sub ID

Sum Area

Green Area

Paved Area

Building Area

STR

Extra

Pervious Area

Impervious Area

% Pervious

% Impervious

2 year runoff Depth

2 yr volume

ID

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

in.

ft

TN - 1

145.21

145.16

0.00

0.00

0.03

0.03

145.16

0.06

99.96

0.04

74.01

3.51

0.93

492437.64

TN - 2

58.65

58.63

4.36

2.92

0.04

-7.30

58.63

0.01

99.98

0.02

TN - 3

6.52

3.63

1.21

0.43

0.21

1.04

3.63

2.89

55.67

44.33

74.01

3.51

0.93

198837.37

84.64

1.81

1.60

37763.49

TN - 4

16.21

16.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.01

16.20

0.01

99.94

0.06

74.02

3.51

0.93

54996.84

TN - 5

0.71

0.60

0.00

0.02

0.00

0.08

0.60

0.11

85.03

14.97

77.59

2.89

1.13

2914.84

TN - 6

18.27

6.38

6.18

3.99

0.00

1.72

6.38

TN - 7

20.39

8.35

8.62

3.47

0.00

-0.06

8.35

11.89

34.91

65.09

89.62

1.16

1.99

131896.38

12.04

40.97

59.03

88.17

1.34

1.87

138201.34

TN - 8

10.58

10.56

0.00

0.01

0.00

0.00

10.56

0.02

99.85

0.15

74.04

3.51

0.94

35922.21

TN - 9

10.45

4.28

2.64

2.45

0.06

1.02

4.28

6.17

40.96

59.04

88.17

1.34

1.87

70833.16

TN - 10

12.77

5.27

2.48

4.75

TN - 11

3.26

1.68

0.55

1.05

0.00

0.28

5.27

7.51

41.24

58.76

88.10

1.35

1.86

86351.02

0.01

-0.04

1.68

1.58

51.56

48.44

85.63

1.68

1.67

19728.24

TN - 12

19.33

10.26

5.14

2.58

0.00

1.34

10.26

9.07

53.09

46.91

85.26

1.73

1.64

115134.82

TN - 13

11.14

4.38

4.44

1.97

0.00

0.36

4.38

6.77

39.27

60.73

88.58

1.29

1.90

76874.49

TN - 14

10.80

TN - 15

17.91

2.71

0.02

7.34

0.00

0.73

2.71

8.09

25.11

74.89

91.97

0.87

2.20

86139.36

5.51

4.85

5.43

0.00

2.11

5.51

12.40

30.78

69.22

90.61

1.04

2.07

134844.92

TN - 16

35.27

13.13

9.18

9.70

1.80

1.46

13.13

22.13

37.24

62.76

89.06

1.23

1.94

248527.68

TN - 17

28.37

6.76

12.15

6.21

0.35

2.90

6.76

21.61

23.84

76.16

92.28

0.84

2.22

229082.95

TN - 18

13.24

7.90

4.34

1.00

0.00

0.00

7.90

5.34

59.65

40.35

83.68

1.95

1.53

73370.01

TN - 19

13.95

1.11

4.05

5.69

0.00

3.10

1.11

12.84

7.93

92.07

96.10

0.41

2.60

131732.61

TN - 20

11.78

5.11

2.39

1.06

0.22

3.00

5.11

6.67

43.35

56.65

87.60

1.42

1.82

77868.15

81

Composite CN

S

3

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

9.2

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Structural BMP Data Sheet and Calculations Table 14: Structural BMP Runoff Data Sheet

Structural BMP Drainage Basin Stats P (in)

