STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

TEC009

a course in

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

A Course in Standard Drawing Conventions Revision 1 © inscape 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without prior permission of the copyright owner. First published 2013 Published by: Inscape Publishers 0861-INSCAPE [email protected] DTP: Inscape Education Group Printed: Credo

CONTENTS

& COURSE INFORMATION

CONTENTS

COURSE INFO

COURSE INFORMATION

MODULE OVERVIEW

INTRODUCTION

PREREQUISITE:

ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE PART 1: Draughting equipment and standards PART 2: Introduction to the concept of draughting EXERCISE 1: Line Exercise PART 3: Introduction to Lettering EXERCISE 2: Lettering Exercise PART 4: Standard drawing layout EXERCISE 3: Title Block ASSESSMENT: TEC0091 (40): Line weights PART 5: Line, Scale and dimensioning as a language ASSESSMENT: TEC0092 (20): Triangulation Exercise

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OUTCOME: Upon completion of this module (subject) students should be able to: • produce various drawing sheets with evidence of basic draughting skills. These drawing sheets will demonstrate the learner’s ability to produce:

•

Good quality lines of specific line weights in both pencil and ink.



•

Drawings showing the ability to construct various geometric forms.



•

Drawing sheets with the contents conventionally set out.



•

Technical drawings generated by means of the conventional process of draughting.

•

Numerous examples of well formed text in a conventional draughting font.

LEVEL:

NQF level 5

EVALUATION:

Continuous assessment

PART 6: Types of Drawing/Stages in the process ASSESSMENT: TEC0093 (40): Free-hand draughting

ICON KEY Exercise:

To be completed as a means to practically apply your acquired knowledge and build your skills.

Brief:

Assignments that must be submitted for a formal evaluation.

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Lecturers’ Tips:

Take note of some handy tips from the experts you can use in your work.

Your Notes:

Use this space to jot down important info, questions you might need to ask or just as a creative space you can fill with doodles.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

ASSESSMENT

ASSESSMENT STRUCTURE STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Practical

Practical

Practical

Practical

Practical

Practical

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Part 4

Part 5

Part 6

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3 / TEC0091

TEC0092

TEC0093

Line Exercise

Lettering Exercise

Line Weights

Triangulation

Free-hand

Exercise Assessment criteria: The skilful ability to produce good quality lines

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•

•

•

•

•

•

of specific line weights in both pencil and ink, and the ability to know when to apply each weight to achieve a highly legible drawing. The ability to project a variety of geometric forms with a high level of accuracy. The ability to layout the contents of a drawing

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•

•

•

sheet conventionally, demonstrating a strong sense of order thus enabling the contents to be read with ease. The ability to produce drawings following

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•

•

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•

•

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the conventional process of draughting on a drawing board. The skilful ability to produce numerous

•

examples of well formed text in a conventional draughting font.

NOTE: Exercises are for self evaluation purposes. Do not submit the exercises for assessment. An assignment with a CODE must be submitted for assessment. STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS Your Notes

Introduction to Draughting Draughtsman are involved in every type of construction project. They are employed in more than 24 disciplines, among which are architecture, mechanical, civil and structural engineering, piping, town planning and mine surveying. The requirements of the various disciplines differ and therefore necessitates specialisation. The industry distinguishes between detail draughtsmen and design draughtsmen. Design draughtsmen usually handle work of a more advanced nature than detail draughtsmen. Many drawing offices also employ tracers. Tracers prepare final drawings and assist the draughtsmen. Some offices also employ draught assistants who assist draughtsmen in a wider field of activities. Draughtsmen can use the traditional manual and tracing methods, or they can use a computer to draw their designs. Draughtsmen must have drawing and designing ability, but it is not necessary for them to be an artist. They must be able to translate concepts on to paper and to visualise things in three-dimensional terms. The work requires accuracy and manual dexterity. Draughtsmen should have a lot of patience because their work involves a great deal of detail. An interest in computers will stand draughtsmen in good stead by helping them to cope with fast-developing technology.

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A draughtsman is responsible for generating scaled drawings. For the purpose of this course, we will be focusing on the Built Environment and will therefore include all aspects relevant to the draughtsman regarding this industry. These include; Draughting, Construction Methods, Services, Materials, Design, Architectural Influences, Project Management, Presentation and Model Building. Accurately scaled drawings (please see Glossary for explanation of terms in italics) are the means whereby ideas and information are communicated graphically to those involved in the construction industry. In order to do this successfully use is made of a wide range of universally accepted rules, conventions and symbols. As a reference point, we will in many instances adhere to the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) code of drawing office practice, SABS 0143 “Building Drawing Practice”. However, it should be noted that in the same way that each person doing Draughting develops a particular style, so too will styles of Draughting differ from office to office. You must refer to SABS 0143 Building Drawing Practice as you work through this course.

The government service, local authorities, chemical industries, consulting engineers, architects, supermarket chains, and many other institutions employ draughtsmen. Draughtsmen can be employed on contract basis and work as freelance draughtsmen. To set up their own business, draughtsmen need to have their own equipment.

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS

1

Drawing Equipment It is important to know, from the beginning, the range of drawing equipment that is available and how it is used. A good drawing will depend both on the correct use of the appropriate equipment and a good working knowledge of drawing technique, as well as practiced skills. Note that if neither column is ticked the item is not required. Please note that brand, variety, size, shape and quality may differ from the images below. EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

A2 DRAWING BOARDS

Drawing board & drawing machine.

One of the 3 listed required.

A well maintained board and machine is ideal, but the most costly. The supawood option can be substituted for masonite as it is lighter. The thinner, the more chance of warping. The board should be a little bigger than the paper size you will draught on.

Drawing board with parallel rule & 300mm adjustable set square. Supawood board 6 or 16mm thick, cut at exactly 90 degrees, T-Square & 300mm adjustable set square. Note: An A2 board will suffice. You will be completing assignments where possible on AutoCad from Module 04. If you have access to a p.c. then rather try and borrow a drawing board for the first few modules. CUTTING MAT

A3



COMPASS

With extension beam/arm.



With pen adaptor.



TECHNICAL PENS

0.18mm 0.28mm



0.35mm



0.5mm



Consider purchasing the full draughting set, with compass and pencils. Fineliner types not suitable.

0.7mm

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

OPTIONAL





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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

FINELINERS/FELT TIPS

Black Pilot fineliner or similar fineliner.



Artline 210 medium 0.6 or similar thickness.



SCALE RULER

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

LETTERING GUIDE

“AMES”

ADJUSTABLE SET SQUARE

Aristo Adjustable Set Square

Technical pens can be used for free-hand draughting, however a range of fineliners and felt tips is ideal for free-hand draughting.

 Suggested combination should include: 1:100 1:50 1:20 1:25

 A printed page of perfectly spaced lines may also be used as guidelines.



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OPTIONAL

Flat. Triangular, various scale combinations available. e.g. 1:20, 1:25, 1:33, 1:50, 1:75, 1:100

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 Not required if adjustable set square purchased.

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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

STENCILS

French Curves.

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

1

OPTIONAL  Purchase these items as required..

Flexicurve. Circle. Ellipse. Furniture. Lettering. PENCILS

0.2mm Clutch Pencil. ‘Mechanical’ pencil e.g. 0.5mm.

