Appendix I – Form I

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

APPENDIX I FORM 1

(I)

Basic Information Name of the Project:

Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai, India

Location / site alternatives under consideration:

Versova Beach, Mumbai, Maharashtra

Size of the Project:

177 Terrabit-submarine cable system spanning 20,000 km submarine cable linking South Asia to Africa and Europe via the Middle East

CRZ classification of the area: CRZ - IB, CRZ II, CRZ - IVA Project is a Submarine Cable System landing at a Beach Man Hole (BMH) at Versova Beach in Mumbai, India. The cable will enter the Indian Territorial Waters (CRZ-IVA), the beach (CRZ-IB) and terminate in the BMH (CRZ-II). Expected cost of the project: USD 6 million Contact Information:

Mr. Kapoor Singh Guliani Reliance Jio Infocomm Ltd., D-7, Dhawandeep Building, 6, Jantar Mantar Road, New Delhi – 110001, India Tel: +91-11-43523791 Fax: +91-11-23340453 E-mail: [email protected]

1

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Activity

S. No. 1.1

1.2

1. Construction, operation or decommissioning of the Project involving actions, which will cause physical changes in the locality (topography, land use, changes in water bodies, and the like) Details thereof (with approximate Information/Checklist Yes/No quantities /rates, wherever possible) with confirmation source of information data Permanent or temporary change in Cable landing and BMH construction are land use, land cover or topography underground operation. No change in landincluding increase in intensity of No use will occur due to project development land use (with respect to local as no above ground structure will be land use plan) constructed. Details of CRZ classification as per As per the CRZ Survey of Greater Mumbai the approved Coastal Zone (6th November 1997 through 20th May Management Plan? 1998), our project activity will take place in CRZ Zone IV-A, I-B and II. Yes

1.3

Whether located in CRZ-I area?

1.4

The distance from CRZ-I areas?

Yes Yes

1.5

1.6

Whether located within the hazard zone as mapped by Ministry of Environment and Forest/National Disaster Management Authority? Whether the area is prone to cyclone, tsunami, tidal surge, subduction, earthquake etc.?

Yes

Yes

1.7

Whether the area is prone for saltwater ingress?

No

1.8

Clearance of existing vegetation and buildings?

land, No

2

Undersea cable laying: CRZ IV-A Cable from Sea edge to BMH: CRZ I-B Construction of BMH: CRZ II Cable laying activity from Sea edge to BMH will take place in CRZ - IB zone. Shortest distance between inner side (seaward side) of proposed BMH and the boundary of CRZ I (B) area is 18.66 m Yes, as per NDMA, coastal areas of Maharashtra are prone to cyclones and tsunami. Yes, as per NDMA, coastal areas of Maharashtra are prone to cyclones and tsunami. As per Seismic Zone Map of India, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) IS:1893-2002, Mumbai city falls in seismic zone III which is Moderate Damage Risk Zone (MSK VII) BMH is located on the Versova Beach (on road), Mumbai. The ground water quality of deeper aquifer is brackish to slightly saline in some localities such as Colaba (~26 km), Dharavi (~10 km) and Khar (~7 km) as observed from BMC data. This may be due to ingression of sea water. Construction of BMH and cable laying is proposed on the road at Versova Beach. There is no vegetation or buildings that will

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

1.9

Creation of new land uses? No

1.10

Pre-construction investigations e.g. bore houses, soil testing? Yes

1.11

Construction works? Yes

1.12

Demolition works?

1.13

Temporary sites used for construction works or housing of construction workers?

1.14

No

No

Above ground buildings, structures or earthworks including linear structures, cut and fill or excavations Yes

1.15

Underground works mining or tunneling?

including

Yes

1.16

Reclamation works?

1.17

Dredging/reclamation/land filling/disposal of dredged material etc.?

No

3

No

need to be cleared at the proposed BMH location. Cable landing and BMH construction are underground operation. No new land-use will be created due to project development as no above ground structure will be constructed. The pre-construction investigations at the BMH site involved earthing system for cable. Drilling of bore holes is not necessary for the project nor is testing of soil for its content and strength. An underground BMH of dimensions 4 m x 2 m x 2 m will be constructed at Versova Beach. It will be a concrete chamber situated below ground and above the high water level. No demolition works will be carried out. Cable termination operation at beach will take few days and in total 7-8 men will be required to carry out the cable termination operation. Thus, no temporary housing for workers is required to be provided. Construction of BMH and cable route at beach: An underground structure (BMH) of dimensions 4m x 2m x 2m will be constructed. A cable route of approximate 80 meter length and 1 meter deep will be constructed for the cable to reach from sea edge to BMH. Cable route will be re-filled after laying cable. An underground structure (BMH) of dimensions 4m x 2m x 2m will be constructed. A cable route of approximate 80 meter length and 1 meter deep will be constructed for the cable to reach from sea edge to BMH. No reclamation work is associated with the Project. The BMH will be constructed on a paved concrete surface/road. All excavated concrete debris will be disposed off as per Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

1.18

Offshore structures?

1.19

Production processes?

1.20 1.21

and

No manufacturing No

Facilities for storage of goods or materials? Facilities for treatment or disposal of solid waste or liquid effluents?

No

No

1.22

1.23

Facilities for long term housing of operational workers?

No

New road, rail or sea traffic during construction or operation? Yes

1.24

1.25

1.26

New road, rail, air waterborne or other transport infrastructure including new or altered routes and stations, ports, airports etc? Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure leading to changes in traffic movements? New or diverted transmission lines or pipelines?

No

No

Yes

4

(MCGM) regulations. No offshore above-ground structure will be constructed. The project involves laying of a submarine cable system - installation of the optical fiber cable under sea. Hence, no production and manufacturing processes are involved. No goods, raw material, waste etc. storage are involved in the project. During the installation phase, Cable laying vessel will comply with all International Maritime Organization (IMO) requirements, including (but not limited to) marine environment (i.e. Marine Pollution MARPOL etc). Thus, any solid waste or liquid effluents generated during the installation phase will be disposed off as per MARPOL guidelines. During Operation phase, no solid waste or liquid effluent will be generated. There will be no operational workers at the BMH location after the cable laying process is complete. Hence, no such facility of long term housing shall be provided. Traffic equivalent to 10-15 ECS (equivalent car space) is anticipated during the Beach operations. In addition sea traffic will involve anchorage of one vessel and a few small boats for cable installation. Existing transportation routes will be used for project development work.

No Closure or diversion of existing transport routes or infrastructure is involved which may lead to any change in traffic movements. Project involves laying down submarine communication cable, connecting eighteen (18) countries via landing points at Hong Kong, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Pakistan, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Yemen, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Greece, Italy and France. The cable landing site in Mumbai is the proposed BMH site at Versova Beach. The cable will be further connected to the Cable Landing Station (CLS) which is located at a

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

1.27

1.28

Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or other changes to the hydrology of watercourses or aquifers?

No

Stream and river crossings?

No

1.29

1.30

Abstraction or transfers of water from ground or surface waters?

No

Changes in water bodies or the land surface affecting drainage or run-off? No

1.31

1.32

1.33

1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37

Transport of personnel or materials for construction, operation or decommissioning? Long-term dismantling or decommissioning or restoration works?

Ongoing activity during decommissioning which could have an impact on the environment? Influx of people to an area in either temporarily or permanently? Introduction of alien species? Loss of native species or genetic diversity? Any other actions?

5

Yes

No

No

No No No No

distance of approximate 10.5 km from the BMH location. No Impoundment, damming, culverting, realignment or any other such activity etc is envisaged due to project development which may lead to change in hydrology of watercourses or aquifers. No streams or river will be crossed. Optical fiber submarine communication cable will be laid in sea to connect 15 countries (mentioned in point no 1.26) through sea route. Cable will cross India Ocean and Arabian Sea. No ground or surface water will be abstracted, both during construction and operation phase of the Project. No change in water bodies and the land surface is anticipated. Cable will be laid on sea bed and will not impact drainage or runoff. Cable termination at Beach involves excavation of cable route and BMH. Land surface of beach will be restored back after completion of cable laying operation. No alteration in land surface will take place which can impact drainage or run-off. Transportation of personnel or materials will be limited to beach operations only. The cable life is expected to be in service for at least 25 years. There are no plans to remove the proposed cable line or BMH as these may also be used by future cable systems. No decommissioning activity is anticipated at this time of the Project Installation.

Project does not involve influx of people to the area, either temporarily or permanent. No alien species will be introduced. No loss of native species will occur due to project development. No other activity is involved.

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

2. Use of Natural resources for construction or operation of the Project (such as land, water, materials or energy, especially any resources which are nonrenewable or in short supply):

Yes

Details thereof (with approximate quantities /rates, wherever possible) with source of information data BMH measuring 4m x 2m x 2m will be constructed at Versova Beach, Mumbai. Small quantity of water will be required for the construction of BMH during the construction phase. The water usage anticipated will be bought in tankers.

Minerals (MT)

Yes

No activity will take place at BMH location during operation phase. Concrete for construction of BMH.

Construction material – stone, aggregates, sand / soil (expected source – MT)

Yes

Information/checklist confirmation

Yes/No

2.1

Land especially undeveloped or agricultural land (ha)

Yes

2.2

Water (expected source competing users) unit: KLD

S.No.

2.3 2.4

2.5 2.6

Forests and timber (source – MT) Energy including electricity and fuels (source, competing users) Unit: fuel (MT), energy (MW)

2.7

Any other natural resources (use appropriate standard units) 3.

S.No. 3.1

3.2

3.3

and

Concrete for construction of the BMH.

No

No timber resource will be used. Fuel (diesel) will be used for operating construction machinery.

Yes

No

No other natural resource will be used for undersea cable laying operation.

Use, storage, transport, handling or production of substances or materials, which could be harmful to human health or the environment or raise concerns about actual or perceived risks to human health. Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Use of substances or materials, which are hazardous (as per MSIHC rules) to human health or the environment (flora, fauna, and water supplies) Changes in occurrence of disease or affect disease vectors (e.g. insect or water borne diseases) Affect the welfare of people e.g. by changing living conditions?

6

No

No

Yes

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data No material hazardous to human health will be used for project development. Fuel like diesel will be used for running construction machinery. No such changes will take place that may lead to occurrence of any disease or affect any disease vectors. It is a submarine communication cable, connecting 15 countries. This project is developed with aim of enhancing the robustness and reliability of international

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

3.4

Vulnerable groups of people who could be affected by the project e.g. hospital patients, children, the elderly etc., Any other causes, that would affect local communities, fisherfolk, their livelihood, dwelling units of traditional local communities etc.

3.5

No

No

connectivity. This project will enable better and faster communication service. Data can be accessed in lesser time and at affordable price with high security. Thus, this project will improve living style of people. The Project activity is confined only to Versova Beach area, Mumbai. Thus, the cable laying operation will not affect any vulnerable group of people. Project activity is of very short duration. Complete cable laying process will take a maximum of 3 weeks & involves construction of underground main hole for housing cable. Fishing activity or any other activity related to livelihood of local people will not be impacted due to this project.

4. Production of solid wastes during construction or operation or decommissioning (MT/month) S. No. 4.1

4.2

4.3

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

No

The excavated soil will be disposed off at the site designated by MCGM.

No

No municipal solid waste is expected to be generated during operation phase. Small quantity of construction waste will be disposed off as per the rules and guidelines of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), Mumbai. Waste to be generated onboard will be disposed off as per guidelines of MARPOL.

Yes

The hazardous waste (such as used oil from the Cable Laying Vessel and equipment) will be disposed off as per the MARPOL guidelines.

No

No industrial generated.

No

No surplus product generation involved.

No

No sewage will be generated during operation phase. Cable laying vessel will comply with MARPOL, thus sewage to be generated

Spoil, overburden or mine wastes

Municipal waste (domestic and or commercial wastes)

Hazardous wastes (as per Hazardous Waste Management Rules)

4.4

Other industrial process wastes

4.5

Surplus product

4.6

Sewage sludge or other sludge from effluent treatment

7

process

waste

will

be

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

while cable laying will be disposed off as per MARPOL guidelines. 4.7

Construction or demolition wastes

4.8 4.9

4.10

Redundant equipment

machinery

Contaminated materials

soils

or

No

Negligible amount of construction debris like left over concrete may be generated. It will be disposed off as per guidelines of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), Mumbai.

No

No redundant machinery or equipment will be involved.

No

No contamination of soil is anticipated to occur due to the Project. Cable to be buried has an outer covering of inert material which will not contaminate soil or water.

No

No agricultural waste will be generated due to the Project development.

Yes

Any batteries, used filters or any clinical waste generated onboard will be managed as per MARPOL guidelines.

or other

Agricultural wastes

4.11

Other solid wastes

5. Release of pollutants or any hazardous, toxic or noxious substances to air (Kg/hr) S. No. 5.1

5.2 5.3 5.4

5.5

5.6

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels from stationary or mobile sources

Emissions from production processes Emissions from materials handling including storage or transport Emissions from construction activities including plant and equipment

Dust or odors from handling of materials including construction materials, sewage and waste

Emissions waste

from

incineration

of

8

Yes

No No

No

Yes

No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data There will be temporary and negligible emissions from the construction equipment on the Beach. The Cable Laying Vessel will comply with the MARPOL guidelines. Thus, air emissions will be managed accordingly. Project does not involve any production of goods. No storage and transportation of materials is involved. There will be temporary and negligible emissions from the construction equipment on the Beach. The Cable Laying Vessel will comply with the MARPOL guidelines. Thus, air emissions will be managed accordingly. Construction of the BMH and the cable laying process at Versova Beach will generate dust. However, the construction will be small scale and no significant dust impacts will result. No incineration of waste material will be carried out.

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

5.7

Emissions from burning of waste in open air (e.g. slash materials, construction debris) Emissions from any other sources

5.8

No

Open burning of waste will not be carried out.

No

No other emissions are anticipated due to Project development.

6. Generation of Noise and Vibration, and Emissions of Light and Heat: S. No. 6.1

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

From operation of equipment e.g. engines, ventilation plant, crushers

No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data with source of information data During the construction of the BMH and cable laying process, noise will be generated because of the use of jackhammers and excavators. The construction work will be carried out during day time hours only. These equipments have a noise range of 75-85 dB(A). Noise generated from the barge and cable laying equipment during the submarine cable installation will be minimal, and therefore, no unacceptable noise impacts upon the nearby residential and commercial areas will result from this project.

6.2 6.3

From industrial or similar processes From construction or demolition

6.4

From blasting or piling

No

6.5

From construction or operational traffic

Yes

6.6

From lighting or cooling systems

6.7

From any other sources

No Yes

Same as section 6.1 No blasting or piling will be carried out. Refer section 6.1.

No No

9

No industrial processing is involved.

No lightning or cooling system will be involved. No other source of noise generation is anticipated.

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

7. Risks of contamination of land or water from releases of pollutants into the ground or into sewers, surface waters, groundwater, coastal waters or the sea: S. No. 7.1

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

From handling, storage, use or spillage of hazardous materials No

7.2

From discharge of sewage or other effluents to water or the land (expected mode and place of discharge) By deposition of pollutants emitted to air into the land or into water From any other sources

7.3 7.4 7.5

Is there a risk of long term build up of pollutants in the environment from these sources?

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data No hazardous material will be used or stored for project development. Appropriate facilities will be provided in the ships and barge for storage and handling of hazardous waste generated during the construction phase. The hazardous waste will be disposed off as per the MARPOL guidelines.

No

Refer to Section 1.21

No

No such pollutants are expected to be generated due to Project development.

No

No other pollution sources are envisaged.

No

No risk of long term build up of pollutants in the environment is anticipated due to Project development activity.

8. Risk of accidents during construction or operation of the Project, which could affect human health or the environment

S. No.

8.1

8.2 8.3

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

From explosions, spillages, fires etc from storage, handling, use or production of hazardous substances

From any other causes Could the project be affected by natural disasters causing environmental damage (e.g. floods, earthquakes, landslides, cloudburst etc)?

10

No

No

Yes

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data Cable laying vessel complies with IMO requirements on safety (SOLAS-safety of life at Sea). Thus, any risk to life onboard will be managed accordingly. No such hazard due to explosions, spillages, fires etc is anticipated at BMH location No other risk or health hazard is anticipated. Area is prone to cyclones and tsunami. BMH or cable laid on sea bed may get impacted due to these natural disasters.

