Solarenergie in Fenster und Fassade
Dipl.-Phys. Tilmann E. Kuhn Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Freiburg, Germany 4. Internat. Fachtagung »Zukunft Bauen« Bozen 23. Januar 2009
Contents • What is Fraunhofer ISE? • Current situation • Definition „building integrated“ • Technical features of multi-functional energygain building components
•
Examples
The Fraunhofer-Society More than 40 locations in Germany 56 Institutes 12 770 Employees
Itzehoe
Rostock
Bremen
Berlin Hannover Potsdam Teltow Braunschweig Nuthetal Magdeburg Paderborn Cottbus Oberhausen Dortmund Halle Leipzig Schkopau Duisburg Schmallenberg Dresden Erfurt Sankt Augustin Aachen Ilmenau Jena Euskirchen Chemnitz Darmstadt Würzburg Wertheim Erlangen Kaiserslautern St. Ingbert Fürth Nürnberg Saarbrücken Pfinztal Karlsruhe Stuttgart München
Freising
Freiburg Oberpfaffenhofen Holzkirchen EfringenKirchen
Revenue structure, Operation 2007 Operation: Investment:
32.2 Mio Euro 12.3 Mio Euro
Total:
44.5 Mio Euro
Industry
44%
Federal Government Projects Regional Government Projects
29% 1%
European Union
5%
Others
3%
Special Programs, FhG
4%
Basic Funding*
*
90% Federal Government 10% Regional Government
14%
Fraunhofer ISE Areas of Business Buildings and Technical Building Components Optical Components and Systems Solar Cells Off-Grid Power Supplies Grid-Connected Renewable Power Generation Hydrogen Technology
Contents • What is Fraunhofer ISE? • Current situation • Definition „building integrated“ • Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components
•
Examples
Current situation I • Buildings account for around 40 % of final energy consumption in Europe (JRC-IES, Ispra, Italy)
• 80% of building energy consumption currently occurs during service-life
(FP7-call NMP-2007-4.0-5 Resource efficient and clean buildings)
• The current building stock has enormous potential for improvement of – energy efficiency – integration of renewables
Current situation II • Current use of renewables: Dominated by application in single-family houses – solar domestic hot water and – PV systems
• Limited penetration in new buildings in the non-residential sector
• Almost no penetration in the existing
building stock of the non-residential sector.
• Integration in facades especially necessary for „high-rise buildings“ with small roof area
• Three main reasons for limited penetration – technical aspects – current decision processes – current business models
Contents • What is Fraunhofer ISE? • Current situation • Definition „building integrated“ • Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components
•
Examples
Definition of „building integration“ True integration
• Completely different requirements for
“true integration” and “simple addtion” True integration of renewables leads to multifunctional energy-gaining building envelopes
Picture: ECN & BEAR Architects
„Simple“ addition
Picture: ECN & BEAR Architects
At least one additional function required for “truly” integrated components “Integration” has strong aesthetic implications
Contents • What is Fraunhofer ISE? • Current situation • Definition „building integrated“ • Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components
•
Examples
Possible technical features of integrated components • Energy generation and/or saving by: – – – – – –
Thermal insulation Solar control “Passive” use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T
• Comfort & Health: – impact on visual comfort – impact on thermal comfort
• Protection – fire, wind, rain, burglary, …
Possible technical features of integrated components • Energy generation and/or saving by: – – – – – –
Thermal insulation Solar control “Passive” use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T
• Comfort & Health: – impact on visual comfort – impact on thermal comfort
• Protection – fire, wind, rain, burglary, …
Stainless steel blind s_enn®
Monthly effective g-values External stainless steel blind „s_enn“ with heat mirror glazing (gDGU = 0.53) effective g-value (monthly mean value)
0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun south
west
north
Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec
month
Glazing with seasonal shading & PCM • Transparent prisms
inside
outside
provide seasonal shading
• PCM limits peak
temperature in summer and allows solar heating in winter evenings
Ar-filled cavity PCM-filled cavity
Picture: GlassX, Switzerland
Prisms
Glazing with seasonal shading & PCM
Picture: GlassX, Switzerland
Possible technical features of integrated components • Energy generation and/or saving by: – – – – – –
Thermal insulation Solar control “Passive” use of daylight and solar heat Active solar thermal PV PV-T
• Comfort & Health: – impact on visual comfort – impact on thermal comfort
• Protection – fire, wind, rain, burglary, …
Current situation: Solar thermal market in EU27 + CH newly installed capacity
Source: ESTIF „Trends and market statistics 2007“, June 2008
Estimated energy produced per year
Source: Sarasin Nachhaltigkeitsstudie Solarenergie Nov. 2007
Total power installed end of 2007
How much energy is produced by the installed power?
