Some Ecological Behaviors of the Leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) on Some Winter Plantations in Egypt

J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(2)88-94, 2011 © 2010, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-424X Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad....
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J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 1(2)88-94, 2011 © 2010, TextRoad Publication

ISSN 2090-424X Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com

Some Ecological Behaviors of the Leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) on Some Winter Plantations in Egypt *

Mahmoud, Y.A., Amr, E.M. and Ebadah, I.M.A.

National Research Centre, Department of Pests and Plant Protection ABSTRACT Some ecological behaviors of the leafhopper, Emposca decipiens (Paoli) such as population fluctuation, host preference, diurnal activity and number of generations were studied on some plantations during winter season 2008-2009. The data indicated that E. decipiens had two peaks during its winter activity, the first peak occurred at January 9 while the second occurred at February 20. A negative relationship between the weekly counts of E. decipiens and temperature was observed. Coccinillid predator behaves the same trend, indicating to the predator activity is largely associated with the activity of the leafhopper. Broad bean plants are considered the most preferred host to E. decipiens while lupin plants are the less preferred host. Emposca decipiens started its activity at 8a.m and the population increased gradually to reach its maximum activity at noon (12 noon to 2p.m). It is found that, E. decipiens passed through three generations during winter season, the first generation from December 26 to January 16, the second from January 23 to February 13 and the third generation occupied the period from February 20 to March 6. KEY WORDS: Population hosts, generations, Emposca decipiens.

INTRODUCTION The leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) (Homoptera- Cicadellidae) is considered to be one of the most destructive pests on many vegetables and field crops (Nault and Ammar, 1989). The main problem of this pest is transmission of many plant pathogens among different hosts causing enormous losses in both quantity and quality of the attacked crops (Nilson, 1968 and Nault and Ammar, 1989). The behavioral study of this pest may give a right criterion about control measures; hence, the aim of this research is to give a clue on the diurnal and seasonal fluctuation of this important pest and its relationship with some climatic conditions in winter season. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nearby fields cultivated with some winter crops, i.e. broad bean (Vicia faba), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), pea (Pisum sativum), lupine (Lupinus termis), potato (Solanum tubersum) and squash (Cucurbita pepo) were chosen for sampling purposes at El-Kanater El-Khairia farm, Kalubia Governorate. The previous crops were cultivated during November 2008. To estimate population fluctuation activity, sweep net technique was applied. For this purpose a sweep- net 30 cm diameter, 60cm deep of the conical fine muslin and long wooden handle (1.6m) were used. The weekly sampling started 6 weeks after cultivation date and continued until the harvest. Each sample represented by 25 double strokes, was taken randomly from the cardinal directions of a fixed area (35x20cm).

*Corresponding Author: Mahmoud, Y.A., Amr, E.M. and Ebadah, I.M.A. National Research Centre, Department of Pests and Plant Protection. 88

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To study the diurnal activity, the initial sample was taken at 8 a.m. and then repeated 4 times of 2-hour intervals to 4 p.m. The captured insects were collected and transferred into polyethylene bags to be examined in the laboratory. The samples were sorted into the target species as well as coccinellid predator species (adult). The count of both adults and nymphs of the cicadellid during the day (5 samples) on the hosts was considered as the population index for each week. To estimate the number and duration of generations, the methods adapted by Audemard and Miliair (1975) and Iacob (1977) were followed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Identification of the captured leafhopper according to Paoli (1936) showed that the majority was the target species, Empoasca decipiens (Paloi), while the main predator adults were identified as Coccnilla undecimpunctata (Reiche). Population fluctuation of the leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) The weekly counts of E.decipiens and its coccinillid predator on winter crops with the corresponding temperature and relative humidity are given in table(1) and represented by Fig.(1). Table (1): The weekly counts of Emposca decipiens on some winter plantations at Kalubia Governorate with corresponding data of the main climatic factors during 2008/2009 Date of sampling

