Solar PV Powered Water Desalination Solutions Dr. Raed B’kayrat, VP of Business Development Saudi Arabia CEBC Annual MENA Clean Energy Forum 2014, Dubai, 1 December 2014 © Copyright 2014, First Solar, Inc.
MARKET OVERVIEW
DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES
PRESENTING PV-‐RO CASE STUDY
KEY TAKEAWAYS
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INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
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Water Emergency is Very Alarming Over 1 B illion P eople H ave No Access to Clean Water
Climate Change
PRESERVING OUR ECOSYSTEM
Energy & Water CRISIS
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One in nine people worldwide doesn’t have access to improved sources of drinking water
SINCE 1900 MORE THAN 11 MILLION PEOPLE DIED DUE TO DROUGHT
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Water Availability Breakdown of Earth’s Freshwater Reserves 96.5% Oceans
Fresh Water 2.5%
Glaciers & Ice Caps 68.7%
0.9% Other Saline Water Groundwater 30.1%
• Most of the available water is seawater or icebergs in Polar Regions • About 97% of earth’s water is salty and the rest is fresh water
• Less than 1% of fresh water is within human reach Source: Perlman, Howard, 2013
Ground Ice & Permafrost 69.0%
0.26% Living Things 0.49% River 2.6% Swamps
Lakes 20.9% Soil Moisture 3.8% Atmosphere 3.0%
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Fresh Water 1.2%
• More than two-‐third of earth’s surface is covered with water
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Regions of Water Stress are the Ones Rich in Solar Irradiance Global Horizontal Irradia[on
Sustainable seawater desalina/on relying on solar energy is the right approach Source: Gassert, Francis, et. al. (January 2013). Aqueduct Metadata Document
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Return Flow Ra[o
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MARKET OVERVIEW
DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES
PRESENTING PV-‐RO WHITE PAPER
KEY TAKEAWAYS
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INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
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The Global Need for Water Desalination Top 15 Market Poten[al for Desalina[on in the World From 2012– 2016 • The deployment of desalina[on plants has been led by MENA — ~2,800 desalina[on plants produce 27M m³/day of water
• It is es[mated that only 0.8% of global desalina[on capacity is currently supplemented by solar power
Source: IRENA EA-‐ETSAP, 2012 & MEDAD Execu[ve Summary, 2014
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— ~ 38% of the global capacity
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Saudi Desalination Plants & Water Allocation
KSA is a country of about 30 million people who are highly concentrated along the East & West coasts Source: SWCC Annual Report, 2012 and Solargis, 2013
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Desalina[on Plants & Water Pipelines
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Saudi Roll-out & Phases of Development King Abdullah Ini[a[ve for Solar Desalina[on
PHASE I (2010–2013)
Building a desalina[on plant with a capacity of thirty thousand cubic meters per day (30,000m³/day) to meet the needs of one hundred thousand dweller of Al-‐Khali City (Arabian Gulf). Power an RO Plane from a solar energy farm. Building a desalina[on plant with a produc[on capacity of three hundred thousand cubic meters per day (300,000m³/day) at a site that will be chosen later. The implementa[on period for this is three years, and will start ajer the comple[on of the first phase.
PHASE III (2016–2018)
The implementa[on of several water desalina[on plants using solar energy in various loca[ons of the Kingdom. This phase will start ajer the comple[on of second phase.
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PHASE II (2013–2015)
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MARKET OVERVIEW
DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES
PRESENTING PV-‐RO WHITE PAPER
KEY TAKEAWAYS
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INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
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Overview of Desalination Technologies Two Broad Categories of Desalination Technologies 1. Thermal Desalina\on Technologies use heat to vaporize water — Mul\ Stage Flash (MSF) — Mul\ Effect Dis\lla\on (MED)
Common Desalination Technology Types MSF+MED = 84% of Produc[on Share Reverse Osmosis = 16% of Produc[on Share
RO
MED
16%
15%
2. Non-‐thermal Desalina\on Technologies use membrane based methods for water desalina[ons — Reverse Osmosis (RO) — Electrodialysis (ED)
MSF
69%
Almost 80% of the world’s desalina\on capacity is provided by MSF & RO Source: KAUST, Volume 1, 2014
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— Vapor Compression (VC)
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Solar Desalination Processes
Solar Desalina\on Technologies
PV electric RO
CSP thermal ED
MSF
MED
MCV
MSF
MED
SWRO
ED
Opera\on temp (°C)
90 – 110
70
Ambient
Ambient
Electricity Demand (kWh/m³)
2.5 – 3.5
1.5 – 5.0
3.5 – 5.0
1.5 – 4.0 feed water with 1500 – 3500 ppm solids
80.6 (290 kJ/kg)
80.6 (290 kJ/kg)
0
0
Thermal Energy Demand (kWh/m³) Source: Technology Brief, IRENA 2012
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Rela[ve Power Requirements for Various Solar Desalina[on Processes
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RO Desalination Plant
