Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activities in the UK economy

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Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activities in the UK economy

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activities in the UK economy Project OSR 07-04

Final Report

David Pugh Marine Science Advisor 3, Deeside Court Chester CH3 5AU UK

London: TSO

March 2008

Co-published by TSO (The Stationery Office) and available from: Online www.tsoshop.co.uk Mail,Telephone, Fax & E-mail TSO PO Box 29, Norwich, NR3 1GN Telephone orders/General enquiries: 0870 600 5522 Fax orders: 0870 600 5533 E-mail: [email protected] Textphone 0870 240 3701 TSO Shops 16 Arthur Street, Belfast BT1 4GD 028 9023 8451 Fax 028 9023 5401 71 Lothian Road, Edinburgh EH3 9AZ 0870 606 5566 Fax 0870 606 5588 TSO@Blackwell and other Accredited Agents © Crown Copyright 2008 All rights reserved. Published by The Crown Estate on behalf of the Marine Estate. The study was co-funded by The Crown Estate, Associated British Ports and Oil & Gas UK. This report is available from The Crown Estate website www.thecrownestate.co.uk Dissemination Statement This publication (excluding the logos) may be re-used free of charge in any format or medium. It may only be re-used accurately and not in a misleading context. The material must be acknowledged as Crown Estate copyright and use of it must give the title of the source publication. Where third party copyright material has been identified, further use of that material requires permission from the copyright holders concerned. Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this report do not necessarily reflect the views of The Crown Estate and The Crown Estate is not liable for the accuracy of the information provided or responsible for any use of the content. Author’s Disclaimer This Report has been prepared in good faith from accessed data. However, the author assumes no responsibility and shall have no liability, consequential or otherwise, of any kind arising from this information or any part thereof. Suggested Citation Pugh, D. Socio-economic Indicators of Marine-related Activities in the UK economy. The Crown Estate, 68 pages. March 2008. ISBN: 978-1-906410-01-8 First published 2008 Printed in the United Kingdom by The Stationery Office.

Contents

Contents Foreword by Roger Bright

iii

Acknowledgements

iv

Executive summary

v

Introduction

1

Methodology and data sources

2

Analyses of economic sectors

5

Fish

6

Oil and gas

9

Aggregates

12

Ship and boat building and repairs

14

Equipment

15

Marine renewable energy

18

Construction

20

Shipping operations

21

Ports

23

Navigation and safety

25

Cables

28

Business services

30

Licence and rental

32

Research and development

33

Marine environment

37

Defence

39

Leisure and recreation

40

Education

43

Summary of activities

45

Services that are not economically charged

49

Towards a marine activities indicator

50

Other national studies

52

General References

55

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC-07

56

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

i

Foreword

Foreword by Roger Bright The Crown Estate’s Marine interests include over 55% of the UK’s foreshore, the beds of tidal rivers and estuaries, and almost all of the seabed out to the 12 nautical mile territorial limit around the UK. They also include the rights to explore and utilise the natural resources of the UK continental shelf, with the exception of oil, coal and gas. Our Marine Estate, therefore, has a diverse range of interests embracing a broad spectrum of marine-related activities which are pursued within The Crown Estate’s core values of commercialism, integrity and stewardship. As a foundation for more intensive studies of the sustainability and commercial characteristics of its interests, The Crown Estate has been pleased to be able to initiate this update of the economic value to the UK economy of marine-related activities. We are delighted that two coparticipants in the ‘Seabed User and Developer Group’, namely Associated British Ports and Oil & Gas UK, have provided financial support for this study so that it could embrace the full spectrum of UK marine-related activities. This report demonstrates the significant economic contribution that marine activities make to the UK and to providing employment within the UK. The report also reminds us of the extraordinary diversity of marine-related activities and provides an accessible guide to their relative contribution. The results of the study, contained within this report, will have wider uses than assisting the sponsors with their future business planning. It will be valuable as a reference source in evaluating the ‘productive’ nature of our seas: and it will assist the planned future assessments of the state of UK seas within the Government’s vision of achieving clean, healthy, safe, productive and biologically diverse seas for future generations to use and enjoy.

Roger Bright. Chief Executive, The Crown Estate

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

iii

Analyses of economic sectors - Fish Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements In addition to the published and Internet sources of data, information has also been provided by many knowledgeable individuals, including: Sam Baird (Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Canada) Peter Barham (Associated British Ports) Mick Borwell (Oil and Gas, UK) Karen Boss (British Marine Federation) Mike Cowling (The Crown Estate) Martyn Cox (The Scottish Government) Tom Cuffe (Office for National Statistics) Gordon Edge (BWEA) Jeremy Gardner (British Telecom) Bob Greenfield ( UK Cable Protection Committee) Trevor Guymer (IACMST) Regis Kalaydjian (Chief Economist, IFREMER, France) Judith Kildow (USA, National Ocean Economics Program) Alistair Mcilgorm (Director, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, Australia) Stephanie Merry (Renewable Energy Association) Colin Morris (Department for Transport) John Murray (Society of Maritime Industries) Mark Russell (British Marine Aggregate Producers Association) Jacky Wood (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton)

iv

Marine Estate Research Report

Executive summary

Executive summary This report estimates the economics and employment statistics for marine activities in the UK economy. For 2005-6, direct marine-related activities comprised 4.2% of the total UK Gross Domestic Product, at basic prices, to a total value of £46bn. Of the total UK employment, 890,000 jobs were marine-related, 2.9% of the total. This gives a total direct and indirect contribution of marine activities to the UK economy of between 6.0% and 6.8%. The scope is taken to include those activities which involve working on or in the sea. Also those activities that are involved in the production of goods or the provision of services that will themselves directly contribute to activities on or in the sea. This restricted definition is based on the understanding that the figures produced are minimum estimates of the economic importance of marine resources and activities. The contributing marine activities were split into 18 sectors. The choice of these sectors fitted naturally into the way marine activities are structured, and has some general international acceptance (see international comparisons chapter, page 52). However, they do not always match sectors used in National statistics. By far the biggest sector was the production of oil and gas offshore; extractive industries including also aggregates, fish and renewable energies, formed 48% of all marine activities in GDP. Oil and gas extraction as the leading sector, was followed by ports, shipping operations, leisure and recreation, and equipment manufacture. The fastest growing sectors are thought to be marine equipment, boat building, cruising and renewable energy production. While some of the economic marine sectors, for example oil and gas production, are clearly identified in the data collected and published by the Office for National Statistics, others are very difficult to isolate, notably equipment, ports, construction and telecommunications. It should be emphasised that this presentation is a systematic assembly of available marine-related data. It is not a detailed, modelling economic analysis, which would have been a much more extensive undertaking. The report also discusses the feasibility of generating a regular marine economics indicator, as is now being attempted for the USA and Canada.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

v

Introduction

Introduction The objective of this study, commissioned under the auspices of The Crown Estate, and co-funded by Associated British Ports and Oil and Gas UK, is to provide a review of available data and information on marinerelated activities in the UK economy. It is intended to: (i) be a reference source for marine spatial planning (ii) assist the derivation of marine socio-economic objectives in the context of sustainable development (iii) contribute to the work of the Productive Seas Evidence Group (PSEG) and the ongoing UK and international assessments of the state of UK seas The first part of the analysis is to define what is included in the scope of “marine-related activities”. For the purpose of this report we use a relatively narrow definition, as also used in earlier UK analyses, and similar to definitions used in analyses in other countries. The scope is taken to include those activities which involve working on or in the sea. Also those activities that are involved in the production of goods or the provision of services that will themselves directly contribute to activities on or in the sea. For example, in the case of the oil and gas sector, only the landed values are included. For fisheries the processing has been included, because of its traditional close association with the ports. There are some other slight exceptions, which will be justified individually in the text. In detailed discussions on the individual sectors, some indication is given of the wider economic implications. This restricted definition is based on the understanding that the figures produced are minimum estimates of the economic importance of marine resources and activities.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

1

Methodology and data sources

Methodology and data sources The idealised approach has been, by using acknowledged and the latest reliable primary sources, to assemble a set of analyses of the economic activities associated with specific marine-related sectors and sub-sectors of the UK economy. In many cases primary sources do not specifically identify marine components within broader economic sectors. As a matter of policy, wherever possible, the report relies on official Government statistics, either from the Office for National Statistics, (ONS) or from Departmental sources. Using official statistics has the advantage of relatively easy access, consistency, and the expectation that repeated analyses of this type can look for trends in specific sectors over several years. Where primary data are not available, estimates are attempted using explicit alternative techniques. In many cases it has been necessary to estimate the level of economic activity in a sector by other approaches, for example, by accessing company annual reports; by working with surveys by associations and sector market analyses; and consultations with knowledgeable individuals. For these surveys the Internet has proved a much more valuable source of information than was the case for earlier surveys (Pugh and Skinner, 2002). The central year for the study was chosen to be the UK Financial Year, April 2005 to March 2006. A later year would have suffered from a lack of sufficient statistical information, as publication of the statistics is inevitably delayed. If more recent information was available at the time of preparing this report, it has been referred to. In some cases even 2005-6 was too recent and so data from the most recent available year is used, and the reason given. This is particularly important for the “combined use” matrices (sometimes termed “input-output” tables, or “supply and use” tables), which shows the business transacted among 123 sectors of the UK economy, and which have been valuable in deriving indirect statistics. These tables can also be used to estimate the wider impact of specific sectors. The latest available matrix from the ONS is for 2004-5.

2

Marine Estate Research Report

Methodology and data sources

There are three standard approaches to estimating GDP: measurements of expenditure, of incomes, or of the total value of output of goods and services in the economy. For this report the adopted method of estimating the contribution to the marine sector to GDP has been based on the measurement of output values or turnover from each activity; the totalled output is then reduced by a value-added factor that varies between zero and one. If specific data for the value added factors are not available, these factors can sometimes be estimated for the wider economic sectors, from the combined use matrix (see above), produced by the ONS.

Wherever possible the analyses have been developed to include the following aspects of each economic activity: ● Turnover ● Value added ● Exports ● Numbers employed ● Information on intensity / value of activity by

region, where appropriate ● Trends and potential for future growth ● Related impacts / consequences in the UK

economy ● Summary of sector data sources

A note on the methods of estimating a sector’s contribution to the Gross Domestic Product may be helpful. The GDP contribution is the sector’s net output (turnover) less any goods or services it has acquired from other economic sectors, or imported. For example, the value of the gross output of the shipbuilding industry includes the value of the steel bought from the steel industry and also the value of the services provided by insurance, banking, advertising and so on. A large proportion of the turnover is also spent purchasing component parts such as engines and control equipment that are themselves manufactured in another marine sector. If the separate turnovers of the two sectors are added, there will be double counting, which will inflate the apparent value of the final product to the GDP.

Given this uneven availability and reliability of the data, and the finite resources available for the survey some caveats are necessary. It must be emphasised that the aggregated figures in the report are only a general indication. It is a systematic collection of available socio-economic data; it is not a full modelling economic analysis. In some cases, particularly for exports, and power cables, it has not been possible to make even rough estimates within the scope of this work. The aggregated UK figures for marine-related activities are then set in the context of the wider UK economy. This work has also benefited from discussions with and by consultation with people leading similar studies in the USA, Canada, Australia and France, and some brief comparisons will be made. This includes noting plans for the future regular production of “score cards” or marine economic indices in the USA and Canada. Where appropriate the study has incorporated information and techniques used previously in Pugh & Skinner (2002). However, the sectors and treatment are not identical and general direct comparison is not possible. The previous report is out of print, but available on the IACMST web site: www.marine.gov.uk/publications/NEWMARSURV ACRO.PDF References to information sources that are specific to a particular economic sector are included in the individual sector accounts. More general references are given at the end of the report.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

3

Analyses of economic sectors

Economic sectors These mainly follow the sectors used by Pugh and Skinner (2002), which is generally consistent with categories used in similar analyses in other countries. However, there are some differences, both because the range of statistics here is broader, and also because the emphasis in this survey is less directed to related science and technology than in the 2002 analysis. This means that the two reports are not directly comparable. The sequence of presentation follows that of the Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities index 2007, within the constraints of the definitions adopted for the economic marine sectors. The decimal category for each activity in SIC 2007 which most nearly match our marine sectors is indicated at the start of each sector. Fuller details of the marine constituents in SIC 2007 are given in Annex 1. SIC 2007 comes into operation on 1 January 2008. This crossreferencing to SIC 2007 is intended to indicate where future or more detailed sector analyses should begin. This applies particularly to the semiautomatic generation of annual indicators, as discussed in a later section.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

5

Analyses of economic sectors - Fish

Fish

Sea fisheries

(SIC (2007): 03.11; 03.21; 10.20)

In 2005 the fishing industry in the UK had 6,341 fishing vessels, with a further 381 vessels registered in the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man. Some 708 thousand tonnes of sea fish were landed into the UK and abroad by the UK fleet with a total value of £571 million. See Figure 1.

(03.11)

This sector includes traditional sea fishery activities, fish farming, and also fish processing. Fish processing is included here because it is traditionally closely linked to dock landings, by location, by ownership, and statistically. The combined use matrix aggregates sea fishing and fish farming into one sector ( sector 3). These values are used in the analysis, and given in the table at the end of this section. However, the two are essentially different industries, with very different characteristics and prospects. The following discussion highlights these differences. At the retail level there were approximately 13,000 fishmongers in the year 2005, including mobile fish vans and market stalls. Eighty-five per cent in volume and 80 per cent in value of chilled and frozen products were sold through supermarkets. This does not include canned produce. The average consumption of fish per person per week in the UK in 2004-5 was 158 grammes and the average expenditure was 99 pence (£2.85 per pound). For comparison, £4.94 was spent on meat. Fish is also consumed in restaurants and in take-away form from fish and chip shops. A small proportion of the catch is used to make fish oils and animal feeds.

