SmartGrid “Improved Power Quality” Reinhard Kuntner Ruhul-Islam Kunal Sharma
28 May 2010
Power Flow - Existing
© OMICRON
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Flaws in Existing System Less Efficiency y Less Reliability Pollution & Hence Globle warming
© OMICRON
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“Smart Smart Grid Grid”- Model
© OMICRON
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Common Terms Smart Grid Energy Independent Consumer Bidirectional Power Flow – Use of Convertors , Invertors & Different Kind of Generators etc Controlling Appliances
- Load Control Switches
Smart Meters
- (Act acc. to Tarrif Plans g) & Net Metering
© OMICRON
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“Power Quality” Biggest gg Nightmare Of Smart Grid
© OMICRON
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Parameters Power Quality Continuity of service Variation in voltage magnitude Transient voltages and currents Harmonics and inter-harmonics content in the waveforms • Flickers & volatge sag • • • •
Sources of Disturbances
© OMICRON
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Sources of Disturbances • Equipment like Inverters, battery g , energy gy saving g lamp p chargers, also reason of bad power quality. • Potential disturbance source may be found on both, generation and cosumer side.
Step for better Quality • By using of good available technology like PWM inverters with IGBT power semicondutor • By using FACTS technology for transmission and distribution.
PQ Analysis Need - Real Time Power Quality Monitoring Methods ¾Event Triggered gg PQ Q recorder-To monitor sudden voltage drop in a network ¾Continuous Measurement-Slow variation of Voltage and frequency, harmonics, flickers and unblance voltage
Principle Of PQ Recording
PQ Measurement Measurement-Levels Levels Low o Voltage o age Level e e - Dedicated PQ Meters Medium & High g Voltage g – Integrated measurement system with PMU PMU’s s , MU MU’s s & Protection Relays Via WAM
GPS Synchronised WAM
“Power Power Quality Quality” as a “Commodity” y
“PQ Devices” D i ” Back Bone of the Smart Grid
PQ Devices according to IEC 61000 4 30 61000-4-30
Quality Check of PQ Q Devices
PQ Device-Quality Check •Highly Hi hl accurate t voltage lt and d current Source as per IEC 61000 4 30 61000-4-30 •Magnitude, frequency, phase angle and signal shapes, as per standard •Possibility to synchronize meas ement measurement de ice device and calibrator •IEC 61850 61850-9-1 9 1 compatibility
© OMICRON
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CONCLUSION ¾SmartGrid ¾S tG id promises i i improved d Power P Quality. ¾Power Quality can be seen on the same strategic level as Energy Consumption. Consumption ¾The industry must make appropriate equipment & methods avaible for Calibration & Performance testing of PQ devices © OMICRON
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Thanks For Your Kind Attention !!!
© OMICRON
28 May 2010
Security Smart Grid and Security
आधार कर्ाा और सब साधन प्रथक विस्र्ार से, चेष्टा विविध विध दे ि ये है हे र्ु ऩाांच प्रकार के र्न मन िचन से जन सभी जो कमा जग में कर रहे हो ठीक या विऩरीर् इनके ऩाांच ये कारण कहे
LD&C_SCADA
Why Secure • Interoperability among six aspects of the electric power industry • Power generation, transmission and distribution (all things that are physical) • Command, control and communications • • • •
sensing, collection, analysis and interpretation of all source operational data into information, and • Transfer of such information to facilitate • commerce and • safe and reliable operation of power systems;
• Include such things as scheduling and dispatching the power and control of the whole power system
• If Man in middle, impact is slow/local/partial; • Everything auto, impact swift/widespread/total LD&C_SCADA
LD&C_SCADA
IEEE POWER & ENERGY Magzine 2009 – साभार
STRUCTURE o o o o o o o o
What need to be secured, How it can be secured Who will secure what and how Operational systems which can be facing cyber vulnerability Security System requirement Security practices Security audit Continual Improvement perspective i.e. we need to plan, build processes to do, check effectiveness of the two and act for improvement. LD&C_SCADA
SECURITY • Firewalls and security zoning • Separation among application • • • • • • •
SCADA/EMS ISR STOA Scheduling Metering and settlement Web access Corporate access
• Competing Objective • Maintaining Model/values exchange • Single sign on for users v/s individual application v/s zonal boundaries
LD&C_SCADA
To Secure • Malware • Careless Employees (Password robustness etc) • Exploited vulnerabilities • Zero-day exploits • Application robustness against known exploits such as buffers overflow/RPC
LD&C_SCADA
SECURITY Utility companies Critical-infrastructure custodians Likely targets of cyber terrorism Government regulations Historically
DCS/ SCADA/ EMS/ DMS Protected by proprietary technology Isolated from enterprise IT
