18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
Spies: Two Working As One Human Body Systems, Lesson 18 pp. 158=159
Intro p. 158
1) How many bones are in the human body? 206 bones in the body 2) How many muscles are in the human body? 650+ muscles are n the human body
The Skeleton: Holding It Together p. 158
3) Where are the smallest bones in the body? The 3 (on each side) bones in the middle ear (behind ear drum) 4) Where are the largest bones in the body? The Femurs (upper leg bones) 5) What is the major job of the skeletal system? Supporting the body
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
6) What is a second job of the skeletal system? Protection of internal organs Example of this function in the body? Craniumpart of skull protecting brain Ribs &vertebrae protect lungs and heart Vertebrae protect spinal cord
A. What advantages do the discs of the spine provide? 1. Flexibility: We can arch our back, twist, touch toes, etc. 2. Disks between vertebrae are shock absorbers
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
B. A concussion comes from a head injury. This can cause the brain to swell. Why would the structure of the skull cause a problem when this happens?
The skull is made up of bones that have fused (joined) together into 1 solid, immovable bone with the brain inside. In the case of an injury that causes the brain to swell up, the skull prevents this from happening. This builds up pressure that can damage the brain.
Spies: What Kind of Joint Is This? Lesson 19, pp. 165167 IntroJoint Basics p. 165
1) What tissue holds bones together?
LIGAMENTS connect bone to bone 2) What makes people “double jointed”?
Ligaments that can stretch beyond normal limits. This allows the bones to move beyond their normal positions.
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
IntroInside The Joint p. 165columns 3 & 4 p. 166column 1
3) What covers the ends of bones? Cartillage 4) How is this substance different from the rest of the bone? Cartillage is softer & smoother than bone. (It doesn't have calcium)
5) What is Synovial Fluid? Synovial Fluid is the fluid in the joint capsule. It is SUPER slippery, so it can lubricate the bones, and they can easily move past each other
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers Teamwork p. 166
6) What connects the muscles to the bone? TENDONS connect muscle to bone 7) As the biceps contracts, what happens to the arm? The arm EXTENDS (Straightens out) 8) As the biceps contracts, what does the triceps do? The Triceps stretches out, becomes thinner
Back To The Bones p. 166167
9) What is under the membrane that covers the bone? A hard layer of dense bone 10) What type of bone is drawn in the picture on p. 167? Spongy Bone (with some bone marrow)
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
11) Where do you find bone marrow? Bone marrow is in the cavities (open spaces) of long bones. This includes the marrow cavity in the middle, and the openings in the spongy bone. 12) Can you list 4 of the functions of bone? a. Support your body, & give it shape b. Protection c. Movement (with muscles) d. Make blood cells
A. How is movement at a Hinge joint different from movement at a Ball & Socket joint? Hinge joints allow back & forth movement in a single plane. Ball & Socket joints allow movement in many directions, including a circle.
18 & 19 Spies reading guide answers
B. What would happen if muscles like the biceps and triceps didn’t occur in opposite pairs? You could bend in 1 direction, like flexing. But, you couldn't do the opposite motion, like extending
C. How does cellular respiration relate to the use of muscles? The muscles need energy to contract, and move the body. The energy comes from ATP. The more they need to move, the more ATP they need. ATP is the energy carrier that is made in Cell Respiration. The muscle cell burns Glucose + Oxygen to make ATP, and needs to get rid of Water & Carbon Dioxide, which are waste products.
D. Why would the bone be covered in a membrane that anchors arteries & veins? 1. Bone is made of living cells. They need the oxygen & nutrients that blood provides, and need the blood to carry away CO2 & H2O E. How many blood cells are made each hour? About 2 million blood cells are made each hour F. With that number in mind, why doesn’t your body fill up with blood cells? You also have about 2 million blood cells dying each hour. The new cells basically replace the old cells. FYI: The spleen takes out the old & dying cells. The spleen recycles the iron & other parts so they are available to be used in making the new blood cells.