Information on intensity / value of activity by region Fishing communities are distributed around the coast, but especially in the southwest of England, and on the east coasts of England and Scotland. Trends and potential for future growth The sea fishing industry employed 38,826 people in 1948. Present levels are much lower. Threats to some fish stocks mean that the industry operates under quotas agreed through the European Union. Fish landings and values by UK vessels to UK ports are shown in the following graph. In 2005 the average landed price was £961 per tonne. Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy Sea fishing is a small and slowly declining part of the UK economy. In 2005 it was about 3.4% of the larger “agriculture, forestry and fishing” sector, which in turn was about 1% of the total UK economy.

Sources ● The ONS, and Marine Fisheries Agency UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2005. www.mfa.gov.uk/statistics/ukseafish.htm

Figure 1: Fish landings in the UK by UK vessels 700 tonnes (thousands)

£ (millions)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1996

6

1998

2000

2002

2004

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Fish farming

Figure 2: Annual salmon production 180 160

tonnes (thousands)

140 120 100 800 600 400 200 0 1985

1990

1995

Fish farming (03.12) Fish farming of salmon has been a major important economic development in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland over the past 30 years. There is some trout farming in England and Scotland (about £20m per annum turnover, but this is in freshwater, and is excluded from this analysis). The figures below are for “farm gate” prices. There is a substantial food processing industry based on the salmon, in Scotland, with a strong export element. Turnover The retail value is estimated at £318m for 2005 (FRS data), see Figure 2. There is also a growing shellfish industry with a £5.4m turnover in 2006; species farmed include oysters, scallops, and mussels. Mussel production has increased by a factor of 5 over the past decade Gross value added Assuming a value added factor of 0.55 (as used by Pugh and Skinner (2002)) gives £177m gross value added for the direct production process. Exports DTI gives £9m from hatcheries and fish farms directly. Exports of processed food from Scotland is included in the data for fish processing (see below) Numbers employed Direct employment (FRS figures) for 2005 was 979, down from a peak of 1,306 in 2002. However it is estimated that indirectly 8,500 jobs are dependent on the industry.

2000

2005

Information on intensity / value of activity by region. The industry is concentrated in the west and north of Scotland. There is very little production outside Scotland. Trends and potential for future growth The output has declined a little, but the market is fairly steady over the medium term. There are initiatives for farming other species. The British Marine Finfish Association envisages that within the next eight to 10 years, the UK can produce annually up to 10,000 tonnes of halibut, up to 25,000 tonnes of cod and 5,000 tonnes of haddock, creating 2,000 jobs with a first sale value of £100m. Shellfish production is expected to grow steadily. Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy Although relatively small in UK terms, the locations of the farms and their support for rural communities is very important, and there are substantial numbers of jobs and added value for the Scottish economy.

Sources ● Scottish Salmon Producers’ Organisation

web site December 2005 Report www.scottishsalmon.co.uk/economics/ec onomics.asp ● Fisheries Research Service Statistics. ONS

www.scottishexecutive.gov.uk/Topics/Stat istics/Browse/AgricultureFisheries/TrendAquaculture

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

7

Analyses of economic sectors - Fish processing

Fish processing (10.20) The UK has a substantial fish processing industry of around 573 businesses, which employ some 18,180 people. Turnover The Sea Fisheries analysis gives, for 2002, total fish inputs to the processing sector: £1,853 m. Total sales £2,719m. Value added For the combined fish and fruit-processing sector, in the combined use matrix, the GVA is 0.34 of turnover, giving £930m. However, as this is more than the differences cited above, and allowing for other production imported costs, it seems that the factor will be less for the fish processing part of the combined sector. If an average employee compensation of £10k is assumed (£182m) and the sector profit factor of 9% is added (£237m) this gives a GVA of £419m. Exports £587m

Sources ● UK Sea Fisheries Statistics 2005

prepared by the ONS and the Marine Fisheries Agency. www.mfa.gov.uk/statistics/ukseafish. htm ● Sea Fish Industry Authority March 2007.

Numbers employed 18180 Information on intensity / value of activity by region Factories are widely dispersed, with concentrations close to traditional landing sites, notably around Humberside and the Scottish fishing ports.

The economic impacts of the UK sea fishing and fish processing industries: An Input-Output analysis. www.seafish.org/land/economics.asp? p=fl ● The British Marine Finfish Association

maintains an informative web site. www.bmfa.uk.com/index.htm

Table 1: Summary table for fisheries sector Turnover £m

Gross added value £m

Exports £m

Number employed

1,021

389

362

13,453

2,719

419

587

18,180

3,740

808

949

31,633

Sea fisheries Fish

2004 Fish farming 2005

Fish processing Total

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Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Oil and gas

Information on intensity / value of activity by region The oil industry has its centre in Aberdeen, with a strong headquarters presence in London. There are major pipeline landfalls at Sullom Voe in Shetland; at the Flotta terminal in Orkney; the gas terminal at St Fergus near Aberdeen which is operated by Shell, ExxonMobil, Total and British Gas, and is the largest in the UK, being supplied from installations in the Shetland basin, Northern and Central North Sea and also from the Norwegian sector; the Forties pipeline system which is owned by BP starts at the Forties Charlie platform with landfall at Cruden Bay, near Aberdeen; Easington, Yorkshire; and Bacton, Norfolk.

Oil and gas (SIC(2007) 06.10; 06.20; 09.10) Offshore extraction of oil and gas is a substantial industry that makes a very important contribution to the UK economy. Resources in UK waters are steadily declining, though exploration for new sources continues vigorously. There is a large spinoff industry supplying goods and expertise to other operating areas worldwide, as discussed in the equipment sector. Statistics are readily available from ONS. Turnover For 2005, the DTI (now DBERR) statistics give a total income of £28,693m, which includes oil sales at £16,656m; gas sales at £8,902m; natural gas liquids at £1,684 m; and other income including revenues from pipelines and terminals of £1,451m. Value added The ONS Blue Book, Table 2.3 gives a gross value added at current basic prices of £19,845m.

Trends and potential for future growth The production from the UK offshore areas is in decline as reserves are progressively exhausted. See Figures 3 and 4. It is expected that the UK will be a net importer of oil and gas by 2010, but it may happen before this. Importing energy supplies will have a big effect on the balance of payments. However, income to the oil companies continues to increase as a consequence of rising oil prices. This is particularly favourable as many of the investments yielding today’s production were justified when oil prices were much lower. The offshore sector is sufficiently profitable to encourage further investment in developing more fields; in 2005, £4,831m was invested in further developments.

Sources ● UKOOA Economic Report 2006

www.ukooa.co.uk/issues/economic/econ 06/index.cfm From April 2007 UKOOA has been reformed as “Oil and Gas UK”, representing a wider range of sectional interests.

Exports The 2005 total exports taken from the ONS gives £11,861m. The 2004 figure of £10,020m from the combined use matrix shows oil and gas extraction contributed exports £6,806m to European Union and £3,214m to non-European Union countries.

● Business Monitor International. The UK Oil

Numbers employed The UKOOA (now Oil and Gas UK) Economics Report for 2006 estimates 290,000 people directly employed in the industry and its supply chain, with a further 90,000 jobs indirectly supported.

www.og.dti.gov.uk/information/bb_updat es/appendices/UKCS_I_and_E_Annual.p df DTI is now the Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform.

and Gas Report. www.businessmonitor.com/oilgas/uk.html ● DTI statistics.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

9

Analyses of economic sectors - Oil and gas

Figure 3: Gross gas production - UK offshore 140,000

cubic metres (millions)

120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Figure 4: Gross oil production - UK offshore 140,000 120,000

tonnes (millions)

100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 1975

10

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Oil and gas

Figure 5: Average oil prices 250

£ (per tonne)

200

150

100

50

0 1980

1985

1990

2000

2005

Turnover

Gross value added

Exports

Number employed

£28,693m

£19,845m

£11,861m

290,000

Oil and gas 2005

1995

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

11

Analyses of economic sectors - Aggregates

Gross Value Added This can be roughly estimated using the combined use matrix in the UK Input-Output Tables for 2004, for the whole sector, at 0.47 of turnover. Hence, gross value added is estimated as £114m. Exports Based on the above calculations, assuming the processed £12 per tonne, these are estimated at £56m.

Aggregates (SIC(2007): part of 08.12) The production of sand and gravel by dredging offshore contributes more than 20% of the material used for construction in England and Wales. There are substantial exports. In addition dredging supplies material for beach nourishment and regular contract fill (for example Cardiff Bay Barrage, and Sizewell B nuclear power station). Most processing takes place at the landing wharves. The UK has the largest offshore dredging industry in Europe and one of the biggest in the world. Almost all dredging is done under licence from The Crown Estate, which is the major seabed minerals owner: royalties collected for dredging are around £14m per year. Turnover In 2006 the total dredged was 24.3 million tonnes of which 13.4 million was landed at wharves in England and Wales for use as construction aggregate; 6.7 million was landed at wharves on Continental Europe for construction aggregate; and 4.2 million was used for beach replenishment and contract fill. Based on 2006 production there are two figures for turnover: landed at the wharf (assuming £6 per tonne; BMAPA communication) is £146m out of the dock gate after processing (assuming £12 per tonne) is £293m. Prices in Continental Europe are about 30% lower than in the UK, and the value of beach recharge will be significantly lower than for processed material. Assuming the beach material is unprocessed and that all other material is processed, weighting according to the landed volumes for 2006 gives an estimated of turnover of £242m.

12

Numbers employed The fleet of some 27 marine aggregate dredgers has about 475 staff and there is also 140 management staff. The wharves in the UK employ a further 500 people (140 on the Continent) for operations and processing. A further 544 are employed as UK hauliers delivering to the point of end use (160 on the Continent). Excluding the continental employees, the total is 1,670 Activity by region The main area of offshore sand and gravel landings is the South East Region. One third of the South East region’s primary aggregate requirements come from marine sources. The 10 million tonnes landed in the South East represents 75% of total UK marine aggregate landings (13.4 million tonnes), and 40% of total UK marine aggregate production (24.8 million tonnes, including exports and beach/contract fill). Of the 68 wharves in England and Wales, 35 are in the Thames and at South East ports. A third of all UK construction takes place in the south east, where marine aggregate supplies are so significant. South Wales is uniquely dependent on marine-dredged sand which accounts for 93 per cent of the market for all construction sand and 97 per cent of building sand supply. There are currently no landings in Scotland or Northern Ireland. Trends and potential for future growth The supply of marine dredged sand and gravel for UK construction has been remarkably stable since the early 1970s. See Figure 6. In most regions the annual volume landed is much less than the maximum allowed under the license terms. Large construction projects in the South East can increase consumption (for example the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, and prospectively, the Thames Gateway port development). Demand for exports is expected to grow as Continental land supplies become exhausted. Demand for beach nourishment material varies from year to year depending on what projects are currently being undertaken. Climate change may increase the demand for protection against coastal flooding, which in turn may call for more soft engineered defences.

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Aggregates

Figure 6: Landings of marine dredged sand and gravel, 1955–2006 (from BGS Report for BMAPA, 2007) 25

tonnes (millions)

20

15

10

5

0 1950

1960

1970

Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy The principle user of UK landed sand and gravel is the construction industry, which gets about 21% of its sand and gravel supply in England and Wales from marine sources. In 2005, 79% of marine aggregate landings were used in the production of concrete and concreting products. Overall in 2004 31,000 people were employed in the manufacture of concrete products for construction purposes, and of ready-mix concrete. In 2005 the construction industry accounted for 6% (£63bn) of the total UK GDP.

1990

2000

2010

Sources ● The British Marine Aggregate Producers

Association (Mark Russell) www.bmapa.org/key.htm ● The Office for National Statistics, Annual

Abstract of Statistics, Table 22.19 ● The strategic importance of the marine

aggregate industry to the UK. Report prepared for BMAPA by the British Geological Survey. 2007

Turnover

Gross value added

Exports

Number employed

£242m

£114m

£56m

1,670

Aggregates 2006

1980

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

13

Analyses of economic sectors - Ship and boat building and repairs

Numbers employed Shipbuilding 25,000 people; Boat building 10,000 people. Information on intensity / value of activity by region Shipbuilding has ceased in many traditional areas, but continues on the Clyde, in Barrow and other places, especially for naval construction. The four centres for the powerboat industry are: the south coast, particularly around Poole; the Southwest; the Norfolk Broads; and the Midlands. Trends and potential for future growth Strong competition from Eastern Europe and the Far East has made commercial shipbuilding a highly challenging market for European shipyards, and there are few remaining large UK shipyards operating in the commercial sector. However, there is a large naval shipbuilding programme expected in future years for the Royal Navy, and the UK has large naval yards in Portsmouth, Plymouth, the Clyde, Barrow and Rosyth.

Ship and boat building and repairs (SIC(2007) 30.11; 30.12; 33.15) The DTI (now DBERR) sector analyses identify two component sub-sectors: shipbuilding and repair; and boat building. Government statistics on shipbuilding are reasonably accessible. Note that the DTI sector figures are slightly different from those in the 2004 combined matrix. Boat building is covered in more detail in the statistical analyses of the British Marine Federation (BMF).

Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy The industry includes the growth areas of both sail and motor vessels. These range from small day boats to super-yachts (private ocean-going leisure craft over 24 metres in length). The super-yacht sector is becoming increasingly important to the marine industries in the UK, as it is an expanding, high value added market.

Turnover Shipbuilding £1.95 billion; Boat building £770 m (both for 2004, from the DTI sector analysis, which is used rather than the combined use matrix, as it separates ships and boat building).

Sources ● DBERR web site: www.dti.gov.uk/sectors/aerospacemari nedefence/marine/shipbuilding/page39 265.html

Value added Shipbuilding £912 m; Boat building £311 m.

● British Marine Federation (2006). UK

Exports Shipbuilding exports from DTI sector analyses were £237m in 2005.

Leisure and Small Commercial Marine Industry. Key Performance Indicators 2005/6. ● British Marine Federation (2005).

Economic benefits of the UK leisure boating Industry.

BMF give exports of £446m for boat manufacture in 2005-6. Of this total £180m was to the Eurozone, and £108m to North America. The DTI analyses give £698m.