3.04

BMP ID

SubWatershed

inch

2yr 24 hr storm

BMP AREA

Total Basin Area

Green

Paved

BLDG

Extra

Correcte d Area

IP

Perv

IP

Perv

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

CN

S

2 year depth

2 year volume

in

ft3

1

TN-7

0.14

5.10

0.89

4.20

0.09

-0.08

5.01

4.12

0.89

82.17

17.83

93.72

0.67

2.36

42947.99

2

TN-18

4.02

3.90

0.00

3.86

0.08

-0.04

3.82

3.82

0.00

100.0

0.00

98.00

0.20

2.81

38935.38

3

TN-13

0.06

5.46

2.29

3.05

0.43

-0.32

5.03

2.74

2.29

54.42

45.58

87.06

1.49

1.78

32465.55

4

TN-6

0.14

2.68

0.32

2.27

0.00

0.08

2.68

2.36

0.32

87.97

12.03

95.11

0.51

2.50

24305.61

5

T-16

0.11

3.63

1.58

1.44

0.01

0.60

3.62

2.04

1.58

56.47

43.53

87.55

1.42

1.82

23885.56

6

S-5

0.19

5.24

4.38

0.86

0.00

0.00

5.24

0.87

4.38

16.51

83.49

77.96

2.83

1.16

21982.95

7

T-14

0.17

3.73

2.10

1.66

0.15

-0.19

3.57

1.48

2.10

41.37

58.63

83.93

1.91

1.54

20036.86

8

TN-15

2.50

2.68

0.87

1.48

0.04

0.28

2.64

1.77

0.87

66.90

33.10

90.06

1.10

2.03

19412.85

9

TN-12

0.05

2.94

1.29

1.08

0.00

0.58

2.94

1.65

1.29

56.27

43.73

87.50

1.43

1.81

19349.38

10

T-16

0.42

2.65

0.91

1.17

0.02

0.55

2.63

1.72

0.91

65.27

34.73

89.67

1.15

1.99

19026.69

11

TN-10

0.54

2.48

1.21

1.07

0.00

0.19

2.48

1.27

1.21

51.23

48.77

86.29

1.59

1.72

15447.69

12

S-5

0.12

0.74

0.29

0.34

0.00

0.11

0.74

0.44

0.29

60.19

39.81

88.45

1.31

1.89

5070.87

12

S-6

0.12

1.28

0.65

0.34

0.00

0.30

1.28

0.64

0.65

49.69

50.31

85.93

1.64

1.69

7884.88

12

S-7

0.12

0.39

0.10

0.11

0.10

0.08

0.29

0.19

0.10

66.48

33.52

89.96

1.12

2.02

2116.08

82

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

BMP ID

SubWatershed

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

BMP AREA

Total Basin Area

Green

Paved

BLDG

Extra

Correcte d Area

IP

Perv

IP

Perv

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

CN

S

2 year depth

2 year volume

in

ft3

13

T-17

0.11

2.31

1.47

0.81

0.01

0.02

2.30

0.83

1.47

36.12

63.88

82.67

2.10

1.46

12164.69

14

T-13

0.08

1.94

1.02

0.69

0.01

0.22

1.93

0.91

1.02

46.97

53.03

85.27

1.73

1.64

11492.90

15

T-17

0.15

1.39

0.35

1.04

0.00

0.00

1.39

1.04

0.35

75.10

24.90

92.02

0.87

2.20

11085.54

16

S-7

0.19

2.44

1.61

0.82

0.17

-0.16

2.26

0.65

1.61

28.77

71.23

80.90

2.36

1.34

10989.75

17

TN-16

0.05

1.18

0.21

0.96

0.00

0.00

1.18

0.96

0.21

81.92

18.08

93.66

0.68

2.36

10056.41

18

T-18

0.00

2.17

1.69

0.34

0.00

0.14

2.16

0.48

1.69

22.11

77.89

79.31

2.61

1.24

9714.32

19

TN-18

0.45

1.06

0.12

0.01

0.00

0.93

1.06

0.93

0.12

88.33

11.67

95.20

0.50

2.51

9629.89

20

T-16

0.07

1.02

0.15

0.86

0.00

0.01

1.02

0.87

0.15

85.42

14.58

94.50

0.58

2.44

9051.33

21

TN-17

0.10

0.96

0.13

0.83

0.00

0.00

0.96

0.83

0.13

86.35

13.65

94.72

0.56

2.46

8534.52

22

TN-12

0.23

1.29

0.61

0.86

0.05

-0.23