26 December 2008 2 January 2009 9 January 2009 16 January 2009 23 January 2009 30 January 2009 6 February 2009 13 February 2009 20 February 2009 27 February 2009 6 March 2009 13 March 2009 Total Mean

Total number /150 double strokes Brood Bean 678 584 1158 1093 607 414 569 558 926 775 409 304 8075

Green Bean 37 72 166 98 81 61 56 92 72 56 88 42 921

672.9

76.8

Pea

Lupine

Potato

Squash

45 68 107 138 97 74 134 191 161 113 78 59 1265

40 79 105 66 54 45 52 58 47 35 49 38 668

242 232 173 145 260 172 136 173 229 305 211 154 2432

44 63 61 71 73 98 123 141 125 172 192 199 1362

105.4

55.7

202.7

113.5

Temp.

R.H.

11.8 12 12.8 13.6 14. 14.2 15 13.7 15.8 16.3 17.5 18 174.7

65 60 62.5 61. 49.2 64 53 56.7 64.3 55.5 53.5 50 633.7

14.55

52.8

Total 1086 1098 1770 1611 1172 864 1070 1213 1560 1456 1027 796 14723

No. of predators Coccinella undecimpunctata 24 34 35 46 45 44 32 44 41 42 34 22 443 36.9

The data indicated that there are differences in the weekly counts of E.decipiens from a week to another, related to temperature and relative humidity. The highest count (1770 individuals) was recorded at 9 January followed by 1611 individuals at 16 January, where the corresponding mean temperatures and relative humidities were 12.8 and 13.6 co, 62.5% and 61% R.H., respectively. On the other hand, the lowest weekly count of E.decipiens was at 13 March, it recorded 796 individuals where the temperature was 18co and relative humidity was 50 %.

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J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 1(2): 88-94, 2011

Fig. (1):Weekly count of the leafhopper E.decipiens on some winter plantation in Kalubia Governorate 2008/2009 2000 1800

Total Nummber of Insects

1600 1400 Squash

1200

Potato Lupin

1000

Pea Green Bean

800

Broad bean 600 400 200 0 08 20 6/ /2 12

09 20 2/ 1/

09 20 9/ 1/

9 00 /2 16 1/

9 00 /2 23 1/

9 00 /2 30 1/

09 20 6/ 2/

9 00 /2 13 2/

9 00 /2 20 2/

9 00 /2 27 2/

09 20 6/ 3/

9 00 /2 13 3/

Date of Sampling

Figure (1) clearly indicated two important features; the first one is that E.decipiens had two peaks during the period of experiment. The first peak occurred at January 9 and the second peak occurred at February 20. The second feature is that there is a negative relationship between the weekly count of E.decipiens and temperature where the highest count (1770 individuals) was recorded at 12.8co while the lowest count (796 individuals) was recorded at 18co. In addition, the table shows that the predator, Coccinella undicimpunctata began to appear at December 26 (the first stage of the growing plants) and gradually increased to reach the maximum population during the period from 16 January to the beginning of February then decreased again to its minimum population at the time of harvest. This trend indicates that coccinllid predator activity is largely associated with the activity of the leafhopper on the plant. Willcocks (1937) stated that the unfavorable climatic conditions are the main reason for population fluctuation of Jassid in Egypt. The Jassid tended to prevail about late August and early September, starting to appear in early May on cotton plants. Sami (1963) found that E. decipiens on cotton reached its maximum population level during May and decreased during late August and early September in Giza region. Also, Ammar et al., (1986) demonstrated that Empoasca spp. reached the highest population at late June and early August on cotton plants. Ebadah (2002) recorded three peaks of this pest at 8 May, at 5 June and at 31 July on summer plantations. Host preference The accumulated counts of E.decipiens during the period of experiment, table (2), showed that there is high difference in the preference of E.decipiens to different hosts. Therefore, Broad bean is considered the most preferred host to E.decipiens (8075 individuals) while lupine plant is the less preferred host (668 individuals). Potato plants come in the second order in preference for E.decipiens with recording 2432 individuals. Hence, we can arrange the tested hosts in a descending order according to preference for E.decipiens as follows: Broad bean come in the first order followed by potato plants then squash in the third order followed by Pea plant in the fourth order , green bean in the fifth order and finally lupin plant which is considered the less preferred host to E. decipiens. In this respect, it seems that the nature of the leaf texture of the plant ( hairs, trichomes and glands) may play a role in the host plant preference. Amr 1993, found that there was a negative correlation between jassid infestation of different cotton varieties and the number of stellate and glandular trichomes in leaf epidermis. Brewer et al., (1986) found that perennial hair species of alfalfa and highly lignified tissues contributed to resistance by mechanically or chemically deterring or preventing feeding and oviposition against E. faba. Zareh (1987) found that there were significant correlations between infestation by Empoasca spp. and the density of hairs and glands on the lower surface of cotton leaf where they reduced the number of insects in a cultivar having thick hairs. Diurnal activity of the leafhopper, E.decipiens on some winter plantations Brood bean, potato and squash plants were chosen to study the diurnal activity of the leafhopper, E.decipiens due to high density of the leafhopper on these plants (tables 3, 4 and 5 and fig.2).