Table 2: Summary for the shipbuilding and boat building sector

Ship and boat building

14

Turnover £m

Gross added value £m

Exports (2005) £m

Number employed

2004

Shipbuilding

1,950

912

237

25,000

2004

Boat building

770

311

698

10,000

Total

2,720

1,223

935

35,000

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine equipment and materials

Supply to the offshore oil and gas industry A recent survey by Experian, published in October 2006 by UKOOA (now Oil and Gas UK) has looked at the export market for the UK offshore operators supply chain. They conducted telephone interviews with 235 companies in the supply chain. At the same time they gathered related information on turnovers and employment.

Marine equipment and materials (SIC(2007): widely distributed in manufacturing classes) The total marine manufacturing sector in the UK includes the areas of marine equipment, boat building, shipbuilding and ship repair. Boat building, shipbuilding and ship repairs are covered elsewhere in this report and are separately identified in the ONS analyses. However, marine equipment and specialized materials for marine applications are hidden in the wide range of general manufacturing classifications. It is difficult to separate the marine elements from these manufacturing statistics. As a result, it is probable that previous analyses have underestimated the contribution of equipment and materials to the marine-activities economic aggregations. The industry provides equipment for commercial vessels, naval ships and leisure boats, and also for the offshore energy industry, worldwide. Equipment includes engine systems, electronics and deck gear. Occasional reports dealing with equipment for the three components of the user chain are available. On this basis it is possible to look at oil and gas; shipbuilding; and boat building, separately, and to make a rough aggregation.

Turnover UK based companies operating in the oil and gas supply chain reported turnover in 2005 of £40bn, £14.83bn of which was oil and gas related. They estimate that 35% of the oil and gas related activity is in the provision of products, equipment and materials. Assuming this ratio holds for turnover we get £5.19bn. Value added Assuming a gross value added factor of 0.42 (from the combined use tables for 2004, category 63, “general purpose machinery”) we get £2.18bn. Exports Of the supply chain £15bn turnover, 27% (£4bn) is accounted for by direct exports from the UK based companies. £2.2bn is from foreign owned companies and £1.7bn of export sales are from UK owned companies. Numbers employed The oil and gas supply chain has been estimated to support 260,000 jobs with a possible 100,000 further jobs for the export market. Assuming 35% of the employment total are in equipment and materials, gives 126,000 for this sector of our analyses. Information on intensity / value of activity by region Activities are distributed throughout the UK. 40% of jobs in the supply chain are estimated to be located in Scotland. Trends and potential for future growth The industry is expecting increases in sales over the coming years, especially in the export markets.

Sources ● Sizing the Export market of the UK Offshore Operators Supply Chain. October 2006, by Experian for UKOOA (available on the Oil and Gas UK web site.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

15

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine equipment and materials

Supplies to shipbuilding and repairs UK supply of equipment to the global shipbuilding industry is acknowledged to be one of the most important and comprehensive in the world. One major company, Roll-Royce marine had a turnover of £1,097m in 2005, with 7,200 employees, and orders for £17,000m on the books. However, much of this turnover relates to overseas activities and production. Identifying a separate UK component is very difficult. A good qualitative assessment is provided by a special Foreign and Commonwealth Office publication from 2000. Direct discussion with the Chief Executive of the Society of Maritime Industries (SMI), John Murray, has been very helpful. Turnover The ONS combined use matrix for 2004, for category 78 (ship and boat building and repairs) has a total turnover of £2,828m, as discussed in a separate section of this analysis. Supply to this sector from the materials and equipment sectors was £1,158m from which the boatbuilding figures below must be deducted (note that the years are different 2004 £1,158m; and 2005/6 £775m; difference is approximately £383m). This is supply only to the relatively small UK industry, and exports must be added. A rough estimate (SMI, personal communication) suggest that 80% of the turnover is exported. Scaling accordingly gives an annual turnover of £1,915m turnover.

Sources ● ONS ● Britain’s marine equipment industry,

published by the FCO, with support form the DTI and the industry. March 2000. No update is available; the report concentrates on the supply to shipbuilding. ● Direct discussions with the Society of

Maritime Industries.

Value added Assuming the average manufacturing sector factor to convert turnover to GVA of 0.42 gives £804m. Exports Using the 80% of turnover factor gives £1,532m. Numbers employed This is very difficult to estimate, but based on the turnover and employment levels for the oil and gas supply sub-sector and the boatbuilding sub-sector, of £41,000 turnover per employee, gives an estimated employment of 46,000. Information on intensity / value of activity by region Generally distributed throughout the UK, with engine manufacture in the Midlands. Trends and potential for future growth This is seen as a growing industry, especially for exports, despite the decline of the traditional UK shipbuilding industry.

16

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine equipment and materials

Supplies to boat building The British Marine Federation (BMF, 2005 pg 7) analyses identify the supply of equipment and materials separately from the boatbuilding activities. Turnover Including manufacture and the supply chain, £775m. Value added Assuming 36.7% for the sector as given by BMF, £284m. Exports £230m. Sources

Numbers employed 9,688

● Competitive Analysis of the UK Marine

Information on intensity / value of activity by region Mainly on the south coast, but generally distributed for engines and electronics. Trends and potential for future growth A strong growth area.

Equipment Sector, First Marine International 2001. (updated figures not available). ● British Marine Federation (2006). UK

Leisure and Small Commercial Marine Industry. Key Performance Indicators 2005/6. ● British Marine Federation (2005).

Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy The sector has many SMEs (small and medium sized enterprises), which occupy niche market positions. It also has world-leading UK manufacturers with a significant international presence. The exports of the marine sector contribute greatly to the UK's overall exports

Economic benefits of the UK leisure boating Industry.

Table 3: Summary for the equipment and materials sector

Equipment and materials

Turnover £m

Gross added value £m

Exports £m

Number employed

2005

For oil and gas production

5,190

2,180

4,000

126,000

2005

For ship building

1,915

804

1,532

46,000

2005

For boat building

775

284

230

9,688

Total

7,880

3,268

5,762

181,688

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

17

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine renewable energy

The other areas of potential substantial contributions of renewable offshore energy are wave and tidal stream power. A small 500kW wave generator on Islay, west of Scotland, has been in operation for several years. A 1MW tidal current turbine is to be installed, as 5-year pre-commercial pilot project, in Strangford Lough, Northern Ireland, following a 3-year 300kW trial off north Devon. About 10-15% of the known global tidal stream energy resource is in UK waters. Wave and tidal stream energy could contribute 15 to 20 % of the total current UK energy consumption.

Marine renewable energy (SIC(2007): part of 35.11) This is a new, rapidly growing, marine economics sector which will become increasingly important. The figures for 2005-6 have been massively overtaken by recent developments. Between 1996 and 2003 the use of renewable sources of energy increased at 14.5% per year. From 2003 to 2005 the increase was 22% per year. In 2005, 17,000GWh were produced from renewable resources, the equivalent to more than 4m tonnes of oil. The Government has set a target of 10% of electricity supply from renewable energy by 2010. In 2005, 4% of the UK's electricity supply came from eligible sources of renewable energy. The offshore component of this growth is supported by the Government, as part of its policy to encourage renewable sources of energy generation. The main and immediate prospect for offshore renewable energy generation is offshore wind turbines. North Hoyle off the North Wales coast was the first UK major offshore wind farm. Built in 2003, it has an installed capacity of 60MW, from 30 wind turbines each rated at 2MW. By 2005-6 the total UK installed capacity was 214MW offshore, compared with 1,123MW onshore. Further developments are under construction or planned.

18

Turnover Assuming a 35% output from the installed capacity of 2,124MW, sold at an average supply cost to UK industry for 2005-6 of £50 per MWhour gives an estimated turnover in a year of £32m. Value added Using the value added factor (0.30) for the whole electricity-generating sector, applied to the electricity generated offshore in 2005-6 gives £9.6m. Numbers employed In the electricity-generating sector as a whole, only 8% of turnover is for staff costs. Most of the costs are for capital and the supply of equipment. Applying this to the estimated turnover of £32m gives staff costs of £2.56m and about 50 staff at £50k per employee. Information on intensity / value of activity by region Although the West of Scotland is the best location for sustained offshore winds, new constructions are predominately around the coast of England, near to the demands for power. This is because there are additional issues and costs in preparing the national grid network to receive and transmit energy from remote areas. The Pentland Firth has some of the strongest tidal streams around the UK. Trends and potential for future growth The political drivers for more energy from renewable sources will continue, but eventually wide uptake of offshore renewable energies must depend on production costs being competitive with conventional sources. Recent substantial increases in the costs of electricity are likely to continue in the long term, with short-term fluctuations: wholesale electricity prices are notoriously changeable. The key remains the reduction in the costs of offshore energy production. A recent Ernst and Young report for DTI (now DBERR) gives current generation costs between £120 and £280 per MWhour for offshore wave energy; between £73 and £88 for offshore wind generation; and £120 to £240 for tidal energy. These are much higher than conventional costs, but can be substantially reduced if large-scale installations are built and operated routinely.

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine renewable energy

However, installation costs for offshore wind farms are rising rapidly; one estimate (Ernst and Young, 2007) suggests £1.66m per 1MW of installed offshore wind capacity in 2015. Nevertheless, by 2008, the UK will be the leading country for offshore wind energy production, and by 2011 the installed UK capacity is planned to be 1645MW. There are some delays because the global supply of turbines is insufficient at present to meet demand, which may keep production costs high until 2010, but by 2020 cost may fall to £85 per MWhour. In December 2007, the Government announced major expansion and that it plans 33gW of offshore wind power for the UK by 2020. Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy. Potentially, reliable resources of renewable energy are very important for the UK economy, both because of the political uncertainties associated with the supplies of fuel oil from the Middle East and Russia, but also because the offshore oil and gas resources of the UK are in steady decline.

Sources ● Ernst and Young, 2007 costs of electricity production report for DBERR. www.berr.gov.uk/files/file39038.pdf ● Offshore wind market outlook.

Presentation by Andrew Reid, DouglasWestwood, May 2007. www.allenergy.co.uk/UserFiles/File/2007 AndrewReid.pdf ● The British Wind Energy Association

www.bwea.com/ ● DBERR

www.offshore-sea.org.uk/site/scripts/ documents_info.php?documentID=6&p ageNumber=2 ● The Renewable Energy

Associationhttp://www.r-ea.net/portal.fcm

Turnover

Gross value added

£32m

£10m

Renewable energy 2005-6

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

Exports

Number employed

50

19

Analyses of economic sectors - Construction

Offshore wind power installations may be added to this at an assumed 100MW in the year, and an installation cost in 2005-6 of £1.16m per MW, giving £116m. Of the estimated development costs, most is for the purchase of turbines (51%) and connections (25%). Foundations are about 16%. Equipment is a different sector in this report. Assuming 24% is construction gives a turnover of £28m. The total of all three is £587m. Value added Scaling with the average value added factor from the combined use matrix, (sector 88), for the construction industry gives £223m.

Construction (SIC(2007): 42.91) This is a difficult sector to define and quantify a marine component. It may be taken to include harbour development, coastal works against erosion and flooding, and construction of offshore wind farms. Turnover Using Associated British Ports (ABP) as a representative sample, and allowing for their share of total UK port activity, of 22.6%, their capital investment for 2004 and 2005 was £108m. Major works include £59.5m for the Humber International coal terminal, £27.5m for the Immingham ro-ro terminal, and £30-35m for the Hull short-sea container terminal. Scaling the ABP investment gives an estimated total capital expenditure of £245m.

Exports British engineering companies are involved in the design and construction of many marine structures overseas, but it has not been possible to quantify them. The major costs, materials and labour, would fall locally; but design and management would be a benefit to the UK economy. Numbers employed Scaling from the total construction industry employment of 1.8m gives 6,200. Trends and potential for future growth These are capital investments that have very long installation lifetimes. Major port developments, including capital dredging, are anticipated (see ports section). Several more wind farms are under construction or planned. More and higher coastal defences will probably be needed to address sea level rise and climate change expectations.

For 2005-6 DEFRA announced investment in coastal and land flood defences of £570m, to be allocated through the Environment Agency and directly to local authorities and internal drainage boards. Major works include London tidal defences and the Shoreham sea defences. Allowing half this sum for “marine related” and increasing by 10% for Scotland and Northern Ireland works gives a very rough value of £314m.

Turnover

Gross value added

£558m

£228m

Construction 2005-6

20

Exports

Number employed

6,200

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Shipping operations

after removing shore and non-UK employment, gives a total of 33,600, which is in fair agreement with the DfT survey of UK seafarers. Information on intensity / value of activity by region In 2005 the five biggest ports in order were Tees and Hartlepool, Milford Haven , London, Forth and Liverpool. In 1995 the first five in order were London, Forth, Liverpool, Southampton and Milford Haven. Tees and Hartlepool advancement is mainly related to the outward movement of crude oil.

