SPANISH I GRAMMAR TOPICS

SPANISH I GRAMMAR TOPICS Indefinite articles Masculine Feminine Singular un- a una- a Plural unos- some unas- some Singular el- the la- the Plura...
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SPANISH I GRAMMAR TOPICS Indefinite articles

Masculine Feminine

Singular un- a una- a

Plural unos- some unas- some

Singular el- the la- the

Plural los- the las- the

Definite articles

Masculine Feminine

How do you know if a noun is masculine or feminine?  MOST nouns that end in O are masculine  MOST nouns that end in A are feminine  The definite and indefinite articles also help you determine whether a noun is masculine singular (MS), feminine singular (FS), masculine plural (MP) or feminine plural (FP).

What is noun adjective agreement? In Spanish, the noun always has to agree with, not only the article, but the adjective as well. Es un (ms) libro (ms) blanco (ms). Son unos (mp) libros (mp) blancos (mp). Remember that in Spanish the adjective comes after the noun.

The subject pronouns Yo- I Tú- You (informal) Él- He Ella- She Usted (Ud.)- You (formal)

Nosotros/Nosotras- We Ellos- They (mp) Ellas- They (fp) Ustedes (Uds.)- All of you

What is an infinitive? An infinitive in Spanish ends in an –ar (hablar), –er (comer), or –ir (vivir)

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How do you conjugate REGULAR –ar, –er, and –ir verbs in the PRESENT TENSE? 1. Drop the –ar, –er, or –ir from the INFINITIVE 2. Add the appropriate present tense endings.

-AR

-o

PRESENT TENSE ENDINGS Tú Él/Ella/Ud. Nosotros Singular -as -a -amos

-ER

-o

-es

-e

-emos

-en

-IR

-o

-es

-e

-imos

-en

Yo

Ellos/Ellas/Uds. Plural -an

3. When you have two verbs next to each other, depending on what you are trying to say, the 2 nd may be left in the infinitive form Examples: Yo necesito estudiar= I need to study. Cuando yo estudio, yo saco buenas notas= When I study, I get good grades

How do you conjugate some IRREGULAR verbs in the PRESENT TENSE? Review the following conjugations DECIR- to say or to tell digo

SER- to be soy

dices

IR- to go voy

DAR- to give doy

ESTAR- to be estoy

TENER- to have tengo

VER- to see/ to watch veo

eres

vas

das

estás

tienes

ves

dice

es

va

da

está

tiene

ve

decimos

somos

vamos

damos

estamos

tenemos

vemos

dicen

son

van

dan

están

tienen

ven

Tener que + infinitive= to have to … Yo tengo que- I have to Tú tienes que- You have to Él tiene que- He has to Ella tiene que- She has to Usted (Ud.) tiene que- You (formal) have to

Nosotros tenemos que- We have to Ellos/Ellas tienen que- They have to Ustedes (Uds.) tienen que- All of you have to

Ir a + infinitive= to be going to … Yo voy a- I’m going to Tú vas a- You’re going to Él va a- He is going to Ella va a- She is going to Usted (Ud.) va a- You (formal) are going to

Nosotros vamos a- We are going to Ellos/Ellas van a- They are going to Ustedes van a- All of you are going to 2

The possessive adjectives mi, mis= my tu, tus= your su, sus= his, her, their, your (formal), all of your Mi libro- My book Mis libros- My books

nuestro, nuestra, nuestros, nuestras= our (ms) (fs) (mp) (fp)

Nuestra madre- Our mother Nuestro padre- Our father

The contractions “al” and “del” 1. Whenever you have the words “a” (to) and “el” (the) next to each other, they combine to form “al.” Example: Yo voy a el mercado. becomes Yo voy al mercado. 2. Whenever you have the words “de” (of, from, about) and “el” (the) next to each other, they combine to form “del.” Example: Es el libro de el muchacho. becomes Es el libro del muchacho. The “personal a” The preposition “a” is used before a direct object that refers to a specific person or persons. It has no equivalent in English. A direct object receives the action in a sentence. Examples: Yo miro la television= I watch the televisión (televisión is the direct object and is not a person, that is why you do not need an “a”) Yo miro a la profesora= I watch the teacher (teacher is the direct object and IS a person, that is why you DO NEED the “personal a”)

How do you conjugate stem-changing verbs in the present tense? 1. Drop the –ar, –er, or –ir 2. Do the appropriate stem-change (see below) everywhere EXCEPT the “Nosotros” form. 3. Add the appropriate present tense endings (see page 2) e > ie verbs

o > ue verbs

empezar/comenzar- to begin querer- to want perder- to lose preferir- to prefer

volver- to return from somewhere devolver- to return someone or something poder- to be able to dormir- to sleep

u > ue verbs jugar- to play

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The verbs GUSTAR (to be pleasing to), INTERESAR (to interest) and ABURRIR (to bore) Review the following information: me gusta/ me gustan= pleases me (I like) me interesa/ me interesan= Interests me me aburre/ me aburren= Bores me

te gusta/ te gustan= pleases you (You like) te interesa/ te interesan= Interests you te aburre/ te aburren= Bores you

Notice that there are only 2 forms for each verb, a singular form and a plural form. Example: Me gusta la escuela. (We use the singular form because the word “escuela” is singular) Me gustan las clases. (We use the plural form because the word “clases” is plural)

When do you use SER as opposed to ESTAR?

HOW YOU FEEL AND WHERE YOU ARE ALWAYS TAKE THE VERBS ESTAR!