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

9. Factors which should be considered (such as consequential development) which could lead to environmental effects or the potential for cumulative impacts with other existing or planned activities in the locality S. No. 9.1

Information/Checklist confirmation

Yes/No

Lead to development of supporting facilities, ancillary development or development stimulated by the project which could have impact on the environment e.g.: •Supporting infrastructure (roads, power supply, waste or waste water treatment, etc.) •housing development •extractive industries •supply industries •other

No No No No

Yes

9.2

9.3

9.4

Lead to after-use of the site, which could have an impact on the environment Set a precedent for later developments

Have cumulative effects due to proximity to other existing or planned projects with similar effects

11

No

Details thereof (with approximate quantities/rates, wherever possible) with source of information data

No supporting infrastructure is anticipated due to the Project development. No housing development is anticipated due to the Project development. No impact is anticipated. No impact is anticipated. Project involves laying down of submarine communication cable. This project is developed with the aim of enhancing the robustness and reliability of international connectivity. The project will enable better and faster communication service. Data can be accessed in lesser time and at affordable price with high security. Thus, this project will improve living style of people. No such impact on environment is anticipated.

Yes

This project will enable better and faster communication service. Development of this project generates high development potential for telecommunication industries, education, railway sectors, etc.

No

No cumulative effects due to project proximity to other existing or planned projects with similar effects are anticipated.

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

(III) Environmental Sensitivity S. No. 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Areas Areas protected under international conventions, national or local legislation for their ecological, landscape, cultural or other related value Areas which are important or sensitive for ecological reasons - Wetlands, watercourses or other water bodies, coastal zone, biospheres, mountains, forests

Areas used by protected, important or sensitive species of flora or fauna for breeding, nesting, foraging, resting, over wintering, migration

Inland, coastal, marine or underground waters

Name/ Identity

Aerial distance (within 15 km.) Proposed project location boundary

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

8.5 km, NE from the location of BMH

Sanjay Gandhi National Park

8.5 km, NE from the location of BMH

Versova Creek

1.7 km, SSE from the location of BMH

Mangroves

930 m, SE, 890 m, E and 15 km, NNE from the location of BMH 8.5 km, NE from the location of BMH

Sanjay Gandhi National Park Versova Creek

1.7 km, SSE from the location of BMH

Mangroves

930 m, SE, 890 m, E and 15 km, NNE from the location of BMH 1.7 km, SSE from the location of BMH

Versova Creek

Arabian Sea and Cable will pass through these Indian Ocean waters State, National boundaries None within 15 km None within 15 km from from location of location of BMH BMH Routes or facilities used by the public Project site is located at Versova Beach. JP Road for access to recreation or other is located 40.0 meters in the east direction from the tourist, pilgrim areas BMH location. The beach is not used much for recreational activities and is mainly used by the local people. Defense installations Academy of Self 320 m, NW Defense The proposed cable route will cross a Firing practice area off Mumbai landing site.

12

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

8

Densely populated or built-up area

Aram Nagar Jeet Nagar Joseph Patel Wadi 9

10

11

12

Areas occupied by sensitive manmade land uses (hospitals, schools, places of worship, community facilities)

Areas containing important, high quality or scarce resources (ground water resources, surface resources, forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism, minerals) Areas already subjected to pollution or environmental damage. (those where existing legal environmental standards are exceeded) Areas susceptible to natural hazard which could cause the project to present environmental problems (earthquakes, subsidence, landslides, erosion, flooding or extreme or adverse climatic conditions)

13

Project site is surrounded by various residential colonies 530 m, SE 150 m, NE 440.0 meters, E

Versova Welfare Association High School

600 m, SE

Kalsekar Tibbia Hospital

350 m, NE

Vimla Hospital

0.56 km, NNW

Fisheries

A small fishermen community is located along Versova Beach.

None Specific

Project site is not listed as critically polluted area by CPCB.

Yes

The project site falls in Seismic Zone III. Area is prone to cyclones and Tsunami.

Appendix II – Environmental Impact Assessment Report

ASIA AFRICA EUROPE ONE (AAE-1) SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM AT VERSOVA BEACH, MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FEBRUARY 2015 Submitted For:

Submitted By:

RELIANCE JIO INFOCOMM LIMITED 3rd Floor, Marker Chambers IV, 222, Nariman Point

EQMS India Pvt. Ltd. 304 & 305, 3RD Floor, Plot No. 16 Rishabh Towers, Community Center Karkarduma, Delhi-110 092 Phone – 011-3000-3201

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ...............................................................................................1-1 1.1. The Project ...................................................................................................1-1 1.2. Project Background.......................................................................................1-2 1.3. Need for the Project ......................................................................................1-3 1.3.1. Existing Similar Projects at Versova Beach...............................................1-3 1.3.2. Need Based Assessment for the Project ...................................................1-4 1.3.3. Alternate Sites Analysis ............................................................................1-4 1.4. The Contractual Parties ................................................................................1-5 1.4.1. The Supplier ............................................................................................. 1-5 1.4.2. Project Proponent .....................................................................................1-5 1.5. Objective and Scope of EIA Study ................................................................ 1-5 1.6. Legal Framework ..........................................................................................1-6 1.7. Methodology of EIA Study.............................................................................1-8 1.7.1. Overview...................................................................................................1-8 1.7.2. Documents Review ...................................................................................1-8 1.7.3. Data Collection..........................................................................................1-8 1.7.4. Impact Assessment...................................................................................1-8 1.7.5. Environmental Management Plan ............................................................. 1-8 1.8. Structure of the EIA Report ...........................................................................1-8

2. Description of the Project.........................................................................2-1 2.1. Prelude .........................................................................................................2-1 2.2. Location of the Project ..................................................................................2-1 2.2.1. Submarine Cable Route Details ................................................................ 2-1 2.2.2. Submarine Cable Right-of-Way (ROW) in India ........................................2-2 2.2.3. Landing Site.............................................................................................. 2-2 2.2.4. Terrestrial Route and Terminal Station......................................................2-4 2.3. Category of the Project .................................................................................2-4 2.4. Submarine Cable Specification .....................................................................2-4 Submarine Cable and Repeaters ..........................................................................2-5 2.5. Pre-Commissioning Activities........................................................................2-8 2.6. Cable Laying Operations ..............................................................................2-8 2.6.1. Marine Installation – Operations................................................................ 2-8 2.7. Quality Assurance, Health and Safety......................................................... 2-18 2.7.1. Quality Assurance................................................................................... 2-18 2.7.2. Health and Safety ................................................................................... 2-18 2.7.3. Communication ....................................................................................... 2-19 2.7.4. Daily Report ............................................................................................ 2-19 2.8. Timeframe of the Cable Lay Installation ...................................................... 2-19

3. Baseline Environment...............................................................................3-1 3.1. Prelude .........................................................................................................3-1 3.2. Site Description and Its Environs ..................................................................3-1 3.3. State of the Environment (Local)...................................................................3-3 3.3.1. Climate .....................................................................................................3-3 3.3.2. Oceanography ........................................................................................ 3-10 3.3.3. Geology ..................................................................................................3-11 3.3.4. Seismicity................................................................................................ 3-13 Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

i

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

3.3.5. 3.3.6. 3.3.7. 3.3.8. 3.3.9. 3.3.10. 3.3.11. 3.3.12. 3.3.13. 3.3.14. 3.3.15.

Surface Temperature and Salinity ........................................................... 3-14 Bottom Temperature and Salinity ............................................................ 3-15 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Mapping Survey....................................3-16 Noise Environment.................................................................................. 3-17 Air Quality ............................................................................................... 3-17 Biological Environment............................................................................3-18 Fishing Activities near the Cable Route................................................... 3-27 Dumping and Dredging Activities ............................................................ 3-29 Military Activities and Manoeuvre Areas.................................................. 3-29 Inland Passenger Water Trasnport Project and Versova Bandra Sea link3-29 Marine Protected Areas ..........................................................................3-29

4. Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures..............4-1 4.1. Prelude .........................................................................................................4-1 4.2. Anticipated Impacts and Associated Activities...............................................4-1 4.2.2. Construction Phase...................................................................................4-2 4.2.3. Operational Stage .....................................................................................4-6 4.3. Impact Assessment and Proposed Mitigation................................................4-7 4.4. Conclusion..................................................................................................4-12

5. Environment Management Plan ...............................................................5-1 5.1. Prelude .........................................................................................................5-1 5.2. The EMP.......................................................................................................5-1 5.2.1. Oil Pollution Management Plan .................................................................5-1 5.2.2. Garbage Management Plan ......................................................................5-2 5.2.3. Sewage Management Plan .......................................................................5-2 5.2.4. Air Emissions Management Plan............................................................... 5-2 5.2.5. Noise Management Plan...........................................................................5-2 5.2.6. Bio-Diversity Management Plan ................................................................ 5-3 5.3. Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan ......................................5-3 5.4. Emergency Preparedness Plan ....................................................................5-4 5.5. Institutional Framework:................................................................................5-5 5.6. Disaster Management Plan...........................................................................5-5

6. Summary and Conclusion ............................................................................ i 6.1. Summary .......................................................................................................... i 6.1.1. Beach Installation.......................................................................................... i 6.1.2. Marine Installation......................................................................................... i 6.1.3. Associated Risks........................................................................................... i 6.2. Conclusion........................................................................................................ i

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

List of Tables Table 1.1 : Need Based Assessment for the Project - Comparative Analysis ...............1-4 Table 1.2 : Legislations Applicability – AAE-1 Submarine Cable System......................1-6 Table 2.1 : Salient Features of the Project....................................................................2-2 Table 2.2 : Minimum Survey Corridor Widths ...............................................................2-9 Table 3.1 : Seasonal (Monsoon) Wind Variations.........................................................3-4 Table 3.2 : Micro-Meteorological Conditions (Year 2014) .............................................3-9 Table 3.3 : Five Years Monthly Rainfall Data for Mumbai District ...............................3-10 Table 3.4 : Tidal Levels Related to Chart Datum for the Mumbai Harbour ..................3-10 Table 3.5 : Ambient Noise Quality Results (October – December, 2014)....................3-17 Table 3.6 : Ambient Air Quality Status (October – December, 2014) ..........................3-17 Table 3.7 : List of Faunal Species in and around Versova Beach Region, Mumbai ....3-19 Table 3.8 : List of Phytoplanktons at Versova Beach..................................................3-22 Table 3.9 : List of Microphyto-benthos at Versova Beach...........................................3-23 Table 3.10 : List of Pelagic Fish Landings at Versova Beach, Mumbai .......................3-23 Table 3.11 : List of Demersal Fish Landings at Versova Beach, Mumbai ...................3-24 Table 4.1 : Potential Sources of Environmental Impacts...............................................4-1 Table 4.2 : Waste Generated during Cable Laying Operation.......................................4-3 Table 4.3 : Impact Assessment of the Project with proposed Mitigations......................4-8

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

List of Figures Figure 1.1 : Overview of the AAE-1 Submarine Cable System .....................................1-2 Figure 2.1 : Overview of AAE-1 Submarine Cable System ...........................................2-1 Figure 2.2 : Location of BMH of the AAE-1 Submarine Cable System in Versova Beach, Mumbai .................................................................................................................2-3 Figure 2.3 : A Typical Submarine Cable .......................................................................2-5 Figure 2.4 : SL-17 Lightweight (LW) Cable...................................................................2-6 Figure 2.5 : Repeater Drawing .....................................................................................2-7 Figure 2.6 : Grapnel “Rope” Examples (Rennies and Giffords)...................................2-11 Figure 2.7 Typical Flatfish Grapnel.............................................................................2-11 Figure 2.8 : Towed Jetting Sled Operation .................................................................2-14 Figure 2.9 : Towed Burial Plough Operation to be Utilized During Offshore (1000m. Extends from the limit of the near shore survey to the full ocean depth of the submarine cable route. Utilizing deepsea swath bathymetry surveying systems, continuous depth recordings centered along the primary route will be obtained.

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

 Cable crossing survey: Identification and chart all active and out-of-service cables located within the survey swath. This will be accomplished by the use either marine magnetometer or by use of a Side Scan Sonar.  Pipeline crossing survey: Identification of orientation and depth of burial of all pipelines crossed using a magnetometer and sub-bottom profiler along the entire length of the cable within the survey swath. 2.6.1.2

Route Clearance of Out-of-Service (OOS) Cables

67.

To minimize risks to the submarine cable or burial equipment, out-of-service (OOS) communication and power cables that cross the cable route, within planned burial sections, will be cut and cleared prior to the commencement of burial operations. Prior to any cutting or clearance of OOS cables, permission to cut and clear the existing cable is sought from the owner of the OOS cable, if practicable. If permission is not formally granted, the OOS cable must be treated as an active cable. Depending on the quantity of cables to be cleared, a cable ship may be required for cable recovery. Otherwise for just a few cables, a vessel of opportunity can be utilized.

68.

OOS cables crossing the cable route within planned burial sections are cut and cleared to provide adequate clearance for installing and maintaining the system cable. A target corridor of 250m in up to 500m water depth or 500m in up to 1000m water depth (in line with survey corridor widths but dependent on local operating conditions) centred on the burial route will be established at the OOS cable crossing. Cable ends left on the seabed will be deployed in a manner that minimizes the chances of future entanglements by other seabed users. In the event that a charted OOS cable cannot be located/ detected, the route clearance tools shall be pulled through the seabed to ensure that a clear corridor exists. Route clearance shall commence at 15m water depth and is only required for areas of planned burial. For water depths shallower than 15m, clearance operations shall be performed only if necessary to support burial. Recovered cable will be carried on-board until discharged at proper disposal facility convenient to the operations.

2.6.1.3 69.

Pre-Lay Grapnel Run (PLGR) Operations Immediately prior to the burial operations, a PLGR will be performed along the cable burial route. TE SubComwill make reasonable efforts to clear the seabed of debris, including wires or hawsers, chains, ropes, fishing equipment, etc., which may have been deposited along the route. Debris recovered during these operations will be discharged ashore upon completion of the operations. The operations do not guarantee that all sea bed debris will be removed from the burial route, and excludes the clearance of significant sub-surface debris. A specially mobilized vessel will perform PLGR operations. The vessel will have the following features:  Capable of good slow speed position control and bollard pull.  Sufficient deck space to mount a simple winch, guides and a stern roller to deploy the grapnel(s) and stow any recovered debris.

70.

Operations commence at the 15m water depth contour and extend offshore. The inshore portion of the route (shallower than 15m water depth) is cleared depending on the individual requirements of the inshore burial equipment. The operation involves the towing a grapnel, or an array of grapnels, along the centreline of the route throughout the length of the route to be ploughed. Figure 2.6 and 2.7 presents the typical rope and flatfish grapnels. As the vessel moves along the route the tow Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

tension is monitored to indicate when an obstruction has been engaged. The grapnels are routinely recovered and inspected at minimum intervals of 15km along the route. A single tow is made along the route; however, areas with high marine activity or where large amounts of debris are recovered, additional runs will be made. 71.

The PLGR vessel will use a DGPS positioning system. The route followed by the PLGR will be maintained as close as practicable to the selected planned burial route and always within the swathe of the route survey.

Figure 2.6 : Grapnel “Rope” Examples (Rennies and Giffords)

Figure 2.7 Typical Flatfish Grapnel 2.6.1.4 72.

Shore End Operations Shore end services will be provided at the landing site and will include the following:  Preparation of a detailed operational plan, based on the findings of the survey, with site visits as necessary  Provision of an advance party to establish the beach equipment and to prepare the beach Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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 Installation of the shore end section of the sea cable and support of cable vessel operations  Provision for supply and application of articulated pipe starting at the BMH and extending through the surf zone – extent is subject to findings of marine survey  Burial of the cable, from the BMH where the water table and beach material permits. Burial to 2m on the beach will be performed with an excavator and limited to depth of loose sediment over underlying rock. Beach burial will transition to offshore burial in a gradual taper commencing at LWM  Provision of adequate cable slack allowing for future installations or repairs  Localization and positioning of in-service cables in inshore waters plus arrangements with owners  Removal of out-of-service cables on the beach or crossing the shore end cable route, as necessary, allowing for trenching and cable placement activities  Reinstatement of the site to a condition equal to original site conditions 73.