Shipping operations (SIC(2007): 50.10; 50.20) Transport of goods by sea continues to be the dominant mode for the carriage of UK international trade, with freight lifted increasing from 369 million tonnes in 1995 to 426 million in 2005. By comparison, only 2.2m tonnes was carried by air, less than 0.5% of sea freight by volume. By value, the air transport is a much higher percentage. The Channel Tunnel is responsible for about 4% of UK international trade. Marine transport is covered in the two SIC categories listed above. Turnover This is taken from the ONS combined use matrix for 2004, section (95) on Water Transport as £8,820m, assuming inland waterway transport is only a very small part. (more recent analyses suggest the figure may be higher than this-see below). Value added From the ONS tables this was £3,399m in 2004. Exports International revenues for 2004 are listed at £7,891m and expenditure at £4,021m. Numbers employed The Department for Transport (DfT) has published a survey of UK seafarer statistics. In 2006 there were about 28,100 UK seafarers working regularly at sea, of which 13,600 were deck and engine officers, 800 technical officers, 2,300 catering officers, 10,400 ratings, and 1,100 trainees. Many crew on UK vessels are not UK nationals. The recent Oxford Economics survey, using data from a survey of members of the Chamber of Shipping, estimates that 98,000 people are directly employed by the UK shipping industry. Of these, 9,500 work ashore, and will in part be covered in the section on Ports. 40% are non-UK ratings, and 16% are non-UK officers. The Chamber of Shipping data,

Worldwide, sea freight in 2005 was 7.11bn tonnes. The UK ports total handling is 8.2% of this. Global growth from 2004 was 3.8%. UK shipping has recovered strongly from the late 1990s, with £11.6bn gross shipping revenues in 2005, up nearly 150% from 2002. UK-owned shipping is also increasing, to 18m deadweight tonnes in 2006. Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy The transport of goods by sea is vital for the UK economy. In 2000 the UK Government introduced a Tonnage Tax regime, whereby taxable profits are calculated on a net tonnage and daily rate, rather than actual profits. This is viewed by the industry as having generated a growth in the UK owned fleet, and in revenues to the national economy. Increased globalisation will mean further growth in UK and worldwide shipping, similar to or greater than the current steady 3 to 5% per annum. The very recent (January 2008) report by Oxford Economics, uses the ONS published statistics for turnover and value added in 2004, which are as used in this report. However, their independent survey, based on data from members of the UK Chamber of Shipping, suggests that turnover in 2004 was £10,115m. For 2006 the turnover and value added were estimated at £9,814m and £5,200m. We use the ONS statistics, in line with the policy of using official government statistics where possible, but draw attention to the probability that these are slightly underestimated. The Oxford Economics report is a useful analysis of the non-direct impacts of a marine industry, concluding that £11,000m is added to UK GDP by shipping operations. It also draws attention to one of the major difficulties, not just for shipping operations, but in general in this kind of survey: separating out the UK element from the total economic activity. The contribution to Gross National Income (as distinct from GDP) would, for example, exclude the payments to foreign nationals working for UK countries, but should include payments to UK nationals working for non-UK companies.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

21

Analyses of economic sectors - Shipping operations

Sources ● ONS ● Department for Transport. UK Seafarer

Statistics: 2006. Published May, 2007. www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatable spublications/maritime/seafarer/ukseaf arerstatistics2006 ● Review of Maritime Transport 2006.

Report of the UNCTAD Secretariat. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Geneva, 2006. ● The economic contribution of the UK

shipping industry. Prepared by Oxford Economics for the UK Chamber of Shipping, Winter 2007. www.britishshipping.org/uploaded_files/OXFORD% 20STUDY%202007%20%20FINAL.doc

Figure 7: UK port traffic 1986-2006 700 outward

inward

total

tonnes (thousands)

600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

22

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

Turnover

Gross value added

Exports

UK Number employed

£8,820m

£3,399m

£7,891m

28,100

Shipping operations 2005

1996

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Ports

Turnover In 2005 ABP had a UK revenue of £374m. Their UK staff was 2,490, which is 4.6% of the total 54,000 employees associated with port services according to a DfT survey. Scaling up the ABP turnover gives a total UK turnover estimate for all port authorities of £8,108m. Value added The ABP GVA is taken as staff costs plus profit, which for 2005 was 62.2% of the turnover. Again scaling for the UK ports in total from the sample gives a GVA of £5045m.

Ports (SIC(2007): 52.22) Ports are distributed around the coast for historical and geographical reasons, and linked to elaborate societal infrastructures: roads, rail links, and centres of population. There are three categories of port ownership in the UK: company ports, ‘trust ports’, and local-authority-owned or municipal ports. Market forces rather than central planning largely drive the industry. Port Authorities are usually responsible for maintaining the basic infrastructure: channels, navigation, and dockside access. The market for the provision of dockside services operates by separate contracts between a wide range of separate businesses, the ship owners and other port users. These services include storage of freight, vessel salvage, cargo handling, stevedoring, bunkering passenger handling and services, and many other activities. Note that marine operations are excluded, and specifically covered in SIC 93.29. Central statistics are kept only on the volumes of traffic, but not on the economics of port operations. An indirect estimate is necessary. Associated British Ports owns and operates 21 ports, and 22.6% of all port business measured in tonnes. Our approach is to take the available ABP statistics from their 2005 Annual Report as a sample of the industry, and scale up for all UK port authorities. The additional diverse dockside services are exceedingly difficult to estimate in total, and have been underestimated in some earlier analyses. Here the total dockside employment estimated in a recent Department for Transport report is used to scale up the figures from the staff numbers directly employed by the port authorities.

Numbers employed Ports employ far fewer people today than they did 30 years ago. Currently it is estimated that some 54,000 employees are in direct port employment, with a further 19,700 in port related jobs in the UK. About 11,000 are employed directly by the port authorities. Information on intensity / value of activity by region Widely distributed; see the shipping operations sector. Although the 65 municipal ports in England and Wales contribute only 14% of the total traffic, they can be significant drivers in regional and local economies. Trends and potential for future growth The Government policy for port development (2000) states “The industry faces rising expectations, not only from users, but also from local communities and the wider public. People are looking for a more open and accountable approach from those entrusted with legal duties and powers to run our ports. They demand ever higher safety and environmental standards. As workplaces, ports have changed unrecognisably. Tonnage rises year by year, but far fewer dockers handle it, doing different jobs and using new technology.” Southampton has experienced 25% growth in container traffic over the past year. Overall, there has been steady growth in UK port activity over the past 5 years, mainly by more efficient use of existing port structures; however, new facilities with riverside berths (as opposed to docking) are needed to accommodate further expected expansion. In May 2007 Government gave permission for the construction of a £1.5bn London Gateway port to be developed in the Thames Estuary at Thurrock.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

23

Analyses of economic sectors - Ports

Related impacts/ consequences for the UK economy. Transport of goods and passengers through ports is fundamental to the UK economy. Sources ● Associated British Ports Annual Report 2005. (and personal communication, Peter Barham, ABP) ● Port Employment and Accident rates. A

report by the Department for Transport, November 2005 ● Evidence to the Ports Policy review of the

Transport Select Committee on Transport. January 2007. www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm200607/cmselect/cmtran/61/611011 5.htm#n2

Turnover

Gross value added

£8,108m

£5,045m

Ports

2005

24

Exports

Number employed

54,000

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Navigation and safet

The Hydrographic Office The UK Hydrographic Office prepares and publishes Admiralty charts and tide tables. It also provides consultancy services on marine boundary delineation. It has operated as a Trading Fund within the Ministry of Defence since 1996. Turnover £74.8m in 2005-6. Value added Staff costs were £35.9m.

Navigation and safety (SIC(2007) 52.22; part of 84.24) This is a sector that aggregates Government and non-government organisations concerned with ship routing and safety at sea.

Lighthouse authorities Lighthouses around the UK are paid for from the General Lighthouse Fund. The Fund gets its money from a levy on shipping using UK ports. In 2005-6 the levy was 35p net per ton. The three operating Agencies are Trinity House; The Northern Lighthouse Board; and the Commissioners for Irish Lights.

Exports The market for charts is global, but sales are difficult to track as much business is through agents. A conservative £20m is estimated. Numbers employed 1015 Information on intensity / value of activity by region The offices are in Taunton. Trends and potential for future growth The Hydrographic Office has a mission to be the world leader in the supply of hydrographic information and services. It has a very strong tradition and present global market position.

Source ● Hydrographic Office Annual Report and Accounts 2005-6.

Turnover £80.1m Value added Staff costs were £26.4m. Numbers employed 765 Information on intensity / value of activity by region Headquarters are in London, Edinburgh and Dublin. Operations are distributed around the coast. Trends and potential for future growth The staffing levels are being reduced as automation is established. Staff levels are expected to reduce to 700 by 2008. All lighthouses were automated by 1998.

Source The General Lighthouse Fund Report 2005-6.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

25

Analyses of economic sectors - Navigation and safety

Maritime and Coastguard Agency The Agency is within the Department for Transport. It has responsibilities for the Coastguard, and ship inspections/registration. It also represents the UK at the International Maritime Organisation. Turnover £128.8 Value added £39.5 for staff costs. Numbers employed 1,184 Information on intensity / value of activity by region Headquarters are in Southampton. Trends and potential for future growth There is increasing interest in counter-pollution operations.

Source ● MCA Annual Report 2006.

Health and Safety Executive The Offshore Safety Division of the Health and Safety Executive is part of the Hazardous Installations Directorate. In 2000 there were 230 people in the then separate OSD. HSE staff then totalled 3,937, so the offshore part was 5.8%. This percentage has been applied to the 2005-6 accounts. Turnover £262m total HSE expenditure. The attributed marine part is £15.3m. Value added Staff costs were £161m, so the marine element is £9.4m.

Source ● Health and Safety Commission Annual

Report 2005-6.

Royal National Lifeboat Institution The Institution is supported by voluntary contributions. It operates around 230 lifeboat stations around the UK. Many crew members are also volunteers, but the mechanics are normally employed by RNLI. Turnover £139m Value added £40.2m Numbers employed 1,248 Information on intensity / value of activity by region The headquarters are in Poole, Dorset. Trends and potential for future growth Capital investment is expected to increase up to 2010.

Numbers employed 230 Information on intensity / value of activity by region There are offices in Norwich, Bootle, London, and two in Aberdeen.

Source ● Annual Report of the RNLI for 2005.

Trends and potential for future growth The mission is to support the industry to make the UK Continental Shelf the safest offshore sector in the world by 2010.

26

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Navigation and safety

Figure 8: Employment in Navigation and safety sector

Lighthouses 765 Hydrographic Office 1,015 MCA 1,184 HSE 230 RNLI 1,248

Table 4: Summary for the safety and navigation sector

Navigation and safety

Turnover £m

Gross added value £m

Exports £m

Number employed

2005-6

Lighthouse Authorities

80.1

26.4

2005-6

The Hydrographic Office

74.8

35.9

2005-6

The Maritime and Coastguard Agency

128.8

39.5

1,184

2005-6

The Health and Safety Executive

15.3

9.4

230

2005

Royal National Lifeboat Institution

139.0

40.2

1,248

Total

450

150

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

765 20

20

1,015

5,000

27

Analyses of economic sectors - Cables Fish

Telecommunications is a major sector of the UK economy with strong growth. In 1984 1.5% of household expenditure was on telecoms but by 2002 this had increased to 2.5%. The total volume of call minutes has increased seven-fold in that time. The Internet makes heavy use of international communication mechanisms, and these are now almost entirely through fibre optic submarine cables, rather than earth-orbiting satellites. Upwards of 100 million simultaneous telephone calls can be made down an individual cable; in deep waters these cables are typically 17mm in diameter, the fibres within which will have a diameter of around 245µm. There are more than 10 operational cables across the Atlantic.

Cables (SIC(2007): part of 35.12; part of 61.10) Submarine cables are important both for the transmission of power, and for telecommunications. The rental received by The Crown Estate is included in the licence and rental section. Estimating the economic significance of these has been very difficult, and has been possible in a very approximate way only for telecommunications. More detailed results remain a challenge for the industry, and for future studies.

Submarine Telecommunications Earlier economic assessments of marine activities (see international section for references) have looked at the capital investment, but not at the whole impact of submarine cables as an economic sector. There is a case for including a fraction of the total business operational turnover as “marinerelated”, but the proportion is very difficult to separate from the totals for telecommunications. The business of telecommunication provides the service of transmitting information. It is critically dependent on submarine cables for international traffic. Here we try to estimate the proportion of the business of transmission that is depends on cables. The value of the information itself (e.g. images, software, reports) is not included, in the same way that the value of cargoes carried on ships by shipping companies is not included in the shipping section. Not all analysts take this approach, preferring to include only the costs of installing and maintaining the cables.

2 28

Turnover In 2005 the total telecoms revenue in the UK was £46.6 billion. From fixed lines (household and business) Ofcom report that 10.7% of the calls revenue was from international calls. If we take this percentage as a proxy for the submarine cable related income and apply it to the total sector turnover we get a turnover of £4,993 m. Value added The ONS combined use matrix for 2004 gives a value added factor for the sector of 0.54. Applying this to our turnover percentage gives an estimated value added due to submarine cables of £2,705m. Exports For 2004 the ONS give exports of £3,007m for the whole sector, which in turn gives £322m for cables. Numbers employed The whole sector employs about 250,000 people, 10.7% of which adjusts to 26,750 for jobs that may be said to be marine-supported. Information on intensity / value of activity by region This is an increasingly innovative industry. British Telecom has its research centre near Ipswich. Activities are widely distributed, and the business is increasingly capital and equipment intensive. Trends and potential for future growth Costs are reducing dramatically as earlier investments are paid off, and competition becomes more general. The dominance of British Telecom is being strategically reduced by Ofcom intervention, though the BT share is still more than 50% for most telecom activities. However, the mobile phone part is much more open, and for this part, income is now more than half as much again as income from fixed lines. By the end of 2006 the global telecomm industry had a turnover of $1.2 trillion; this is expected to grow at 5.9% per annum, to $1.6 trillion in 2010.

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Cables

Turnover

Gross value added

£4,993m

£2,705m

Telecommunications 2005

Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy In a knowledge based global society the use of submarine cables will continue to increase.

Sources ● Ofcom Reports and Jeremy Gardner, British Telecom www.ofcom.org.uk/research/cm/cm06/c mr06_print/telec.pdf

Exports

Number employed

26,750

Power cables It has proved impossible to quantify the economics of submarine power cables within the time and resources available. For the UK the main international link is with France. There is also a cable from Zeebrugge to Bacton. The England-France Interconnector is a 2,000MW high voltage direct current (HVDC) link between the French and British transmission systems with ownership shared between National Grid and Réseau de Transport d'Electricité (RTE). The UK landing point is at Baker's Gap, near Folkestone from where the interconnector is cabled underground to Sellindge converter station and connected to the transmission system. The interconnector is approximately 70km in length with 45km of submarine cable. As of 2005 imports of electricity from France have historically accounted for about 5% of electricity available in the UK. Imports through the interconnector have generally been around the highest possible level, given the capacity of the link. In 2006, 97.5% of the energy transfers were made from France to UK, supplying the equivalent of 3 million English homes. The link availability is around 98%, which is among the best rates in the world. The continued size and duration of this flow is open to some doubt, given the growth in demand in Europe for clean electricity, and increasing electricity demand within France. Within the UK there are important links from Scotland to Ireland, and to the Isle of Man, and to the Scottish Islands.