1.23

0.63

0.61

50.86

49.14

86.21

1.60

1.71

7658.82

23

S-9

0.01

0.66

0.06

0.60

0.00

0.00

0.66

0.60

0.06

91.44

8.56

0.00

3.04

7265.82

24

T-12

0.02

0.97

0.32

0.61

0.00

0.04

0.97

0.65

0.32

67.27

32.73

90.14

1.09

2.03

7160.73

25

T-5

0.02

1.13

0.53

0.42

0.02

0.16

1.12

0.58

0.53

52.22

47.78

86.53

1.56

1.74

7041.51

26

T-12

0.02

1.62

1.40

0.06

0.00

0.16

1.62

0.22

1.40

13.41

86.59

77.22

2.95

1.11

6531.74

27

T-18

0.02

1.46

1.19

0.22

0.01

0.05

1.45

0.27

1.19

18.28

81.72

78.39

2.76

1.18

6220.47

28

T-18

0.06

0.91

0.39

0.47

0.00

0.05

0.91

0.52

0.39

57.21

42.79

87.73

1.40

1.83

6023.30

29

TN-7

0.05

1.33

1.09

0.25

0.00

0.00

1.33

0.25

1.09

18.36

81.64

78.41

2.75

1.18

5724.61

30

T-13

0.09

0.64

0.10

0.54

0.00

0.00

0.64

0.54

0.10

84.64

15.36

94.31

0.60

2.42

5598.32

31

TN-12

0.43

0.82

0.40

0.13

0.00

0.29

0.82

0.42

0.40

51.03

48.97

86.25

1.59

1.72

5114.98

32

TN-10

0.11

0.63

0.14

0.37

0.00

0.11

0.63

0.48

0.14

76.93

23.07

92.46

0.82

2.24

5099.78

33

TN-17

0.42

0.44

0.00

0.44

0.00

0.00

0.44

0.44

0.00

100.0

0.00

98.00

0.20

2.81

4446.70

34

T-13

0.06

0.18

0.08

0.17

0.00

-0.06

0.18

0.10

0.08

58.24

41.76

87.98

1.37

1.85

1211.37

34

T-12

0.06

0.74

0.11

0.37

0.35

-0.09

0.39

0.28

0.11

71.86

28.14

91.25

0.96

2.13

3008.47

83

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

BMP ID

SubWatershed

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

BMP AREA

Total Basin Area

Green

Paved

BLDG

Extra

Correcte d Area

IP

Perv

IP

Perv

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

Acres

%

%

CN

S

2 year depth

2 year volume

in

ft3

35

T-13

0.06

0.59

0.53

0.53

0.00

-0.47

0.59

0.06

0.53

9.83

90.17

76.36

3.10

1.06

2267.44

36

T-4

0.34

0.49

0.40

0.08

0.01

0.00

0.47

0.08

0.40

16.46

83.54

77.95

2.83

1.15

1984.18

37

T-18

0.03

0.22

0.10

0.12

0.00

0.01

0.22

0.13

0.10

56.28

43.72

87.51

1.43

1.81

1463.17

38

TN-16

0.01

0.32

0.32

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.32

0.00

0.32

99.88

74.03

3.51

0.94

1099.06

39

S-3

0.02

0.10

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.00

0.12 100.0 0

0.00

98.00

0.20

2.81

1059.50

40

TN-17

0.01

0.14

0.06

0.07

0.00

0.00

0.14

0.07

0.06

52.61

47.39

86.63

1.54

1.74

862.43

41

T-4

0.05

0.28

0.18

0.18

0.08

-0.17

0.19

0.01

0.18

7.00

75.68

3.21

1.02

722.88

42

TN-17

0.02

0.05

0.05

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.05

0.00

0.05

0.00

93.00 100.0 0

74.00

3.51

0.93

166.36

43

T-4

0.08

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3.04

0.00

44

S-7

0.02

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

3.04

0.00

84

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

9.3

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Management Unit Volumetric Reduction Datasheet Table 15: 2nd Creek Management Area Reductions