Cost and Skill Issues led to: Standard operating systems exposure of internet connectivity Remote access Has Exposed these networks to 21st-century cyber threats LD&C_SCADA
Approach • A holistic approach based on standards of good practices (e.g., ISO 27002) • to achieve and maintain compliance with the regulations and applicable standards • • • • •
Plan-Do-Check-Act security gap analysis risk based prioritization of remediation requirements implementation of controls periodic assessment of implemented controls
• Implementing an information security management system based upon standard to demonstrate high standard of security • business partners, • customers, and • regulators LD&C_SCADA
REGULATION • Discuss regulatory landscape • CERC, • IT Act
• List security implications for utilities • Recommended approach for compliance • To achieve • To maintain
• Evaluate The Rules • implications • requirements • approach for compliance
LD&C_SCADA
Possible incident scenario • An employee has a company laptop on the internet at his home office, connected to the control network through a VPN (Virtual Private Network) • A hacker from overseas infects the laptop with a virus over the Internet • The virus then propagates over the VPN connection into the control network and infects another Windows PC located right in the heart of the control system • Is this just a hypothetical situation? It couldn't happen to you? The bad news is that this is a real incident that actually happened to the water supply system in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania in 2006
LD&C_SCADA
Communication • General Issues • Complacency • Not a concern since not attacked • Institute a security process/team building exercise that includes consequence analysis/ ramifications of a successful security attack • Utility do not assess any value to the information being communicated, except in the case of control actions – Unbundling may change this attitude???
• Dial-Up Modem Usage • use of auto-answer modems is of concern
• TCP/IP • increasing dependence on TCP/IP as a transport for critical information – ICCP; Exchange; schedule
LD&C_SCADA
Communication…
contd
• Some information exchanged (e.g. schedule) is using the Internet instead of Intranets. The trend may continue, since connectivity options using the Internet represent a low cost option. • security threats • • • • •
eavesdropping, spoofing, denial of service, Replay number of people/entities attached
• Appropriate security measures should be deployed based upon an appropriate consequence analysis LD&C_SCADA
Internet Connectivity • infrastructure connectivity point to the Internet needs to be isolated through a screening router/firewall combination from the rest of the corporate LAN/Intranet • personnel need to be assigned to audit/ monitor this connectivity for any security attacks that occur • Given sufficient audit trail, prosecution of every attacker should be strongly considered
LD&C_SCADA
FIREWALL • Firewall represent a valid security countermeasure • typically validate a remote connection/ user to • use a given transport -TCP/IP or OSI • make application service requests - FTP, HTTP, RFC1006, DNP • Limited to a set of well defined nodes/applications
• However, once authenticated and connected, firewall is not sufficient to enforce access/service privileges to information on the destination application • Internet applications – e.g. FTP, Telnet - have the ability to be configured for user authentication (usually passwords) upon which access privileges (e.g. read, write, etc.) will be granted. • However, protocols (e.g. DNP/870-5) are inadequate in this regard • Active work is ongoing to address the issue of authentication and security within several protocols by TC 57 LD&C_SCADA
Risks • consequence analysis is unique to each business entity however Bypassing of controls/ control security can be rated as highest. Others include • Exposed Trading Functions - analysis of the type of information conveyed – anticipated financial damages of a successful attack • ICCP - Analysis of the dependency on information conveyed (Telemetry and calculated data from RLDC to SLDC etc.) by/to other control centers • Control Center to Substation Communication: The • disruption of a substation communication can cause problem only if remotely controlled • Metering: All revenue is based upon data acquired through metering - this may not be an area of concern given alternate available and mode of data communication LD&C_SCADA
Substation
LD&C_SCADA
Control System • Control systems • Distributed Control Systems (DCS), • Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), • Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), • Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), • Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs)
• Designed to be highly reliable and interoperable • proprietary operating systems in the control systems often preclude the use of existing Information Technology (IT) security LD&C_SCADA
Vulnerability • Vendors and utilities employ • Remote access • dial-up modem • pc