Source: www.nationalgrid.com/uk/Interconnectors/ France/

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

29

Analyses of economic sectors - Business services

Table 5: Global market share of UK maritime services Ship finance

17%

Insurance underwriting

15%

Insurance P&I Clubs

67%

Lloyds Register

19%

Shipbroking Tanker chartering Dry bulk chartering

50% 30-40%

Secondhand tonnage

Business services (SIC(2007): part of 64; 65 and 69) London is the leading centre worldwide in the supply of a range of business services to the international maritime shipping community. It is a source of capital, and of expertise in marine insurance, ship chartering, shipping finance, ship classification, legal services, dispute resolution and accountancy services. Turnover A rough estimate of marine-related turnover can be obtained from the employment statistics (see Table 7) from the IFS 2004 Maritime Services Report, and average City salaries, linked to turnover in the 2004 combined use matrix us. According to MorganMcKinley the City recruitment agency, average city salaries were £50,945 in October 2005, a premium of some 50% on average salaries in the UK banking sector as a whole; total compensation including superannuation may be 20% more than this (£61.1k). The ONS combined use matrix shows that in 2004 employee compensation for the banking and finance sector, (which most closely reflects these activities) was 28.6% of turnover. This gives a turnover of £214k per employee, which, for 14,062 employees (see table 7), gives a total marine-related turnover of £3,006m.

50%

Value added Using the same arguments as above, based on employee numbers, salaries, and factors from the 2004 combined use matrix, gives a value added which is 69.4% of turnover, or £2.086bn. Exports £1,301m in 2004. See Table 6. Numbers employed For 2004 the number is estimated by the IFS, at 14,100. See Table 7. Information on intensity / value of activity by region The City of London is the centre for the vast majority of these activities. Related impacts / consequences in the UK economy The so-called “invisibles” are an important element in the UK balance of payments.

Sources Maritime Services Report by International Financial Services, London. October 2005 www.ifsl.org.uk/research/index.html



Within the totals, there is a separately identifies £49m services to the leisure boating industry. Business services related to cruising in Europe are estimates to add €406 m, in earnings alone, which is included within these totals.

30

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Business services

Table 6: Net overseas earnings of UK maritime services £m

1999

2002

2004

Baltic Exchange

297

322

551

Banking Services

100

150

170

Insurance brokers

160

170

170

Law firms

170

170

160

P&I Clubs

85

90

90

Barristers

20

20

20

Ship classification

51

54

75

Publishing

30

40

35

Others

30

30

30

Total

943

1,046

1,301

Table 7: UK employment in maritime services 2000

2003

2005

Shipbrokers

1700

1900

2041

Support staff

2300

2300

2457

Banking

400

400

400

Underwriters

500

200

200

Insurance brokers

1800

1600

1500

P&I Clubs

1100

1050

1030

Average adjusters

300

300

300

Law firms

2300

2200

2050

Barristers

200

200

200

Maritime arbitrators

100

100

100

Ship classification

1800

1850

1734

Publishing

800

800

750

Accountants

500

550

550

IMO & int.orgs.& institns.

400

450

450

Prof. Institutions

100

100

100

Others

200

200

200

14,500

14,200

14,062

Total

Turnover

Gross value added

£3,006m

£2,086m

Business services 2004

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

Exports

Number employed

14,100

31

Analyses of economic sectors - Licence and rental

Oil and Gas The UK’s legal framework for petroleum licensing is founded on the premise that ownership of the petroleum resources of Great Britain and the territorial sea is vested in the Crown and the Government has the right to grant licences to explore for and exploit these resources as well as those of the UK continental shelf. Companies wishing to explore and exploit oil and gas resources beneath the UK continental shelf must obtain a licence from government (The UK Department for Business, Enterprise & Regulatory Reform (DBERR), formerly the Department for Trade and Industry). These fees are small compared with potential profits. Licence fees include receipts from fees for onshore and offshore petroleum exploration and production licenses, including initial and periodic payments. In 2005-6 fees received were £57m of which perhaps £1m was not offshore.

Licence and rental (SIC(2007): part of 68.2) This category includes rental and licensing income from operations offshore. It has two components: The Crown Estate marine income; and central Government income from licence fees for oil and gas exploration and production. Petroleum revenue tax and corporation tax paid by oil and gas production companies totalled £9641m in 2005-6) are not included.

Employment About 50

● DBERR Oil and gas statistics:

In 2005-6 The Marine Estate part of The Crown Estate had an income of £36.9 (14.6% of group; operating costs £2.8m) and a property value of £297m. The Marine Estate includes over 55% of the UK’s foreshore, the beds of tidal rivers and estuaries, and almost the entire seabed out to the 12 nautical mile territorial limit around the UK. It also includes the rights to explore and utilise the natural resources of the UK continental shelf, with the exception of oil, coal and gas. Interests include marine aggregates, potash mining, oil and gas pipelines, telecommunication and power cables, aquaculture, renewable energy, moorings, marinas, wildfowling and ports.

www.ndad.nationalarchives.gov.uk/CRD A/26/DD/1/3/web/fetched/_/www.dbddata.co.uk/bb2001/append8.htm ● The Crown Estate Annual report for 2006.

Turnover

Gross value added

£93m

£90m

Licence and rental

32

Value added Allowing expenses, £90m.

Sources

The Crown Estate

2005-6

Turnover Estimated at £93m

Exports

Number employed

50

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Research and development

On 1 July 2001 MoD R&D activities were split into two organisations: the Defence Science & Technology Laboratory (Dstl) (about a quarter of DERA) staying as a Trading Fund within MoD, the remainder, becoming a private (extramural) company, QinetiQ. In 2005-6 QinetiQ had a turnover of £1,052m and a GVA of £571m; employment was 11,024. Many marine sectors, for example tourism, are mature, or do not need extensive research to underpin them. Others, such as equipment and leisure craft construction, are actively developing and need a high level of R&D to remain competitive. The level of in-house R&D is estimated to vary between 1% and 10% with an average value near the lower end of the range.

Research and development (SIC(2007): part of 72) Research and development (R&D) falls into three categories: Industry Sector; University (Higher Education Institutions); and Public Sector. Some funding comes through European Union programmes, but this is only a small part of the total UK-funded component.

Industry Sector Research Information for this sector is very difficult to obtain as research expenditure is usually integrated within company accounts. However, the Office of Science and Innovation, publishes summaries and in some cases detailed company research and development returns. Only one of the OSI R&D sectors, Ship Building and Repair, is specifically marine. This sector spent £123m on in-house R&D in 2004.The extractive industries, including solids, liquids and gases, spent £35m on R&D in 2004, consistent with a long-term decline. In general, the marine-related market sectors continue to look to the Public Sector for the needed research, in contrast with pharmaceuticals and aerospace, where 14.3% and 8.4% of sales in 2006 were spent on R&D by the companies themselves. Certain sectors operate, or are served by specialised research companies, including HR Wallingford and British Maritime Technology, which were formerly in the public sector. BMT now operates globally with a number of subsidiary companies (£84.5m annual turnover in 2006; 1,077 employees). Associated British Ports maintains a central research laboratory in Southampton, which now trades as ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd.

Turnover As a very rough estimate this is taken as: the OSI values for ship building and the extractive industries; a third of the BMT turnover; a fifth of the QinetiQ turnover; and 3.1% (the sector average for electronics and electrical) of the estimated marine equipment sector total turnover of £7507m. This gives a total of £629m. Value added Using the QinetiQ value added factor of 0.54 gives £340m. Exports It is not possible to estimate these. Numbers employed Scaled from QinetiQ turnover and employment levels, gives an estimate of 6,665. Trends and potential for future growth UK expertise as an exportable asset is expected to continue to increase in value.

Sources ● DTI, Office of Science and Innovation.

The R&D scoreboard 2006. www.innovation.gov.uk/rd_scoreboard ● QinetiQ Annual Reports and Accounts

2007. www.qinetiq.com/home/investor_centre /financial_information.html ● British Maritime Technology Company

Profile 2007 www.bmt.org

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

33

Analyses of economic sectors - Research and development

Table 8: Employment in the HEI sector Type of researcher

1999-2000

1994-1995

1988-1989

Academic staff

538

586

575

Technicians

328

341

385

Postdoctoral researchers

350

435

281

Postgraduate students

1022

1088

683

Total researchers

2,238

2,450

1,924

Higher Education Institutions Earlier analyses (Pugh and Skinner, 2002) have examined this sector in detail by meant of questionnaires. For this report the same detailed approach was not justified. Instead it is possible to use the staffing levels from the 1999-2000 analysis, and update these for 2005-6 salary levels. The distribution of staffing levels has not changed substantially over the period of three earlier analyses (see Pugh and Skinner 2002 for full details of earlier studies). Turnover This may be estimated at twice the value added (see below). Note that some expensive central research facilities including, for example, ship time and complex analytical technologies, are covered by NERC and included in the public sector section below. Value added Based on the staff numbers in the table, including postgraduate students, and costs of £50,000 per annum for academics, £40,000 for technicians, £25,000 for postdoctoral workers, and £12000 for postgraduate students, the salaries add to £31m. This allows 50% of academic time for research, and 80% of technician time (the rest assumed to be for teaching). Profits are assumed to be zero. Numbers employed Estimated at 2,238 from 1999-2000 survey. Information on intensity / value of activity by region In 1999-2000 the three biggest HEI research locations for marine activities were the School of Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton; the School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor; and the Institute of Aquaculture, Stirling.

Sources ● HEFC salary figures. ● Pugh and Skinner, 2002.

34

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Research and development

Table 9: Public sector summaries Year

Turnover £m

Gross value added £m

Number employed

CEFAS

2005-6

40.4

16.9

508

FRS

2005-6

21.0

10.9

322

SAMS

2005-6

9.0

3.4

77

PML

2005-6

8.1

5.3

121

NOCS (NERC) (Research)

Average 2005-7

9.7

6.4

121

NOCS (NERC) (National facilities)

Average 2005-7

11.0

7.3

178

POL

2005-6

7.0

4.6

130

Totals

106.2

54.8

1457

Public Sector Research This is undertaken in support of Departmental policy objectives, to improve operational efficiency, or as a basic research function (Research Councils). In considering Research Council funding, and in order to avoid double-counting, it is necessary to exclude grants made to HEIs, as these are covered separately in that section. Here the activity levels of the main, directly funded, laboratories are summarised. Turnover Estimated at £106m Value added Estimated at £55m Numbers employed Estimated at 1,457

Information on intensity / value of activity by region The main laboratories of the tabulated organisations are as follows: ● CEFAS. Centre for Environment, Fisheries &

Aquaculture Science. Lowestoft ● FRS. Fisheries Research Services. Aberdeen. ● SAMS. Scottish Association for Marine

Science. Oban ● PML. Plymouth Marine Laboratory. Plymouth. ● NOCS. National Oceanography Centre.

Southampton. The NOC includes the NERC scientists working in Strategic Research Divisions, and the National Marine Facilities Division. The NMFD operates research vessels including the new RRS James Cook (maiden scientific voyage, March 2007; cost £40m). ● POL. Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory.

Liverpool. Trends and potential for future growth NERC has approved a £120m programme of coordinated research across seven marine centres “Oceans 2025”, to run for 5 years from April 2007.

Sources ● Annual Reports of listed organisations.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

35

Analyses of economic sectors - Research and development

Figure 9: GVA for R&D by activity. Total = £426m

Public sector £340m HEIs £31m Industry £55m

Table 10: Summary for research and development sector

Research and development

36

Turnover £m

Gross value added £m

Number employed

Industry

629

340

6,665

HEIs

62

31

2,238

Public Sector

106

55

1,457

Total

797

426

10,360

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine environment

Decommissioning Offshore oil and gas fixed installations are eventually intended for decommissioning and partial removal. The industry potential has been estimated at between £15bn and £20bn, but only a few projects are yet underway. One of these is the BP North West Hutton rig which has an approved decommissioning plan costing £160m over the period 2004-2009. Allowing for two such projects in progress (DBERR Oil and Gas lists give details of approved schemes) in 2005-6 gives a rough estimate of £80m turnover. From construction industry averages, this gives £31m added value and 1,200 employees.

Marine environment (SIC(2007): part of 74.90/1) This sector includes activities which protect or improve the marine environment. These include wastewater treatment before discharge; the decommissioning of offshore oil and gas structures; and the activities of environmental agencies and conservation bodies.

Conservation and environment organisations There are several quasi-government and other organisations concerned with marine conservation, many on a devolved regional basis. The information has been obtained from annual reports of the relevant organisations: Joint Nature Conservation Committee Natural England (formerly English Nature) Countryside Council for Wales

Wastewater treatment This is mainly done by the water companies, whose activities are regulated by Water Services Regulation Authority (Ofwat). In 2004 the limits for financial charges for the period 2005-2010 were determined after consultations. For 2005-6 total operational turnover was projected at £7.5bn investment, for all water activities, of which sewerage services are about 52%. The fraction of all discharges that are discharged to the coastal environment is about 13% according to DEFRA statistics. The rest is discharged to “freshwater and estuarine” environments, but as it is not possible to separate out the estuarine part of this, it is not included here. There is also a £1.75bn capital investment for sewerage alone, 13% of which is £229m. This gives a total turnover of £736m.

Scottish Natural Heritage Scottish Environment Protection Agency Environment Agency National Trust

The combined use matrix shows a value added factor of 0.49 giving a value added of £363m for wastewater treatment. Turnover per employee in this sector scales to an estimated 6,624 employees.