2nd Creek Management Area

BMP Area

BMP Basin Area

2 year basin volume

BLDG Area

2 yr BLDG runoff

Max 2 yr. Volume Reduction

Max Reduction

Max Reduction (w/o) BLDG

Sub

Area

Impervious

% IP

2 yr runoff volume

ID

Acres

Acres

%

ft3

Acres

Acres

ft3

Acres

ft3

ft3

%

%

S-1 S-2 S-3 S-4 S-5 S-6 S-7 S-8 S-9 S-10 S - 11

2.61 28.15 9.88 6.37 8.49 5.12 5.37 4.17 1.83 0.89 1.58

1.15 19.85 7.34 3.70 2.81 2.99 2.17 1.15 1.20 0.51 1.27

43.86 70.52 74.33 58.00 33.11 58.50 40.43 27.59 65.60 57.22 80.04

15044.28 214785.63 78315.74 42735.08 43341.01 34496.03 29778.91 19981.00 13288.69 5919.83 13271.33

0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.31 0.12 0.33 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 5.98 1.28 2.82 0.00 0.66 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 1059.50 0.00 27053.82 7884.88 13105.83 0.00 7265.82 0.00 0.00

0.42 1.08 0.13 0.42 0.63 0.58 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4311.82 11046.10 1294.63 4284.77 6457.71 5879.36 9508.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

4311.82 11046.10 2354.13 4284.77 33511.54 13764.24 22614.46 0.00 7265.82 0.00 0.00

28.66 5.14 3.01 10.03 77.32 39.90 75.94 0.00 54.68 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 62.42 22.86 44.01 0.00 54.68 0.00 0.00

85

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan Table 16: 3rd Creek Management Area Reductions

3rd Creek Management Area

BMP Area

BMP Basin Area

2 year basin volume

BLDG Area

2 yr BLDG runoff

Max 2 yr. Volume Reduction

Max Reduction

Max Reduction (w/o) BLDG

Sub

Area

Impervious

% IP

2 yr runoff volume

ID

Acres

Acres

%

ft3

Acres

Acres

ft3

Acres

ft3

ft3

%

%

T-1

7.01

5.85

83.45

60883.11

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T-2

12.36

5.65

45.70

72676.75

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T-3

4.85

0.00

0.06

16438.41

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T-4

15.28

3.60

23.58

69796.43

0.47

0.76

2707.06

0.44

4455.31

7162.37

10.26

3.88

T-5

1.14

0.60

53.05

7230.61

0.02

1.13

7041.51

0.02

187.61

7229.12

99.98

97.38

T-6

1.05

0.44

42.14

5915.93

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.05

470.90

470.90

7.96

0.00

T-7

0.27

0.18

65.83

1986.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T-8

2.28

1.23

54.09

14658.52

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.06

591.68

591.68

4.04

0.00

T-9

1.78

1.06

59.55

12150.20

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.15

1481.41

1481.41

12.19

0.00

T - 10

2.40

1.31

54.55

15487.03

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.73

7390.82

7390.82

47.72

0.00

T - 11

22.72

17.59

77.44

185806.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T - 12

39.71

26.49

66.71

291446.85

0.11

3.33

16700.94

1.30

13268.45

29969.39

10.28

5.73

T - 13

10.02

6.50

64.85

72177.18

0.29

3.35

20570.04

0.97

9904.03

30474.07

42.22

28.50

T - 14

13.10

7.52

57.37

87295.87

0.17

3.73

20036.86

0.29

2946.95

22983.81

26.33

22.95

T - 15

3.48

2.86

82.29

29879.85

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.00

T - 16

27.14

16.16

59.56

184951.22

0.60

7.30

51963.57

0.92

9408.95

61372.53

33.18

28.10

T - 17

31.03

18.28

58.90

210048.43

0.25

3.69

23250.22

1.80

18352.14

41602.36

19.81

11.07

T - 18

25.35

10.26

40.46

140662.07

0.11

4.75

23421.26

1.06

10839.36

34260.63

24.36

16.65

T - 19

7.21

4.57

63.37

51128.90

0.00

0.00

0.00

0.23

2345.29

2345.29

4.59

0.00

86

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 17: Tennessee River Management Area Reductions TN River Management Area

BMP Area

BMP Basin Area

2 year basin volume

BLDG Area

2 yr BLDG runoff

Max 2 yr. Volume Reduction

Max Reduction

Max Reduction (w/o) BLDG

Sub

Area

Impervious

% IP

2 yr runoff volume

ID

Acres

Acres

%

ft3

Acres

Acres

ft3

Acres

ft3

ft3

%

%

TN - 1 TN - 2 TN - 3 TN - 4 TN - 5 TN - 6 TN-7 TN - 8 TN - 9 TN - 10 TN - 11 TN - 12 TN- 13 TN - 14 TN - 15 TN - 16 TN - 17 TN - 18 TN - 19 TN - 20