• facilitate maintenance and remote operations • cyber vulnerabilities can result in businessrelated or safety/regulatory issues • IT security technology will help with known Internet threats, but is not designed to secure control systems • IT is responsible for cyber security but often does not understand control systems • Control system suppliers understand control systems, but they are not security experts LD&C_SCADA
Differences • IT security policies such as ISO-17799 do not address the unique needs of control systems • Remote access is important for the efficient operation of control systems • vulnerability assessments and penetration testing of T&D and generation control systems lead to successful breach in obtaining unauthorized access to SCADA and DCS • In the near term, control system security can be enhanced by a combination of implementing cyber security procedures and utilizing IT technologies to protect from traditional IT threats
LD&C_SCADA
Smart Grid: Concepts & Issues Anil Sinha
T R A
Consultant/ Advisor (
[email protected])
M S
G
D I R
Smart Grid
D “The smart grid is no revolution but I rather an evolution of a process within R which electricity grids are being G continuously improved to meet the T needs of current and future customers.” R (European Technology Forum) A M S 28. May 2010
Smart Grid:Concepts & Issues - Anil Sinha, Consultant
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D Smart Grid: General I R G T R A M S
General
D Increasing demand of Electrical I Power R entity Electricity Grid is a well known It has three layers G T R A M S
Generation Transmission Distribution
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Layers Distribution Transmission
T R A
G
D I R
Generation
M S 28. May 2010
Smart Grid:Concepts & Issues - Anil Sinha, Consultant
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General
D The conventional Generation of I Power: R G T R Depleting stock of fuel A Increased Pollution M S
Thermal – Coal, Gas, etc. Hydro Nuclear
28. May 2010
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General
D Generation from RenewableISources of Energy is growing R Renewable Sources: G T R A M S
Solar – Photo Voltaic Solar – Thermal Wind Hydro Power (specifically, small Hydro) Bio-Mass Geo-thermal, etc.
28. May 2010
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General
D The Generation from RSE isI essentially distributed inR nature The consumer may also be a G generator at the distribution level T This is one input for the need of a R Smart Grid A The RSEM generation unpredictable S
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General
D Among the other reasons for a Smart I Grid are: R G T R A M S
Need for Reliability, due to increasing reliance on electric power Need for improving efficiency of use of available power Need to reduce pollution Need to be ready for fresh applications of power, e.g. Electric Vehicles
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D Smart Grid: Concepts I R G T R A M S
Limits on Scope
D Only the Distribution level is I considered R Capacity Building is not Gconsidered Customer Education T is not considered R Considered in the light of Control & Automation A requirement M S
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Concepts
D A smart Grid is the judicious but I strong combination of the Electrical R Grid with the Information & G Communication Technology T It also includesR the extension of the monitored grid (with the ICT) down to A the consumer premises, down even to M the individual equipment S
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Concepts
D Some new age functions are already I available/ in use, e.g. R G T R Some more A functions are selectively applied to existing infrastructure M S
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) Demand Side Management (DSM) Distribution Management System (DMS)
E.g. Remote Control of Capacitor Banks
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Concepts
D Our expectation from the Smart I Grid: R G T R A M S
Self healing Enable Consumer Participation Improve Quality of Power Accommodate distributed generation & storage of power, even if intermittent Provide Real-time data Increase efficiency, reduce T&C losses
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D Smart Grid: Communication I R G T R A M S
Communication
D The DMS solution includes I communication from Control Room till R Sub-station level (WAN) G The additional requirement: T R A M S
Sub-station to Consumer premises (NAN) Within Consumer premises (HAN)
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Communication
D M S
WAN
M S
S U B S T A T I O N
T R A
G NAN
D I R C O N S U M E R
HAN
WAN: Wide Area Network; NAN: Neighborhood Area Network; HAN: Home Area Network 28. May 2010
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Communication
Expectation
Secure Reliable Flexible Scalable Cost-effective Future-Proof
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M S
T R A
G
D I R