 Either. Although it is not uncommon to find people who draught in a range of pencils you will learn to use technical pens during this course.

SHARPENER

2mm clutch mm pencil sharpener.

 If 2mm clutch pencil is purchased.

LEADS

Vary from Soft to Hard. H signifies Hard. B signifies Soft.

 To suit pencil purchased.

Blue lead. SET 24 WATERCOLOUR PENCILS

Derwent or Faber Castell



ERASERS

Ink.

 Either. You will probably wet the tip to erase on film, regardless of which one you purchase.

Pencil.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

GLUE

Pritt



Bostik Clear



OPTIONAL

ERASING SHIELD

 Useful for film

DUSTER/BRUSH



BLADES/CUTTING KNIFE

STRAIGHT EDGE

With snap-off blades.



Razor blades.



30cm metal ruler.



50cm metal ruler.



DIVIDERS PORTFOLIO BAG

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1

 A2



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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

MASKING TAPE (Add to underneath rulers & setsquares to avoid smudging.)

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

1

OPTIONAL

 1 x roll approximately 10-20mm wide. You will use this to attach your paper/film to your drawing board. DO NOT buy a heavy duty masking tape. It will tear your paper.

PAPER

Sizes range from A0 (large) to A4 (small).

 The majority of the draughting will be done on A2 sheets.

Refer to drawing of standard paper sizes below. Butcher Paper or Bumpf. 80gsm Tracing Paper.

In order to ascertain your preference of draughting surface, purchase a selection of A2 sizes for the first module. Thereafter you can purchase your preferred type.

Tracing Paper. Film.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Suggest: For ink: 3 x A2 Draughting film & 3 x A2 Gateway For pencil: 2 x A2 tracing & 2 x A2 bumpf/butcher.

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PART

DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS EQUIPMENT

TYPES/DESCRIPTIONS

REQUIRED FOR COURSE

PRINTS OF DRAWINGS

Paper.

 Get into the practice of only issuing copies of your work.

Sepia.

Conventionally, to copy drawings the original should be on transparent paper. However this is not necessary with today’s printing equipment.

Durester.

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OPTIONAL

Please note that other materials may be required during the course. These will be purchased as required. (e.g. You can only purchase model building materials, when you know what surface you are imitating.)

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DRAUGHTING EQUIPMENT AND STANDARDS

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Your Notes

Standard paper sizes You may work on A2 or A3, whichever is more appropriate but please remember to consider the dimensions, scale and spacing of the drawing to accommodate your chosen paper size.

Draughters' Tips When draughting, we use standard paper sizes. Purchase ready-cut A2 (or A3) paper to complete your exercises and assignments. To the left you will find a diagram indicating the standard sizes available.

Fig. 1.1 STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

THE CONCEPT OF DRAUGHTING Your Notes

Introduction to the concept of Draughting 2.1 What will I learn in this part of the module? You will be introduced to the concept of draughting as well as the skills required for draughting. We will explore the various types of drawings and you will learn how to ‘read’ layout drawings. Specifically, plans, elevations and sections.

2.2 Introduction to the concept of draughting a. Draughting is both a process and a product: i. We refer to the draughting process as that whereby the drawing is built-up/generated on the drawing sheet. The process allows the draughts person to check the design as views are projected from one view to another. ii. The finished product, i.e. the resultant drawing is also referred to as draughting. The purpose of the end product serves to communicate the design to: • The client. • Authorities. (Council/body corporates.) • Contractors. b. The purpose of the drawing determines the complexity of information included on the drawing. e.g. A concept presentation to a client does not require detail information such as how the 50mm pre-cast concrete sill will meet the window frame to ensure that it is both water tight and aesthetic. c. As a draughts person you will need to gain an understanding of how to include complex levels of information in a simple fashion in order to communicate with clarity. There are various conventions that have been developed to facilitate this.

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1

d. As the purpose of the end product is to communicate, each mark or comment exists on the page for no other purpose. Hence every mark or comment generated on the sheet should be made easily legible. e. The ability to use your tools to control the characteristics of the marks made is a skill you will need to acquire. This ability to create good quality lines and neat draughting text is essential for clarity. Implementing techniques used to build-up a drawing will also assist in generating legible drawings.

2.3 Line characteristics a. The basis for all drawings is the line. The information conveyed depends primarily on the visual weight of the line and the type of the line. Hence lines of good quality are required to ensure the clarity of the end product.

Fig. 2.1 b. The line quality refers to the sharpness and clarity, the appropriate weight, and the blackness/density. c. An ink line is controlled by the size of the point only; while a pencil line is controlled by the density of the lead (H, HB, B etc.) as well as the pressure with which you draw.

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PART

THE CONCEPT OF DRAUGHTING

2

Your Notes 2.4 Guidelines to use of tools a. Pencil technique: i. Draw over the straight edge at 45 deg. to 60 deg. ii. Pull rather than push. iii. Rotate the pencil while drawing.

ii. Always draw circular elements first and then the tangent. (Straight line elements).

b. Pen technique: i. Held vertical to the drawing surface. ii. Lightly held. iii. Add masking tape underneath rulers. c. Rules of thumb: i. All construction lines (in a thinner pen) should cross slightly at corners.

Fig. 2.3

Draughters' Tips

Fig. 2.2

Always keep drawing equipment clean. Applying masking tape to the underside of your ruler will prevent your drawings from smudging.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

INTRODUCTION TO DRAUGHTING TOOLS Your Notes

Line exercise Exercise This Exercise is not for submission and assessment purposes. However, it is imperative that you complete it to the best of your ability as it forms an important part of your preparation to complete drawings for assessment at a later stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.

2

When measuring, use your scale ruler and always work in mm. This is the standard in the building industry. Make sure you measure accurately, 2mm is 2mm, NOT 2.1mm. For the purpose of this exercise you will use scale 1:100 on your scale ruler. Drawing Plane

EXERCISE 1: LINE EXERCISE 1. Place an A2 (or A3) piece of bumpf on the top side of the ruler of your drawing board. Ensure that the ruler is straight and near the bottom of the drawing board. Using masking tape, tape each corner to the board to secure the paper. Use the horizontal ruler to draw horizontal lines and your set square to draw vertical lines. Place the shorter side of the set square on the horizontal ruler and use the longer side of the set square as a guide to draw perfectly vertical lines, 90 degrees to the horizontal. 2. Divide the A2 (or A3) piece of bumpf carefully into 6 equal rectangular sections in pencil, (A,B,C,D,E,F). We will set out the paper as one would do for a typical architectural drawing. This includes a Title Block and a Drawing plane. The Title block appears on the right hand side of the page if the orientation of the page is landscape and at the bottom of the page if the orientation is portrait.

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Title Block Fig. 2.4

Allow about 80mm (or 40mm for A3) column for the title block on the drawing sheet. A2 dimensions: 594 X 420mm. 3. Set up a 10mm (or 5mm for A3) border around each rectangle.

Note: Do NOT ink-in ANY of the dividing lines on your final drawing. Fig. 2.5

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INTRODUCTION TO DRAUGHTING TOOLS

2

Your Notes

Line exercise This exercise will require 2 drawings sheets. The first will be set up in pencil on bumpf as per the left-hand column below and the second will be traced over in ink on gateway or film as instructed in the right-hand column below:

Pencil Drawing instructions (on bumpf)

Ink Drawing instructions (on gateway or film)

In Block A: Horizontal lines

In order to practice generating horizontal lines of consistent thickness, draw horizontal lines in pencil 5mm apart sufficient to neatly fill the block.