145.21 58.65 6.52 16.21 0.71 18.27 20.39 10.58 10.45 12.77 3.26 19.33 11.14 10.80 17.91 35.27 28.37 13.24 13.95 11.78

0.06 0.01 2.89 0.01 0.11 11.89 12.04 0.02 6.17 7.51 1.58 9.07 6.77 8.09 12.40 22.13 21.61 5.34 12.84 6.67

0.04 0.02 44.33 0.06 14.97 65.09 59.03 0.15 59.04 58.76 48.44 46.91 60.73 74.89 69.22 62.76 76.16 40.35 92.07 56.65

492437.64 198837.37 37763.49 54996.84 2914.84 131896.38 138201.34 35922.21 70833.16 86351.02 19728.24 115134.82 76874.49 86139.36 134844.92 248527.68 229082.95 73370.01 131732.61 77868.15

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.65 0.00 0.71 0.06 0.00 2.50 0.06 0.56 4.47 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.68 6.44 0.00 0.00 3.10 0.00 5.05 5.46 0.00 2.68 1.50 1.58 4.96 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 24305.61 48672.60 0.00 0.00 20547.46 0.00 32123.19 32465.55 0.00 19412.85 11155.46 14010.00 48565.27 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.98 0.12 0.00 0.71 0.56 1.04 0.57 1.57 0.01 1.75 0.99 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 213.51 10009.25 1174.12 0.00 7267.82 5699.20 10601.71 5765.55 16013.63 93.24 17873.78 10099.40 0.00 1189.37 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 213.51 34314.86 49846.72 0.00 7267.82 26246.67 10601.71 37888.74 48479.17 93.24 37286.63 21254.87 14010.00 49754.64 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.32 26.02 36.07 0.00 10.26 30.40 53.74 32.91 63.06 0.11 27.65 8.55 6.12 67.81 0.00 0.00

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.43 35.22 0.00 0.00 23.80 0.00 27.90 42.23 0.00 14.40 4.49 6.12 66.19 0.00 0.00

87

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

9.5

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

UTK Pre-Development Runoff Datasheet

Table 18: UTK Pre-Development Runoff Calculations Pre-Developed UTK Land area (considered 100% pervious surfaces) Management Area 2nd Creek 3rd Creek TN River UTK Campus

Total Area 74.46 228.17 464.80 767.432892

P (rainfall) 3.04 3.04 3.04 3.04

CN 74 74 74 74

S 3.51 3.51 3.51 3.51

in 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.93

88

ft3 252371.97 773355.37 1575383.70 2601111.04

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

9.6

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Buildings with External Gutters

Figure 31: Buildings with External Downspouts

89

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Table 19: UTK Buildings with External Gutters (Detachable Downspouts) Ranked by Size of Footprint (maximize potential reductions) Rank # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35

Building Name Melrose/Hess Hall UT Student Health Building Goodfriend Tennis Stadium Alumni Memorial Hall Claxton Education Building Transportation/Facilities Services Dougherty Building Haslam Business Building T-RECS Strong Hall Estabrook Hall Morgan Hall Hesler Hall Dabney/Buehiler Building Ayres Hall Senter Hall Jessie Harris Building Neyland Drive Biology Annex Nielsen Building Austin Peay Hall Perkins Hall Facilities Services Law Library Ferris Hall Food Safety and Processing Phi Gamma Delta Fraternity House Publication Services Building Agriculture Offices Softball Training Center Research Greenhouse McCord Hall Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity House Earth and Planetary Sciences Building Plott Barn Black Cultural Center

Area Acre 0.97 0.97 0.93 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.74 0.72 0.69 0.62 0.54 0.52 0.52 0.51 0.47 0.45 0.40 0.38 0.33 0.33 0.32 0.30 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.21 0.21 0.19