Smart Grid:Concepts & Issues - Anil Sinha, Consultant
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D Smart Grid: Applications I R G T R A M S
Applications
Advanced Metering
D I R
Traditional meter reading Usage Profiling Remote Connect/ Disconnect Outage/ Restoration Reporting
M S 28. May 2010
T R A
G
Smart Grid:Concepts & Issues - Anil Sinha, Consultant
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Applications
Distribution level
D I R
Traditional Sub-station Automation Video Monitoring Work-force Mobility SCADA System (Expanded) Transformer Monitoring (DT level) Capacitor Bank Control Voltage Monitoring Recloser Automation
28. May 2010
M S
T R A
G
Smart Grid:Concepts & Issues - Anil Sinha, Consultant
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Applications
Consumer level
Informed Consumer Energy Efficiency Dynamic Pricing Demand Response Distributed Generation Distributed Storage Smart Charging of EV
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M S
T R A
G
D I R
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Smart Grid: Issues
M S
T R A
G
D I R
Issues
D Smart Grid is a new Idea, still in the I Concept/ Demo phase R Smart Grid Evolution G is still on Good Part: We continue to add fresh T ideas to enhance the usability/ R usefulness/ A Cost-effectiveness Bad Part: When do we come to the M commercial S implementation?
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Issues
D The driver differs with the country of I implementation R General lack of Awareness G Very high requirement of T Communication Infrastructure, i.e. R cost! A Unclear/M undefined standards S No common functionality definition
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Issues
D Who will pay/ install/ maintain the I consumer level smart interfaces/ R communication infrastructure G Regulatory & Policy Inputs are T incomplete R Data Protection A Possible M misuse of DSM & Direct Load Control Sby the Utility
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Way Ahead
D Increase the scope of C&A I in the existing Grid; Install SCADA R System Introduce Smart Meters/ G AMR Expand to includeT DT level in the monitoring scheme R A Extend the monitoring & control network M to devices in the homes S Add the Smart Grid applications
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D Smart Grid: Conclusion I R G T R A M S
Conclusion
D No common definition, Standards are I in draft stage R Demo Systems are inG place, Applications are being created T Regulatory/ Policy framework is still R to evolve A Source of funds is not clear M S It will be a Game-changer!
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Thank you
Anil Sinha
T R A
Consultant/ Advisor (
[email protected])
M S
G
D I R
Smart GridA Road to Future
Kuldeep Tickoo Siemens Ltd, India
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E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
The starting point: changing needs, growing demands
Energy efficiency Increased energy trading
Greater network complexity and vulnerability
Network conditions and requirements Cost pressure
Fluctuating infeed Aging infrastructure and lack of experts
Integration of renewable energy sources
Increasing distance between generation and load
Power quality
Integration of distributed energy resources Integration of intelligent buildings
High supply quality
Legal and regulatory framework
CO2 reduction External influences Page 2
May 10
Operational factors E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
The starting point: Drivers for flexible and (cost)-efficient grids
Challenges for the utilities
Drivers
Efficient grid for profitability
Need for more energy Environmental sustainability Competitive energy prices
Regulatory and political push
Security of supply
May 10
Demand side management for accessibility Quality assurance for reliability
Aging infrastructure and workforce Page 3
Multiple infeed for flexibility
E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Siemens Smart Grid: Always aiming for your benefit
Flexibility
Reliability
Profitability
Accessibility
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Welcome to Smart Grid
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Vision of a Smart Grid
“Auto-balancing, self-monitoring power grid that accepts any source of fuel (coal, sun, wind) and transforms it for the consumer‟s end use (heat, light, hot water) with minimal human intervention.” “A system that will allow society to optimize the use of renewable energy sources and minimize our collective environmental footprint.” “It is a grid that has the ability to sense when a part of its system is overloaded and re-route power to reduce that overload and prevent a potential outage situation.” “A grid that enables real-time communication between the consumer and utility, allowing us to optimize a consumer’s energy usage based on environmental and/or price preferences.” Source: Xcel Energy’s
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart Grid - The three core components
1.