Trace through in ink on the gateway or film using pen nibs 0.18 (or smallest one you have), 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5 for consecutive lines taking care not to smudge and ensuring an even flow of ink. Repeat until the square is full of inked-in lines.

In Block B: Vertical lines

As for ‘A’, set up vertical lines in pencil on bumpf 5mm apart, in order to practice drawing good quality.

Trace through in ink as you did for block A.

In Block C: Hatching - at 45 degrees

Divide block ‘C’ into equal sections in pencil on bumpf. When closed, your set square is set at 45 degrees on the diagonal. Place your set square on the horizontal ruler of your drawing board. Use the diagonal side of the set square to draw evenly spaced lines at 45 degrees, 2mm apart in blocks 1 and 4 in pencil. (Ensure you measure 2mm diagonally and not horizontally or vertically.)

Trace through using a 0.25 nib in ink on gateway/film.

Fig. 2.6

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

1

2

3

4

Fig. 2.7

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PART

INTRODUCTION TO DRAUGHTING TOOLS Your Notes

Line exercise

In Block C: Hatching - at 45 degrees (continued)

2

Pencil Drawing instructions (on bumpf)

Ink Drawing instructions (on gateway or film)

For blocks 2 & 3, draw 2 diagonals, 2mm apart and then leave a gap of 10mm and repeat the 2 diagonals.

Ink in using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen).

Fig. 2.8 For Block D: Thickening-in/heavy-up lines.

In pencil draw the diagonals of the rectangle. Construct vertical and horizontal centre lines accurately in pencil. Mark off equal divisions 10mm apart from the centre lines horizontally and vertically. In pencil, draw in the concentric rectangles formed.

Using a neat and carefully made dot-dash line draw in the horizontal and vertical centre lines.

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Trace through all the rectangles in ink using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen). Be sure to carefully cross your lines at the corners. Working from the outermost rectangle to the innermost, carefully thicken in, to the inside of the using a 0.5, 0.35, 0.25 pen for each rectangle. Repeat this sequence until all the rectangles have been ‘thickened in’. Take care this time NOT to cross your lines at the corners.

Trace through in ink using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen).

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

INTRODUCTION TO DRAUGHTING TOOLS

PART

2

Line exercise

In Block E: Lines at an angle.

Pencil Drawing instructions (on bumpf)

Ink Drawing instructions (on gateway or film)

Using the adjustable set square in pencil, halve the top line of the rectangle and connect this point to each bottom corner.

Using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen), trace through all the triangles. Take care to cross your lines.

(A perpendicular line drawn from the apex of the triangle to the base will halve the base line.) Using the same angle setting on your adjustable set square, construct three triangles within the larger triangle. Repeat this process once more to create 16 smaller identical triangles. Thicken in the centre triangle using a 0.5 pen, the triangles adjacent to that in a 0.35. Take care this time NOT to cross your lines. Look carefully at the optical illusion you have created. Which triangles appear to be closer? In Block F: Circles – using the compass.

Using the diagonals, find the centre of block F. Use the centre to construct a series of concentric circles 5mm apart. Use your compass to draw the concentric circles.

Draughters' Tips

Carefully ink in the circles using your pen in a 0.18 pen compass (or your smallest pen)..

Draw in dashed lines for the horizontal and vertical centre lines using a 0.18 pen (or your smallest pen).

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Fig. 2.8 Above is an overview of all the blocks.

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Developing a steady hand when draughting will ensure a greater degree of accuracy.

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PART

INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING

3

Lettering Part 3 of this module is concerned with Lettering. You will be required to form letters and numbers to communicate, the names of drawings, annotations of drawings, dimensions and notes. The working drawings that you will be producing are often of a contractual nature. |n other words they are binding information on which we base the outcome of a structure. It is therefore important that information is appropriate, relevant and legible. It is important to develop a neat and acceptable form of hand lettering on architectural drawings as well as understand the type use and font size required for various elements in an architectural drawing. We refer to the use of size of font as hierarchy of information or text. In essence this means that certain information will hold more importance than other information and must be expressed through the size of the font selected.

3.1 Introduction to lettering a. Graphic representations are nearly always supplemented by information in the form of handwritten or stenciled notes. As the course progresses, greater and greater emphasis will be placed on this aspect of the work and students will be expected to comprehensively annotate drawings by the end of the course. b. The size of the printing, its appropriateness, thickness of line and positioning with regard to the drawing/s will be commented on continually throughout the course. c. Although lettering stencils exist, these are tedious and can be overly time consuming to generate. It is

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not advised that you pursue this method, it is far more beneficial to learn to write appropriately in a free-hand text.

3.2 Free-hand lettering a. Architectural fonts are clear and methods of generating letters and numerals have been developed to avoid ambiguity. e.g. poorly constructed 1s and 7s could be misread, hence the 7 is given a horizontal line, to ensure it is not mistaken as a 1 and vice versa. eg. 7 (seven) 1 (one) b. The use of guidelines in free-hand lettering is important if the letters are to be consistent in height. Guidelines have 3 lines for each line of text, then a space (line spacing/line factor), and then another 3 guidelines. Guidelines are important – do not get lazy. eg.

c a t

c. Everyone’s style of lettering develops as time progresses but it is important that it is based on a readable and consistent standard. To the right are some typical lettering and figures.

3.3 Tracing existing typefaces for titles The use of a typeface catalogue as an aid is useful for general titles, north points etc. e.g. Helvetica Medium, Roman Alphabet, Stencil Bold.

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Fig.3.1 Typical lettering and figures.

Draughters' Tips Using a suitable font enhances the visual aesthetics of your drawing. You can develop your own style of writing. Always remain consistent in style to produce drawings of a professional quality.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING

3

Lettering 3.4 Hierarchy of text

Text sizes that you could use:

a. Text is located on the drawing in order to add to the clarity of the drawing.

Drawing Name and North symbol

b. It also follows a set of conventions. The text which should be read first should catch one’s attention first. It should be the easiest to read, i.e. biggest and boldest. c. When reading the drawing one is first likely to want to know what one is looking at. Hence the drawing title is conventionally the largest/boldest. Next when reading plans orientating oneself in the space is important. Items such as north symbols are also large and bold. For the same reason room names tend to be written slightly bolder than the general annotation text.

0.5 pen

@ 10mm

Scale and Section symbols 0.25 pen

@ 7mm

0.25 pen

@ 5mm

0.15 pen

@4mm

Notes and Annotations: 0.25/0.18

@ 3mm

Dimension text: 0.18 pen

@ 2,5mm

Largest font size

Fig. 3.2

This Exercise is not for submission and assessment purposes. However, it is imperative that you complete it to the best of your ability as it forms an important part of your preparation to complete drawings for assessment at a later stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.

Room names:

Floor finishes and levels: Smallest font size

Exercise

EXERCISE 2: LETTERING EXERCISE Accuracy and speed of execution are the hallmarks of good draughting. As a first step in developing these skills it is necessary to become familiar with and to learn to control some of the basic equipment. This exercise is intended to help students develop an acceptable form of hand lettering on architectural drawings.