2.6.1.5

The shore end in Versova Beach (Mumbai) will be landed through Pre-Lay Shore Ends (PLSEs). Post-lay, articulated pipe (duct) approximately 800 m in length will be provided as additional protection on the approach to the landing site. Landing Description

74.

BMH: The BMH is a concrete chamber situated below ground, above the high-water level, in the coastal area. On the beach the cable is typically installed in articulated pipe with outside diameter on the order of 20cm, in a trench 2m deep dug previously by equipment such as backhoe. The installation is achieved by the cableship or shallow water vessel stationing offshore near its minimum working depth – a messenger line is passed ashore and a winch located near the beach manhole pulls the cable through the trench and into the manhole. There may be some localised, short term, disruption to recreational activities but after installation beachgoers are typically unaware of the cable and it has no effect on their activities. Size of the proposed BMH is 4 m x 2 m x 2 m.

75.

Ocean Ground Bed: An ocean ground bed (OGB) is a collection of electrodes, typically buried at least 2m below ground level, which provides the return path for the electrical circuit that powers the repeaters (amplifiers) in the submarine cable system. The OGB is typically located near the BMH. TE SubCom shall install the OGBs and also supply and install the ground cable extending from the BMH to the OGB.

76.

Land Cable: In order to complete the link between the submarine cable at the BMH and the cable station, land cable will be installed in Purchaser provided conduit along the terrestrial route. The submarine cable is connected to land cable at the BMH. TE SubComshall supply and install inner duct and cable, within Purchaser provided duct.

77.

The AAE-1 landing at Mumbai is characterized by very long flat area of shallow water which requires installation of a pre-laid shore end (PLSE). On completion of the laying of the pre-laid shore end cable, the end will be streamed on an anchor for later recovery by the main lay vessel.

78.

The PLSE burial requirement usually requires a target depth of 1.0 m.It is expected that the burial tool to be used for this work will likely be the jetting sled.Equipment to be mobilized may include the following: Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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 Cable tank –this will be a circular tank made of individual stanchions composed of C12 x 20 channels with a central cone large enough to ensure that the minimum cable bending radius is not compromised. The final diameter adjustable and depends on the total length and type of cable(s) to be installed.  Cable tower with cable transporter on top for loading the cable.  Two linear cable engines (LCE) (one for redundant backup). The LCE will have instrumentation for monitoring cable count (amount of cable paid out or taken in), cable pay-out speed, and in-line cable tension.  1.5-m bend radius stern chute.  Cable highway(s) to support cable as it travels from cable tank through the LCE and over the stern chute  Two deck generators (one for redundant back up).  6 m CONEX rigging van complete with tools, rigging, materials, and consumables to support cable laying and burial operations.  Small (5 to 7.5 m) support boat  Crane for launching and recoveringthe plowand the small boat.  DGPS with Coastal Oceanographic’sHypak, Winfrog, or similar navigation system with 100% redundancy. There will be redundant systems. There also will be remote monitors and positioning transponders for the anchor handling tug and/or any other support vessels.  Burial vehicle – pending survey results, this will most likely be a towed jet sled utilising surface supplied water. Included with this sled will be a tow winch, an instrument umbilical, and water hose(s).  Diving equipment – surface-supplied diving. Given the expected water depths, no deck decompression chamber (DDC) will be provided. No decompression diving will be done on the project.  Support boat –. An anchor handling tug that also will tow the barge to the sites will support of the 4-point moored barge.  Welding and oxygen/acetylene cutting equipment. 79.

Typical barge and barge equipment are depicted in Figure 2.8. The jetting sled buries the cable utilising seawater jetting systems. The jets are directed into the seabed near the burial tool. The seabed is emulsified where the cable is to be buried and a trench is formed. The jetting system slowly moves along the seabed following the required cable track, cutting the trench into which the cable is placed. It should be noted that the surrounding seawater is used for the jetting system (i.e., nothing alien is introduced into the environment) and the jetting systems do not remove any seabed materials from the area. The seabed materials are moved to form the trench during the jetting operation and they naturally re-form and “backfill” the trench after the burial tool has passed. Therefore, there is no material excavated or removed from the site. On average, approximately 0.5 ha of bottom material will be disturbed during jetting burial per 1 km.

80.

The fibre optic cable with a maximum diameter of 36mm (SL17DA) will be ploughed into the seabed from the 20m contour to the 1,000m contour. During burial, the plough will cut a 30-cm furrow that will fill immediately after the cable has been laid. Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Between the start of burial and low water mark, the cable may be jet buried by divers; between the low water mark and the BMHthe cable will be installed within articulated pipe and covered with cement sand bags for stability and protection.There will be no dredging or disposal of bottom materials associated with this project. 81.

Any disturbed areas at the beach landing will be restored to their former condition. No marine parks, conservation areas, or areas of rare flora or fauna will be encountered by the cable route.

Figure 2.8 : Towed Jetting Sled Operation 2.6.1.6

Main Lay Operations – Cable Deployment

82.

TE SubCom will be using the cableship to lay the cable. Cableship will transit to the various PLSE cable positions, recover the shore end either by using divers or grappling for the streamed cable end, and make a joint to the main system cable onboard. This jointing process takes approximately 18 to 24 hours to complete, including tests of the cable system cable through to the Terminal Station once the joint is complete.

83.

During the main lay and ploughing operations, there will be two elements associated with the laying operations:  Surface Laying Operations – the cable is laid onto the surface of the seabed. This procedure is carried out in water where the cable cannot, or is not required to, be buried (e.g. at cable/pipeline crossings or in areas where the seabed is too hard for the burial tool, at depths >1000m)

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

 Cable Burial Operations – the cable is required to be buried to protect it from potential threats posed by external aggression (eg fishing, anchoring etc), in depths 15 m) deep by plough burial will be in form of wedges that will be placed back as plough burial moves forward. Sediments dispersed will settle back due to the heavy ocean currents. Vessel dynamic positioning ability will enable vessel to hold station without use of anchors. Therefore, no anchoring impacts on sea bed will occur due to vessel. Onshore Activities Vessels operating during route survey and cable laying operation shall be equipped with spill response kit and comply with international maritime laws such as MARPOL. Discharge of waste or accidental discharge from the vessels will be prevented. Avoid burial operation in strong current water to minimize sediment disturbance. Debris retrieved during prelay grapnel run will be collected in vessel and will be disposed offshore as per prescribed standards. Onshore Activities Avoidance of ecologically important and sensitive areas during selection of final cable route.

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Significance with mitigation measures

Low

Low

Low

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

S. No.

9.

Environmental Issues

Fishing Activities

10. Shipping Activities

Receptors

Humans

Humans

Significance without mitigation measures

Negligible

Negligible

Mitigation Measures

Monitoringwill be undertaken to ensure marine ecology is not disturbed during cable laying process. Avoid burial operations in strong current water to minimize sediment disturbance. Cable laying vessel will comply with MARPOL guidelines.  Speed of cable laying vessel will be restricted to a maximum of 6 knots. Thus there will be low collision risks to cetaceans as compared to fast moving large vessels. Cable to be used is resistant to coiling and thus low risks of marine animals to get entangled within cable. Competent and experienced crew members will be nominated so that they can observe marine species while performing the task. Also they can use their experience and review available literature to avoid sensitive zones and whale encounter zones. If any injury to whale or any other organism happen to occur, incident will be reported to competent authority Offshore Activities The presence of fishing fixed nets will be investigated during the cable lay process near the landing site. Cable burial shall be adopted as the main method of protecting cables from fishing activities. Offshore Activities All marine activities shall be notified to the nearest ports in the area, so that vessels can be warned in advance of the ongoing operations. When operating within Port limits or close to navigational channels, “Notice to Mariners” shall be issued in coordination with concerned agencies.

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Significance with mitigation measures

Nil

Nil

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

4.4. Conclusion 234. A detailed impact analysis has been carried out to identify the impacts associated with the AAE-1 Submarine Cable System and its effects on the receptors. Accordingly, mitigation measures have been proposed to minimize the adverse impacts due to the Project. As can be seen from the Table 4.1 and 4.3, and the discussion above, the Project will not cause any adverse impact on the environment.

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

5.

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN

This Chapters details out the management plan developed for ensuring the effective implementation of proposed mitigation measures and protection of environment during and after project implementation.

5.1. Prelude 235. Reliance JioInfocomm Limited(RJIL) is implementing the AAE-1 Submarine Cable System landing at Versova Beach in Mumbai (Maharashtra) through TE SubCom who has been contracted for the deployment of the undersea communication cable system. TE SubCom shall be responsible for installing cable and repeaters and will also be responsible for project management, system design, commissioning and marine operations. TE SubCom will also be responsible to ensure compliance of the EMP, as applicable to them. 236. A properly prepared EMP helps in planning and monitoring of various environmental parameters in and around the project area and helps in identifying critical parameters for timely corrective actions. The aim of the EMP is to ensure that the various adverse impacts associated with the Project are properly mitigated; either by preventing the impacts or by mitigating those to reduce the effect to an acceptable level by adopting the most suitable techno-economical option. The EMP also ensures that the positive impacts associated with the Project are conserved and enhanced.

5.2. The EMP 237. An EMP consists of a set of mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures applicable to design, construction and operation (Post construction) stages. The major components of EMP are:  Implementation of mitigation measures for mitigation of potentially adverse impacts  Monitoring during project implementation and operation  Integration of EMP with project planning and implementation framework  Implementation schedule 238. The EMP has been designed considering regulatory and other requirements to ensure minimal disturbance to the baseline environmental conditions in the project area. 239. EMP for both construction and operation phase of the project is defined with respect to activities which may have an impact on the environment and society. The mitigation measures, as proposed in Table 4.3, will be implemented under the overall supervision of TE SubCom (Contractor) EHS personnel and other technical staff. 240. Additional best practices and management plan for various concern areas for onshore and offshore activities are defined in the Sections below. 5.2.1. Oil Pollution Management Plan 241. There may be incidents in the operation of a vessel whereby oil or oil and water mixtures can enter the sea and cause pollution. Cable laying vessel will comply with MARPOL guidelines and hence it shall be ensured that there are no oil spills. Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

242. No waste oil generation is anticipated during onshore activities. 5.2.2. Garbage Management Plan 243. Garbage management is the most important component of the EMP as it can impact air, water and soil environment and degrade the quality. Cable laying vessel will comply with MARPOL guidelines and hence it shall be ensured that garbage management plan is followed as per the guidelines. 244. Garbage Management Plan on Beach: During the construction of BMH and cable laying process, garbage will be generated as there will be excavation of sand and drilling of concrete. Also, small quantity of domestic waste may be generated as 8-10 personnel will be appointed for the beach operations. Any domestic waste generated, however small quantity, will be properly collected and disposed off in the dustbin provided by Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM), near Versova Beach, Mumbai. Most of the excavated sand will be re-filled and the remaining will be spread over the Beach. Any concrete debris will be disposed off as per MCGM guidelines. Any cable cutting and packaging material remains will be disposed off as per Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) (MSW) Rules, 2000. 5.2.3. Sewage Management Plan 245. Sewage expected to be generated on-board will be managed as per MARPOL guidelines as the cable laying vesselto be used will comply with MARPOL. Also the vessel to be used for cable laying will be certified for International Sewage Pollution Prevention. 5.2.4. Air Emissions Management Plan 246. Cable laying vessel will comply with MARPOL guidelines. Emissions expected to be generated from cable laying vessel will be within the specified limits as per MARPOL. Small quantity of dust and exhaust gases are expected to be generated from excavators and jackhammers. Excavators and jackhammers that will be used at the Project Site will carry PUC certificates and will only use low sulphur diesel as the fuel. The construction of BMH and the cable laying process will take approximately 3 weeks and thus the effect, if any, will be temporary and insignificant. Water will be sprinkled over excavated sand and concrete to suppress dust generation. Sand will be re-filled immediately and concrete debris will be disposed off after cable laying and beach will be restored back to its original state. 5.2.5. Noise Management Plan 247. During the marine operations, noise will be generated by engines, thrusters etc. Noise generated by these is negligible as compared to background noise of water column. Sonar technology is used for cable route survey using high frequency sound waves (above normal hearing range of marine animal), which will have no impact on marine organisms. 248. During the construction of BMH and cable laying process, noise will be generated by the operation of excavators and jackhammers. Excavators have a noise range of 7585 dB(A) and the jackhammers emit a noise level of some 100 dB(A). Excavators and jackhammers will be operated only for 1-2 days for construction of BMH (4 m x 2 m x 2 m) and cable route (80-100 meters length and 1 meter deep). Ear plugs will be given to men at work and construction will be carried out during day time only. Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

5.2.6. Bio-Diversity Management Plan 249. Undersea cable laying operation will have minimal and temporary impact on marine ecology. However, management plan for bio-diversity protection has been prepared. The details of which are listed below. 1. The burial activity will take place away from areas with higher conservation value. 2. There will be no discharge of liquid effluents and solid waste in marine waters. 3. Speed of cable laying vessel will be restricted to a maximum of 6 knots which is very less as compared to large moving vessels. This low speed ensures low collision risks to cetaceans as compared to fast moving large vessels. 4. Cable that will be used for the Project is resistant to coiling. This will ensure low risks of marine animals getting entangled within cable. 5. Competent and experienced crew members will be nominated so that they can observe marine species while performing the task. Also, they can use their experience and review available literature to avoid sensitive zones and whale encounter zones. 6. Standard speed and specific route will only be followed during the cable laying process. 7. Burial depth at sea bed will not exceed 1 meter. Sediments will be removed as wedges by plough burial causing minimum disturbance to habitat of micro flora dwelling near the seabed. These wedges will be placed back as soon as the plough burial moves forward. This will lower the chances of disturbance to habitat of benthos and bottom dwellers. 8. There is no external electric field associated with the cable. Polyethylene is the outer covering of the cable and it serves as an excellent insulator. Concentric rings of very low magnetic field are set up around the cable, due to presence of internal conductor, but its strength diminishes with the distance. 250. Due to sandy nature of beach, no vegetation is found on the Beach. Excavation of sand may disturb the inhabiting micro flora and fauna residing in sand on beach. Utmost care will be taken to ensure zero mortality of any insect or other fauna species during the sand excavation. Sand removed will be filled back immediately after cable laying and termination operation. Floral and faunal life will be restored back very shortly as the cable laying process on beach will take only 3 weeks.

5.3.

Occupational Health and Safety Management Plan

251. Health and Safety Management Plan has been drafted for both the employeesand visitors at the Project Site. Health and safety plan defines the roles and responsibilities of the participants of EHS cell. 252. Roles and Responsibility of Departmental Manager (Marine): The Departmental Manager (Marine) is responsible for establishment of safe working practices and compliance with the health and safety legislation for the Marine off-site operations. During Marine operations, the shipboard Project Manager will be responsible for ensuring the health and safety of the TE SUBCOM team on board, that the procedures and instructions on the vessel are followed and that all appropriate Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

vessel, equipment and health and safety documentation is on-board and is most current. 253. Roles and Responsibilities of Site Directors are: The roles and responsibilities of the Site Directors are listed below: 1. For maintaining the site in safe condition by implementing following controls  Safe systems of Work: Maintenance of plant permit to work systems  Statutory Testing of all the construction machinery and equipment  Fire Precaution: Examination/testing of all equipment  Environmental Controls: Temperature, dust, lightning, noise, ventilation, pollution and cleanliness  Machine Guarding: To comply with legislation  Electricity: Safe installation and usage  Safety of Visitors: Warning signs, risk area identification and display 2. Ensuring no health and safety risk are introduced onto the site through their activities and all of their contractors’ activities are covered by risk assessment and method statement. 3. Providing Competent Authorized persons for all relevant pieces of legislation. 4. Ensuring that all personnel are formally informed, trained and accept their Health and Safety responsibilities. 5. Ensuring that safe methods of working and risk assessments are established and maintained. 6. Providing sufficient competent resources to establish and maintain an effective EHS management system and ensure its continual improvement. 7. Implementing the EHS policy. 8. Providing EHS representatives and committees. 254. Roles and Responsibility of Employee and Sub Contractors :All employee and temporary workers/contactors are responsible for: 1. Working safely and efficiently by using protective equipment provided and by meeting statutory requirements. 2. Adhering to health and safety procedures and rules for securing a safe work place. 3. Raising EHS issue to their supervisor or to an appointed representative. 4. Co-operating in the investigation of accidents to aid prevention of a recurrence

5.4.