Sources ● Future water and sewerage charges 2005-2010. Final determinations. OFWAT, 2004. ● Sewage treatment in the UK. UK

implementation of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive.DEFRA 2002.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

37

Analyses of economic sectors - Marine environment

Table 11: Estimated statistics for the marine conservation organisations Approx % marine

Turnover £m

Value added £m

Staff

total

marine

total

marine

total

marine

JNCC

2005-6

25

9

2

4

1

119

30

Natural England

2004-5

20

69

14

29

6

917

185

CCW

2005-6

20

40

8

18

4

660

130

SNH

2005-6

20

65

13

26

5

761

150

SEPA

2005-6

20

61

12

40

8

1,144

230

Environment Agency (excluding flood defence)

2005-6

20

497

99

284

57

9,200

1,800

2006

5

337

17

123

6

4,128

210

National Trust

TOTAL

165

All estimates are approximate. It has not been possible to access relevant information for the Northern Ireland body, Council for Nature Conservation and the Countryside, which has a statutory responsibility to advise the Environment and Heritage Service. These organisations do not include heritage/historic interests; for example English Heritage (total turnover £167m in 2005-6, and 1880 employees) has an interest in historic seascapes and wrecks. However, separating a marine part from their annual statements is not feasible.

87

2,735

A consortium, lead by the National Trust, published a report in November 2006 which estimated that 92,000 jobs in Wales depend on the Welsh coastline and marine environment, and that these activities have a turnover of £6.8bn, and a value added of £2.5bn.

Sources ● Valuing our environment. Economic

impact of the coastal and marine environment of Wales. November 2006. www.nationaltrust.org.uk/walespolicy ● Annual reports of listed agencies

Table 12: Summary of environment sector Gross value added £m

Exports

Number employed

2005

Wastewater treatment

736

364

12,100

2006

Decommissioning

80

31

1,200

2005/6

Conservation agencies

165

87

2,735

Total

981

482

16,035

Environment

38

Turnover £m

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Defence

Numbers employed In 2005-6 the average number of full-time equivalent persons employed during the year was: Service 203,290 and Civilians 95,750. Applying the 25% factor gives a total for the marine-related element of around 74,760.

Sources ● MoD Annual Reports and Accounts 2005-6 www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/804F2223614A-4CA2-9F17-B14607164C58/0/ modannual_report_0506_resourceaccts. pdf

Defence (SIC(2007): part of 84.22) The Ministry of Defence marine expenditure is calculated on the basis of Navy Resource Outturns, and a proportional allocation of central MoD management and services costs. In 2005-6 the total Net Resource Outturn of the MoD was £32,738m. Of this the Commander-in-Chief Fleet (£3,594m) and the Commander-in-Chief Naval Home Command (£778m) are explicitly marine. Central Services cost £15,252m). Turnover Adding the two explicitly marine figures above (£4,372m) and the proportion of central services (25%, based on the proportion of non-central budgets allocated to marine; £3812m) gives a marine-related turnover of £8,185 m Value added By convention the gross value added for public sector activities is defined as the payment to employees. For the MoD in 2005-6, the total compensation to employees was £11,255m. Applying the same (25%) proportion of the total MoD salaries and wages costs for 2005-6 (25%; £11,255 m) gives £2,814 m.

Turnover

Gross value added

£8,185m

£2,814m

Defence 2005-6

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

Exports

Number employed

74,760

39

Analyses of economic sectors - Leisure and recreation

about intentions to visit the seaside. It adds that they do not expect “ a huge percentage of inbound visitors to do this”. Of the 20 cities/towns most visited by foreign visitors, only Brighton is a traditional seaside resort. In 2005 Brighton had 332,000 visits by foreign tourists. Numbers employed The simple calculation of reducing the UK total employment in the Tourism Industry (1.4 million people) by the proportion of the total turnover that is attributed to coastal towns gives an employment of 90,000.

Leisure and recreation (SIC(2007): 50.10; 77.21; 77.34/1; part of 79 and 93)

Holiday tourism This is a difficult sector to estimate as seaside recreation is not usually distinguished from general tourism in statistics, and the difference is hard to define. Fortunately the Minister for Creative Industries and Tourism has given Departmental statistics in a response to a recent House of Commons Committee Enquiry into the economics of coastal towns. Turnover This is given in the Departmental evidence as an abstraction from the estimated UK total for the Tourism Industry of £75bn a year, and a total employment of 1.4 million people. The estimated expenditure for coastal towns is £4.8bn calculated as: 17% of overnight stays and around £3.6bn expenditure 7% of day trips and 5% of spend, giving £1.2bn The average spend in 2002-3 for each day trip to the seaside and coast was £18.50, significantly lower than the amount spent by tourists visiting the countryside (£20.70) and cities (£30.80) Value added The proportion of turnover which was gross value added at basic prices for the hotel/catering/pub sector in 2004 was 0.47 (combined use matrix). This converts turnover to value added from seaside recreation of £2.26bn. Exports The Departmental response states that total international tourism visitor expenditure for 2005 in the UK was £1.4bn, and adds that International Passenger Surveys have not separately asked

40

Activity by region Seaside tourism is distributed throughout the UK, with many smaller resorts depending on a very local clientele. Big centres such as Blackpool and Brighton also attract conventions and conferences. A study lead buy the National Trust has estimated a total income for seaside tourism in Wales in 2003, of over £700m (see also the environment sector). Trends and potential for future growth British coastal towns may be recovering from a long-term decline in tourist numbers as many people take short breaks, in addition to their more expensive overseas holidays. They are increasingly popular as retirement locations, but these trends can also bring social problems, as discussed in detail in the Parliamentary Committee Enquiry.

Source ● House of Commons, Communities and

Local Government Committee, Coastal Towns. HC 351. Published 7 March 2007. ● Valuing our environment. Economic impact

of the coastal and marine environment of Wales. November 2006.

Within the general category of holiday tourism, the economics of recreational angling has been studied in detail for England and Wales. The 2004 Drew report for DEFRA estimates and annual aggregate expenditure of £538m, made up of £178m shore based (54% of all participants), £82m for charter boat (22%) and £278m for own boat activities (23%). Most (97%) of anglers are men, and they have been fishing for an average of 26 years. Participation has a strong local element, and is greatest in the northeast of England, south of England, and Wales. Overall the prospects appear reasonably stable. These figures are assumed to be already included in the overall holiday tourism and leisure craft services categories.

Source ● statistics.defra.gov.uk/esg/reports/ seaangling/finalrep.pdf

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Leisure and recreation

Cruising Leisure cruising is a growing global industry, mainly centred in the USA, but with a strong European component. Passengers, ports of embarking, ports of call, direct and indirect employment, and ownership, are distributed internationally. The global industry in 2006 had an estimated turnover of £15.5bn, scaled upwards from Carnival, the biggest operator having a turnover of $11.8bn and 39% of all passengers. Turnover Because of the wide distribution of activities, isolating the UK component of the industry is very difficult. Only rough estimated can be made within the resources available here. Douglas-Westwood (2000) estimated the UK share at 11.9% of the global market (£1.4bn in a market of £11.9bn). As a very rough proxy for turnover, this gives a UK turnover of £1.86bn from the £15.5bn global figure for 2006 estimated above. Value added Using the value added factor of 0.47 for the hotel and catering industry, gives a UK value added of £878m. Business services from the UK to the global cruising industry are estimates to add €406 m in earnings alone; these are covered in a separate section. Numbers employed The European analysis prepared for the European Cruise Council estimates 33,606 residents of Europe were employed by the cruise lines, of which 29,000 worked at sea aboard cruise ships. Of these, 31.1% (10,470) were from the UK. The same study estimated a direct economic input of 37,319 UK jobs, but this higher total includes a wide range of bought-in services. For this wider group, the total compensation was 1,457m Euros.

Trends and potential for future growth Cruising has been growing as an industry at a rate of 8.4% for more than two decades. In Europe Italy is the main player with the UK second. The customers are mainly elderly and cautious: business trends are sensitive to terrorism incidents, and even unrelated incidents such as Hurricane Katrina’s impact on New Orleans in 2005. Of an estimated 12m cruise passengers in 2006, about a million came from the UK.

Sources ● Contribution of cruise tourism to the

economies of Europe. Report prepared by G.P.Wild (International) Limited for the European Cruise Council, February 2007. www.mif-eu.org/ECC_Report_6 .pdf ● Carnival Annual accounts for 2006 ● Cruise industry in figures. Business

briefing: Global Cruise 2004. By W. B. Ebersold. US Department of Transportation. www.touchbriefings.co.uk/pdf/858/eber sold.pdf

Activity by region The main cruising areas are distant from the UK, but cruise ships visit several UK ports. Southampton claims to be the centre of the UK cruise industry and is home to the QE2 and the Queen Mary 2, and to the Princess liners. All are now part of the Carnival group, run from the USA, but shares are traded on exchanges in both New York and London. In 2005 Southampton had 701,000 passenger transfers, with ingoing and outgoing counting separately. Some 503,000 passengers embarked on cruises from the UK; 1,071,000 UK people embarked on cruises from all European ports.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

41

Analyses of economic sectors - Leisure and recreation

Leisure craft services The leisure craft and small boat industries have been well served by recent economic analyses under the auspices of the British Marine Federation. Their industry analyses include boat building and business services, both of which are covered in other sections of this report. Total turnover (2005/6) is estimated at £2.8bn for the combined leisure and small commercial marine industry. In this section we concentrate only on the services provided to the leisure industry, including distribution costs. These services have been in the recent BMF (August, 2007) report on marinas, from which the following figures have been taken. Turnover For boating services, the gross sales for 2005/6 including moorings, marinas, and boatyard services, retail, charters and school, was £755m. Value added This is estimated at £188m in 2005/6. Exports Most services are delivered locally, and the BMF 2007 report (section 3.4) considers exports to be a very minor aspect of core activities

Activity by region Concentration of activities is greatest in the south, with 34.3% of marina berths in the South East; 17.7% in the South West; 11% in the East of England. For Scotland the figure is 9.2%, and for Wales, 7.3%. Trends and potential for future growth Obviously climate has an effect on the regional distribution with the southern regions favoured, but the industry considers there is scope for development in the more northerly areas. Steady growth is expected as leisure activities increase overall. This sector, which involves luxury optional purchases, is sensitive to overall global economic conditions, especially for the sales of new boats.

Sources ● British Marine Federation (2006). UK Leisure and Small Commercial Marine Industry. Key Performance Indicators 2005/6. ● British Marine Federation (2005).

Economic benefits of the UK leisure boating Industry. ● British Marine Federation (2007).

Economic benefits of coastal marinas in the UK and Channel Islands.

Numbers employed Around 14,187 fulltime equivalent jobs in 2005/6, in the services and supply sections listed above.

Table 13: Summary for leisure and recreation sector

Leisure and recreation

42

Turnover £m

Gross value added £m

Exports £m

Number employed

2005

Holiday tourism

4,800

2,260

90,000

2006

Cruising

1,860

878

10,470

2005/6

Leisure craft services

775

188

14,200

Total

7,435

3,326

114,670

Marine Estate Research Report

Analyses of economic sectors - Education and training

Education and training (SIC(2007): part of 85.4) In the Higher Education sector there are many courses that are specifically marine. Many of these are attended by overseas students and fees paid are an input to the UK economy. Costs are very difficult to isolate from R&D as HEIs perform both activities. Turnover Using the figure of 538 academic staff (see table 8) and assuming a staff-student ratio of 12:1 (including MSc course and similar) gives a student population of 6,460. Taking the fees for overseas students at the Southampton Oceanography Centre (now the NOC, Southampton) of £11,300 per annum as FEC, gives a turnover of £73m. Value added Applying the value added factor for the whole education sector of 0.72 gives £52m. Numbers employed Assuming 50% of academic staff time and 20% of technician time is teaching gives a very approximate value of 350. However this does not include all the related HEI staff support for students. Exports More than 10% of students in UK HEIs are from overseas.

Turnover

Gross value added

£73m

£52m

Education and training 2006

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

Exports

Number employed

350

43

Summary of activities

Summary of activities Table 14a summarises the turnover, value added and employment levels estimated for each sector. The contributions of each sector are summarised against the UK totals, for value added and employment, where the total UK values are scaled to 1,000. Note that the UK Gross Domestic Product used for scaling the value added from each sector is the GDP at basic prices. The total UK figures are for 2005, taken from Tables 1.1 and 2.5 of the 2007 ONS Blue Book. These give total UK Gross Value Added (at current basic prices) of £1,097bn, and total employment levels of 30.7m.The order for the sectors is the same as in the text, and approximately that of SIC 2007.

Table 14a: Summary of all economic sectors in SIC order “year”

Turnover £m

Gross value added £m

GDP=1000

Employment

UK=1000

Fish

2004

3,740

808

0.7

31,633

1.0

Oil and gas

2005

28,693

19,845

18.1

290,000

9.4

Aggregates

2006

242

114

0.1

1,670

0.1

Ship and boat building

2004

2,720

1,193

1.1

35,000

1.1

Equipment

2004

7,880

3,268

3.0

181,688

5.9

Renewable energy

2005-6

32

10

0.0

50

0.00

Construction

2005-6

558

228

0.2

6,200

0.2

Shipping operations

2004

8,820

3,399

3.1

28,100

0.9

Ports

2005

8,108

5,045

4.6

54,000

1.8

Navigation and safety

2005

450

150

0.1

5,000

0.2

2005-6

4,993

2,705

2.5

26,750

0.9

Business services

2004

3,006

2,086

1.9

14,100

0.5

Licence and rental

2005-6

93

90

0.1

50

0.0

R and D

2005-6

797

426

0.4

10,360

0.3

Environment

2005-6

981

482

0.4

16,035

0.5

Defence

2005-6

8,185

2,841

2.6

74,760

2.4

Leisure and recreation

2005-6

7,435

3,326

3.0

114,670

3.7

2006

73

52

0.1

350

0.01

86,806

46,041

42.0

890,416

29.0

Cables

Education Totals

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

45

Summary of activities

Figure 10: GVA by economic activity 20,000

£ million

15,000

10,000

5,000

F vir ish on m en t R an Co Na d D ns vig tru at io c t n an ion d sa fe ty Ag Li ce gr ga nc te e an s d re nt al Ed Re uc ne a w tio ab n le en er gy

d

En

io ns re cr ea Eq tion ui pm en De t fe nc e Bu C ab Sh sine l ss e ip an se s d rv ice bo at s bu ild in g

at

an re

isu Le

Sh

ip

pi

ng

O

op

il a

er

nd

Po

ga

s

rts

0

Table 14b: Summary of all economic sectors, in order of value added “year”

Turnover £m

Gross value added £m

GDP=1000

Employment

UK=1000

Oil and gas

2005

28,693

19,845

18.1

290,000

9.4

Ports

2005

8,108

5,045

4.6

54,000

1.8

Shipping operations

2004

8,820

3,399

3.1

28,100

0.9

2005-6

7,435

3,326

3.0

114,670

3.7

2004

7,880

3,268

3.0

181,688

5.9

Defence

2005-6

8,185

2,841

2.6

74,760

2.4

Cables

2005-6

4,993

2,705

2.5

26,750

0.9

Business services

2004

3,006

2,086

1.9

14,100

0.5

Ship and boat building

2004

2,720

1,193

1.1

35,000

1.1

Fish

2004

3,740

808

0.7

31,633

1.0

Environment

2005-6

981

482

0.4

16,035

0.5

R and D

2005-6

797

426

0.4

10,360

0.3

Construction

2005-6

558

228

0.2

6,200

0.2

Navigation and safety

2005

450

150

0.1

5,000

0.2

Aggregates

2006

242

114

0.1

1,670

0.1

2005-6

93

90

0.1

50

0.0

2006

73

52

0.05

350

0.01

2005-6

32

10

0.01

50

0.00

86,806

46,041

42.0

890,416

29.0

Leisure and recreation Equipment

Licence and rental Education Renewable energy Totals

46

Marine Estate Research Report

Summary of activities

Figure 10 and Table 14b, show the value added by different sectors in order of magnitude and as a bar chart, also arranged in order of value added. Gas and oil extraction is the dominant marine economic sector. The second sector is ports, followed by shipping operations, leisure and recreation, and equipment. The smallest sectors are renewable energy and education.