Using an A2 sheet of gateway (or film), divide the sheet as per the previous exercise. You will follow the column on the left to determine the line spacing and the column on the right to add the required text. Both columns will be executed on one sheet.

SCALE 1:100

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING

3

Lettering

In Block A:

Line Spacing Instructions (In pencil)

Text Experimentation (In ink)

Carefully set up in pencil horizontal guidelines spaced as follows, (measurements on left are in mm), lines of text to be 10mm high spaced 3 mm apart. All lines of text to have a line in the middle, for lines such as the horizontal stroke of the H:

Using a 0.5 pen, carefully print out

In Block B:

Line Spacing Instructions (In pencil)

Text Experimentation (In ink)

As above, however the “middle” line should be placed 1/3 from top of the 10mm line spacing.

In a 0.5 pen write the following words: PLAN, SECTION, ELEVATION, NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST. Then write your name using a 0.35 pen. Repeat the above list until the block is full or until you have perfectly formed letters.

Fig. 3.4

Write out the capital letters for the full alphabet. Repeat letters you find challenging. Fig. 3.3

Draw feint vertical guidelines the full height of the rectangle approximately 10mm apart, (gauge this distance by eye). You will use these to assist in guiding the upright angle of your text.

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Fig. 3.5

In Block C:

Draw the guidelines as for block A.

Practice the following numerals in a 0.35 pen:

Repeat until you have a perfectly formed set of capital letters. Fig. 3.6

Write your I.D.Number. Fill the rectangle with numerals.

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

INTRODUCTION TO LETTERING Your Notes

Lettering

In Block D:

3

Line Spacing Instructions (In pencil)

Text Experimentation (In ink)

Draw lines for text height of 5mm, line spacing of 2mm and the horizontal stroke guideline in the location of your choice.

In a 0.35 pen write the following text:

Space the vertical guidelines at about 10mm apart. Fig. 3.7

In Block E:

Draw the guidelines as for block A or B. However instead of drawing vertical guidelines, angle them at 15º.

Write the following: 1:100 1:200 1:500 880 990 110 115 230 6000 3300 4500 7200 Repeat numerals until the box is full.

In Block F:

Set up guidelines in style of your choice.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Fill the block with text of your choice. This may include your name, ID number, cell number; or THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG (this sentence includes every letter of the alphabet).

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PART STANDARD DRAWING LAYOUT

4

Layout specifications The standards as set out by SABS (South African Bureau of Standards) 0143 SECTION 5, define the conventions regarding the layout of drawing sheets. In part 4 of this module we will explore these conventions in more detail.

4.1 Terminology a. A drawing sheet is the actual page on which the individual drawings are ordered. Drawing sheets sizes are conventionally A1, though A0 and A2 are also not uncommon. A4 is useful for faxing, however A4 and A3 are less common being small and less likely to accommodate the information at a legible scale. For the purpose of this course we will work mainly on A2 and A3 sized paper. This makes photocopying your work more affordable and easier to handle in a portfolio. b. The drawings are typically various views of the design. A drawing sheet may have several drawings on it. c. Projects will have numerous drawings on any number of drawing sheets, hence a method of where, what and how to record the information is required in order for the drawing to have any meaning. The method of recording this information must be done as per draughting conventions.

4.2 Factors influencing the layout of a drawing sheet a. The elements of a drawing sheet are: drawings text dimensions symbols/keys and a title block.

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Fig. 4.1 The position of all elements on the sheet should add to the legibility of the overall contents. i. Lining-up: • Drawings should be lined up, both horizontally & vertically. We refer to this as alignment of drawings. • Where ever possible the contents of the drawings should be aligned. • Projection lines may be left on the page to guide the eye to the element on the adjacent view. (Projection principles will be discussed in the next module.) • Drawing title text should be aligned.

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

STANDARD DRAWING LAYOUT

4

Your Notes ii. Spacing between elements • A cluttered drawing is visually busy and thus more challenging to read. • Drawings should be well spaced, with sufficient space for annotations (text) and dimensions (measurements). • Drawing title text should be located close enough to the drawing it describes to ensure that there is clarity regarding which drawing it is labelling. iii. Overall position on the sheet • Drawings should be aesthetically located within the drawing plane, e.g. not all pushed to the left, or squashed at the top etc. iv. Title block • A title block should appear on the right or underneath. (Be consistent throughout the project, do not change from sheet to sheet.) • Drawings do not extend into this zone. At minimum include: Drawing Name, Drawn By, Date, Scale and a reference number for the purposes of study. b. The contents of a drawing sheet should ideally relate, in the same way that the contents of a paragraph relates. i. For smaller projects it may be possible to locate all views required on one sheet. However for large projects such as hotels or office blocks several sheets are sometimes required for one view. A numbering and cross-referencing system is required, in order to ascertain where the required information can be found within the set of drawings. Without a clear system the information on the pages can be compared to a library without a filing system ie. the name of the drawing found in the drawing plan will be noted in the STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Title Block. When the large format page is folded into an A4 size, the information is visible on the front in the titleblock. Therefore, without needing to open the large format paper, one can tell its contents. When setting up a system for the drawing sheets follow conventional methods. (Imagine you are the contractor reading the drawing/s on site, and ask yourself if you would understand/find the information) ii. The various drawings on a sheet may be at different scales or the same scale. This will depend on the contents. c. Economy of paper is also a consideration when setting up a drawing, this assists in the manageability of the paperwork on a project. i. Ten drawing sheets are easier to search through than fifty. As the contractor on an office block, you may wish to know what height to build the cavity for the air conditioning unit, how do you know which of the 50 drawing sheets to look at. ii. Printing costs can accumulate when providing each contractor with a set of drawings. For this reason, we issue drawings to pertinent contractors, and each revision made must be re-printed and re-issued, again to all relevant contractors. (e.g a ceiling layout in the restaurant of a hotel will be issued to the lighting consultant, air-conditioning specialist, fire planner (smoke detectors/sprinkler locations.); the sound engineer (speakers), the ceiling contractor and possibly the engineer and main building contractor too. However drawings should not be squashed onto the format as this becomes busy and visually difficult to access the information.

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PART

STANDARD DRAWING LAYOUT

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Exercise 4.3 Titleblocks a. The titleblock records the contents of the page for ease of reference. It is similar to that of a reference number on the spine of a library book. b. Titleblocks can be customised to suit the particular project, or the particular office protocol. However there are some conventional requirements. All drawing sheets are folded in such a way that the title block is visible after folding, for easy reference. All drawings are to be folded to A4 size. Vertical Titleblock A1 Page folded to A4 size. Titleblock to front Alternative horizontal Titleblock

Revisions: Drawings are amended frequently. It is good practice to record these changes.

203-03-01 View code e.g. all plans are 01, all elevations 02, sections 03.. For your college projects you may want to use the module & lesson, followed by the sheet number:

Project title: The name of the project. e.g. New house for Mr & Mrs Smith.

eg:

Drawing Title: The views drawn on the drawing sheet are listed here. e.g. Plan, site plan, section AA.

All drawings are to be folded to A4 size. The above drawing shows an A1 page folded to A4, with title block on the front. If you have an A2 page , please ensure to adjust folding method to ensure that the final result is an A4 page with title block on the front.