Emergency Preparedness Plan

255. Project involves deployment of cable on the seabed and construction of BMHon the Beach. Both the operations have certain risks involved, which can be either natural such as cyclone, tsunami, earthquake, shark attack etc.or man-made such as failure of construction machinery or equipment, slip and fall etc.that can occur during the cable deployment process. 256. First aid process is implemented by TE SubCom as a statutory requirement covering provision of trained personnel and first aid facilities. An on-site emergency plan will be prepared which shall define plans and processes for responding to and recovering from emergency situations (major incidents or minor localised incidents). Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

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Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

5.5.

Institutional Framework:

257. Roles and Responsibilities: The EMP will be implemented by RJIL with technical manpower and best EHS practice support from TE SubCom. One official will be designated from RJIL to ensure effective implementation of EMP. TE SubCom will also depute trained EHS professionals to ensure effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures during the construction phase of the Project. 258. Time Frame: The construction of BMH and the complete cable laying process will take approximately three weeks of time. 259. Environmental Monitoring: During the construction phase, monitoring will be carried out for noise and air emissions, as required. In addition to that,TE SubCom designated officer will monitor and ensure adherence to TE SubCom operation procedures and proposed management plans. No environmental monitoring is proposed during operation (post construction stage). Monitoring reports will be submitted as per regulatory requirements and internal procedures of the RJIL and TE SubCom. 260. Environmental Budget: No separate capital investment is required since all mitigation measures are related either to the design and constructions stage or monitoring during various stages of its implementation. Required money for ensuring implementation of mitigation measures and adherence to EMP will be part of construction budget and thus requisite money will be available for implementation of the EMP. 261. Grievance Redress Mechanism: Any complaint or suggestion received from the interested parties will be analyzed by designated EHS site officer of TE SubCom. He will intimate the Project Proponent for the corrective and preventive action required to be taken, if any.

5.6.

Disaster Management Plan

262. Project involves laying the undersea fiber optic communication cable to link South Asia to Africa and Europe via the Middle East. This cable system is known as AsiaAfrica-Europe One cable systems. It will be one of the first largest cable systems connecting 15 countries Malaysia, Thailand, Myanmar, India, Pakistan, Oman, UAE, Qatar, Yemen, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Greece, Italy and France. 263. Cable in India will terminate at Versova Beach in Mumbai. Project development involves two phases, i,e, cable deployment phase and operation phase. 264. Cable deployment phase has certain impacts related to the general accidents, fire in the ship and ship submergence. However, there is no chemical or hazardous risk associated with the deployment process. Any risk associated with the operation of the ship shall be managed by TE SubCom by following the international standards (SOLAS) and complying with the prescribed safety standards for laying down the marine cable. 265. It is anticipated that there will be no risk associated during operation phase of the project as no activity except inspection and maintenance will be carried out at BMH site.

Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

5-5

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

6.

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

This Chapter provides the summary and conclusions of the EIA study for the proposed project, with overall justification for project implementation and a description of how adverse effects will be mitigated.

6.1.

Summary

6.1.1. Beach Installation 266. The BMH is located at a beach road connecting JP Road to Versova Beach, in front of Harshvardhan Society, which is not intensively used for recreation. However, people from nearby areas access the Beach from the area and there may be some localised disruption of their activities during the construction phase. The complete cable laying process will approximately take 3 weeks. After installation, beach will be restored to its original state. Impacts due to air pollution, odor, liquid effluent and solid waste generation are low and insignificant. Also, there is no significant impact anticipated on terrestrial ecology, water quality and socio-economic conditions. The only medium impact associated with the Project will be due to noise generation at the Project Site. 6.1.2. Marine Installation 267. The disturbance caused by cable laying operations can be assessed in two ways:  Very short duration (i.e., hours to 1 day) in which sediment settles and fishes return  Longer duration (i.e., months) in which the benthos re-colonizes the cable path 268. The impacts associated with the construction and installation of the fiber optic cable are site-specific and of a short duration (i.e., hours to a day). The predicted impacts are, therefore, low and insignificant. On the whole, the impacts would not substantially affect the maintenance and enhancement of long-term biological productivity or pose long-term risks to health or safety of the area. 269. Impacts due to air pollution, odor, liquid effluent and solid waste generation are low and can be easily mitigated by the mitigation measures as suggested in EMP. Also, there is medium impact anticipated on the marine ecology, water quality, fishing and shipping activities, which are reversible in nature and thus can be mitigated easily by the mitigation measures as suggested in EMP. 6.1.3. Associated Risks 270. Risk is minimal to the populace over the life of the system. The cable itself is protected through varying means along the length of the route onshore and offshore. If standard safety and construction techniques are followed in the vicinity of the cable, such as notification prior to operations and marking of the cable route, risk of damage to the cable and electrocution is mitigated. Based on the lack of electrical field and the minimal magnetic field, there is little to no known effect on the marine population.

6.2.

Conclusion

271. The impact assessment has demonstrated that the impacts likely to be generated in the cable-laying operation in deep offshore water will be minimal. No impacts are expected on fisheries or shipping activities provided normal international marine activity procedures are followed. Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

i

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

272. Based on the EIA, it is clear that the AAE-1 Submarine Cable System landing and the associated marine installation will have low and insignificant impacts on the environment. The activities of installation are of short duration. During the operation phase, there is no adverse impact associated with the cable laid. Thus, it can be concluded that the project will not significantly impact the environment. The health, safety, and environmental mitigation measures mentioned in the report need to be taken to tackle any associated impact during the installation phase of the cable.

Tyco Electronics Subsea Communications LLC Proprietary & Confidential Subject to Clause 26 - Safeguarding of Information &Technology of the AAE-1 Contract

ii

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Annexure I – Cable Laying Vessel Details

i

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Annexure II – CRZ Report and Map

ii

CRZ MAPPING FOR THE PROPOSED "ASIA PACIFIC EUROPE ONE (AAE - 1) SUBMARINE CABLE SYSTEM" PROJECT SITE AT VERSOVA BEACH, MUMBAI, INDIA 72°48'30"E

72°49'0"E

1052

1115

1116 1111A

1111B

1053

1

1108/7 1108/6 1108/9 1108/15 1108/11 1108/14 1108/13 1108/12

1133

NE

1102

?

PROPOSED BEACH MAN HOLE (BMH) - 3m Long x 2m Wide x 2m Deep PROPOSED CABLE ALIGNMENT

1098

?

1175/6

1096

1097

1103B

1095

1175/8

1103A/2

1175/9

1091

1068

10

11

1090 1088 1089 1087

1092

1070

1085 1072/3 1071 1084 1072/2 1072/9999 1072/9 1072/1 1072 1072/8 1072/4 1072/7

?

SCALE 1 : 4000

1276

12

?

? !

? !

C

1072/6 1073 1072/10

1075

PREPARED BY

INSTITUTE OF REMOTE SENSING ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI - 600 025 FOR

1067

?

A! ?

1175/7

1094

?

D! ?

NE

1100

1099

ENLARGED VIEW OF BMH LOCATION (SCALE 1 : 500)

LI

1101

1064

1069

72°48'30"E

CRZ - IVA

SOURCE : CLIENT

DE

?

1175/5

9

200 M

CRZ - III

TI

INE

1063

1093

150

CRZ - II

HTL REFERENCE POINTS

GH HI

EL

6

1175/1

1066

100

CRZ - IB

2m

LI

TID

1062B

8

50

COASTAL REGULATION ZONATION

PROPERTY BOUNDARY

1175/2

1175/3

1065

25

500m FROM HTL

L 1103A

1062A

7

0

200m FROM HTL

1177/4

AD

1061

DE

?

1047

100m FROM HTL (CREEK)

RO

TI

W LO

5

HIGH TIDE LINE (HTL) / HTL (CREEK)

?

JP

1060

HT

L

?

GH HI

4

LOW TIDE LINE (LTL)

1177/5 1177

OM

HT

1059

1177/3

µ

LEGEND

WARD BOUNDARY

FR

OM

1104

3/1/1

1186

m

1162 1155 1163 1154 1161 1156 1160 113711381139 1153 1159 1164 1136 1157 1135 1140 1149 1158 1148 1143 1167 1168 1134 1166 1169 1142 1146 1144 1170 1165 1172 1171

FR

19°8'0"N

1108/10

1105

?

1180

1129/6 1129/15 1129/5 1129/30 1129/26 1129/4 1179 1129/281129/29 1129 1129/31 1129/3 1129/27 1129/131129/14 1129/2 1129/12 1129/9 1178 1129/1 1129/11 1129/32A 1129/33 1129/221129/23 1129/21 1129/10 1129/20 1129/32B1129/34 1177/1 1129 1129/32C 1130 1129/35 1131 1177/2 1129/36

m

3

1183 1184 1129/241129/25 1182

0 50

1056

1058

S E A

1128

1106

1055

1057

A R A B I A N

1129 1129/71129/8

0 20

2

1108/3 1108/21108/8

1108/4

1108/5

1107

1054

?

1108/1

1110

1111C

?

1114

19°8'0"N

1051

1086 1083/1

1074

1369

1082

1301/2B

1080 1081 1083 1079 1078

M/s. RELIANCE JIO INFOCOMM LTD, D-7, DHAWANDEEP BUILDING 6, JANTAR MANTAR NEW DELHI - 110 001, INDIA

PREPARED BY VERIFIED BY

1370

APPROVED BY 1077

1281

1283 1283/1

1076 72°49'0"E

3m

B

Environmental Assessment of Asia Africa Europe One (AAE-1) Submarine Cable System at Versova Beach, Mumbai (Maharashtra)

Annexure III – ZSI Report

iii

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

8. MATERIAL AND METHODS 8.1. Faunal Diversity 8.1.1. Marine Ecosystem 8.1.1.1. Physico-chemical parameters The surface seawater samples were collected from all the stations of study for the estimation of following parameters. Temperature Surface seawater temperature was measured using standard mercury thermometer. Salinity The seawater salinity data was collected at all the places of study by using hand held Refractometer, Model ERMA, Japan. pH The seawater pH was measured soon after collection of water sample using Portable Water Quality Analyzer, Model SYSTRONICS Water Analyzer 371 Transparency The transparency of seawater column was measured by using Secchi disc from surface of sea to assess the depth of light penetration Turbidity The seawater turbidity was measured by Turbidity Meter Model EUTECH Instruments ECTN100IR, Singapore. Coordinates The data on the coordinates of the survey area were collected by using Global Positioning System, Model GARMIN 12 Channel GPS, Model-Oregon 550.

15

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

8.1.1.2. Biological Parameters Phytoplankton Phytoplankton samples were collected from the surface seawater at all the stations. Fifty litres of seawater samples were concentrated to 250ml by filtering through 20µ mesh sized plankton net. The concentrated samples were immediately preserved by adding 5ml of 40% formalin and 2ml of Lugol’s iodine. In the laboratory the samples were concentrated in to the volume of 25ml and preserved in 4% formalin prepared in seawater. These samples were subjected to qualitative and quantitative evaluation of phytoplankton.

For the quantitative

estimation a Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell was used. Phytoplankton samples were identified upto species level under binocular microscope following standard monographs (Husted, 1930; Pergallo, 1965). Zooplankton Zooplankton samples were collected by surface haul using Heron-Tranter Plankton net having 0.7m dia mouth 3m long with a mesh size of 200µ for 10 minutes at 2 knot speed. The amount of water passed through was calculated by using flow meter while hauling the net. The collected plankton samples were preserved in 4% formalin. The wet weight of the zooplankton was determined after washing with distilled water thereafter filtering through filter paper. The dry weight was determined by drying the filtered samples in a hot air oven at 70ºC till constant weight.

The results were calculated as mg/100m3 of seawater.

Zooplankton volume was

measured by displacement method. In this method samples were filtered and blotted with filter paper and the mass was transferred to measuring cylinder having known volume of 4% formalin prepared in seawater. The rise in level of seawater in measuring cylinder was recorded. The distance between final and initial reading gives volume of zooplankton. The results were expressed as ml/100m3 of seawater. The numerical density of zooplankton was calculated by using Sedgewick Rafter Counting Cell. The plankton was identified up to species level under binocular microscope by referring standard manuals and monographs. 8.1.1.3. Meio-benthos The intertidal and subtidal meio-benthos in the study area was estimated during low tide by collecting sediment smples using van Veen grab.

In order to study the meio-benthos, 16

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

sediment samples were collected by plastic core and sieved through 63µ mesh. The results were expressed for no. of organisms/m2 area. 8.1.2. Terrestrial Ecosystem 8.1.2.1. Insect Light trap sampling: Light traps have been successfully used by various workers for sampling insects. It is a useful tool particularly to collect moths and beetles in addition to several other nocturnal insects. The sampling of insects has been done using an electric power generator during night hours especially for moths. The trap was operated alternately between plots in different habitats. The collected insects have been sorted out to species and the number of individuals for each species was recorded on data sheets for estimating the diversity. As spot identification was made in most of the cases, code numbers assigned to the various species, which were later labeled after establishing their correct identity. Hand net sampling: Direct catching of insects using hand net is often required for collecting various insects like, butterflies, bees, wasps etc. Using this method collection was made during day times (sunrise to 11 am). 8.1.2.2. Reptiles and Amphibians Random surveys were conducted in almost all parts of the project area to document amphibian and reptile species. The streams and marshy areas were surveyed for amphibians. Hand picking was employed for the collection of specimens and pit fall traps also been tried. Dip nets was used for capturing amphibians of the lentic systems. The collected specimens were identified and morphometry will be recorded and then they will be released and voucher specimens were preserved in 10 per cent formaldehyde. The specimens were identified using the field guides (Boulenger 1890, Smith 1933, 1935 and 1943, Daniel 1963 and Tikader et al. 1986). Quadrate sampling method will be used for estimating abundance and diversity indices. Plots of 10 × 10m size were laid at randomly in different area. These plots will be thoroughly searched (Hyner and Berven 1973) for the herpatofauna. Amphibians and reptiles in the plot will be identified in the field itself as far as possible.

Different ecological parameters viz.

temperature, pH, altitude, distance to water sources were also recorded. 17

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

8.1.2.3. Avifauna The bird species were estimated by line transect method (Burnham et al., 1980) and two transects (2 km length) were laid in the project area. Birds were identified based on physical features with the help of field guides and reference books (Ali and Ripley, 1983; Grimmett et al., 1998). Diversity Indices like Shannon-Weiner (H') and Simpson () were calculated using the computer program SPDIVERS.BAS (Ludwig and Reynolds, 1988).

Density of birds was

calculated using the programme DISTANCE 5. 8.1.2.4. Mammals The Block Count & Point Count methods (direct and indirect) were used for census of the mammals (Burnham et al., 1980).

The indirect evidences like pellets and footprints also

recorded following Rodgers (1991). Direct sightings: To record the presence of mammals in different trek path were surveyed by foot. Observation was made during morning and evening, and whenever an animal sighted the species, sex, group size, activity and time have been recorded. Indirect evidences: As an alternative to the block count method, quadrates of the size of 10 m × 10 m will be laid for assessing the indirect evidences. From these quadrates, indirect evidences of animals such as scats, droppings, diggings, feeding signs and scratching marks were identified. In doubtful cases, scats, hair and other materials have been taken to the laboratory and compared with the known samples for identification (Rodgers 1991). 8.2. Species diversity The species diversity of all the groups of organisms was calculated according to the Shanon-Weiner formula. H’ = Σ Pi long e Pi Where Pi = proportion of the ith species in the collection and H’= Diversity of a theoretically infinite population.

18

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Simpson’s diversity index (Simpson, 1949) is one of the truthful indices to calculate the species diversity of any study site. The formula for the Simpson index is: D=1Where S is the number of species, N is the total percentage cover or total number of organisms and n is the percentage cover of a species or number of organisms of a species. In this form, D ranges from 1 to 0, with 1 representing infinite diversity and 0 representing no diversity. Evenness of a community was described by the Pielou’s Evenness Index (J’). The formula of the index is (Pielou, 1966): J’=H’/H’max Where H' is the number derived from the Shannon diversity.