Marine related jobs account for 29 in every thousand in the UK. The lower factor for employment compared with the 4.2% for value added means that jobs in the marine sector are more effective at generating wealth than average employment in the UK economy. The most effective marine sectors for generating wealth for each person working in the sector are business services, education and shipping operations. Some caution is necessary when considering the education output per employee as the substantial student administration and wider non-academic support jobs are not included. The least effective jobs for creating value added are in the leisure and recreation, fish, and equipment sectors. Many of the numbers used are indirect estimates, and so these are only approximate overall indications. Figure 11 shows the relative value added contribution for five aggregated marine sectors.

Figure 11: Marine value added by aggregated sectors Extraction: oil and gas; renewable energy; fishing; licensing and rent; aggregates. Transport: shipping; navy; business services; communications; navigation and safety. Manufacture: ship and boat building; equipment; construction. Appreciation: recreation and leisure; environment; Understanding: research and development; education. Extraction 46% Transport 35% Manufacture 10% Appreciation 8% Understanding 1%

Extraction, dominated by oil and gas, is the major (46%) aggregated sector. All the various aspects of transport added together constitute 35% of the total value added. Understanding is lowest with 1%. Manufacturing and appreciation contribute 10% and 85 respectively.

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

47

Summary of activities

Consideration of the combined use matrix modelling approach and calculating gross value added does not fully capture the ongoing impacts of activities in the economy. Some separate indicators include: ● 40% of all energy consumed in the UK in 2005

was from natural gas; ● 33% of energy consumed was in the form of

petroleum; ● most Internet traffic depends on submarine

cables; ● the landed value of fish is increased by 500%

before serving in a restaurant; ● a study for ABP estimates that the turnover for

their five South Wales ports of ● £45m (2003) indirectly supports £1.7bn of

gross input to the Welsh economy; ● 95% of all UK international trade passes

through UK ports; ● cruising holidays are one of the fastest growing

sectors in the global economy; ● holidays taken at local UK coastal resorts,

involving less travel, may have a lower carbon footprint. The total direct and indirect contribution to the UK economy of the marine sectors can be roughly estimated from the turnover, as the difference between value added and turnover is substantially goods and services bought in from other sectors of the economy. These other sectors will include supply of electricity, ware and banking services. However, not all of the difference between turnover and value added can be ascribed to an indirect economic contribution, as some of our marine sectors have purchased services from other marine sectors; to include these would mean double counting. We have specifically noted and used the purchases from one marine sector to another in

48

estimating the total value added in equipment manufacture by examining the combined use matrix for equipment bought into the shipbuilding sector. Nevertheless a cautious indication might be that 50 to 70% of the goods and services purchased by marine sectors were from nonmarine sectors. This gives a total direct and indirect contribution of marine activities to the UK economy of between 6.0% and 6.8%. The overall turnover and value added figures are not directly comparable with those reported earlier (Pugh and Skinner, 2002, summarise these), but the general conclusion is that marine activities continue to be substantial contributors to the UK economy and to generating employment.

Marine Estate Research Report

Services that are not economically charged

Services that are not economically charged Although outside the context of this report, it may be noted that not all marine-related activities appear in strict national accounting systems. It is worth drawing attention to some of these, and it is usual when doing so to identify two categories: those benefits which directly relate to human activities, and those uses that are of a more indirect and generic nature. The direct human benefits that do not appear in financial assessments include the use of the sea for recreational fishing; sailing; and the use in many places of the beaches without charge. The value of these services is difficult to estimate, but attempts have been made. For example, as long ago as 1988-9, surveys suggested that people valued a beach visit at £7.65 per day (The Economics of Coastal management: a manual of assessment techniques. Published by Belhaven/Wiley, 1992). A recent survey of house price increases shows that seaside towns are particularly active (Halifax, prices at March 2007; and Financial Times, 16 June 2007) supposedly attracting buyers looking for lifestyle changes, along with second-home buyers and buy-to-let investors. This enhancement of prices for living near the sea is sometimes called hedonistic pricing, in economic terms. The generic wider scale and more indirect uses which have value, “environmental services”, are sometimes linked to the concept of “environmental capital”. The services are also linked to ecosystem services on a global basis and the oceans may be a substantial contribution. Services include: ● gas regulation - maintaining a balanced chemical composition in the atmosphere, ● climate regulation - control of global

temperature, precipitation, greenhouse gas regulation, cloud formation, ● disturbance regulation - storm protection, flood

● nutrient cycling - the storage, internal cycling,

processing and acquisition of nutrients, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus cycles, ● waste treatment - the breakdown of excess

toxic compounds, ● biological control - the trophic-dynamic

regulation of populations, ● refugia - feeding and nursery habitats for

resident and transient populations of harvested species, ● food production - the portion of gross primary

production which is extracted as food for humans, ● raw materials - the portion of gross primary

production which is extracted as fuel or building material, ● genetic resources - sources of unique

biological materials for medicines, ● recreation - opportunities for tourism, sport and

other outdoor pastimes The theoretical cost to humanity of artificially replacing the ecosystem services, were they not provided by nature, has been estimated at $8,400bn per year for the open oceans and 1.5 times this for coastal ecosystems. However placing numbers on these viable yet imprecise services is extremely tentative, and must depend on the economic model applied: for example, are they estimated at absolute or marginal cost? There are other cultural benefits that are even more difficult to quantify. These include opportunities for aesthetic, artistic, educational, spiritual activities. Benefits could also include the value people place on knowing that the coastal regions, or the oceans in general, are well kept and that they will be passed on to future generations in a good state. In summary, not all the benefits of the oceans are encapsulated in strict statistics of national GDP and turnover.

Source ● UN Atlas of the Oceans. www.oceansatlas.org

control, drought recovery, ● water regulation - regulation of global, regional

and local scale hydrology through currents and tides, ● water supply - storage of water returned to

land as precipitation, ● erosion and sediment transport/deposition -

moving sediments from source areas and replenishing depositional areas,

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

49

Towards a marine activities indicator

Towards a marine activities indicator Various analyses have considered the possibility of a semi-automatically generated annual indicator of marine activities in the UK economy. The intention would be to use these in the periodic assessment of the state of the UK seas and specifically, their economic productivity.

There are some serious difficulties in seeking to identify a suitable approach, principally due to the fact that only a few marine activities are separately and uniquely identified in national statistics. Table 15 summarises the situation for each sector in this report. The right-hand column is partly a subjective assessment of the difficulties experienced in accessing data for this report. Five stars means readily accessible official statistics. One star means that only rough indirect estimates are possible.

Table 15: Data sources ordered by accessibility Gross value added £m

Sector

GDP= 1000

19,845

Oil and Gas

18.1

ONS

★★★★★

2,814

Defence

2.6

ONS

★★★★

1,193

Ship and boat building

1.1

ONS; regular industry analyses

★★★★

808

Fish

0.7

ONS

★★★★

150

Navigation and safety

0.1

Annual reports and Authorities

★★★★

114

Aggregates

0.1

ONS and industry

★★★★

90

Licence and rental

0.1

Crown Estate and DBERR

★★★★

3,399

Shipping operations

3.1

ONS

★★★

2,086

Business services

1.9

Industry survey repeated intermittently

★★★

5,045

Ports

4.6

Industry and employment ad hoc report

★★

3,326

Leisure and recreation

3.0

Regular industry analyses; DEFRA estimate

★★

482

Environment

0.4

Ofwat, indirectly

★★

426

R and D

0.4

Industry, laboratory and university reports

★★

10

Renewable energy

0.01

Industry

★★

3,268

Equipment

3.0

Industry and indirect calculations

★★

2,705

Cables

2.5

Indirectly from Ofcom and industry



228

Construction

0.2

Indirect calculations



52

Education

0.05

Indirect from academic surveys



50

Data source

Regular availability

Marine Estate Research Report

Towards a marine activities indicator

Only oil and gas extraction falls into the 5* category. Equipment and telecommunications are big sectors that are poorly accessible. Even port activities are difficult because of the decentralised nature and private ownership of major parts of the industry. Figure 12 shows that only 54% of the total value of marine activities is in the 5* and 4* categories, those which might be available for semi-automatic indicator generation. Of this 54%, 43% is the single oil and gas sector, for which it should also be noted that for this sector the value added is critically dependent on international oil and gas price fluctuations rather than actual volume productivity. The most difficult sectors, 1* and 2*, constitute 34% of the total for marine-related activities in the economy. The main conclusion must be that there is at present no simple way to generate a comprehensive indicator of the level of marinerelated activities in the UK economy. However, further investigations could be productive. It may be possible to target some more specific marine activities at lower levels within the data collected by the ONS in the SIC 2007 framework. In this report the sector headings give relevant codings. and Annex 1 gives extracts detailed marine-related extracts from that classification which will come into force from January 2008. Nevertheless as Annex 1 shows, there are many sectors especially equipment, where the information will not be available directly in a suitable form for marine specific studies.

Figure 12: Relative accessibility of marine-related economic statistics

43%

5*

11%

4*

12%

3*

20%

2*

14%

1*

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

51

Other national studies

Other national studies Some countries with strong marine interests, in addition to the UK, have recognised the limitations of official statistics-gathering procedures in capturing the importance of marine activities in their national economies. It may be helpful to refer briefly to some of these here.

Australia A survey over the period 1995-2003, published in 2004 showed that 3.6% of Australia’s GDP was marine-related, and that tourism (42%) and oil and gas from offshore (42%) were the biggest sectors.

Source ● The Economic Contribution of Australia's Marine Industries Allen Consulting Group 2004 eied.deh.gov.au/coasts/mbp/publications /marine-economic.html

Canada A detailed Economic study of Canada’s marine and ocean industries was published in 2001. It estimated marine activities contributed 1.4% to Canadian GDP.

Source ● www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/clusters/ocean/ economicstudy2001/sum_e.html

Recent work by a consultancy company has sought to develop a more modern and rigorous 'Methodology' from which to begin to build a new direction of producing a 'Biennial Report Card' on the economic value of marine related activities at a national level. The next step is to obtain the funding (about Can$350k) and then begin the survey which was expected to begin in October 2007. There are also recent studies of marine activities in Provincial economies:

Source ● Nova Scotia (10% of the Province’s GDP) and other Maritime Provinces; www.mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/e/marine.htm ● British Columbia (7% of the GDP);

Economic contribution of the oceans section in British Columbia, April 2007. Report prepared for Canada/British Columbia Oceans Coordination Committee.

52

Marine Estate Research Report

Other national studies

France IFREMER publish a marine economics assessment every two years. The 2005 version includes a detailed analysis of marine leisure cruising, and includes separate categories for the private and public sectors of the economy. It gives data for the year 2003 when the marine sector was 1.2% of the total GDP. Coastal tourism was by far the biggest sector, followed by seafood, shipping and ports, then shipbuilding. The economics section of IFREMER is currently preparing the 2007 edition.

Source ● French marine-related economic data 2005. www.ifremer.fr/drvsem/fr/donnees/index .htm

USA The USA National Ocean Economics Program has a series of studies and publications. They have done customized marine-related economic studies for Florida and California, but have not put together a report per se on the USA. Individual economic sectors and state economies can be selected from an interactive menu. They intend to publish a report card for the USA at the end of 2007, and will probably do so annually thereafter. The products are time series for identifying trends, for making forecasts, or for comparisons of sectors, geographies or time periods.

Source ● noep.mbari.org/About

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

53

General References

General References From the Office for National Statistics Annual Abstract of Statistics 2006 The United Kingdom National Accounts 2007. The Blue Book. Published annually. United Kingdom Input-Output Analyses 2006- with combined use matrix for 2004-5. United Kingdom Balance of Payments 2006. The Pink Book. Published annually. UK Trade in Goods analysed in terms of Industries updated quarterly Economic and Labour Market Review. January 2007. UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities 2007 (SIC 2007) Structure and explanatory notes See www.statistics.gov.uk where most of these are available free for download. Many, but not all, of these can be purchased in hard copy. ONS uses Palgrave Macmillan as its publisher.