Scale: This is a record of all scales that appear on the drawing, with the advent of digital media it is also advised to state the size of the page. e.g. 1:100 / A1

Date: As drawings become legal documents it is important to date the drawing. This is the date it was created, not revised

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Issued for: Drawings are issued for: Information / discussion, Approval; Construction. A drawing issued for information should not be used to build from, as it will not contain sufficient information to build as required.

01-03-01

The revision number is often quoted as part of the drawing number.

Draughtsman Reg No: In order to submit drawings to council, one must be registered with SACAP.

Drawn by: Usually the initials or name of person who draughted the sheet. Useful for finding answers to queries arising from the drawing.

Fig. 4.2

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Drawing number: Included for both filing & crossreferencing purposes. A number can contain inherent information, by use of codes. Each office will have a system of numbering their drawings. e.g.: Project Sheet 1 Number of sections

Notes: Information pertinent to drawing. May include general notes or construction specifications as well as symbol keys..

Engineer Signature: The engineer contracted must sign and put their registration number on all drawings submitted to council, as well as fill out the appointment of a professional form. Owner Signature: Owners sign drawings as acceptance of the contents and as owner prior to submission to council.

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Fig. 4.3

This Exercise is not for submission and assessment purposes. However, it is imperative that you complete it to the best of your ability as it forms an important part of your preparation to complete drawings for assessment at a later stage. DO NOT SUBMIT IT.

EXERCISE 3: TITLE BLOCK EXERCISE Using an A2 piece of bumpf, create a drawing layout by leaving a 25mm border at the edge of the page. This border is known as the filing margin. If using A3 size paper please adjust dimensions accordingly. • From the right hand side filing margin measure 100mm. Draw a vertical line to create the Title Block. • Draw horizontal lines from the bottom filing margin at the following increments to create blocks: 50mm, 3 x 25mm, 4 x 20mm, 25mm, 5 x 5mm. • Refer to the figure indicating the layout of a title block to complete the details thereof. Design a logo that personally represents you and your style to insert into the ‘logo’ block.

Use the layout of the title block that you have designed for the drawings that you produce over the remainder of the course. STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART ASSESSMENT: LINE WEIGHTS

4

ASSESSMENT TEC0091

THIS BRIEF MUST BE SUBMITTED FOR ASSESSMENT

Brief You are now ready to complete ASSESSMENT TEC0091. Complete the assignments as per the brief below. Remember, the assignment is for submission purposes and will receive a full assessment.

REMEMBER You will need to make use of the following equipment: a compass, 2mm clutch pencil (H-lead); a set of draughting pens, adjustable set-square, scale rule/drawing board. Note that the dimensions given are in mm and represent the sizes of the drawing. (Conventionally dimensions of the real size of the object are given) If you are a CONTACT STUDENT, submit your assignment directly to your lecturer as per the deadline date. Ensure you have your Assignment Submission Form signed as proof of submission. If you are a DISTANCE STUDENT, submit the assignments before any assessment date on the calendar, with a barcoded assignment label and a student label attached.

Draughters' Tips Use a separate page to test your text before adding it to the final page STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

CODE BRIEF

MATERIALS VALUE

TEC0091 Line Weights

Draughting equipment



40

BRIEF On the following pages are four drawings. You are going to draught these four on an A2 or A3 format in various media, thus generating several drawing sheets for assessment. If using A3 please adjust dimensions accordingly.

Drawing sheet 1: a. The first step is to set-up the drawing sheet: In faint pencil lines on a sheet of bumpf mark-up construction lines for the size and location of each drawing on the sheet. Ensure that the contents of the drawings line up. You will need to allow sufficient space for the drawing title text, as well as dimensions. The drawing sheet must also have a title block. The dimensions given are to be used as mm for this exercise. b. Using pencil only draw the 4 drawings on one sheet of bumpf.

Drawing sheet 2 a. On a sheet of gateway or film, trace the drawings in a 0.18 pen. If there were any errors in the pencil version, ensure that you correct them on this page. (e.g. If the spacing between 2 elements was insufficient.) b. Using all 4 of your draughting pens you are required to add line weights to the drawing on the film or gateway. The heaviest lines are 0.5, the thinnest would be the dimension lines and hatching. Text may be in a 0.25 or 0.35. Include all dimensions and labels for each drawing.

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PART

ASSESSMENT: LINE WEIGHTS

4

Your Notes

ASSESSMENT TEC0091

Draughters' Tips Note: NTS = not to scale in the given drawing but when re-drawing these drawings please indicate the scale you used.

Fig. 4.4

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Fig. 4.5 2010

PLAN SCALE: NTS

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3D Drawing of fountain: Fouche A,

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE Your Notes

Line, scale & dimension Earlier in the module, you were introduced to the concept of line. We will now explore line in more depth. In architectural draughting, we use line as a language to communicate the requirements of a structure. There are specific conventions that you must be familiar with, to communicate successfully to the person reading your drawings.

5.1 Introduction to line as a language a. We have already mentioned that every mark on the page/sheet contributes towards what the viewer reads. Thus if all we have is the ability to place a line on the page, and we are to communicate how to construct large complex 3D buildings on a much smaller 2D format, we need to look at how many different marks we can make on the page and more importantly how those marks are perceived. b. You have already been introduced to the concept of line weight and line type. The repetition of lines is also used, (e.g. hatching). The following part of the module will look at all the various characteristics and an overview of the conventions used.

5.2 Line weight guidelines a. Visual discernment: i. A strong impression of depth can be implied through the adoption of a hierarchy of line thickness. ii. The thickest, darkest lines denote areas which are closest (or cut-through), and the finest lines describe elements which are further away from the viewer (or below the cut-line). STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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(The concept of a cut-line will be reviewed in more detail in the next module.) iii. Note that the use of a particular line weight is less about following a list of rules such as: For a scale 1:100 plan: Walls should be shown in a 0.5 (or 0.35) pen Furniture in a 0.35 (or 0.25) Floor tiles in 0.25

…and more about the use of visual discernment.



i.e. The question is not, “Should I have used a 0.5 pen for the walls”, but rather, “Do the walls read heavy enough in relation to the other objects represented on the page, so that they are clear?”

iv. The scale of the plan will affect the required line weights. The rule is not walls must always be a 0.5 pen. A large detail drawing at 1:20, will probably require a 0.7 or heavier for the portion of the wall shown, whereas a wall shown at a scale of 1:100 would be too heavy in a 0.7 pen. Hence the rule is: “Cut-through walls are to read heaviest.” v. It is critical that you develop a sense of visual discernment regarding line weights. vi. The use of one pen to obtain a range of slightly varying line weights is a skill to strive for. b. When to use heavy and when to use thin: i. Generally the guide regarding line weights is that elements that are cut-through or closest to the viewer are heaviest.

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PART

LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE

5

Draughters' Tip

Keep your style of line weights and types consistent from project to project. You will have a more professional “look” to your portfolio at the end of the course.

5.3 Line types a. There are various line types that can be generated by using a series of broken lines. These broken lines can be spaced far apart, or kept close together or separated by intervals of dots. There are many combinations.

The lines above are both dashed, however two different line types have been generated by using longer or shorter dashes.

ii. The thinner lines are those elements that are further away from the viewer. Such as floor tile lines. iii. Dimension lines are the thinnest. (excl the tick mark/arrow and the actual text.)