Smart Meters
2.
Grid Intelligence
3. Utility IT
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E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid The solution
To
From
Primary equipment condition not well known
Condition monitoring for controlled overload of bottlenecks and reliabilitycentered asset management
Complex engineering, testing and manufacturing
Plug-and-play by Smart Substation Automation
Central generation, decentralized consumption
Integration of distributed generation and storage by virtual power plants
Unmanaged, not transparent consumption
Smart metering and load management
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Transmission
Blackout prevention by increasing the situational awareness and automated counter measures
Distribution
Manual reaction to critical network situations
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid: Blackout prevention
From
To Blackout prevention by increasing the situational awareness and automated counter measures
Manual reaction to critical network situations
What‟s necessary?
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May 10
New visualization concepts to increase situation awareness
Availability of real-time data
Problem-oriented decision support
Smart decision based on increased data volume and quality E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Blackout prevention: Characteristics
Today„s standard
Evolution
Reactive grid operation Manual operation
Reactive grid operation Automated switching routines
Smart Grid blackout prevention Proactive, preventive grid management
Grid dispatcher has to decide within seconds Wrong decisions or inactivity > risk of blackout! Page 10
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E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Blackout prevention: Reference example
Expert System for ADWEA DMS (Abu Dhabi): Advanced Network Operation (ANOP) as part of Spectrum Power
Optimal action
Unplanned outages / disturbances
Fault isolation and network restoration
Planned outages Corrective measures Normal switching status Contingency evaluation
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Spectrum Power – Specially developed algorithm
Task
Network reconfiguration at ongoing customer supply Emergency cases: elimination of overloads and undervoltages Planned cases: Relief of equipment loads
Network reconfiguration to come back to normal switching status © Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Blackout prevention: Benefits
True operator assistance in every situation – with the right degree of complexity Flexibility
Reliability
Profitability
=
Unique and robust algorithm – adequate solutions for all operational tasks Significant time savings – e.g. for outage planning
Reduced chance of errors during planning
Accessibility
…with Advanced Network Operation (ANOP)
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid: Condition monitoring
From
To Condition monitoring for controlled overload of bottlenecks and reliability-centered asset management
Primary equipment condition not well known
Condition monitoring – looking inside your equipment Gis
Transformer & Tap Changer CT, VT
Circuit Breaker
Isolators, Disconn. Earthing S.
Secondary Equipment OHL
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Cable
May 10
Information on the ageing or health condition of a primary device in operation
Provided by special sensors and / or derived from data typically available
Surge Arrester
E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Condition monitoring: Modular integration
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Condition monitoring: Reference example
Transformer Monitoring for Hydro Québec (Canada)
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Additional benefit: Peak load transmission at low ambient temperatures © Siemens AG 2009 E D EA Energy Sector
Condition monitoring: Benefits
Extended lifetime Improved asset protection Reduced maintenance costs
Increased transmission capacity
Flexibility
Increased reliability Accessibility
Profitability
=
through… Congestion Management
Reliability
Outage avoidance and blackout prevention Risk management Early warning for damages caused by abnormal weather conditions Page 16
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid: Smart Substation Automation
From
To
Complex engineering, testing and manufacturing
Plug-and-play by Smart Substation Automation
Smart Substation Automation – what does it stand for?