9. RESULTS 9.1. MARINE ECOSYSTEM 9.1.1. Physico-chemical parameters The physico-chemical parameters of the seawater are the prime factors indicating the quality of the coastal waters which directly influence the primary and secondary productivities, and tertiary producers in the marine environment. The data on these parameters obtained from seawater samples collected from all the places of present study. The maximum depth of the proposed project site is 5.2m at the proximal end within 500m of BMH. The pH of water was within the range of 7.8 to 8.0 at the area of 500m radius whereas the range was 8.0 to 8.2 up to the 12 nautical miles area. The salinity was in between 24 to 27ppt within the 500 m of BMH however, 25 to 30 ppt up to 12 nautical miles area. Transparency of the water column ranges from 0.21 to 0.35 m within the 500 m of BMH while 3.22 to 4.25m in deeper waters. Sea surface temperature was maximum 31.2ºC while minimum 31.0 ºC within the 500m of BMH and 32.2 ºC to 33.0 ºC up to the area of 12 nautical miles.

19

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

The transparency in terms of penetration of light in the seawater column was also measured at all the places. The quintessence of the results acquired for seawater transparency indicated that all the stations of study have limited to moderate light penetration. The turbidity of seawater was also measured by Nudson Turbidity Unit (NTU) and it was found minimum (980) at 12 nautical miles area and maximum (1250) at Versova Beach. The higher level of turbidity might be due to sedimentation caused by tidal influence. 9.1.2. Phytoplankton Phytoplankton is the primary producers of the marine trophic level and plays a vital role while assessing the health of the marine environment. The results of phytoplankton samples collected from surface seawater of all the stations along the study area are presented in Tables 1. A total of 42 species of phytoplankton were recorded from the study areas and adjoining areas of Mumbai Coast. The total cell count of phytoplankton was encountered as high, 40.40× 102 L-1. The low phytoplankton productivity might be due to high turbidity of seawater. Each species of phytoplankton has a particular response to different growth rates. These differences and the species specific responses to different growth physico-chemical parameters favour different species at different times and allow many species to co-exist in the same body of water (Lally and Parsons, 1997). The species diversity of phytoplankton was also calculated during the study period and the diversity maxima (1.25) at the study areas. Table 1: Phytoplanktons at the study area

Sl. Order/Family/Genus/Species No. Phylum: Ochrophyta Class: Bacillariophyceae Order: Coscinodiscales Family: Coscinodiscacea Genus: Coscinodiscus Ehrenberg, 1839 1. Coscinodiscus centralis Ehrenberg, 1844 2. 3.

4. 5.

Coscinodiscus radiatus Ehrenberg, 1840 Coscinodiscus subtilis Ehrenberg, 1841 Order: Thalassiosirales Family: Thalassiosiraceae Genus: Thalassiosira Cleve, 1873 Thalassiosira eccentrica (Ehrenberg) Cleve, 1903 Thalassiosira anguste-lineata (A.Schmidt) G.Fryxell & Hasle, 1977 20

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

6. 7.

8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

22. 23. 24.

25. 26.

Order: Thalassiophysales Family: Catenulaceae Genus: Amphora Ehrenberg ex Kützing, 1844 Amphora marina W.Smith, 1857 Amphora ovalis (Kützing) Kützing, 1844 Order: Lithodesmiales Family: Lithodesmiaceae Genus: Ditylum J.W.Bailey, 1861 Ditylum brightwellii (T.West) Grunow, 1885 Genus: Lithodesmium Ehrenberg, 1839 Lithodesmium undulatum Ehrenberg, 1839 Order: Chaetocerotanae Family: Chaetocerotaceae Genus: Chaetoceros Ehrenberg, 1844 Chaetoceros affinis Lauder, 1864 Chaetoceros coarctatus Lauder, 1864 Chaetoceros debilis Cleve, 1894 Chaetoceros peruvianus Brightwell, 1856 Chaetoceros diversus Cleve, 1873 Chaetoceros brevis F.Schütt, 1895 Genus: Bacteriastrum Shadbolt, 1854 Bacteriastrum comosum J.Pavillard Order: Triceratiales Family: Triceratiaceae Genus: Odontella C.Agardh, 1832 Odontella aurita var. obtusa (Kützing) Denys, 1982 Odontella sinensis (Greville) Grunow, 1884 Odontella mobiliensis (J.W.Bailey) Grunow, 1884 Odontella regia (Schultze) Simonsen, 1974 Genus: Triceratium Ehrenberg, 1839 Triceratium favus Ehrenberg, 1839 Order: Rhizosoleniales Family: Rhizosoleniaceae Genus: Rhizosolenia Brightwell, 1858 Rhizosolenia imbricata Brightwell, 1858 Genus: Proboscia Sundström, 1986 Proboscia alata (Brightwell) Sundström, 1986 Genus: Dactyliosolen Castracane, 1886 Dactyliosolen antarcticus Castracane, 1886 Order: Biddulphiales Family : Biddulphiaceae Genus: Isthmia C.Agardh, 1832 Isthmia nervosa Kützing, 1844 Isthmia enervis Ehrenberg, 1838 Order : Naviculales Family : Pleurosigmataceae 21

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32.

33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

38.

39. 40. 41. 42.

Genus: Pleurosigma W.Smith, 1852 Pleurosigma angulatum (Queckett) W.Smith, 1852 Family: Naviculaceae Genus: Navicula Bory de Saint-Vincent, 182 Navicula vanhoeffenii Gran, 1897 Navicula inflexa (Gregory) Ralfs, 1861 Navicula oblonga (Kützing) Kützing, 1844 Navicula gastrum (Ehrenberg) Kützing, 1844 Family: Amphipleuraceae Genus: Halamphora (Cleve) Levkov, 2009 Halamphora turgida (Gregory) Levkov, 2009 Order: Bacillariales Family: Bacillariaceae Genus: Pseudo-nitzschia H.Peragallo, 1900 Pseudo-nitzschia pungens (Grunow ex Cleve) G.R.Hasle, 1993 Genus: Fragilariopsis Hustedt, 1913 Fragilariopsis oceanica (Cleve) Hasle, 1965 Genus : Nitzschia Hassall, 1845 Nitzschia obtusa W.Smith, 1853 Nitzschia longissima (Brébisson) Ralfs, 1861 Genus: Bacillaria J.F.Gmelin, 1791 Bacillaria paxillifera (O.F.Müller) T.Marsson, 1901 Order: Fragilariales Family: Fragilariaceae Genus: Ceratoneis Ehrenberg, 1839 Ceratoneis closterium Ehrenberg, 1839 DINOFLAGELLATES Class : Dinophyceae Order : Gonyaulacales Family: Ceratiaceae Genus: Neoceratium F.Gómez, D.Moreira & P.López-Garcia, 2010 Neoceratium extensum (Gourret) F.Gomez, D.Moreira & P.Lopez-Garcia, 2010 Neoceratium macroceros (Ehrenberg) F.Gomez, D.Moreira & P.Lopez-Garcia, 2010 Neoceratium trichoceros (Ehrenberg) F.Gomez, D.Moreira & P.Lopez-Garcia, 2010 Neoceratium lineatum (Ehrenberg) F.Gomez, D.Moreira & P.Lopez-Garcia, 2010 Number of genera : 20 Number of families: 14 Species diversity : 1.25

22

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

9.1.3. Zooplankton Mumbai coast has a great diversity of zooplanktons. Copepods have the great percentage among all other groups of zooplankton. About Fifty seven copepods are reported from Mumbai and its adjoining areas (Stephen, 2013). These copepods have an important influence in mangrove and coastal ecology. Since the pollution in Versova Mangrove area and low oxygen concentration copepods are found in lower number but during monsoon its number increased and 17 species are found from this area. Thirty four species of Foraminiferans from Savitry estuary (Panchkhande et al., 2014) are found but only 5 species are found from off Mahim. Fossils of 16 ostracods (Cripps, 2005) from Mumbai were also recorded previously. Among the zooplankton community, chaetognaths, medusae, ctenophore, siphonophores and some decapod larvae are found but their number is very less in Versova coast (Gajbhiye and Abidi, 1993). Thirty seven benthic polychaets are reported from Ratnagiri Bay but only 24 species are found from off Mahim. Nineteen species of Chaetognatha are reported by NIO during 1970-1971. Twelve ascidian species are reported from the Mumbai harbour (Swami, 2002; Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010). These ascidians are mainly fouling species. A total of 388 ascidian species were reported from Indian waters (Technical Report, 2003). As bio-fouling components, 6 species of coelenterata, 23 polychaets, 11 species of bryozoans, 4 species of cerripeds, 5 species of molluscs and 2 species of porifera are found from the Mumbai harbour in addition to ascidians (Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010). Nineteen species of polychaeta and 13 species of molluscs were recorder by Mathew and Govindan (1995) in the near shore coastal system of Mumbai (Table 2 and 3). Table 2: Density and volume of meio-benthos in study areas Sl. No. 1.

Area

Versova Beach and adjoining area

Numeric density (ind./100m3) 1200-3400

Volume (ml./100m 3 ) 0.3-95

Species diversity (H’)

1.46

23

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Table 3: Density of meio-benthos in study areas

Numeric density (ind./100m3)

Sl. No.

Group

1.

Ostrocaoda

1600

2.

Oligochaeta

1200

3.

Polychaeta

1800

4.

Copepoda

4000

5.

Tunicata

2100

6.

Coelenterata

500

8.

Foraminifera

3500

9.

Nematoda

2750

10.

Isopoda

2050

11.

Amphipoda

2400

12.

Nemertina

1850

13.

Gastrotricha

1500

9.1.4. Copepods A total of 57 species of copepods belong to 45 genera were observed from the project site and adjoining areas of Versova Beach, Mumbai. The species diversity of the copepods was 1.11 during the study period (Table 4). Table 4: Copepods in study areas

Sl. No.

Scientific Name with classification

1. 2.

Class Maxillopoda Subclass Copepoda Order Calanoida Family Eucalanidae Genus Eucalanus Eucalanus sp. Genus Euchaeta Euchaeta sp. 24

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28.

Genus Centopages Centopages sp. Genus Lucicutia Lucicutia sp. Genus Pontella Pontella sp. Genus Pleuromamma Pleuromamma sp. Genus Canthocalanus Canthocalanus sp. Genus Cosmocalanus Cosmocalanus sp. Genus Euterpina Euterpina acutifrons Genus Nannocalanus Nannocalanus minor Genus Tortanus Tortanus sp. Genus Temora Temora discaudata Genus Mesochra Mesochra sp. Genus Paracalanus Paracalanus crassirostris Paracalanus arabiensis Paracalanus sp. Genus Acartiella Acartiella sewelli Genus Bestiolina Bestiolina similis Genus Mesochara Mesochara sp. Genus Paracalanus Paracalanus tollingerae Genus Callanoid Callanoid sp. Genus Oithona Oithona brevecornis Oithona similis Oithona sp. Genus Pseudodiaptomus Pseudodiaptomus ardjuna Genus Acartia Acartia plumosa Acartia keralensis Acartia tropica 25

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

29. Acartia spinicauda 30. Acartia southwelli Genus Harpacticoids 31. Harpacticoids sp. Genus Kelleri 32. Kelleri sp. Genus 33. Cyclopoid sp. Genus Cyclopoid 34. Canthocalanus pauper Genus Euterpiina 35. Euterpiina acutifrons Genus Pseudodiastomus 36. Pseudodiaptomus binghami malayalus 37. Pseudodiastomus aurivilli 38. Pseudodiaptomus annadalei 39. Pseudodiaptomus bengeri Genus Eucalanus 40. Eucalanus monachus 41. Eucalanus subcrassus Genus Centropages 42. Centropages furcatus 43. Centropages dorsispinatus Genus Labidocera 44. Labidocera pectinata Genus Euchaeta Euchaeta wolendeni 45. Genus Undinula Undinula vulgaris Genus Temora 46. Temora stylifera Genus Temora 47. Temora discaudata Genus Labidocera 48. Labidocera acutiforns Genus Cosmocalanus 49. Cosmocalanus darwini Genus Euchaeta 50. Euchaeta marina Genus Noctiluca 51. Noctiluca milaris Genus Trichodermium 52. Trichodermium sp. Genus Coscinodiscus 53. Coscinodiscus sp. 26

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

54. 55. 56. 57.

Genus Fragillaria Fragillaria oceanica Genus Bregmoceros Bregmoceros meclenllandi Genus Harpodon Harpodon nehereus Genus Trichodesmium Trichodesmium sp. Species diversity : 1.11

9.1.5. Gastrotricha A total of 7 species of gastrotricha were observed from the study areas and adjoin Mumbai coast during the study period. The species diversity of the gastrotricha is 0.42 (Table 5). Table 5: Gastrotricha of Mumbai coast

Sl. Order/Family/Genus/Species No. Phylum: Gastrotricha Order: Chaetonotida Family: Chaetonotidae Genus: Polymerurus Remane, 1927 1. Polymerurus nodicaudus (Voigt, 1901) Genus: Chaetonotus Ehrenberg, 1830 2. Chaetonotus laterospinosus Visvesvara, 1965 3. Chaetonotus trianguliformis Visvesvara, 1965 4. Chaetonotus monobarbatus Visvesvara, 1965 Sub Genus: Chaetonotus (Zonochaeta) Remane, 1927 5. Chaetonotus sextospinosus Visvesvara, 1965 Sub Genus: Chaetonotus (Brevipedichaeta) Schwank, 1990 6. Chaetonotus caudalspinosus Visvesvara, 1965 Sub Genus: Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) Erhenberg, 1838 7. Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) elegans Konsuloff, 1921 Species diversity: 0.42 9.1.6. Amphipoda A total of 18 species of amphipods under 14 genera and 10 families were reported from the coastal areas of Maharastra (Table 6). Species diversity of the observed porifera was 1.36. Table 6: Amphipoda of Mumbai

Sl. Order/Family/Genus/Species No. Phylum: Arthropoda 27

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

1. 2. 3. 4 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Class: Malacostraca Order: Amphipoda Family: Caprellidae Genus: Paracaprella Mayer, 1890 Paracaprella pusilla Mayer, 1890 Family: Ampithoidae Genus: Paragrubia Chevreux, 1901 Paragrubia vorax Chevreux, 1901 Family: Corophiidae Tribe: Corophiini Leach, 1814 Corophium Latreille, 1806 Corophium triaenonyx Family: Talitridae Genus: Talorchestia Dana, 1852 Talorchestia martensii (Weber, 1892) Family: Uristidae Genus: Ichnopus Costa, 1853 Ichnopus spinicornis Boeck, 1861 Family: Lysianassidae Genus: Lysianassa Milne-Edwards, 1830 Lysianassa ceratina (Walker, 1889) Family: Ampeliscidae Genus: Ampelisca Krøyer, 1842 Ampelisca typica (Bate, 1856) Family: Gammaridae Genus: Gammarus Fabricius, 1775 Gammarus locusta (Linnaeus, 1758) Gammarus salinus Spooner, 1947 Family: Ampithoidae Genus: Ampithoe Leach, 1814 Ampithoe rubricata (Montagu, 1818) Family: Caprellidae Genus: Hemiaegina Mayer, 1890 Hemiaegina minuta Mayer, 1890 Genus: Heterocaprella Arimoto, 1976 Heterocaprella krishnaensis Swarupa & Radhakrishna, 1983 Genus: Metaprotella Mayer, 1890 Metaprotella excentrica Mayer, 1890 Metaprotella problematica Mayer, 1890 Genus: Monoliropus Mayer, 1903 Monoliropus falcimanus Mayer, 1904 Genus: Paracaprella Mayer, 1890 Paracaprella alata Mayer, 1903 Genus: Paradeutella Mayer, 1890 Paradeutella bidentata Mayer, 1890

28

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Number of genera :14 Number of families :10 Species diversity : 0.78 9.1.7. Foraminifera A total of 34 species foraminiferans under 25 genera and 20 families were reported from the coastal areas of Maharashtra (Table 7). Species diversity of the observed porifera was 0.39. Table 7: Foraminiferans of Maharashtra Coast

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Scientific Name with Classification Phylum FORAMINIFERA Class GLOBOTHALAMEA Order LITUILIDA Family TROCHAMMINIDAE Genus Trochammina Trochammina inflata (Montagu, 1808) Family PROLIXOPLECTIDAE Genus Eggerelloides Eggerelloides sp. Family SPIROPLECTAMMINIDAE Genus Spiroplectammina Spiroplectammina sp. Family AMMOMARGINULININAE Genus Ammobaculites Ammobaculites sp. A Ammobaculites sp. B Order ROTALIIDA Family ROTALIIDAE Genus Ammonia Ammonia tepida (Cushman, 1926) Genus Astroammonia Astroammonia sp. Genus Pararotalia Pararotalia sp. Family ELPHIDIIDAE Genus Elphidium Elphidium advenum (Cushman, 1922) Elphidium excavatum (Terquem, 1875) Elphidium sp. Family GLOBIGERINIDAE Genus Globigerina Globigerina sp. 29

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

23.