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Fig. 5.1 NTS on this page. Original scale 1:50. © Sherilyn de Klerk

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The lines above are both dot-dashed, however two different line types have been generated by using longer or shorter dashes.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE

5

Draughters' Tip b. A dashed line can be used to indicate that something is hidden by another object, or that it is to be an element to be removed, or that it is above what is being shown such as a ceiling beam on a floor plan.

Do try to scale your hatching, to suit your space or drawing, to communicate the detail appropriately.

c. It is important not to use the same line to express two different concepts on the same drawing.



Indicates this wall is new brickwork Tiled floor surface. Tiling is hatched (Note this is not a tiling layout, it is indicative that the surface is tiled. It does not give details such as starting out points.)

Your Notes

5.4 Repetition of line/hatching a. The use of repetition in order to create meaning is also useful. This is termed hatching. b. It is used to show the material of an element that has been cut-through, particularly in sections. It may also be used to indicate floor finishes. c. There are many conventional types of hatching, each type communicating a different material. d. Hatching is conventionally drawn in a very thin line weight. e. Some typical examples are shown alongside. STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Fig. 5.2

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PART LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE 5.5 Introduction to scale a. We have mentioned that part of the task of draughting is to explain life size buildings on much reduced sizes of paper. This requires the use of a scaled representation of the real object. We use a system where we say “something” on the page represents “something” in reality. Those “somethings” are given distances or ratios. For example: 1:100 means one unit on the page is equal to 100 units in reality.

5

b. Not all scales are represented on the ruler, however a 1:5 scale can be measured using the 1:50 markings or a 1:10 can be measured from the 1:100 markings. A simple method is as follows: You will notice that 1:10 is simply 1:100, with a zero crossed off. Hence the rule is go to ten units, where you can drop a zero to get 1. This is then 1 unit. (i.e. 1m)

ON THE RULER/PAGE: REPRESENTS 100 OF THESE UNITS IN REALITY. IN REALITY 100 UNITS MEASURES 1M.

Fig. 5.5

Fig. 5.3

1:100 = 1m divided by 100 = 10mm (1cm). Thus in a scale of 1:100 we use 10mm (1cm) to represent 1m

Should you require a portion of a metre, remember that 1m is equal to 1000mm, so each of the 10 divisions is equal to 100mm (i.e. 1000mm divided by 10 = 100mm)

Similarly the following scales are also explained: 1:50 = 1m divided by 50 = (1000mm divided by 50 = 20mm). Thus in a scale of 1:50, 20mm represents 1m. 1:20 = 1m divided by 20 = (1000mm divided by 20 = 50mm). Thus in a scale of 1:20, 50mm represents 1m.

EQUAL TO 1 UNIT (1m) AT 1:10

The scale ruler makes this easier for us. We do not have to calculate the ratio, we simply measure off the ruler. 1m on the ruler represents 1m at the given scale.

EQUAL TO 1 UNIT (1m) AT 1:5



A METRE DIVIDED INTO 10, RESULTS IN MODULES OF 100mm - HENCE EACH OF THE 10 REMAINING DIVISIONS IS EQUAL TO 100mm. Fig. 5.6 e.g. THE 5 IS EQUAL TO 500mm.

Fig. 5.6 Fig. 5.4

(The 1m at 1:50 shown above will measure 20mm as calculated above).

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE

5

Your Notes c. Site sketch

5.6 Suggested scales for drawings The list below is based on the list given in the SABS 0-143, however the more common scales have been indicated in bold. a. Site Plan:

1:100

b. Working drawings:

1:20

c. Detail drawings:

1:1

d. Plumbing & Drainage:

1:50 1:100 1:200

e. Fire Protection:

1:20 1:50 1:100 1:200

1:200

1:250



1:50

1:100



1:2



1:500

1:1000

(Elevations may be done in 1:200)

1:5 1:10 1:20 1:50

5.7 Measuring up a site a. Introduction i. If you are working on an existing structure plans may be available from council or you may be required to measure the site/structure and draw plans.

i. Draw a rough outline of the site to record information. The sketch should preferably be in proportion. The ability to draw in proportion will develop with practice. ii. Leave enough space on the page to record dimensions and observations. iii. The sketch should include wall widths. iv. If measuring a large site, you may find that you require several pages. Record which pages follow or join each other. v. Below is a typical sketch of a portion of a site measurement exercise. Notice the following: - In small areas, it is difficult to record all distances – draw large enough to write inside of the drawing. - Some of the overall dimensions may not tally exactly. (In this case 5-10mm) Elevation of window measured from finished floor level. (Drawn parallel to wall, in line with window).

ii. It may appear to be a simple task however there are common errors which you can avoid, if you are to follow the guidelines & observations discussed below. iii. As a junior staff member you are likely to be asked to measure a site. Always record measurements as if someone else will be working from your sketch.

First line of dimensions are running dimensions. Recording both running & individual dimensions may not be necessary. However being thorough avoids a second trip to site.

b. Requirements i. A tape measure, (or laser) in order to measure the distances, and knowledge of how to calculate angles that are not 90 degrees are required.

Overall dimensions must be recorded.

Fig. 5.7 STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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Your Notes d. Observations to be recorded (Note that these observations will be more familiar to you, once the course has been completed and all components and terminology has been discussed in detail.) i. Structural composition/materials – e.g. brick vs dry wall; ceiling, e.g. flush plaster or grid ceiling. ii. Draw door swings (note which side it is hung and which direction it swings). iii. Note type of window: fixed or open & frame material. This information may be useful at the design stage. iv. Record wall thicknesses. Wall thicknesses can be measured at window and door openings. v. Services: - db board, lighting, switches, plugs, a/c units, a/c control points, plumbing points. (a/c - air conditioning) vi. North point. vii. Fixed elements are usually recorded, whilst freestanding ones are not. viii.Count the number of risers for level changes and record riser heights as well as tread depths. ix. It is a good idea to photograph the site as this saves you going back several times. e. General guidelines i. Measure internal and external distances as required to complete the drawing of the structure. ii. A common mistake is to omit a required measurement. To avoid this commence at a point and move consecutively round the building or space until you reach the original point.

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iii. Measure the structural elements rather than the non-structural. e.g. Measure the wall not skirting. It may be useful to record which walls have skirting, as well as the height & width as an observation. iv. Running dimensions allow you to roll out the tape measure once and record the various intervals, and the overall dimension. (This method allows less room for error.)

Fig. 5.6

The top line shows a running dimension. The lower line shows individual dimensions, where each measurement begins from zero. v. Always record overall dimensions as a check. vi. Diagonals are useful as they allow you to triangulate. (A method of determining angles.) vii. Measure the ceiling height first as you are less likely to forget it. viii. Heights may be required not only for ceilings but also for, heights of archways; windows; doors or any other vertical elements. You may wish to draw the elevation adjacent to the length of the wall. ix. Tape measure should always be straight – if skew, inaccuracies result. This can be challenging, but will affect your drawing.

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Draughters' Tips

It is always useful to measure up a site with a friend or colleague. They can assist by holding the tape measure and double check your measurements.

