Hans-Martin Henning Mario Motta Daniel Mugnier (Eds.)

Solar Cooling Handbook A Guide to Solar Assisted Cooling and ­Dehumidification Processes 3rd Completely Revised Edition

Contents 9 Preface 11 Notes from the editors 13

1 Introduction

21

2 Meteorological data, heating and cooling loads and load sub-systems

21 26

2.1 Solar radiation, ambient temperature and humidity 2.1.1 Average quantities

27

2.2 Availability of climatic data, sources of weather data

29

2.3 Building space heating, domestic hot water and air conditioning needs

29

2.3.1 Efficient building design practice

30

2.3.2 Heating and cooling load: definitions and calculation methods

37

2.3.3 Domestic hot water load profiles

38

2.4 Industrial heating and cooling

39

2.4.1 Preliminary analysis required data

40

2.4.2 System design data: thermal load profile

41

2.5 The load sub-system – air-conditioning equipment

43

2.5.1 All-air systems

46

2.5.2 Water systems

49

2.5.3 Air-water systems

53 53

3 Components of solar thermal systems 3.1 The solar thermal collector

54

3.1.1 Assessment of the collector’s thermal performance

58

3.1.2 Collector yield for long term performance prediction

58

3.2 Solar thermal collector technologies

59

3.2.1 Flat-plate collectors

61

3.2.2 Solar air collector

63

3.2.3 Evacuated tube collectors

64

3.2.4 Evacuated flat plate collectors

65

3.2.5 PV-thermal hybrid collectors

66

3.2.6 Stationary concentrating collectors

68

3.2.7 Solar concentrating tracking collectors (PTC, LFR)

71

3.2.8 Summary

73

3.3 Testing and certification of solar thermal collectors

73

3.3.1 Applicable test standards

74

3.3.2 Certification schemes

75

3.4 Heat storage

76

3.4.1 Hot water stores

79

3.4.2 Storages with phase change materials

82

3.5 Backup heater

87 90

4 Heat driven cooling technologies: closed cycles 4.1 Principles of absorption and adsorption cooling

90

4.1.1 Absorption chillers

100

4.1.2 Adsorption chillers

104

4.2 Other closed cycles

105

4.3 Complementary components – Heat rejection systems

106

4.3.1 The challenge of heat rejection

106

4.3.2 Types of heat rejection devices

110

4.3.3 Cold storage

117

5 Heat driven cooling technologies: open cycle systems

117

5.1 Principles and materials of desiccant cooling systems

119

5.2 Solid desiccant systems

123

5.2.1 System performance

124

5.2.2 Solar desiccant cooling systems (SDEC): examples, control and operation

134

5.2.3 Possible operational problems

135

5.2.4 Main components of solid DEC air handling units

147

153 154

5.3 Liquid dessicant systems

6 Solar cooling system characterization 6.1 Generic system schemes

154

6.1.1 Basic system topology

155

6.1.2 Composition of generic systems

166

6.1.3 System control and hydraulics

169

6.1.4 Selection guide and system examples

171

6.2 Pre-engineered systems

173

6.3 Custom-made systems

173

6.3.1 Large-capacity installations

173

6.3.2 Desiccant cooling systems

175

7 Energy and economic figures for solar cooling

175

7.1 Performance of conventional chillers

179

7.2 Performance of thermally driven chillers

182

7.3 Energy performance of solar driven cooling systems

182

7.3.1 Fractional PE savings

185

7.3.2 Primary energy sensitivity analysis of solar cooling systems

189

7.3.3 Other useful energy performance parameters

191

7.4 Environmental impact analysis

191

7.5 Economic figures of solar cooling systems

207 209

8 Overall system design, sizing and design tools 8.1 Suitability analysis of a targeted building for a ­defined solar air-conditioning application

209

8.1.1 Presentation and objectives of the check-list

216

8.1.2 Selection of the appropriate system technology: the SAC ­decision scheme

231

8.1.3 Selection of the proper type of solar collectors for the selected air-conditioning system and thermally driven cooling equipment

234

8.2 System sizing

234

8.2.1 Guidelines

236

8.2.2 Simple pre-design tools

241

8.2.3 Detailed simulation tools

249 249

9 Solar thermal system design 9.1 Field configuration parallel/series, high/low-flow

249

9.1.1 General characteristic of high/low-flow systems

251

9.1.2 Heat needs of solar cooling systems

251

9.1.3 Heat needs of domestic hot water and space heating preparation

252

9.1.4 Possible layouts and control strategies for collector fields for solar cooling systems with DHW and SH production (solar combi-plus-systems)

254

9.2 Stagnation of solar plants

254

9.2.1 Stagnation in collector fields

257

9.2.2 Implications of stagnation on the solar pump group

258

9.3 Stratification and necessary hot water storage tank volume

258

9.3.1 Heat input from solar collectors to the heat stores

260

9.3.2 Heat input from solar collectors into the heat store for solar combi-systems with solar cooling

260

9.3.3 Necessary volumes in the tank for solar combi-systems without cooling

262

9.3.4 Storage volume for solar combi-systems with solar cooling

262

9.3.5 Stratification

263

9.4 Other components of the solar loop for solar cooling systems

265

10 Pre-engineered systems: built examples and experiences

266

10.1 What can be expected from a pre-engineered system?

267

10.2 Built examples

281

10.3 Experiences

281

10.3.1 Installation issues

282

10.3.2 Commissioning

282

10.3.3 Maintenance issues

283

10.3.4 Control issues

283

10.4 Recommendations for system suppliers

284

10.4.1 Electricity consumption of auxiliary components

285

10.4.2 Heat rejection components

287

10.4.3 Part load operation

287

10.4.4 Pressure drop in the system

288

10.4.5 Nominal flow rates – high temperature differences

288

10.4.6 Use of a cold store

288

10.4.7 Influence of heat rejection temperature

291

11 Experiences from installed custom made systems

292

11.1 Introduction

293

11.2 Built examples

294

11.2.1 Example 1: office building in Gleisdorf – Austria

299

11.2.2 Example 2: education centre in La Reunion island – France

304

11.2.3 Example 3: Industrial application in Grombalia – Tunisia

309

11.3 Experiences

309

11.3.1 Components integration and layouts

320

11.3.2 Component sizing

324

11.3.3 Control strategies

330

11.3.4 Commissioning

333 334

12 DEC systems: built examples and experiences 12.1 Built examples

334

12.1.1 ENERGY base

337

12.1.2 Munich Airport

340

12.1.3 DREAM Unipa

343

12.2 Experiences

347

12.3 Control strategy definition

349

13 Summary and outlook

349

13.1 Overall technology status

350

13.2 Energy performance

351

13.3 Basic design guidelines and operation principles

353

13.4 Economics

354

13.5 Outlook

357

14 Appendix

357

14.1 The IEA Solar Heating & Cooling Programme

358

14.2 TASK 38 Solar Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration

358 359 359 359 360

14.2.1 Objectives 14.3 TASK 38 management structure 14.3.1 Operating Agent 14.3.2 Subtask Leaders 14.4 Institutions participating in Task 38