24.

25. 26. 27. 28.

Family BOLIVINIDAE Genus Bolivinina Bolivinina striatula Cushman, 1922 Bolivinina sp. Family VIRGULINELLIDAE Genus Virgulinella Virgulinella pertusa (Reuss, 1861) Family BAGGINIDAE Genus Cancris Cancris auriculus (Fichtel and Moll, 1798) Family STAINFORTHIIDAE Genus Cassidelina Cassidelina sp. Family NONIONIDAE Genus Nonionoides Nonionoides sp. Genus Nonionella Nonionella sp. Family BULIMINIDAE Genus Buliminia Buliminia marginata d’Orbigny,1826 Family ROSALINIDAE Genus Rosalina Rosalina globularis d’Orbigny,1826 Rosalina bradyi (Cushman, 1915) Order LOFTUSIIDA Family SPIROCYCLINIDAE Genus Reusselia Reusselia sp. Class TUBOTHALAMEA Order SPRILLINIDA Family AMMODISCIDAE Genus Ammodiscus Ammodiscus sp. Order MILIOLIDA Family MILIAMMINIDAE Genus Milliammina Milliammina fusca (Brady, 1870) Family HAUERINIDAE Genus Ouinqueloculina Ouinqueloculina poeyana d’Orbigny, 1839 Ouinqueloculina sp. A Ouinqueloculina sp. B Class FORAMINIFERA INCERTAE SEDIS 30

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34.

Order LAGENIDA Family LAGENIDAE Genus Hyalinonetrion Hyalinonetrion gracilis (Costa, 1856) Genus Lagena Lagena semistriata Lagena substriata Lagena sp. Family ELLIPSOLAGENIDAE Genus Favulina Favulina hexagona (Williamson, 1848) Genus Fissurina Fissurina nudiformis McCulloch, 1977 Total no. of genera: 25 Total no. of families: 20 Species diversity: 0.39

9.1.8. Cirripeds Crripeds are belongs to arthropod phylum and these crustaceans are commonly known as barnacles. Generally act as bio-fouling species and often found in jetty areas, on the buoys, hulls of ships, dead clams etc. This immobile group is important components of the intertidal and estuarine faunal communities. Larval stage of the group is found as zooplankton in intertidal and estuarine environment. Barnacles are often suspension feeder and gather food with the help of their feathery appendages (Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010). A total of 5 species of cirripeds under 4 genera and 2 familes were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Caost. The species diversity was 0.15 (Table 8). Table 8: Cirripeds of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Scientific Name with classification Phylum ARTHROPODA Class CRUSTACEA Order CIRRIPEDIA Family BALANIDAE Genus Balanus Balanus reticulatus Utinomi, 1967 Balanus variegatus Darwin, 1854 Genus Megabalanus Megabalanus tintinnabulum (Linnaeus, 1758) Family ARCHAEOBALANINAE Genus Chirona Chirona amaryllis (Darwin, 1854) Family LEPADIDAE 31

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Genus Lepas Lepas sp. Total no. of genera: 04 Total no. of families : 02 Species diversity : 0.15

5.

9.1.9. Coelenterata A total of 6 species of coelenterate under 6 genera and 4 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 0.19 (Table 9) during study period. Table 9: Coelenterata of Study areas

Sl. No.

Scientific Name with classification Class HYDROZOA Oder LEPTOTHECATA Family CAMPANULARIIDAE

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.

Genus Companularia Companularia sp. Genus Obelia Obelia sp. Genus Clytia Clytia sp. Family SERTULARIIDAE Genus Sertularia Sertularia sp. Family PLUMULARIIDAE Genus Plumularia Plumularia sp. Order ANTHOATHECATA Family TUBULARIIDAE Genus Tubularia Tubularia sp. Total no. of genera : 06 Total no. of families: 04 Species diversity : 0.19

9.1.10. Sea Anemone A total of 18 species of sea anemones under 14 genera and 7 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 0.43 (Table 10) during study period.

32

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Table 10: Sea anemones of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Order/Family/Genus/Species Class: Anthozoa Order: Actiniaria Family: Acontiophoriidae,Carlgren 1938 Genus: Acontiophorum Carlgren, 1938 Acontiophorum bombayensis Parulekar, 1968 Family: Actiniidae Rafinesque, 1815 Genus: Actinogeton Carlgren, 1938 Gyractis sesere (Haddon & Shackleton, 1893) Genus: Anemonia Risso, 1826 Anemonia indica Parulekar, 1968 Genus: Anthopleura Duchassaing de Fonbressin and Michelotti, 1860 Anthopleura asiatica Uchida and Muramatsu, 1958 Anthopleura midori Uchida and Muramatsu, 1958 Anthopleura pacifica Uchida and Muramatsu, 1958 Anthopleura panikkarii Parulekar, 1969 Genus: Bunodosoma Verrill, 1899 Bunodosoma granulifera Leseur, 1917 Genus: Cribrinopsis Carlgren, 1921 Cribrinopsis robertii Parulekar, 1971 Cribrinopsis sp. Genus: Paracondylactis Carlgren, 1928 Paracondylactis sinensis Carlgren, 1934 Family: Aiptasiidae Carlgren, 1924 Genus: Aiptasia Gosse, 1858 Aiptasia sp. Family: Aiptasiomorphidae (Stephenson, 1920) Genus: Haliplanella Hand, 1956 Haliplanella lineata (Verrill, 1870) Family: Edwardsiidae Andres, 1880 Genus: Edwardsia Quatrefages, 1842 Edwardsia tinctrix Annandale, 1915 Family: Haliactiidae Carlgren, 1949 Genus: Pelocoetes Annandale, 1915 Pelocoetes exul (Annandlae, 1915) Genus: Phytocoetes Annandale, 1915 Phytocoetes gangeticus Annandale, 1915 Genus: Stephensonactis Panikkar, 1936 Stephensonactis ornata Panikkar, 1936 Family: Haloclavidae Verrill, 1899 Genus: Metapeachia Carlgren, 1943 Metapeachia tropica Panikkar, 1938 33

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Number of genera : 14 Number of families :07 Species diversity : 0.43 9.1.11. Hydrozoa A total of 21 species of hydrozoans under 15 genera and 10 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 0.87(Table 11) during study period. Table 11: Hydrozoa of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No.

1 2. 3. 4. 5 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Order/Family/Genus/Species Class: Hydrozoa Order: Leptothecata Family: Aequoreidae Genus: Aequorea Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Aequorea pensilis (Haeckel, 1879) Family: Sertulariidae Genus: Dynamena Lamouroux, 1812 Dynamena quadridentata (Ellis & Solander, 1786) Dynamena crisioides Lamouroux, 1824 Dynamena sp. Dynamena pumila (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus:Idiellana Cotton & Godfrey, 1942 Idiellana pristis (Lamouroux, 1816) Genus: Sertularia Linnaeus, 1758 Sertularia marginata (Kirchenpauer, 1864) Sertularia turbinata (Lamouroux, 1816) Genus:Diphasia Agassiz, 1862 Diphasia digitalis (Busk, 1852) Family:Aglaopheniidae Genus:Macrorhynchia Kirchenpauer, 1872 Macrorhynchia philippina Kirchenpauer, 1872 Genus: Aglaophenia Lamouroux, 1812 Aglaophenia pluma (Linnaeus, 1758) Family: Halopterididae Genus:Halopteris Allman, 1877 Halopteris diaphana (Heller, 1868) Family: Campanulariidae Genus:Obelia Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Obelia geniculata (Linnaeus, 1758) Obelia dichotoma (Linnaeus, 1758) Obelia bidentata Clarke, 1875 Genus: Clytia Lamouroux, 1812 Clytia gracilis (Sars, 1850) Family: Campanulinidae Genus: Cuspidella Hincks, 1868 34

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

17.

18. 19. 20.

21.

Cuspidella humilis (Alder, 1862) Order: Anthoathecata Family: Porpitidae Genus: Porpita Lamarck, 1801 Porpita porpita (Linnaeus, 1758) Family: Eudendriidae Genus: Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834 Eudendrium carneum Clarke, 1882 Family: Tubulariidae Genus: Ectopleura L. Agassiz, 1862 Ectopleura viridis (Pictet, 1893) Family: Pennariidae Genus: Pennaria Goldfuss, 1820 Pennaria disticha Goldfuss, 1820 Number of genera : 15 Number of families : 10 Species diversity : 0.87

9.1.12. Scyphozoa A total of 9 species of Scyphozoa under 7 genera and 5 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 0.31 (Table 12) during study period. Table 12: Hydrozoa of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No. Order/Family/Genus/Species Class: Scyphozoa Order: Semaeostomeae Family: Ulmaridae Genus: Aurelia Lamarck, 1816 1. Aurelia aurita Linnaeus 1758 2. Aurelia solida Browne, 1905 Order: Rhizostomeae Family: Cepheidae Genus: Marivagia 3. Marivagia stellata Family: Mastigiidae Genus: Mastigias Agassiz, 1862 Mastigias papua (Lesson, 1930) Family: Catostylidae Genus: Acromitus Light, 1914 4. Acromitus flagellatus (Haeckel) Family: Catostylidae Genus: Crambionella Stiasny, 1921 5. Crambionella stuhlmanni (Chun, 1896) 35

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

6. 7.

8. 9.

Crambionella orsini (Vanho¨ffen, 1888) Genus: Phyllorhiza Phyllorhiza punctata von Lendenfeld, 1884 Order: Semaeostomeae Family: Pelagiidae Genus: Pelagia Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) Genus: Chrysaora Péron & Lesueur, 1810 Chrysaora quinquecirrha (Desor) Number of genera : 07 Number of families : 05 Specis diversity : 0.31

9.1.13. Polychaeta The group is highly diversified with 13000 species worldwide. These animals are found from intertidal zone to reef environment. About 450 species are reported from India (Banse, 1960). Benthic polychaetes act as good indicator of anthropogenic influence, its low abundance indicate the negative effect of anthropogenic activity thus its abundance is low in the harbour area (Sivadas et al., 2010). Among these 64 polychaetes 37 are benthic reported from Ratnagiri Bay (Sukumaran et al., 2011) and also concluded that the diversity and distribution pattern of polychaetes were governerd by variation in sediment texture rather anthropogenic activity. Twenty four are reported from off Mahim eleven species were reported from Mumbai harbour as bio-fouling species (Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010). These animals’ lives in sand or mud burrows however, some commensal, free swimming and parasitic polychaetes are also found. It has a significant ecological role for its predatory nature (Yokoyama and Sukumaran, 2012; Sukumaran et al., 2011; Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010). A total of 64 species of polychaetes under 36 genera and 27 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 1.68 (Table 13) during study period. Table 13: Polychaetes of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No.

1.

Scientific Name with classification Class POLYCHAETA Family CAPOTELLIDAE Genus Parteteromastus Parteteromastus tenuis Monro, 1937 Family COSSURIDAE Genus Cossura 36

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

18. 19.

Cossura coasta Kitamori, 1960 Family CAPITELLIDAE Genus Mediomastus Mediomastus sp. Family ORBINIIDAE Genus Scoloplos Scoloplos armiger (Muller, 1776) Order SABELLIDA Family SERPULIDAE Genus Hydroides Hydroidea elegans (Treadwell, 1929) Hydroides operculatus (Haswell, 1883) Genus Apomatus Apomatus sp. Genus Pomatoleios Pomatoleios sp. Genus Ficopomatus Ficopomatus uschakovi (Pillai, 1960) Family CHAETOPTERIDAE Genus Chaetopterus Chaetopterus variopedatus (Renier, 1804) Family SABELLIDAE Genus Dasycone Dasycone cingulate Grube, 1870 Genus Sabellastrate Sabellastrate longa (Kinberg, 1866) Genus Pseudobranchiomma Pseudobranchiomma orientalis (McIntosh, 1885) Genus Branchiomma Branchiomma cingulatum (Grube, 1870) Genus Jasmineria Jasmineria sp. Genus Demonax Demonax leucaspis Kinberg, 1867 Family FABRICIIDAE Genus Fabricia Fabricia bansei Day, 1961 Order TEREBELLIDA Family AMPHARETIDAE Genus Sabellides Sabellides sp. Family CIRRATULIDAE Genus Cirriformia Cirriformia tentaculata (Montagu, 1808) 37

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

20. 21. 22.

23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

30. 31. 32.

33. 34.

35. 36.

37. 38.

Cirratulus cirratus O.F. Miller, Family AMPHARETIDAE Genus Isolda Isolda pulchella Muller in Grube, 1858 Family TRICHOBRANCHIDAE Genus Terebellides Terebellides stroemii Sars, 1835 Order SPIONIDA Family SPIONIDAE Genus Paraprionospio Paraprionospio pinnata (Ehlers, 1901) Paraprionospio cordifolia Yokoyama, 2007 Paraprionospio patiens Yokoyama, 2007 Paraprionospio cristata Zhou, Yokoyama and Li, 2008 Paraprionospio cirratobranchia Paraprionospiocirrifera Wiren, Family POECILOCHAETIDAE Genus Poecilochaetus Poecilochaetus serpens Allen, 1904 Order PHYLLODOCIDA Family PILARGINAE Genus Ancistrosyllis Ancistrosyllis parva Day, 1963 Ancistrosyllis constricta Southern, Syllis gracilis Grube, Order SPIONIDA Family SPIONIDAE Genus Boccardia Boccardia polybranchia (Haswell, 1885) Family MAGELONIDAE Genus Magelona Magelona cincta Ehlers, 1908 Order EUNICIDA Family ONUPHIDAE Genus Dipopatra Dipopatra cuprea cuprea (Bosc, 1802) Eunice antennata savigny, Order PHYLLODOCIDA Family PHYLLODOCIDAE Genus Eteone Eteone ornata Grube, 1878 Family GONIADIDAE Genus Glycinde Glycinde multidens Mullerin Grube, 1858 38

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46.

47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64.