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Fig (2): Diurnal activity of E.decipiens on winter plantation of Broad Bean, Potato and Squash in Kalubia governorate 2008/2009 250

Number of Insects

200

150 broad bean potato squash 100

50

0

8:00 AM

10:00 AM

12 m

2:00 PM

4:00 PM

Hours

Table (2): Accumulated numbers of the total weekly counts of Emposca decipiens on some winter plantations in Kalubia Governorate during 2008/2009 (According to Audemard and Milaire 1975 and Jacob, 1977). Sampling Date 26 December 2008 2 January 2009 9 January 2009 16 January 2009 23 January 2009 30 January 2009 6 February 2009 13 February 2009 20 February 2009 27 February 2009 6 March 2009 13 March 2009

Accumulated days of Samples 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77 84

Weekly counts of insects 1086 1098 1770 1611 1172 864 1070 1213 1560 1456 1027 796

Accumulated weekly count

% of accumulated weekly count

1086 2184 3954 5565 6737 7601 8671 9884 11444 12900 13927 14723

7.38 14.83 26.86 37.80 45.76 51.63 58.89 67.13 77.73 87.62 94.59 100.00

Table (3): Weekly counts of E.decipiens on broad bean between 8a.m. and 4 p.m. throughout the period From December 26, 2008 to March 13, 2009 Date of sampling 26 December 2008 2 January 2009 9 January 2009 16 January 2009 23 January 2009 30 January 2009 6 February 2009 13 February 2009 20 February 2009 27 February 2009 6 March 2009 13 March 2009 Total Mean

Time of Sampling 10 a.m 12 noon 112 139 87 101 213 356 262 342 144 156 70 165 108 174 94 184 288 370 194 173 87 119 75 92 1734 2371 144.5 197.58

8a.m 98 48 71 36 92 56 76 85 34 82 53 41 792 66

LSD at 1% = 76.71 LSD at 5% = 57.68

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2 P.m 184 196 316 259 118 67 128 115 120 190 93 64 1850 154.17

J. Basic Appl. Sci. Res., 1(2): 88-94, 2011

Table (4): Weekly counts of E.decipiens on potato between 8a.m. and 4 p.m. throughout the period From December 26, 2008 to March 13, 2009 Date of sampling 26 December 2008 2 January 2009 9 January 2009 16 January 2009 23 January 2009 30 January 2009 6 February 2009 13 February 2009 20 February 2009 27 February 2009 6 March 2009 13 March 2009 Total Mean