Feed
Product Membrane
Permeate Carrier
The Salinity Content > 41,000 PPM in Arabian Gulf & Red Sea Source: EA-‐ETSAP. 2012
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Concentrate
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Water Consumption Relative to Different Power Generation Technologies
NUCLE AR
COAL
CSP DRY Cooling
Each Drop Represents 100 Liters of Water
PV
FIRST SOLAR PV
Water Volume used by Different Genera[on Technologies to Produce 1Mwh of Power
Solar is How We Get it Done
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CSP WET Cooling
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MARKET OVERVIEW
DESALINATION PROCESSES & TECHNOLOGIES
WASE HITE PAPER PRESENTING PV-‐RO C STUDY
KEY TAKEAWAYS
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INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND
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Water Desalination Cost Analysis
0.80
$0.76 $0.02 $0.07
$0.10 $0.03
0.60 0.40
$0.24
Parts Chemicals Labor Membranes Electrical Energy
0.20
$0.29 Amortised Capex
0.00
Seawater RO
(Global Water Intelligence, Volume 11, Issue 9, September 2010)
COST Assume 30% electricity cost/m³ of water ANALYSIS 6.5¢/kWh = grid electricity cost + 10% Solar PV penetration @LCOE 13¢/kWh Blended cost: 0.9 × 6.5 +0.1 ×13 = 7.15 $/ kWh (10%
ONLY 3% increase in water costs
increase)
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US $ per m3 per day
1.00
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RESULTS - GRID CONNECTED SOLAR RO SYSTEMS CPV
CdTe I
CdTe II
PV O&M cost ($/kWdc/year)
2894 41
1750 35
2050 36
Global Horizontal Irradia[on (daily inputs) (total kWh/m2/yr)
2128
2128
2128
311 25 0.04 0.04 1000 6
142 25 0.04 0.04 1000 6
14 25 0.04 0.04 1000 6
Global Irradia[on on plane (kWh/m2/yr)
2128 2963
2128 2235
2128 2888
LCOE Solar Electricity ($/kWh)
0.155
0.100
0.089
Dual-‐axis tracking Fixed at 20.7° [lt 1-‐axis tracking
PV capital cost ($/kWdc)
PV module dc efficiency (%) PV Life[me (years) Grid purchase price ($/kWh) Grid selling price ($/kWh) Average RO Load (kW) Discount Rate (%)
• Both CdTe PV systems resulted in lower LCOE costs than CPV system; lower capital costs of PV systems • CdTe PV performs beeer over the CPV designs as tracking errors, atmospheric dust and dust accumula[on would have a greater effect on the 2-‐axis beam
HOMER Outputs GHI (kWh/m2/yr)
LCOE Mix Electricity into RO ($/KWh) 1MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3MW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.062 0.108
0.051 0.075
0.052 0.077
“New Prospects for PV Powered Water Desalination Plants: Case studies in Saudi Arabia” Vasilis Fthenakis et al.
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HOMER Inputs
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PV Electricity Costs ($/m3) is Lower for PV CdTe Modules than CPV
$1.45
1.42
$1.40 $1.35 $1.30 $1.25
1.31
1.3 1.25
1.22
1.21
$1.20 $1.15 $1.10
CPV 1MW CPV 3MW CPV 1MW
CdTe L at-‐Tilt CdTe CdTe 1MW Lat-‐Tilt Lat-‐Tilt 1MW
3MW
CdTe CdTe CdTe Axis Tracking 1MW 1-‐Axis 1-‐Axis Tracking 1MW
Tracking 3MW
CdTe PV has Lower LCOE
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Water Produc[on Cost in $/m³
Total Water Produc[on Costs for 6,550 m³/day RO Desalina[on
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Power Accounts for 20% of Water Production Cost for RO Desalination
Water Produc[on Cost Breakdown for 6,550 M3 / day RO Desalina[on Powered by a 3MW CdTe PV Plant Labor 8%
Material 9% PV System O&M Costs 3%
Insurance 4%
Power 20% Annualized Capital of RO Plant 56%
Net Grid Purchases 4%
PV System Capital Costs 13%
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Management 3%
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Water Production Cost for Standalone RO/PV Scenarios
RO produces 6,550 m3 of freshwater per day at 213 ppm TDS from seawater at 40,000 ppm TDS Fthenakis et al., “TECHNO-‐ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF STAND-‐ALONE, PV-‐POWERED, SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS IN SAUDI ARABIA”
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Potential savings of 2.4 million liters of diesel per year, 6,408 metric tons of annual CO2 avoidance
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Fuel Consumption for Standalone RO/PV Scenarios
Fthenakis et al., “TECHNO-‐ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF STAND-‐ALONE, PV-‐POWERED, SEAWATER DESALINATION PLANTS IN SAUDI ARABIA”
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Greenough River Solar Desalination Farm, Western Australia Owners
EPC Contractor Size Modules Angles
Verve Energy & GE Energy Financial Services First Solar 10MW (AC) 152,880 Mounting Tilt: 20°
CO₂e Displacement ANNUALLY
20,00 metrictons over 4,000 cars off the road
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Azimuth: 0° North
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PV-RO Potential in ME
If half the desalina[on capacity is RO and PV sa[sfies 44% of the annual load of each RO plant,
PV-‐RO power plants have poten[al to annually:
Displace 120 MILLION barrels of diesel fuel in KSA
Displace
2 BILLION
barrels of diesel fuel in ME region
Reduce
by 51.5 million tons in KSA
Reduce
by 832 million tons in ME region
By integra\ng PV powered-‐desalina\on plants, freshwater demand in arid and sunny regions could be met cost-‐effec\vely, while reducing air pollu\on from combus\on.
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