Family GLYCERIDAE Genus Glycera Glycera longipinnis Grube, 1878 Glycera alba Rothke, Glycera rouxi Aud and M.Ed., Family GONIADIDAE Genus Goniadella Goniadella gracilis (Verrill, 1873) Family NEREIDIDAE Genus Leptonereis Leptonereis sp. Family NEPHTYIDAE Genus Nephtys Nephtys dibranchis Grube, 1877 Nephtys lyrochaeta Fauvel, 1902 Family SIGALIONIDAE Genus Sthenelais Sthenelais boa (Johnston, 1833) Order EUNICIDA Family LUMBRINERIDAE Genus Lumbrineris Lumbrineris brevicirra (Schmarda, 1861) Lumbriconereies latreilli Aud and M.Ed., Lumbriconereies psudobi taris Fauvel, Genus Ninoe Ninoe sp Ninoe lagosiana Augener, 1918 Family ONUPHIDAE Genus Onuphis Onuphis geophiliformis (Moore, 1903) Paraheteromastus tenuis Monro, Malidinella sp. Protodor illea biarticulata Day, Nereis sp. Neanthes sp. Perenereis cultrifera Grube, Nephthys inermis Ehters, Nephthys polybranchia Southern, Diopatra neapolitana Dellechiage, Diopatra cuprea cuprea Bose, Polydora ciliate Johnston, Sternaspis scutata Number of genera : 36 Number of families : 27 39

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Specis diversity : 1.68

9.1.14. Tunicates Tunicates consist of three groups Ascidians, Larvaceans and Thalliaceans. Larvaceans and Thaliaceans are considered as zooplanktontons for their small body size. No such records of these two groups are found in Mumbai coast but there is a possibility to found these groups under the zooplankton data. Diversity of these two groups is less than the ascidians. Ascidians are exclusively sessile marine animals considered as bio-fouling species as they are found in jetty, ship hulls, buoys, submerged ropes etc. Twelve ascidians are reported (Swami, 2002; Swami and Udhayakumar, 2010) from Mumbai harbour. Didemnid and some styelid ascidians are found in more number in intertidal area here more number of styelid ascidians were reported so it can be assume that the stylid ascidin diversity is more than the diemnid ascidians in this area. A total of 12 species of tunicates under 6 genera and 4 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 0.88 (Table 14) during study period. Table 14: Tunicates of Mumbai Coast

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

Scientific Name with classification Class ASCIDIACEA Order PLEUROGONA Suborder STOLIDOBRANCHIA Family STYELIDAE Genus Symplegma Symplegma reptans (Oka, 1927) Symplegma brakenbielmi (Michaelsen, 1904) Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886 Genus Botrylloides Botrylloides magnicoecum (Hartmeyer, 1912) Botrylloides chevalense Herdman, 1906 Genus Styela Styela canopus (Savigny, 1816) Styela bicolor (Sluiter, 1887) Order ENTEROGONA Suborder PHLEBOBRANCHIA Family ASCIDIIDAE Genus Ascidia Ascidia sydneiensis Stimpson, 1855 Ascidia liberate Sluiter, 1887 40

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

10. 11.

12.

Family PEROPHORIDAE Genus Ecteinascidia Ecteinascidia sp. 1 Ecteinascidia sp. 2 Suborder APLOUSOBRANCHIA Family DIDEMNIDAE Genus Diplosoma Diplosoma macdonaldi Number of genera : 06 Number of families : 04 Specis diversity : 0.88

9.1.15. Marine molluscs A total of 82 species of marine molluscs under 44 genera and 27 families were observed from the study areas of Mumbai Coast. The species diversity was 02.02 (Table 15) during study period. Table 15: Marine molluscs of Mumbai coast

Sl. No.

1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Phylum MOLLUSCA Class GASTROPODA Order PATELLOGASTROPODA Family PATELLIDAE Genus Cellana Cellana radiata (Born, 1778) Order VETIGASTROPODA Family TROCHIDAE Genus Trochus Trochus radiatus (Gmelin, 1791) Genus Calliostoma Calliostoma speciosa (A. Adams, 1855 ) Genus Clanculus Clanculus ceylonicus Nevill, 1869 Clanculus depictus A. Adams, 1854 Genus Euchelus Euchelus atratus (Gmelin, 1791) Euchelus asper (Gmelin, 1791) Euchelus indicus A. Adams, 1855 Genus Umbonium Umbonium vestarium (Linnaeus, 1758) Family TURBINIDAE 41

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

10. 11. 12.

13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

21. 22. 23. 24. 25.

26. 27. 28.

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Genus Turbo Turbo brunneus (Roeding, 1798) Genus Astralium Astralium semicostatum (Kiener, 1850) Order NERITOPSINA Family NERITIDAE Genus Nerita Nerita polita polita Linnaeus, 1758 Nerita albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758) Nerita oryzarum (Recluz, 1841) Nerita squamulata Le Guillou, 1841 Nerita planospira Anton, 1838 Nerita grayana (Recluz, 1844 ) Nerita chameleon (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Dostia Dostia violacea Gmelin, 1791 Order LITTORINIMORPHA Family LITTORINIDAE Genus Littorina Littorina scabra (Linnaeus, 1758) Littorina intermedia Philippi, 1846 Genus Littoraria Littoraria undulata (Gray, 1839 ) Littoraria melanostoma (Gray, 1839) Nodilittorina vidua (Gould, 1859) Family PLANAXIDAE Genus Planaxis Planaxis sulcatus (Born, 1778 ) Planaxis nicobarica Dunker & Zelebor, 1866 Planaxis niger Quoy & Gaimard, 1833 Family CERITHIIDAE Genus Clypeomorous Clypeomorous bitasciata (Sowerby,1855 ) Genus Cerithium Cerithium traillii (Sowerby, 1855) Cerithium gennesi (Fischer and Vignal, 1901 ) Cerithium bifaciata (Sowerby, ) Cerithium morus Lamarck, 1822 Cerithium echinatum Lamarck, 1822 Family POTAMIDIDAE 42

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

36.

37.

38. 39.

40.

41. 42.

43.

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57.

Genus Telescopium Telescopium telescopium (Linnaeus, 1758) Family TURRITELLIDAE Genus Turritella Turritella duplicata (Linnaeus, 1758) Family CYPRAEIDAE Genus Mauritia Mauritia arabica Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Erronea Erronea pallida (Gray, 1824) Family RANELLIDAE Genus Gyranium Gyranium natator (Roeding, 1798 ) Family BURSIDAE Genus Bursa Bursa granularis Roding, 1798 Bursa tuberculata (Broderip, 1833) Family NATICIDAE Genus Natica Natica picta Recluz, 1844 Order NEOGASTROPODA Family MURICIDAE Genus Drupa Drupa contracta Reeve, 1814 Drupa konkanensis Melvill, 1893 Drupa tuberculata (Blainville, 1832) Genus Thais Thais blanfordi (Melvill, 1893) Thais bufo (Lamarck, 1822) Thais lacera (Born, 1778) Thais tissoti (Petit, 1852 ) Thais rudolphi Lamarck, 1822 Thais carinifera (Lamarck, 1822) Thais hippocastanum (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Morula Morula nodicostata (Pease, 1868) Morula granulata (Duclos, 1832 ) Morula marginatra (Blanville, 1832) Genus Chicoreus Chicoreus (Triplex) brunneus (Link, 1807) 43

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58. 59.

60.

61. 62. 63. 64.

65.

66. 67.

68.

69. 70.

71.

72. 73.

Family BUCCINIDAE Genus Engina Engina zea (Melvill, 1893) Genus Babylonia Babylonia spirata (Linnaeus, 1758) Family COLUMBELLIDAE Genus Zafra Zafra atrata (Gould, 1860) Family NASSARIIDAE Genus Nassarius Nassarius stulatus (Gmelin, 1791) Nassarius pullus (Linnaeus, 1758) Nassarius jacsonianus (Quoy & Gaimard, ) Nassarius vittatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Family MITRIDAE Genus Vexillum Vexillum ebenus Lamarck, 1811 Family CONIDAE Genus Conus Conus figulinus Linnaeus, 1758 Conus erythraeensis Reeve, 1843 Family ELLOBIIDAE Genus Cassidula Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) Order SYSTELLOMMATOPHORA Family ONCHIDIIDAE Genus Onchidium Onchidium tenerum (Stoliczka 1869, ) Onchidium tigrinum (Stoliczka, 1869) Class BIVALVIA Order ARCOIDA Family ARCIDAE Genus Tegillarca Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Order MYTILOIDA Family MYTILIDAE Genus Perna Perna viridis (Linnaeus, 1758 ) Genus Modiolus Modiolus modulaides (Roding, 1798) 44

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

74. 75. 76.

77. 78. 79.

80. 81.

82.

Order VENEROIDA Family VENERIDAE Genus Gafrarium Gafrarium divaricatum (Gmelin, 1791) Genus Meretrix Meretrix meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Marcia Marcia opima Gmelin, 1791 Family DONACIDAE Genus Donax Donax incarnatus Gmelin, 1791 Donax cuneatus (Linnaeus, 1758) Donax scortum (Linnaeus, 1758) Family OSTRIDAE Genus Crassostrea Crassostrea cattuckensis (Newton & Smith, 1912) Genus Saccostrea Saccostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) Family MACTRIDAE Genus Mactra Mactra violacea Gmelin, 1791 Number of genera : 44 Number of families : 27 Specis diversity : 2.02

9.1.16. Brachyuran Crabs A total of 49 species of brachyuran crabs under 26 genera and 16 families were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 16). Species diversity was 1.21. Table 16: Brachyuran crabs of project site and adjoining coastal areas

Section:Brachyura Subsection: Dromiacea De Haan, 1839 SuperFamily: Dromiidea Alcock, 1899 Family: Dromidae Alcock, 1899 Genus: Dromia Weber, 1795 1. Dromia dehaani Rathbun, 1923 Genus: Conchoecetes Stimpson, 1858 2. Conchoecetes artificious (Fabricuis, 1798) Subsection: Oxystomata De Haan, 1841 Family: Dorippidae White, 1841 45

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Genus: Dorippe Weber, 1795 3. Dorippe (Dorippe) frascone (Herbst, 1785) Genus: Paradorippe Serene &Romimohtarto 4. Paradorippe granulata (De Haan, 1841) Family: Leucosiidae Dana, 1852 SubFamily: Philyrinae Rathbun, 1937 Genus: Arcania Leach, 1817 5. Arcania undecimspinosa De Haan, 1841 6. Arcania quinguespinosa Alcock and Anderson, 1894 7. Arcania septemspinosa De Haan, 1841 8. Arcania erinaceous (Fabricius, 1798) Genus : Myra Leach, 1817 9. Myra fugax (Fabricius, 1798) 10. Myra affinis Bell, 1855 Genus : Ixoides Mac Gilchrist, 1905 11. Ixoides cornutus Mac Gilchrist, 1905 Genus: Ixa Leach, 1815 12. Ixa inermis Leach, 1879 13. Ixa cylindrus (Fabr.) Leach (Fabricinus, 1798) Genus: Parilia Wood-Mason, 1891 14. Parilla alcockii Eood-Mason, 1891 Genus: Philyra Leach, 1817 15. Philyra globosa Fabr. De Haan, 1888 16. Philyra globulosa Edw, 1855 17. Philyra scabriscula (Fabr.) 1855 18. Philyra verrucosa, Hendenson 1893 SubFamily: Leucosinae Miers, 1886 Genus: Leucosia Weber, 1795 19. Leucosia anatum (Herbst, 1783) 20. Leucosia craniolaris (Linnaeus, 1758) 21. Leucosia rhomboidalis De Haan, 1841 22. Leucosia longifronis De Haan, 1841 23. Leucosia pubescensis Miers, 1886 Family : Calappidae Dana, 1852 SubFamily : Calappinae Alcock, 1896 Genus: Calappa Weber, 1795 24. Calappa lophos (Herbst, 1782) 25. Calappa terraerequiiae Ward, 1936 26. Calappa philargius (Linnaeus, 1758) 27. Calappa gallus, Herbst, 1803 46

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

28. Calappa japonicas Ortmann, 1892 29. Calappa pustulosa Alcock, 1896 SubFamily : Matutinae Alcock, 1896 Genus : Matuta weber, 1795 30. Matuta lunaris (Forskal, 1775) 31. Matula plainpes Fabricius, 1798 32. Matula miersi Henderson, 1887 Subsection: Oxyrhyncha Latreille, 1803 Family : Majidae Samoulle, 1819 SubFamily : Pisinae Alcock, 1895 Genus: Inachoides 1838 33. Inachoides dulichorhynchius Alcock and Anderson, 1894 Genus: Naxoides A. Milne Edwards, 1865 34. Naxoides mammillata (Ortmann, 1893) Genus : Phalangipus Latreille, 1825 35. Phalangipus hystrix (Miers, 1836) 36. Phalangipus filliformis Rathbun, 1916 Genus: Chorilibinia Lockington, 1876 37. Chorilibinia andamanica Alcock, 1895 Genus: Hyastenus White, 1847 38. Hyastenus aries (Latr. 1825) Genus: Doclea Leach, 1814 39. Doclea ovis (Herbst 1788) 40. Doclea hybrida (Fabr.) Edw. 1798 41. Doclea muricata (Herbst.)Edw. 42. Doclea canalifera Stimpson, 1853 Family: Parathonopidae Miers, 1897 SubFamily : Parthenopinae Miers, 1879 Genus : Parthenope Weber, 1795 SubGenus : Partheriope Weber, 1795 43. Parathenope(Partheriope) longimanus (Linnaeus, 1764) SubGenus: Platylambrus Stimpson 44. Parathenope (Platylambrus) echinatua (Linnaeus, 1764) SubFamily : Aethrinae Dana, 1852 Genus: Cryptopodia H. Milne Edwards, 1834 45. Cryptopodia fornicata (Fabr.) 46. Cryptopodia angulata Ed. and Lucas,1841 Subsection: Brachyrhyncha Borradile, 1903 Family : Xanthidae Alcock, 1898 SubFamily: Xanthinae Alcock, 1898 47

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Alliance: Halimedoida Alcock, 1898 Genus:Halimeda De Haan, 1835 47. Halimeda octodes (Herbst, 1783) Genus: Liagore De Haan, 1833. 48. Liagore rubramaculata De Haan, 1835 Alliance: Xanthoida Alcock, 1898 Genus: Demania Laurie, 1906 49. Demania scaberrima (Walker, 1887) Number of genera : 26 Number of families : 16 Specis diversity : 1.21 9.1.17. Marine Fishes A total of 43 species of marine fin fishes were observed from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 17). Species diversity was 2.28. Table 17: Marine of Project site and adjoining coastal areas

Class: CHONDRICHTHYES Sub Class: ELASMOBRANCHII Order: CARCHARHINIFORMES 1. Carcharhinus sorrah (Muller & Henle, 1839) 2. Carcharhinus dussumieri(Muller & Henle, 1839) 3. Carcharhinus melanopterus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) 4. Scoliodon laticaudus (Muller & Hanle,1838) Family: Sphyrnidae 5. Sphyrna zygaena(Linnaeus, 1758) Order: RAJIFORMES Family: Dasyatidae 6. Himanturagerrardi(Gray, 1851) Class: OSTEICHTHYES Subclass: ACTINOPTERYGII Order: ANGUILLIFORMES Family: Congridae 7. Conger cinereusRuppell, 1830 Family: Muraenidae 8. Gymnothoraxthyrsoideus(Richardson, 1845) Order: CLUPEIFORMES Family: Clupeidae 9. Tenulalosailisha(Hamilton) Family: Engraulidae 10. Coiliadussumieri(Valenciennes, 1848) 11. Thryssamystax(Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Order: AULOPIFORMES Family: Synodontidae 48

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

12. Harpadonnehereus (Hamilton) Order: PLEURONECTIFORMES Family: Psettodidae 13. Psettodeserumei (Bloch & Schneider,1801) Family: Cynoglossidae 14. Cynoglossusmacrolepidotus(Bleeker,1851) 15. Paraplagusiabilineata (Bloch,1787) Order: Mugliformes Family: Muglidae 16. Mugilcephalus Linnaeus,1758 17. Valamugilseheli (Forsskal) Order: PERCIFORMES Family: Ephippidae 18. Ephippusorbis (Bloch,1787) Family: Sparidae 19. Argyropsspinifer (Forsskal,1775) Family: Gobiidae 20. Boleophthalmusboddarti (Pallas,1770) 21. Family: Scombridae 22. Rastrelligerkanagurta (Cuvier,1816) 23. Euthynnusaffinis (Cantor,1849) 24. Sardaorientalis (Temminck&Schlegel,1844) 25. Katsuwonuspelamsi(Linnaeus,1758) 26. Thunnus obesus (Lowe,1839) 27. Thunnus albacores (Bonnaterre,1788 28. Scomberomorouscommerson (Lacepede,1800) 29. Scomberomorousguttatus (Bloch & Schneider,1801) Family: Scianidae 30. Johnius dussumeri (Cuvier,1830) 31. Nibeasoldado (Lacepede,1802) 32. Otolithusruber (Bloch & Schneider,1801) Family: Centropomodae 33. Latescalcarifer(Bloch,1790) Family: Trichuridae 34. Lepturacanthussavala (Cuvier,1829) Family: Carangidae 35. Decapterusrusselli (Ruppell,1830) 36. Megalaspiscordyla (Linnaeus,1758) 37. Parastromateusniger (Bloch,1795) Family: Stromateidae 38. Pampusargenteus (Euphrasen,1788) Family: Polynemidae 39. Eleutheronematetradactylus (Shaw,1804) Family: Priacanthidae 40. Priacanthushamrur(Forsskal,1775) Family: Scatophagidae 49

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

41. Scatophagusargus (Linnaeus,1766) Family: Teraponidae Teraponjarbua(Forsskal,1775 Family: Cichlidae 42. Oreochromismossambica (Peters,1852) Order: SILURIMORMES Family: Ariidae 43. Arius thalassinus(Ruppell, 1837) Species diversity: 2.28 9.2. Terrestrial 9.2.1. Odonates A total of 24 species of odonates under 28 genera and 7 families were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 18). The species diversity of the odonates was 1.42. Table 18: Odonates of Mumbai Coast and adjoining areas

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

7.