8a.m 13 21 18 11 26 38 13 17 26 32 18 15 248 20.67

10 a.m 18 36 15 13 35 18 19 21 39 71 64 42 391 32.58

Time of Sampling 12 noon 54 61 47 26 38 21 28 56 69 87 53 37 577 48.08

2 P.m 82 73 59 53 89 57 46 38 58 72 48 41 716 59.67

LSD at 1% = 17.77 LSD at 5% = 13.36

Table (5): Weekly counts of E.decipiens on squash between 8a.m. and 4 p.m. throughout the period From December 26, 2008 to March 13, 2009 Date of sampling 26 December 2008 2 January 2009 9 January 2009 16 January 2009 23 January 2009 30 January 2009 6 February 2009 13 February 2009 20 February 2009 27 February 2009 6 March 2009 13 March 2009 Total Mean

8a.m 7 11 4 9 8 3 5 7 12 10 18 14 108 9

Time of Sampling 10 a.m 12 noon 5 18 12 25 19 24 11 28 15 22 34 27 38 41 41 38 46 32 53 58 61 67 51 54 386 434 32.17 36.17

2 P.m 5 8 11 107 13 26 25 29 24 38 34 62 285 23.75

LSD at 1% = 14.26 LSD at 5% = 18.97

The data indicated that E.decipiens started its activity at 8a.m and the population increased gradually to reach its maximum activity at noon (12a.m to 2 p.m.). This trend was observed in all selected plants. At 8a.m the total numbers of caught individuals were 792, 248 and 108 for brood bean, potato and squash, respectively, while at 2 p.m., they were 1850, 716 and 285, respectively. Hamdy and Emam (1994) observed that, the insects were normally residing beneath the leaves at the lower parts of the plants between 8a.m and 10a.m and moved to the middle parts between 12 noon and 4 p.m. Ebadah (2002) on his study on E.decipiens on some summer plantations stated that the number of hopper increased progressively from 8a.m on words and reached its highest peak at 2 p.m. in cowpea and squash, then decreased to minimum level at 6.p.m.

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Number and duration of generations Results in table (2) and Fig. (3) Indicated that, E.decipiens passed through three generations during winter plantations. Durations of these generations were estimated to be as follows: the first from 26 December to 16 January (21 days), the 2nd From 23 January to 13 February (21days) and the third from 20 February to 6 March (15 days). In this aspect, Hegab et al., (1989) found E.decipiens on cabbage and cauliflower in winter at Salhia hence, the insect appeared to have a wide range of host plants in different localities of Egypt. ElNahal et al., (1977a & 1977b) surveyed E.decipiens on 57 hosts at Giza region, Egypt. Ammar et al., (1978 1979) found it on rice in northern Egypt. El-Khouly et al., 2005 determined three peaks for Emposca decipiens in the two tested years on marjoram plants, on 5 July, 26 July and the highest one on 23 August 2001, in 2002, the peaks were on 25 July, 15 August and 5 September (the highest). Rassoulian et al., (2005) determined 4 generations for this pest per year on soybeans. The first generation completed their life cycle on weeds before soybeans planting, the second, third and fourth generations lived on soybeans. In 2008, Naser et al., investigated population fluctuation of E.decipiens on different bean species during 2004-2005. In both years, the highest population density was observed on V. sinesis, this density increased with increasing temperature and decreasing relative humidity. The highest and lowest population density of the pest was in early September and late October, respectively. Significantly, the highest and lowest rate of thermal constant related to overall nymph period and overall immature period was recorded on P. calcaratus and V.sinensis, respectively, in which the shortest development time was recorded on V. sinensis. REFERENCES Ammar, E.D.; Fouad, S.H.; Megahed, M.M. and Sewaify, G.H. (1986). Population density and vertical distribution of Empoasca Leafhopper on cotton plants in Kafr-el Sheikh using two sampling methods. Annals Agric. Sci., Fac. Agric. Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 24:1655-1664. Ammar, E.D.; Lamie, O. and Khodeir, I.A. (1978-1979). Population studies of leafhopper and plant hoppers in rice plants at kafr-el-Sheikh, Egypt. (Hom.,Auchenorrhyncha). Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt, 62:63-70. Amr, E.M. (1993): Insect infestation of different cotton varieties in Egypt in relation to their chemical and morphological properties. PH.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Audemard, H. and Miliaire, H.G. (1975). La piecage carpe (Laspeyreia pomoneil L.) arec une pheromone sexuelle de synthere, primiere results utilisables pour lestimation et la conduite de la lutt. Ann. Zool. Ecol. Anim., 7:61.