Flate plate collectors 90 to 95% market share in Europe maximum temperature 200°C - 230°C in „stagnation“
Evacuated tubular collectors
5 - 10% market share in Europe maximum temperature 250°C - 320°C in „stagnation“
Fassade-integrated collectors in „high-rise buildings“
„City of Tomorrow“ in Malmö, Sweden
Source:: Viessmann Design study
Source:: Viessmann
Solar collectors and daylighting Evacuated tubular collectors for combination with daylighting.
Source: Universität Stuttgart, Fakultät für Architektur, Prof. Behling
Source: Viessmann
Opaque Façade collectors
Fraunhofer ISE technology: rollbond FracThermAbsorber (bionic approach)
Quelle: Austria Solar/AEE INTEC
Facades with active concepts for direct heating and cooling
New Solar/Air collector 1: low-e Absorber Coating 2: piping (transfer of heat to storage or heat pump
1
3: Air inlet and ventilator 4: Air-heat exchanger at the back surface of the collector
2 4
Tradename: Solaera Manufacturer: Consolar, D
3
New Solar/Air collector
1
2 4 3
Possible technical features of integrated components •
Energy generation and/or saving by: – thermal insulation – solar control – “Passive” use of daylight and solar heat – Active solar thermal – PV – PV-T
•
Comfort & Health: – impact on visual comfort – impact on thermal comfort
•
Protection – fire, wind, rain, burglary, …
BIPV = building integrated PV Zoo Rotterdam (NL) – 500 kWp
Source: BEAR Architects
BIPV: Market characteristics The PV industry is booming. • annual growth rate 2007: 67% [Sarasin 2007] •
expected average annual growth rate for 2006-2010: 50% [Sarasin 2007]
•
typical annual growth rates of individual companies: 30-40%
•
There is no real short-term need to develop new markets (BIPV)
•
Approximately 75% of the rapidly growing market is linked with buildings
BIPV: Market characteristics At all parts of the value chain the goal is to minimize the cost of ownership. (Goal: Grid parity 2010-2015!) • Mass production • Cheaper material: umg-Si with more impurities • Increased service lifetime , especially in case of thin film solar cells. • Reduced costs for installation, inverters, fixings - 1/3 of the total system costs - reduced by more than 50% since 2002 - further reduction: inverter service lifetime
BIPV: Functional and aesthetical integration will become much more important
• Aesthetically outstanding technologies required • The costs of the “solar energy generating” components will decrease dramatically. ⇒ The importance of the other components of the system increases. ⇒ Substitution of classical building components becomes more and more important. Photo: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH
Possible technical features of integrated components •
Energy generation and/or saving by: – thermal insulation – solar control – “Passive” use of daylight and solar heat – Active solar thermal – PV – PV-T
•
Comfort & Health: – impact on visual comfort – impact on thermal comfort
•
Protection – fire, wind, rain, burglary, …
PV-T collectors • All buildings need electricity and heat. • In PVT systems, the incoming solar radiation is converted into electricity and heat simultaneously.
Source: www.pvtforum.org
• PVT panels have a higher total efficiency than separately installed PV panels and solar thermal collectors.
• Other possible advantages are lower
installation costs and -in the long run- lower production costs.
Contents • What is Fraunhofer ISE? • Current situation • Definition „building integrated“ • Technical Features of multi-functional energygain building components
•
Examples
Shopping center in Gelsenkirchen, Germany Additional cost: 19% / kWp
Photo: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH
New hospital in Aalst, Belgium
Additional cost: 27% / kWp
Photos: Scheuten Solar Germany GmbH
Conclusions
• Existing technologies should be applied in
order to harvest the huge potential Æ new concepts with exiting technologies Æ new business models (life cycle costing!) Æ stronger political actions on European and national level required Æ research needed on the level of technical and economic concepts
• New promising technologies are waiting to become products Æ further research needed
• Improved methods for the assessment /
planning of the benefit of RE harvesting systems (including the user!) necessary Æ further research needed