8. 9.

Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order ODONATA Family Coenagrionidae Genus Agriocnemis Agriocnemis pygmaea (Rambur, 1842) Genus Ceriagrion Ceriagrion coromandelianum (Fabricius, 1798) Genus Ischnura Ischnura aurora (Brauer, 1865) Ischnura senegalensis (Rambur, 1842) Genus Pseudagrion Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys, 1876 Genus Rhodischnura Ischnura nursei (Morton,1907) Family: Lestidae Genus Lestes Lestes umbrinus (Selys,1891) Family: Aeshnidae Genus Anax Anax guttatus (Burmeister, 1839) Genus Hemianax Hemianax ephippiger (Burmeister, 1839) Family: Gomphidae 50

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

10. 11.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Genus Ictinogomphus Ictinogomphus rapax (Rambur, 1842) Genus Paragomphus Paragomphus lineatus (Selys, 1850) Family: Libellulidae Genus Acisoma Acisoma panorpoides Rambur, 1842 Genus Brachydiplax Brachydiplax sobrina (Rambur, 1842) Genus Brachythemis Brachythemis contaminata (Fabricius,1793) Genus Pantala Pantala flavescens (Fabricius, 1798) Genus Potamarcha Potamarcha congener (Rambur, 1842) Genus Rhodothemis Rhodothemis rufa (Rambur, 1842) Genus Rhyothemis Rhyothemis variegata (Linnaeus, 1763) Genus Tholymis Tholymis tillarga (Fabricius, 1798) Genus Trithemis Trithemis aurora (Burmeister, 1839) Trithemis pallidinervis (Kirby, 1889) Genus Zyxomma Zyxomma petiolatum Rambur, 1842 Family MACROMIIDAE

23. 24.

Genus Epophthalmia Epophthalmia vittata Burmeister, 1839 Epophthalmia frontalis Selys, 1871 Total no. of genera : 22 Total no. of families: 06 Species diversity: 1.42

9.2.2. Butterflies A total of 60 species of butterflies under 41 genera and 5 families were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 19). The species diversity of the butterflies was 2.43.

51

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Table 19: Butterflies of Mumbai Coast and adjoining areas

Sl. No.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.

Species names Phylum ARTHROPODA Class INSECTA Order LEPIDOPTERA Family PAPILIONIDAE Genus Graphium Graphium nomius (Esper, 1798) Graphium doson Felder & Felder, 1864 Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Papilio Papilio demoleus Linnaeus, 1758 Papilio polymnestor Cramer, 1775 Papilio polytes Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Pachliopta Pachliopta aristolochiae (Fabricius, 1775) Pachliopta hector (Linnaeus, 1758) Family PIERIDAE Genus Cepora Cepora nerissa Fabricius, 1775 Genus Ixias Ixias marianne (Cramer, 1779) Ixias pyrene Linnaeus, 1764 Genus Hebomoia Hebomoia glaucippe (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Delias Delias eucharis (Drury, 1773) Genus Leptosia Leptosia nina (Fabricius, 1793) Genus Pareronia Pareronia valeria (Cramer, 1776) Genus Catopsilia Catopsilia pomona Fabricius, 1775 Catopsilia pyranthe (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Eurema Eurema laeta Boisduval, 1836 Family NYMPHALIDAE Genus Parantica 52

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44.

Parantica aglea (Stoll, 1782) Genus Danaus Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) Danaus genutia (Cramer, 1779) Genus Euploea Euploea klugii Moore, 1858 Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) Genus Mycalesis Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius, 1775) Mycalesis mineus (Linnaeus, 1758) Mycalesis visala Moore, 1858 Genus Phalanta Phalanta phalantha (Drury, 1773) Genus Acraea Acraea terpsicore (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Moduza Moduza procris (Cramer, 1777) Genus Neptis Neptis hylas (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Phaedyma Phaedyma columella (Cramer, 1780) Genus Neptis Neptis jumbah (Moore, 1858) Genus Euthalia Euthalia aconthea (Cramer, 1777) Genus Ariadne Ariadne merione (Cramer, 1777) Ariadne ariadne (Linnaeus, 1763) Genus Junonia Junonia atlites (Linnaeus, 1763) Junonia almana Linnaeus, 1758 Junonia hierta (Fabricius, 1798) Junonia iphita (Cramer, 1779) Junonia lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Hypolimnas Hypolimnas bolina Linnaeus, 1758 Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764) Genus Kallima Kallima horsfieldi Kollar, 1844 Genus Charaxes 53

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

45. 46.

47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56.

57. 58. 59. 60.

Charaxes solon (Fabricius, 1793) Genus Melanitis Melanitis leda Linnaeus, 1758 Family LYCAENIDAE Genus Castalius Castalius rosimon (Fabricius, 1775) Genus Tarucus Tarucus nara (Kollar, 1848) Genus Chilades Chilades pandava (Horsfield, 1829) Genus Zizula Zizula hylax (Fabricius, 1775) Genus Freyeria Freyeria trochylus (Freyer, 1845) Genus Catochrysops Catochrysops strabo (Fabricius, 1793) Genus Lampides Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) Genus Jamides Jamides bochus (Stoll, 1782) Jamides celeno (Cramer, 1775) Genus Prosotas Prosotas noreia (Felder, 1868) Family: Hesperiidae Genus Badamia Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) Genus Borbo Borbo cinnara (Wallace, 1866) Genus Celaenorrhinus Celaenorrhinus leucocera (Kollar, 1848) Genus Sarangesa Sarangesa purendra Moore, 1882 Total no. of genera : 41 Total no. of families: 05 Species diversity: 2.43

9.2.3. Amphibia A total of 6 species of amphibians under 6 genera and 3 families were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 20). The species diversity of the amphibians was 0.34. 54

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Table 20: Amphibia of Mumbai Coast and adjoining area

Order: Anura Family: Ranidae 1. Common Bull Frog- Hoplobatrachustrgerinus 2. Skipper Frog - Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 3. Fungoid Frog- Hylarana malabarica 4. Cricket Frog- Fejervarya limnochoris Family: Bufonidae 5. Indian toad- Duttaphrynus melanostictus Family: Rhacophoridae 6. Common Tree Frog- Polypedates maculatus 9.2.4. Reptiles A total of 10 species of reptiles were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 21). The species diversity of the reptiles was 1.10. Table 21: Reptilia of Mumbai Coast and adjoining area

Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Family: Agamidae 1. Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor Family: Gekonidae 2. Broke’s Gecko Hemidactylus brookii 3. Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus Family: Scincidae 4. Brahminy Skink Eutropis carinata Family: Colubridiae 5. Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa 6. Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator 7. Wolf Snake Lycodon aulicus 8. Vine Snake Ahaetulla nasuta 9. Dog Faced Snake Cerberus rynchops Family: Viprideae 10. Russel’s Viper Daboia russelii 9.2.5. Birds A total of 44 species of birds were reported from the coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 22). The species diversity of birds was 2.05. Table 22: Birds of Mumbai Coast

Class: Aves Order: Coraciiformes 55

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Family: Alcedinidae 1. Small Blue Kingfisher Family: Halcyonidae 2. White-breasted Kingfisher Family: Meropidae 3. Small Bee-eater Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae 4. Asian Koel Family: Centropodidae 5. Greater Coucal Order: Psittaciformes Family: Psittacidae 6. Rose-ringed Parakeet Order: Apodiformes Family: Apodidae 7. House Swift Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae 8. Blue Rock Pigeon 9. Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae 10. Whimbrel 11. Eurasian Curlew 12. Spotted Redshank 13. Common Redshank 14. Common Greenshank 15. Common Sandpiper 16. Temminck's Stint 17. Broad-billed Sandpiper 18. Ruff Family: Charadriidae 19. Pacific Golden Plover 20. Little Ringed Plover 21. Kentish Plover 22. Lesser Sand Plover 23. Greater Sand Plover 24. Red-wattled Lapwing

Alcedo atthis Halcyon smyrnensis Merops orientalis

Eudynamys scolopacea Centropus sinensis

Psittacula krameri

Apus affinis

Columba livia

Numenius phaeopus Numenius arquata Tringa erythropus Tringa totanus Tringa nebularia Actitis hypoleucos Calidris temminckii Limicola falcinellus Philomachus pugnax Pluvialis fulva Charadrius dubius Charadrius alexandrinus Charadrius mongolus Charadrius leschenaultia Vanellus indicus 56

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Family: Laridae 25. Yellow-legged Gull 26. Heuglin's Gull 27. Brown-headed Gull 28. Black-headed Gull 29. Slender-billed Gull 30. Little Tern Order: Accipitriformes Family: Accipitridae 31. Black Kite 32. Brahminy Kite Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae 33. Little Egret 34. Cattle Egret 35. Indian Pond Heron Order: Passeriformes Family: Corvidae 36. House Crow 37. Jungle Crow Family: Sturnidae 38. Common Myna Family: Pycnonotidae 39. Red-whiskered Bulbul 40. White-eared Bulbul 41. Red-vented Bulbul Family: Nectariniidae 42. Purple-rumped Sunbird43. Purple SunbirdFamily: Passeridae 44. House Sparrow-

Larus cachinnans Larus heuglini Larus brunnicephalus Larus ridibundus Larus genei Sterna albifrons

Milvus migrans Haliastur indus

Egretta garzetta Bubulcus ibis Ardeola grayii

Corvus splendens Corvus macrorhynchos Acridotheres tristis Pycnonotus jocosus Pycnonotus leucotis Pycnonotus cafer Nectarinia zeylonica Nectarinia asiatica Passer domesticus

9.2.6. Mammals A total of 4 species of mammals under 4genera and 2 families were observed from the the project site and adjoining coastal areas of Mumbai (Table 23). The species diversity of mammals was 0.62.

57

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Table 23: Mammals of project site and adjoining coastal area

Sl. Scientific Name No. Class MAMMALIA Linnaeus, 1758 Order RODENTIA Bowdich, 1821 Family MURIDAE Illiger, 1811 Genus Rattus Fischer de Waldheim, 1803 1. Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) Genus Mus Linnaeus, 1758 2. Mus Musculus Linnaeus, 1758 Genus Bandicota Gray, 1873 3. Bandicota indica (Bechstein, 1800) Order SORICOMORPHA Gregory, 1910 Family SORICIDAE G. Fischer, 1814 Genus Suncus Ehrenberg, 1832 4. Suncus murinus (Linnaeus, 1766) Species diversity :

Common Name

House Rat House Mouse Large Bandicoot

House Shrew 0.62

10. SIGNIFICANT OBSERVATIONS The significant observations made during the survey have been summarized below. 1. Rapid industrialization associated with extensive population growth for the last few decades in Mumbai is resulted in the release of large quantity of anthropogenic nonbiodegradable waste into nearby coastal and marine ecosystem. The Versova beach is full of waste and polluted materials or garbage. 2. Wave height was in between 2.9 m to 3.7 m during the survey period. 3. The maximum depth of the proposed project site is 5.2m at the proximal end within 500m of BMH. 4. The pH of water was within the range of 7.8 to 8.0 at the area of 500m radius whereas the range was 8.0 to 8.2 up to the 12 nautical miles area. 5. The salinity was in between 24 to 27ppt within the 500 m of BMH however, 25 to 30 ppt up to 12 nautical miles area. 6. Transparency of the water column ranges from 0.21 to 0.35 m within the 500 m of BMH while 3.22 to 4.25m in deeper waters. 7. Sea surface temperature was maximum 31.2ºC while minimum 31.0 ºC within the 500m of BMH and 32.2 ºC to 33.0 ºC up to the area of 12 nautical miles. 58

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

8. Seasonal swarming of jelly fishes was observed. 9. Few species of molluscs like Nerita chameleon, Planaxis niger, Thais bufo and Gafrarium divaricatum etc. with the density of 2 individuals/ m2 from the study area. 10. Several species of crabs like Petrolisthes lamarckii, Eriphia sebana and Grapsus tenuicrustatus were observed during the study period with the density of 6-10 individuals/m2 from the study area. 11. Several species of stranded fishes were spotted at the study areas such as Arius thalassinus, Otolithes sp., Protonibea sp. 12. Macro-benthic components like amphipods, foraminifera, copepods and polychaetes were also observed in the sediment samples. 13. Zooplankton samples collected from the study areas indicated that, copepods are the dominant group which represents about 40% of the total zooplanktonic composition followed by foraminifera. 14. Fish larvae, echinoderm larvae, cirriped larvae were also observed among zooplankton. 15. The numeric density of zooplankton ranges from 2000-3000 individual/100m3 with the volume of 0.4to 120ml/100m3. 16. Present study revealed about 50 species of phytoplankton. 17. It is pertinent to mention that 3 species of sea snakes were observed from the study area out of the reported 12 species of sea snakes. 18. Earlier studies conducted by ZSI in this region reported the sighting of Dolphins and Turtles from the proposed alignment for laying undersea cable. 11. EXPECTED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 1. Turbidity: Ploughing of the submarine cable at sea bed, especially in shallow waters, may lead to generation of turbidity due to suspension of sea bed sediments. To minimize the impacts, cable should be laid during high tide so as the sediments settle down along with the water currents as soon as they are disturbed. 2. Dredged Soil: The soil will be dredged from the sea bottom should be dispersed of in an appropriate manner as per the regulation drawn by IMO i.e. materials should be disposed in open sea where depth is more than 100m.

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Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

1. No Endemic and Endangered and scheduled animals (under IUCN and Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972) like dolphin, turtle, sea cucumbers etc. were recorded in the near shore waters during the study period. 2. No coral beds exist in the vicinity of proposed project site. 3. No mangrove swamps were recorded at the project site. 4. No significant nesting/breeding grounds for the endemic or migratory birds are available in the proposed project site. 5. No turtle nesting sites observed in the beach area. 6. The proposed site does not fall under any migratory route of birds. 7. No noteworthy benthic components were recorded. 8. The proposed site does not falls under any protected areas like Wildlife Sanctuary, National Park and Biosphere Reserve. 9. It is suggested to record the data on the status of faunal and floral communities after the completion of the project to assess the impact of the project on ecology of the area.

13. REFERENCES Grimmett, R., C. Inskipp and T. Inskipp, 1998. Birds of Indian Subcontinent. Oxford University Press, 888 p. Kathirvel, M., 1983. Crab resources and prospects for crab culture. C.M.F.R.I. Bull., 34: 6668pp. Lally, C.M. and Parsons, T.R., 1997. Biological Oceanography, and introduction, 2nd Edition, Butterworth Heinmann, Oxford, 314p. Ludwig, J. A. and J. F. Reynolds, 1988. Statistical Ecology, A Premier on Methods and Computing. A Wiley-Interscince publication. 337 p. Shannon, C.E., 1948. "A mathematical theory of communication". Bell System Technical Journal, 27: 379–423 and 623–656. Smith, M.A., 1933. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. I Loricata Testudiens, Taylor and Francic, London. 61

Report/ ZSI, MBRC 2014 REIA studies for the 500m around Beach Main Hole (BMH) and 50m on either side of cable laid "upto 12 nautical mile" at Versova Beach, Mumbai

Smith, M.A., 1935. . The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. II Sauria, Taylor and Francic, London. Smith, M.A., 1943. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III, Taylor and Francic, London. Sørensen, T., 1948. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biologiske Skrifter / Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab, 5: 1–34.

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Team members Seiving sediment samples in the Project area

Team members collecting Plankton samples in the project area

Team members operating sediment grab at 12 nautical mile of the project area

Team members collecting samples for BOD in the project area