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Brewer, G.I.; Sorensen, E.I.; Horber, B. and kireitner G.I. (1986). Alfalfa stem anatomy and potato leafhopper (Hom., Cicadellidae) resistance. J. Econ. Entomol., 97: 1249-1255. Ebadah, I.M.A.(2002). Population fluctuations and diurnal activity of the leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens on some summer crops in Kalubia Governorate, Egypt. Bull. Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 53:653-670. El-khouly, S.A.; El-Din, M.M.N; Hafez, S.F.M. and Rahouma, A.K. (2005). Population fluctuation of certain piercing sucking pests infesting marjoram in relation to associated predators and some weather factors at Giza Governorate. Ann. Agric. Sci., Moshtohor 2005; 43(2): 903-918. El-Nahal, A.K.M.; Ammar, E.D.; and El-Bolok, M.M. (1977a). Survey and population density of leafhoppers, plant hoppers and froghoppers (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) on field and vegetable crops at Giza. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt, 61:99-107. El-Nahal, A.K.M.; Ammar, E.D. and El-Bolok, M.M. (1977b). Fluctuations of population densities of Empoasca decipiens( Paoli) and Balclutha hortensis Lindb. at Giza, Egypt (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) . Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt, 61:245-255. Hamdy, M.K. and Eamam, A.K. (1994). Diurnal activity of the leafhopper, Empoasca decipiens (Paoli) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) on summer vegetables plants in Egypt. Annals Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 39(1), 425 – 430. Hegab, A.M.; Helaly, M.M.; and Hassanein, S.M. (1989). Survey and seasonal abundance of leafhopper species (Hom., Cicadellidae) infesting certain cruciferous and cucurbitaceous vegetable plants in newly reclaimed sandy area at Salhia district, Egypt . Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 6:111-121. Iacob N. (1977). Un model metameric pentruu stabilirea economice de toleranta a atacului moli fructeior, in Iupta intgrata Analela. I.C.P.P., 179, Romania Naser, B.; Fathipour, Y and Talebi, A. (2008). Population fluctuation and thermal requirment for development of Emposca decipiens (Homoptera, Cicadellidae) on different bean species in natural conditions. Entomol. Res. soc. 2008; 10(3): 11-23. Nault, L.R. and Ammar, E.D. (1989). Leafhopper and plant hopper transmission of plant viruses. Annual Rev. Ins., 34: 301 – 329. Nielson, M.W. (1968). The leafhopper vectors of phytopathogenic viruses (Homoptera, Cicadellidae), taxonomy, biology and virus transmission. Agric. Res. Ser., M.S.Dpt. Agric., 89:386. Paoli I.G. (1936). Descrizione de alcune nouve species di Emposca virenti in Egitta (HemipteraHomoptera). Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt, 20:144-151. Rassoulian, G.R.; Sardarbandeh, H. and kharazipakdel , A. (2005). Study of soya bean leafhoppers fauna and an investigation on biology of dominant species Emposca decipiens (Paoli) in karaj area. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Science. 2005, 70c (4): 671-675. Sami, O. (1963). Studies on Hemipterous and Homopterous insects found on cotton plants in Giza, Egypt. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac.of Agric., Cairo Univ. pp.88-91. Willcocks, F.C. (1937). The insects and related pests of Egypt. Bull 2, vol.1, Technical Sec. Agric. Soc. Pt 2, Cairo. Zareh, N. (1987). Evaluation of six cotton cultivars for their resistance to trips and leafhoppers. Iran Agric. Res., Shiraz Univ., 4:89 – 97.

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