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Integrated solution – offering advanced functionality based on different devices up to now
Plug-and-play-like functionality with the latest standards (IEC 61850)
Ready-to-tie-in solution
Access to non-operational data E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart Substation Automation: Applications
Smart Gear via IEC 61850 Programmable, self-monitoring GM-SG medium voltage metal-clad switchgear
Applications
Emergency standby
Primary power supply
Peak shaving
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart Substation Automation: Functionality
Smart Gear via IEC 61850 Programmable, self-monitoring GM-SG medium voltage metal-clad switchgear
Applications
Auto / manual mode
Opening and closing breakers
Open and close transition
Auto transfer schemes:
Generator paralleling
Synchronization to utility
Speed and voltage control
Load sharing
Load control
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart Substation Automation: Benefits
Fast-available solution – through shorter cycle times
Flexibility
=
Profitability
Reliability
=
Time savings in engineering and commissioning: more than 50 % Minimized wiring Fast start-up – minimal downtime
High reliability through simplicity
Accessibility
Improved monitoring Improved operational safety
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid: Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage
From
To Integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage by virtual power plants
Central generation, decentralized consumption
Virtual power plants – main features:
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Energy management system for monitoring, planning and optimization of DER
Forecasting system for load, generation of wind power plants and photovoltaic
Energy data management for collecting and keeping the required information, e.g. loads, contractual data
Front-end for the communication with the decentralized power units. E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage: The DEMS® solution
As a Windows-based system, DEMS (Decentralized Energy Management System) provides…
Forecast of the regenerative production
Cost-optimal planning and management of decentralized power supply plants
Consideration of topological restrictions in the grid management
Analysis and assessment of individual energy purchase and contracts of sale
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Forecast of the regenerative production Production optimization Demand optimization
User interface
SCADA
Energy forecast
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)
Energy forecasts
Process coupling
Reports
Storage
Communication
DEMS
E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage: Reference example
Virtual power plant KonWerl (Germany)
Cost-optimal planning and management of decentralized power supply plants
Generation ranging from 500 kW to several MW each Includes coordination of different carriers
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and storage: Benefits of Virtual Power Plants
Improved Market Access: The bundling enables even small generators to trade at spot and balancing power markets. Bundling opens up new sales channels.
Support of network stability:
Flexibility Reliability
Profitability
Accessibility
=
With VPP distributed energy resources can cover peak demand.
Alternative to building new power plants: The VPP concept makes distributed energy resources attractive to utilities as well.
Alternative to network expansion: Bundled distributed energy resources supply electricity to regionally limited areas.
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Pathways to a Smart Grid: Smart metering
From
To
Unmanaged, not transparent consumption
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Smart metering and load management
E D EA
© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart metering: Characteristics
With regard to your business:
With regard to your customer:
Monthly meter reading – higher transparency
Increased efficiency of metering business Reliable documentation of customer supply Reduction of nontechnical losses Chance for additional services
With regard to legal aspects:
Platform for the “energy efficiency directive” Fulfillment of legal requirements
Smart metering and load management – what do they stand for?
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart metering: The AMIS System
AMIS Reference Project for Energie AG Oberösterreich (Austria)
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AMIS – the integrative complete solution for all distribution network operators © Siemens AG 2009 E D EA Energy Sector
Smart metering: Reference example
AMIS Reference Project for Energie AG Oberösterreich (Austria): The most important reasons for implementing an AMIS system are
Automation of metering processes (meter reading, blocking of customer installations, billing, prepayment services, etc.)
Significant improvement of customer processes Implementation of various tariffs Quality improvement of consumption data due to monthly meter reading
Replacement of ripple control Recording of the customer supply Automation of the transformer stations Support of the energy efficiency program of Energie AG
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Smart metering: Benefits
Enhanced customer service
Detection of non-technical losses (Tamper detection)
Flexibility
Profitability
Reliability
=
Accessibility
Power quality monitoring Data to improve the outage management Load forecasting Asset management, including transformer sizing
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector
Thank You
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© Siemens AG 2009 Energy Sector