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

LINE, SCALE AND DIMENSIONING AS A LANGUAGE 5.7 Triangulation

b. Method:

a. Introduction

i. In order to plot an angle (e.g. B) you need the distances on both sides of the angle (e.g. AB & BC) and the distance between the other end points of the two lengths (e.g. AC). For this example, the lengths are: AB = 3200mmBC = 3400mmAC = 5715mm

i. This is a method of determining angles by plotting known distances on the drawing sheet. It is useful when walls do not meet at 90 degrees. ii. You require three (3) distances that form a triangle, thus you will need to measure some diagonal distances. iii. Besides a ruler and sharp pencil, you will also require a drawing compass.

Fig. 5.9

ii. Begin by plotting one of the lengths on the page, for this example we will plot BC vertically on the page. (To begin with use the inside wall Fig. 5.10 line only. The wall width can be added at the end.)

iii. Draw the first construction curve, using the measurement of the first length for the radius. In this case AB, being 3200mm

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Fig. 5.12

v. The two curves will intersect at A. The line from B to A can now be drawn in and will be at the correct angle. Fig. 5.13

vi. The rest of the known lines and angles can be completed, if they have not already been drawn, and then the wall width can be added. Fig. 5.11

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

iv. Draw the second construction curve, using the measurement of the second length for the radius. In this case AC, being 5715mm

5

Fig. 5.14

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PART

ASSESSMENT: TRIANGULAR EXERCISE

5

ASSESSMENT TEC0092

THIS BRIEF MUST BE SUBMITTED FOR ASSESSMENT

Brief

CODE BRIEF

MATERIALS VALUE

You are now ready to complete ASSESSMENT TEC0092. Complete the assignments as per the brief below.

TEC0092 Triangulation Exercise

Draughting equipment

Remember, the assignment is for submission purposes and will receive a full assessment.

BRIEF



20

This is an exercise in which you can practice using triangulation.

REMEMBER If you are a CONTACT STUDENT, submit your assignment directly to your lecturer as per the deadline date. Ensure you have your Assignment Submission Form signed as proof of submission. If you are a DISTANCE STUDENT, submit the assignments before any assessment date on the olearn calendar, with a barcoded olearn assignment label and your student label attached.

Your Notes

1. Below is a sketch of a space. Distances are as indicated. They are in mm. 2. The drawing is not accurate. However angles that appear to be 90º can be taken as 90º 3. You are required to draw this up at a scale of 1:100. This will fit on an A4 page, landscape format. 4. Include a title block, label, scale and dimensions.

Good Luck Fig. 5.15

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

Types of drawings/stages in the process 6.1 Design is a process

6.3 Presentation Drawings

i. The creation of a building is a process. Various drawings are made to assist in the stages of the process.

i. These are used to present design ideas to clients for discussion or approval. There are various stages in the design process at which designs may be presented, and various types of drawings to express ideas.

ii. Drawings can be used as tools to solve designs or means of communication. iii. Communication may be to a fellow designer, in order to discuss ideas; it may be a drawing to show the client the design, it may be a drawing to explain to a contractor how the design should be built.

6.2 Concept sketches i. These are developmental sketches.

iii. The scope of the presentation depends on the nature (& budget) of the project. e.g. A large hotel presentation will probably include, sketch plans, elevations and perspectives (or computer generated walk-throughs). A small domestic house alteration may be presented in plan form initially, allowing the planning stages to be discussed with the client first.

ii. They are planning tools and aesthetic testing tools. iii. They may be 2D or 3D, depending on what is being planned or assessed for visual aesthetics. iv. Initially they are not to scale, however as the design develops they are drawn to scale in order to test an idea accurately. E.g. figures 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3.

ii. Presentation drawings tend to focus on the aesthetic nature of the design and thus tend to result in aesthetic drawings expressing the atmosphere of the forms & space, showing materials/finishes of forms designed.

Fig. 6.2. 2D Concept

iv. The term sketch plan does not mean rough or messy sketch. It may be drawn free-hand, however it is still a neat professional drawing that is to scale and follows drawing conventions. v. Presentation drawings do not usually show dimensions. If there is a specific reason to show dimensions, they are not comprehensive, but serve as a visual guide.

Fig. 6.1. Drawing Concept STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

Fig. 6.4. Final presentation drawings

Fig. 6.3. 3D Model Concept

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PART DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

6.3 Working Drawings i. They communicate exactly how a design is to be built. These are scaled drawings that are fully dimensioned and annotated. ii. These are usually sheets of formal draughting.

6.4 Introduction to free-hand draughting a. Formal draughting is generated with accuracy using precision equipment, as you have been introduced to over the past few lessons. b. Free-hand draughting follows exactly the same draughting rules and conventions, however it is drawn without a straight edge.e.g. it is to scale, requires line weights, has hierarchical text. c. A scale grid is often used to trace over, in order to establish distances. d. In the design stage drawings are often traced as changes are explored, freehand draughting is faster than formal draughting and thus useful for exploring various ideas. e. The style is often used to present designs at concept stage.

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Fig. 6.5

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

Your Notes

Understanding plans 6.5 How to read a plan A plan is a diagrammatic view seen from above showing the correct geometric form of a building layout. In order to show door and window openings it is generally taken as a horizontal ‘cut’ at about 1metre above floor level. This means that elements below 1m are shown using solid continuous lines, whereas elements above the 1m cut will be represented using broken or dotted lines. In plans of buildings, symbols are used to signify various elements; eg; door swings, sanitary fittings, electrical sockets etc. Other information can be; arrows to show the rise of a staircase, compass points to show the position of the building; arrangement of furniture. A plan enables us to see the relationships between adjacent spaces; (corridors, rooms etc) and to make decisions concerning their disposition. In order for these decisions to be seen at a glance, we draw plans at a fraction of the actual size of the building: they are “to scale”

Fig. 6.6 STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

Your Notes 6.6 How to draw a plan to scale Plans are invaluable aids, not only in making layout decisions but also as subsequent instruments of instruction to builders, furniture manufacturers, shop fitters, furniture movers, or even the bank manager, who may be lending money for the work. The first step is to assemble the information that you will be showing on the drawing – make a survey. (concept sketch) Graph Paper Method Using graph paper, it can be determined that one block is equal to 1m. Lay a piece of tracing paper or film over the graph paper and tape it down to the drawing board. Using a sharp fairly hard (H or H2) pencil draw a line that will represent a wall. From your survey notes (concept drawings) measure its length and draw a line at right angles for the next wall; a set square is useful. Scale it off and continue to form the perimeter of the room. Mark on the doors, windows and other features, then draw in the thickness of the walls to the next room, measure from the connecting door to the corner and repeat the process. With accurate notes and reasonable luck you will end up with a floor plan. This method should not be used if precision is important. You will , however, have a fairly accurate diagram of your domain. You may also find it a good idea to draw the shapes of your furniture and fittings to scale on coloured paper and cut them out. These shapes can then be moved around on the plan you have drawn to experiment with furnishing arrangements. Do remember to mark each

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piece of paper with a label of what piece of furniture it represents, or you might finish with an unidentifiable pile of square confetti! Technical Drawing Method The first step is to assemble the information that you will be showing on the drawing – make a survey. (Concept sketch) Using firm, clear lines make free-hand drawings of the shapes of your rooms and how they relate to one another. Then measure the lengths of the walls, widths of the doors, thickness of partitions, positions of fittings and mark them clearly on the sketch. Decide upon the scale to be used, keeping the following in mind: • Size and nature of the project • Size of the paper • Detail required of the drawing • Economy of time and effort As a guide, use a scale that is easily divided into 100. (Refer to notes on scale).