Yo

soy- I am

SER- to be

ESTAR- to be estoy- I am



eres- You are

estás-You are

Él/Ella/Ud.

es- He is, She is, You formal are

está- He is, She is, You formal are

Nosotros

somos- We are

estamos- We are

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

son- They are, All of you are

están- They are, All of you are

Singular

Plural

Irregular YO forms in the PRESENT TENSE

Hago, I do Pongo, I put Traigo, I bring Salgo, I leave Vengo*, I come Conozco, I know and Yo sé, that means I know *Venir is conjugated just like Tener, so it is completely irregular

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How to form the Present Progressive

The present progressive is easy indeed, There are only 2 things you really need. A conjugation of ESTAR & just one more thing, Remember that -ANDO & -IENDO both mean -ING

1. Choose the appropriate conjugation/form of ESTAR (TO BE) Yo

estoy- I am



estás- You (informal) are

Él/Ella

está- He/She is You (formal) are

Usted (Ud.)

está- You (formal) are

Nosotros

estamos- We are

Ellos/Ellas

están- They are

Ustedes (Uds.)

están- All of you are

2. Form the present participle form (the –ing form) of the verb. For –AR verbs, drop the –AR and add –ando For –ER and –IR verbs, drop the –ER or –IR and add –iendo Note the following: LEER…leyendo & TRAER…trayendo Examples: HABLAR- to speak I am speaking

Estoy hablando

You (informal) are speaking

Estás hablando

Rules for conjugating reflexive (-arse, -ersi, -irse) verbs in the PRESENT TENSE To describe what you do to yourself there's something else you need It is called a reflexive pronoun and this is what I mean, Yo gets me, Tú gets te, Nosotros uses nos, All the rest must use se, that's all you need at most:)

Examples: Yo (levantarse)= me levanto Tú (afeitarse)= te afeitas Nosotros (acostarse)= nos acostamos 5

Los complementos directos (The direct object pronouns) The direct object is the word in the sentence that receives the action of the verb. The direct object can either be a noun (She invited Juan) or a pronoun (She invited him). In Spanish, the direct object pronouns are: me- me te- you nos- us

Masculine Feminine

Singular lo- it, him la- it, her

Plural los- them las- them

Remember that in Spanish the direct object pronouns always go BEFORE THE VERB. When you are asked to replace a direct object with the appropriate direct object pronoun, you must first decide whether the word you are replacing is masculine or feminine and whether it is singular or plural. Example: Rewrite the following sentence using the appropriate direct object pronoun. Yo compré los anteojos de sol. (I bought the sunglasses) The direct object of this sentence is the sunglasses because it directly receives the action of the verb. In order to rewrite this sentence with a direct object pronoun, you must first determine whether the word is masculine or feminine and whether it is singular or plural. Since it has the article los in front of it, we can determine that this word is masculine plural. According to the chart above, we have to replace it with the direct object pronoun los. The correct answer for this sentence would be Yo los compré. (I bought them). Past Tense (PRETERITE) endings for regular –AR verbs Drop the –AR and add the following endings: Yo -é Tú -aste Él/Ella/Usted -ó Nosotros -amos Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aron Remember that in the YO form verbs that end in –CAR, -GAR or –ZAR have a spelling change! -CAR…use -qué in the YO form -GAR…use –gué in the YO form -ZAR…use –cé in the YO form

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Past tense (PRETERITE) of IR (to go) & SER (to be) Yo Tú Él/Ella/Usted Nosotros Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes

fui fuiste fue fuimos fueron

Los complementos indirectos (The indirect object pronouns)

The indirect object is the word in the sentence that is affected by the action of the verb. The indirect object can either be a noun (She gave the invitation to Juan) or a pronoun (She gave the invitation to him). In Spanish, the indirect object pronouns are: me, a mí-to me te, a ti- to you le, a él- to him le, a ella- to her le, a Ud.- to you (formal)

nos, a nosotros- to us les, a ellos/a ellas- to them les, a Uds.- to all of you

Remember that in Spanish the indirect object pronouns always go BEFORE THE VERB. Examples: Yo ___di la tarea a la profesora. Yo LE di la tarea. We use LE because of “a la profesora” A mí ___ dieron un regalo. A mí ME dieron un regalo. We use ME because of “a mí” Past tense (PRETERITE) endings for Regular –ER & -IR verbs Yo………. í Tú………. iste Él/Ella/Ud/Singular. ……….ió Nosotros……….imos Ellos/Ellas/Uds/Plural ……….ieron

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Past tense (PRETERITE) of irregular verbs

HACER: to do, to make

QUERER: to want

VENIR: to come

Yo

hice

quise

vine



hiciste

quisiste

viniste

Él/Ella/Ud.

hizo

quiso

vino

Nosotros

hicimos

quisimos

vinimos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

hicieron

quisieron

vinieron

ESTAR: to be

ANDAR: to go around

Yo

estuve

anduve



estuviste

anduviste

Él/Ella/Ud.

estuvo

anduvo

Nosotros

estuvimos

anduvimos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

estuvieron

anduvieron

PODER: to be able to

PONER: to put, to

SABER: to know

place Yo

pude

puse

supe



pudiste

pusiste

supiste

Él/Ella/Ud.

pudo

puso

supo

Nosotros

pudimos

pusimos

supimos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

pudieron

pusieron

supieron

TENER: to have

DECIR: to say, to tell

Yo

tuve

dije



tuviste

dijiste

Él/Ella/Ud.

tuvo

dijo

Nosotros

tuvimos

dijimos

Ellos/Ellas/Uds.

tuvieron

dijeron

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