Other UK Reports Douglas-Westwood Associates (2000) UK marine Industries World Export Market Potential- a report for the Marine Foresight Panel. Pugh D and Skinner L (2002) A new analysis of marine-related activities in the UK economy with supporting science and technology. IACMST Information Document No. 10. 48 pp. The target year was 1999-2000. This is out of print, but available at: www.marine.gov.uk/publications/NEWMARSURV ACRO.PDF

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

55

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007 This Annex identifies marine economic activity classifications in the new UK Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (SIC 2007) which comes into effect on 1 January 2008. It is included here as a first step towards a future, more detailed identification of marine-related activities, at a deeper level within ONS analyses. The SICs are periodically updated; the new version is the outcome of Operation 2007 - a series of consultations started in 2002 and carried out in conjunction with the major revision of the European Union’s industrial classification system, NACE. The UK is required by European legislation to revise its SIC in parallel with NACE so that both systems remain identical down to and including the 4 digit class level. A further breakdown is provided for certain classes by the addition of a 5 digit subclass level. Both the UK SIC and NACE are completely consistent with the UN’s International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) which has itself just been revised. These revisions are motivated by the need to adapt the classifications to changes in the world economy. The revised classifications reflect the growing importance of service activities in the economies over the last fifteen years, mainly due to the developments in information and communication technologies (ICT).

The following classes are substantially marine: 03.11 Marine fishing This class includes: - fishing on a commercial basis in ocean and coastal waters - taking of marine crustaceans and molluscs - whale catching - taking of marine aquatic animals: turtles, sea squirts, tunicates, sea urchins etc. This class also includes: - activities of vessels engaged both in marine fishing, and in processing and preserving of fish - gathering of other marine organisms and materials: natural pearls, sponges, coral and algae This class excludes: - capturing of marine mammals, except whales, e.g. walruses, seals, see 01.70 - processing of whales on factory ships, see 10.11 - processing of fish, crustaceans and molluscs on factory ships or in factories ashore, see 10.20 - renting of pleasure boats with crew for sea and coastal water transport (e.g. for fishing cruises), see 50.10 - fishing inspection, protection and patrol services, see 84.24 - fishing practiced for sport or recreation and related services, see 93.19 - operation of sport fishing preserves, see 93.19 03.21 Marine aquaculture This class includes: - fish farming in sea water including farming of marine ornamental fish - production of bivalve spat (oyster mussel etc.), lobsterlings, shrimp post-larvae, fish fry and fingerlings - growing of laver and other edible seaweeds - culture of crustaceans, bivalves, other molluscs and other aquatic animals in sea water This class also includes: - aquaculture activities in brackish waters - aquaculture activities in salt water filled tanks or reservoirs - operation of fish hatcheries (marine) - operation of marine worm farms This class excludes: - frog farming, see 03.22 - operation of sport fishing preserves, see 93.19 06.10 Extraction of crude petroleum This class includes: - extraction of crude petroleum oils This class also includes: - extraction of bituminous or oil shale and tar sand - production of crude petroleum from bituminous shale and sand - processes to obtain crude oils: decantation, desalting, dehydration, stabilisation etc.

56

Marine Estate Research Report

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007

This class excludes: - support activities for oil and natural gas extraction, see 09.10 - oil and gas exploration, see 09.10 - manufacture of refined petroleum products, see 19.20 - recovery of liquefied petroleum gases in the refining of petroleum, see 19.20 - operation of pipelines, see 49.5 06.20 Extraction of natural gas This class includes: - production of crude gaseous hydrocarbon (natural gas) - extraction of condensates - draining and separation of liquid hydrocarbon fractions - gas desulphurisation This class also includes: - mining of hydrocarbon liquids, obtained through liquefaction or pyrolysis This class excludes: - support activities for oil and natural gas extraction, see 09.10 - oil and gas exploration, see 09.10 - recovery of liquefied petroleum gases in the refining of petroleum, see 19.20 - manufacture of industrial gases, see 20.11 - operation of pipelines, see 49.50 09.10 Support activities for petroleum and natural gas extraction This class includes: - oil and gas extraction service activities provided on a fee or contract basis: ● exploration services in connection with petroleum or gas extraction, e.g. traditional prospecting methods, such as making geological observations at prospective sites ● directional drilling and redrilling; "spudding in"; derrick erection in situ, repairing and dismantling; cementing oil and gas well casings; pumping of wells; plugging and abandoning wells etc. ● liquefaction and regasification of natural gas for purpose of transport, done at the mine site ● draining and pumping services, on a fee or contract basis ● test drilling in connection with petroleum or gas extraction This class also includes: - oil and gas field fire fighting services This class excludes: - service activities performed by operators of oil or gas fields, see 06.10, 06.20 - specialised repair of mining machinery, see 33.12 - liquefaction and regasification of natural gas for purpose of transport, done off the mine site, see 52.21 - geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying, see 71.12

10.20 Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs This class includes: - preparation and preservation of fish, crustaceans and molluscs: freezing, deep-freezing, drying, cooking, smoking, salting, immersing in brine, canning etc. - production of fish, crustacean and mollusc products: fish fillets, roes, caviar, caviar substitutes etc. - production of fishmeal for human consumption or animal feed - production of meals and solubles from fish and other aquatic animals unfit for human consumption This class also includes: - activities of vessels engaged only in the processing and preserving of fish - processing of seaweed This class excludes: - processing and preserving of fish on vessels engaged in fishing, see 03.11 - processing of whales on land or specialised vessels, see 10.11 - production of oils and fats from marine material, see 10.41 - manufacture of prepared frozen fish dishes, see 10.85 - manufacture of fish soups, see 10.89 30.11 Building of ships and floating structures This class includes the building of ships, except vessels for sports or recreation, and the construction of floating structures: This class includes: - of commercial vessels: passenger vessels, ferryboats, cargo ships, tankers, tugs etc. - building of warships - building of fishing boats and fish-processing factory vessels This class also includes: - building of hovercraft (except recreation-type hovercraft) - construction of drilling platforms, floating or submersible - construction of floating structures: ● floating docks, pontoons, coffer-dams, floating

landing stages, buoys, floating tanks, barges, lighters, floating cranes, non-recreational inflatable rafts etc. - manufacture of sections for ships and floating structures

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

57

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007

This class excludes: - manufacture of parts of vessels, other than major hull assemblies: ● manufacture of sails, see 13.92 ● manufacture of ships' propellers, see 25.99 ● manufacture of iron or steel anchors, see 25.99 ● manufacture of marine engines, see 28.11 - manufacture of navigational instruments, see 26.51 - manufacture of lighting equipment for ships, see 27.40 - manufacture of amphibious motor vehicles, see 29.10 - manufacture of inflatable boats or rafts for recreation, see 30.12 - specialised repair and maintenance of ships and floating structures, see 33.15 - ship-breaking, see 38.31 - interior installation of boats, see 43.3 30.12 Building of pleasure and sporting boats This class includes: - manufacture of inflatable boats and rafts - building of sailboats with or without auxiliary motor - building of motor boats - building of recreation-type hovercraft - manufacture of personal watercraft - manufacture of other pleasure and sporting boats: ● canoes, kayaks, rowing boats, skiffs This class excludes: - manufacture of parts of pleasure and sporting boats: ● manufacture of sails, see 13.92 ● manufacture of iron or steel anchors, see 25.99 ● manufacture of marine engines, see 28.11 - manufacture of sailboards and surfboards, see 32.30 - maintenance and repair of pleasure boats, see 33.15 33.15 Repair and maintenance of ships and boats This class includes the repair and maintenance of ships and boats. However, the factory rebuilding or overhaul of ships is classified in division 30. This class includes: - repair and routine maintenance of ships - repair and maintenance of pleasure boats This class excludes: - factory conversion of ships, see 30.1 - repair of ship and boat engines, see 33.12 - ship scrapping, dismantling, see 38.31

58

50.10 Sea and coastal passenger water transport This class includes: - transport of passengers over seas and coastal waters, whether scheduled or not: ● operation of excursion, cruise or sightseeing boats ● operation of ferries, water taxis etc. This class also includes: - renting of pleasure boats with crew for sea and coastal water transport (e.g. for fishing cruises) This class excludes: - restaurant and bar activities on board ships, when provided by separate units, see 56.10, 56.30 - renting of pleasure boats and yachts without crew, see 77.21 - renting of commercial ships or boats without crew, see 77.34 - operation of “floating casinos”, see 92.00 50.20 Sea and coastal freight water transport This class includes: - transport of freight over seas and coastal waters, whether scheduled or not - transport by towing or pushing of barges, oil rigs etc. This class also includes: - renting of vessels with crew for sea and coastal freight water transport This class excludes: - storage of freight, see 52.10 - harbour operation and other auxiliary activities such as docking, pilotage, lighterage, vessel salvage, see 52.22 - cargo handling, see 52.24 - renting of commercial ships or boats without crew, see 77.34 52.22 Service activities incidental to water transportation This class includes: - activities related to water transport of passengers, animals or freight: ● operation of terminal facilities such as harbours and piers ● operation of waterway locks etc. ● navigation, pilotage and berthing activities ● lighterage, salvage activities ● lighthouse activities This class excludes: - cargo handling, see 52.24 - operation of marinas, see 93.29

Marine Estate Research Report

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007

52.24/1 Cargo handling for water transport activities This subclass includes: - loading and unloading of goods or passengers' luggage travelling via water transport - stevedoring This subclass excludes: - operation of terminal facilities, see 52.22 77.34/1 Renting and leasing of passenger water transport equipment This subclass includes: - renting and operational leasing of passenger water-transport equipment, such as commercial boats and ships, without operator This class excludes: - renting of water-transport equipment with operator, see division 50 - renting of pleasure boats, see 77.21 - financial leasing, see 64.91

32.30 Manufacture of sports goods This class includes: ● sailboards and surfboards ● requisites for sport fishing, including landing nets 33.12 Repair of machinery This class includes the repair and maintenance of - repair and maintenance of pumps, compressors and related equipment - repair and maintenance of fluid power machinery - repair and maintenance of mining, construction, and oil and gas field machinery 38.31 Dismantling of wrecks This class includes dismantling of wrecks of any type (automobiles, ships, computers, televisions and other equipment) for materials recovery.

The following Classes include a substantial marine element, and are cross-referenced from the above class definitions:

42.91 Construction of water projects This class includes: - construction of: ● waterways, harbour and river works, pleasure ports (marinas), locks, etc. - dredging of waterways

01.70 Hunting, trapping and related service activities This class includes:

43.3 Building completion and finishing This includes: - Interior fitting of boats

- land-based catching of sea mammals such as walrus and seal 13.92/2 Manufacture of canvas goods, sacks etc. This subclass includes: - sails 25.99 Manufacture of other fabricated metal products n.e.c. This class includes: - ship propellers and blades thereof - anchor 26.51 Manufacture of instruments and appliances for measuring, testing and navigation This class includes nautical systems and instruments; nautical equipment, including sonobuoys 27.40 Manufacture of electric lighting equipment 28.11 Manufacture of engines and turbines, except aircraft, vehicle and cycle engines This class includes: ● marine engines 29.10 Manufacture of motor vehicles This class includes: ● amphibious vehicles

49.50 Transport via pipeline This class includes: - transport of gases, liquids, water, slurry and other commodities via pipelines This class also includes: - operation of pump stations 56.10 Restaurants and mobile food service activities This includes: - Catering on ships provided by separate units 56.30 Beverage serving activities This includes: - serving beverage on ships by separate units 71.12/2 Engineering related scientific and technical consulting activities This subclass comprises the provision of surveying and mapping services and the like. It includes: - geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying - geological and prospecting activities: ● surface measurements and observations designed to yield information on sub-surface structure and the location of petroleum, natural gas and mineral deposits and of ground water - geodetic surveying activities: ● land and boundary surveying activities ● hydrologic surveying activities ● subsurface surveying activities ● cartographic and spatial information activities

Socio-economic indicators of marine-related activity in the UK economy

59

Annex 1 Marine activities in SIC 2007

72 Scientific research and development 77.21 Renting and leasing of recreational and sports goods This class includes renting of recreational and sports equipment: - pleasure boats, canoes, sailboats - beach chairs and umbrellas - commercial ships and boats without crew 84.24 Public order and safety activities This class includes: - administration and operation of regular and auxiliary police forces supported by public authorities and of port, border, coastguards and other special police forces. 92.00 Gambling and betting activities This class includes gambling and betting activities such as: - operation of casinos, including “floating casinos” 93.19 Other sports activities This subclass includes: - operation of sport fishing and hunting preserves - support activities for sport or recreational hunting and fishing

61.10 Wired telecommunications activities This class includes the activities of operating, maintaining or providing access to facilities for the transmission of voice, data, text, sound, and video using a wired telecommunications infrastructure. The transmission facilities that carry out these activities, may be based on a single technology or a combination of technologies. This class also includes the provision of Internet access by the operator of the wired infrastructure. 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding 64.91 Financial leasing 65.12 Non-life insurance This class includes: - provision of insurance services other than life insurance: ● accident and fire insurance ● travel insurance ● motor, marine, aviation and transport insurance ● pecuniary loss and liability insurance 69 Legal and accounting activities 72 Scientific research and development 74.90/1 Environmental consulting activities

The following more general Sections include some marine activities: 08.12 Operation of gravel and sand pits; mining of clays and kaolin This class includes: - extraction and dredging of industrial sand, sand for construction and gravel - breaking and crushing of gravel - quarrying of sand - mining of clays, refractory clays and kaolin 33.19 Repair of other equipment This class includes: - repair of fishing nets, including mending - repair of ropes, rigging, canvas 35.11 Production of electricity This class includes: - operation of generation facilities that produce electric energy; including thermal, nuclear, hydroelectric, gas turbine, diesel and renewable 35.12 Transmission of electricity This class includes: - operation of transmission systems that convey electricity from the generation facilities to the distribution system

60

75.0 to 82.0 Administrative and support service activities This includes: 79.11 Travel agency activities 79.12 Tour operator activities 84.22 Defence activities This class includes: - administration, supervision and operation of military defence affairs and land, sea, air and space defence forces such as: ● combat forces of navy ● engineering, transport, communications, intelligence, material, personnel and other noncombat forces and commands ● reserve and auxiliary forces of the defence establishment 85.4 Higher education 93.29 Other amusement and recreational activities This class includes: - operation of recreational transport facilities, e.g. marinas

Marine Estate Research Report

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