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

6.7 Plan In basic terms, a plan is a diagram of a building drawn as if the entire building has been cut through on the horizontal, about 1 metre above the finished floor level. Plans are drawn to a scale which can be indicated as a ratio or as a line divided into regular intervals. For example 1:100 means that every 1mm on the drawing represents 100mm in reality. Therefore a measurement of 10mm on a drawing represents 1000mm or 1m in reality. You can measure directly off the plan, without having to calculate the conversion, using a scale ruler.

Fig. 6.7 Ground Floor Plan. © C G Barry

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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Fig. 6.8 Ground Floor Plan. © C G Barry

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PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

6

Your Notes 6.8 Section A section is a vertical cut through a building. The position and direction of the cut are indicated on the plan*. The aspects, which lie beyond the line of cut, are usually shown as an elevation. Sections are referred to as: Section AA Or Scale 1:50

Section BB Scale 1:50

“AA” refers to… from point A to point A “BB” refers to from point B to point B Draw section lines below:

A

A * by drawing a section line

Fig. 6.9 A1 Section. © C G Barry

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

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6.9 Elevation Elevations are drawings of the sides of the building, which are drawn as if you were looking at the side square on. Each elevation is named according to the direction from which it is being viewed. You may have to deal with Interior Elevations, we name them as follows: Elevation 01 Or Elevation 02 Scale 1:50 Scale 1:50 You will encounter Exterior Elevations, these are referred to as: North elevation Or Scale 1:50

South Elevation Scale 1:50 etc

Draughters' Tips The north elevation is the elevation seen if you stand to the north of the building and facing the building.

Fig. 6.10

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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PART

DRAWING TYPES AND STAGES

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Fig. 6.11 Elevation. © C G Barry (NTS for reproduction)

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

PART

ASSESSMENT: FREEHAND EXERCISE

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ASSESSMENT TEC0093

THIS BRIEF MUST BE SUBMITTED FOR ASSESSMENT

Brief

CODE BRIEF

MATERIALS VALUE

You are now ready to complete ASSESSMENT TEC0093. Complete the assignments as per the brief below.

TEC0093 Free-hand Exercise

Draughting equipment

Remember, the assignment is for submission purposes and will receive a full assessment.

BRIEF

REMEMBER

1. Using freehand lines, in a 0.25 pen, you are required to trace the sheet of 4 drawings generated in assessment AD01a.

If you are a CONTACT STUDENT, submit your assignment directly to your lecturer as per the deadline date. Ensure you have your Assignment Submission Form signed as proof of submission. If you are a DISTANCE STUDENT, submit the assignments before any assessment date on the calendar, with a barcoded label attached.

2. This is to be completed on a sheet of gateway or tracing paper, the same format as used previously.

SECTION AA SCALE: NTS



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SECTION AA SCALE: NTS

3. The drawing titles may be completed in a heavier line weight.

Your Notes

Good Luck

A



A

PLAN SCALE: NTS



PLAN SCALE: NTS

Fig. 6.13 STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

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GLOSSARY FREQUENTLY USED TERMS Your Notes The following terms are frequently used in the building industry and specifically in architectural drawings. The glossary will assist you in understanding their meaning in this context. • Adjacent – lying near, close or adjoining; neighbouring • Annotate – The process of adding annotations. • Annotations – Text or labels adding explicit information to an architectural drawing. • Apex – The tip, point, or vertex; summit. • Authorities – Organisations responsible for approving the draughtsman’s drawings. They include, council, municipalities, facilities management, community corporate bodies. • Bumpf – Otherwise known as butcher paper is cheap but sturdy paper that is sold in large rolls. • Cavity – A hole or space, typically found in a wall. • Concentric - having a common center, as circles or spheres. • Construction lines – Preparatory lines used to determine a working drawing. A hairline as light as possible and still visible. Meant to be light enough to disappear in printing so there is no need to erase. • Contractors – Someone (a person or firm) who contracts to build things or service a product. E.g. tilers, plumbers, builders, electricians. • Detail drawings – A drawing indicating construction methods of an object or structure. • Diagonal - a set of entries in a square matrix running either from upper left to lower right or lower left to upper right • Dimensions – Measurements defining the size of an object/ structure. • Door swings – The direction in which a door opens. • Drawing Plane – A space on a drawing layout reserved for a drawing view. • Drawing revision – A revised drawing with changes. • Drawing views – An object / structure can be viewed from different angles. The top, side and back. In architectural drawings we refer to these views for an object as top, side and back view and for a structure, plan and elevation views. • Drawings – A series of lines and symbols.

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• Fixed elements – Parts of a structure that are not movable. E.g. doors, windows, kitchen counters, baths, toilets. • Graphic representations – A visual image representative of an object. • Hatching – A graphic representation used to indicate the material used in a structure, e.g. a brick wall. • Measuring laser – A device that produces a monochromatic, coherent beam of light to measure distances • North symbol – A graphic representation indicating the direction of North on a plan. • Perpendicular - vertical; straight up and down; upright. • Riser height – A riser refers to the part of a step that is vertical. The riser height is therefore the dimension of the step in the upward direction. • Scale – The measurement at which a drawing is drawn proportionally to a life size object. • Scaled drawings – A drawing that is proportionally a representation of a life size object. • Services – Systems creating a habitable space. E.g. ventilation, heating and cooling, waste disposal and electricity. • Site Plan – A top view of a chosen site / erf / piece of land including dimensions, street names, erf number, municipal connections. • Skirting – A profile used at the joint of a wall and floor. • Symbols/keys – Graphic representations defining objects. • Text – Written information. • The client – The person, people or organisation that commissions a project. They usually are responsible for the brief and for payment of the project. • Title Block – A space on a drawing layout reserved for information regarding the drawing found in the drawing plane. • Tread depth – A tread refers to the part of a step that is horizontal (the part one steps on). The tread depth is therefore the dimension of the horizontal surface/step. • Working drawings – A series of drawings indicating the details of a structure. These can include, plans, elevations, sections and construction details.

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STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

STANDARD DRAWING CONVENTIONS

This module acts as an introduction to standard drawing conventions and techniques. A good grounding in drawing proficiency is a vital skill within the building industry and basic techniques and concepts will be explored.  The module has been specifically designed as an introduction to standard drawing techniques and technical drawing concepts, and is applicable to various disciplines within the built environment. The content is current and appropriate to all local South African applications. Within this module you will learn how to become a competent draughtsman by exploring Standard Draughting equipment and Tools, Lettering, Standard Drawing Layouts, Dimensioning, Drawings Types and Stages and Freehand sketching. The desired outcome is to produce technically competent individuals who are able to construct technical drawings which comply with all standard drawing conventions with confidence.

Other courses offered by this publisher Introduction to Technical Drawing, Introduction to Architectural Drawing, Domestic Construction, Framed Structures, Design Process and Influences, Council Submissions, Architectural Presentation, Model Making Autodesk Producs: AutoCad Level 1, AutoCad level 2, 3D Max, Revit Starting Your Own Business Adobe Products: InDesign, Photoshop, Dreamweaver, Illustrator, Flash

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