90

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

Rank # 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Building Name Henson Hall Sigma Chi Fraternity House Methodist Student Center Forestry Products and Resource Building Phi Sigma Kappa Fraternity House International House Tyson Alumni Center Baptist Student Center Alpha Tao Omega Fraternity House Sigma Nu Fraternity House Center for International Education South College Building Regal Soccer Stadium Agriculture Engineering Offices Child Development Lab Small House/Building Plant Sciences Annex B Christian Student Center Research Greenhouse Phi Delta Theta Fraternity house Small House/Building Center for International Education Berry Hall Young Life Building Hopecote Building Equality and Diversity Building Presbyterian Student Center Research Greenhouse Kappa Alpha Fraternity House Textile Processing Building Small House/Building Crops Genetics Lab Small House/Building Early Learning Center Small House/Building Small House/Building Christian Student Center Small House/Building

Area Acre 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04

91

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

Rank # 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

Building Name Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Hesler Greenhouse Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Dabney/Buehiler Building Animal Sciences Lab Growth Chambers Lab Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Dabney/Buehiler Building UT Environmental Health and Safety Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Estabrook Hall Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Small House/Building Hesler Greenhouse

Area Acre 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01

92

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

10 Appendices D: Reference Material 10.1 Curve Number Selection The following table was used for the selection of a CN for NRCS TR-55 runoff calculations. The hydrologic soil group for UTK is Type C. For pervious surfaces, it was assumed the cover type was open space in good condition (grass cover >75%) and a CN = 74. For impervious surfaces a CN=98 was assumed (paved parking lots, roofs, driveways, etc). Table 20: Curve Number Selection

93

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

10.2 Stormwater BMP Models Table X below provides a brief outline of computational models to be used in stormwater analysis. It may be useful in future stormwater analysis to consult this table in order to make an informed decision on how to appropriately analyze UTK stormwater problems.

Table 21: Brief Outline of LID Computational Model Approaches MODEL

ACCEPTANCE

HYDROLOGIC/ HYDRAULIC

Rational Method

Widely accepted by all regulators for small sites

Event-based, simple hydrology, simple hydraulics, easy to use

TR-55

Widely accepted by all regulators

Event-based, basic hydrology, simple hydraulics, easy to use

Widely accepted by all regulators

Event-based, basic hydrology, complex hydraulics, more work to use

TR-20

SWMM

HSPF

Widely accepted, by regulators and experienced modelers Widely accepted, but only by experienced regulators

Continuous simulation, complex hydrology, complex hydraulics, most work to use Continuous simulation, complex hydrology, complex hydraulics, most work to use. Continuous simulation, refined hydrology, simple hydraulics, more work to use

WINSLAMM

Accepted in MN, AL, and other states

WPQ-COSM

Widely used in Colorado

Continuous simulation, complex hydrology, complex BMP Routing, more work to use

PSRM

Not widely used

Event-based, basic hydrology, complex hydraulics, more work to use

IDEAL

Locally accepted in SC

MUSIC

Accepted in Australia

Annual distribution, refined hydrology, complex BMP routing, more work to use Continuous Simulation, basic hydrology, complex BMP routing, more work to use

WATER QUALITY No quality component, so volumetric spread-sheet approach required No quality component, so volumetric spread-sheet approach required No quality component, so volumetric spreadsheet approach required Quality component based upon build-up and wash-off, allocated by user entry of source area parameters Quality component based upon build-up and wash-off, allocated by user entry of source area parameters Quality component based upon build-up and washoff, allocated by generalized land use and curb miles Quality component based upon build-up and washoff, loads allocated by user entry per land use Quality component based upon build-up and washoff, allocated by generalized land use and curb miles Quality component based upon runoff volume and EMC isopleths, allocated by generalized land use Quality component based upon stochastic generator allocated by land use

94

University of Tennessee - Knoxville

2013 Stormwater Master Plan

11 Appendix E: References "City of Knoxville - Engineering BMP Manual." N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. . “Soil Survey of Knox County, Tennessee.” USDA, n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013 "National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office." Knoxville Climate Page. NOAA, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. "NRCS TR-55 Methodology." Iowa Stormwater Management Manual, n.d. Web. Tennessee Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook. Tech. Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Aug. 2012. Web.

95