Migration, Population Growth and Population Distribution
Ways in which migration is classified
What is migration
Migration is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semipermanent residence, usually across a political boundary.
Lack of job dislike farm work fewer jobs - mechanization land shortage fragmented farms debts eviction from farms crop failure war, natural disaster lack of medical and educational facilities
PULL FACTORS
More jobs better paid jobs greater opportunities for self-employment better educational and medical facilities appeal of modern way of life appeal of ‘bright lights’ of the city
Internal
vs International Voluntary vs involuntary Temporary (seasonal) vs permanent
Intervening factors that facilitate / hinder migration
Geographical Factors Distance Accessibility
Social Factors Age Gender Marital
status / Family ties Educational background
the at fy rs th nti f de facto r i no d a n in g d o atio our Try rven ndere migr did y e int er hi d the t you h eit ilitate p tha fac grou on the earch res
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Impact of migration
Impact of migration on the migrant
On the migrant On the home country (where the migrant originates from) On the receiving country
Impact of migration on the home country
Positive impact of population pressure on densely populated areas Possible economic gains through remittances to family members
Negative impact Loss
of economically active population Breakup of family units
How do you think the migrants felt when they first came to Singapore?
Impact of migration on the receiving country
Positive Increase
in labour force Widening of skill base
Easing
Sense of loss Sense of helplessness Possibility of economic gain / economic security Threat to life and limb Freedom from persecution
Negative Increased
What were the effects of a large influx of migrants on Singapore in the early days?
pressure on social services
Increased crime rate Need to provide essential
services for migrants eg., housing, health, waste disposal etc. Import of diseases
Present day migration issues Issue of brain drain Influx of economic migrants
Population Growth
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Population terms
Aging of Population A process in which the proportions of adults and elderly increase in a population, while the proportions of children and adolescents decrease. This process results in a rise in the median age of the population. Aging occurs when fertility rates decline while life expectancy remains constant or improves at the older ages.
Population terms
Birth Rate (or crude birth rate) The number of live births per 1,000 population in a given year. Death Rate (or crude death rate) The number of deaths per 1,000 population in a given year Infant Mortality Rate The number of deaths of infants under age 1 per 1,000 live births in a given year Growth Rate The number of people added to (or subtracted from) a population in a year due to natural increase and net migration expressed as a percentage of the population at the beginning of the time period.
Population terms
•
Life Expectancy The average number of additional years a person could expect to live if current mortality trends were to continue for the rest of that person's life. Dependency Ratio The ratio of the economically dependent part of the population to the productive part; arbitrarily defined as the ratio of the elderly (ages 65 and older) plus the young (under age 15) to the population in the working ages (ages 15-64).
• population growth depends on natural increase and migration • Natural increase refers to the excess of births over deaths • It is influenced by • Living standards – med. care, educn, hs’g, sanitation • Better med care- a fall in IMR •higher life expectancy •If BR is constant, nat increase occurs
Cultural factors – either cause an increase or decrease in BR •
A high BR especially in agric. societies due to •
•
A source of labour in agriculture
•
Symbol of wealth and prosperity
•
Importance of male heirs
•
Religious disapproval of birth control
Population Pyramids
A low BR especially in developed countries due to •
Children seen as additional expense
•
More women in workforce - shorter childbearing span
•
Longer working hours
•
Globalisation
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• What is a population pyramid? • It is a graph that shows the age-sex structure of a population at a particular period of time
Interpreting a Population Pyramid Read the title
• Why is the study of pop pyramids important? •The potential for future growth of a society is shown by the shape of its population pyramid • The study of a population pyramid is important in population planning policies.
Note which country and which year the figures represent
Read the axes Unit of measurements - % or an absolute figure Male and female figures for different age group Span of age group – five years
Describe the shape A triangular shaped pyramid – developing country – BR higher than DR A bee-hive shaped pyramid – developed country – BR not much higher than DR
Population Pyramid of Singapore in 1964
A small % of the population lives to old age This axis shows the different age group A large % of young people This axis shows the % of males in the population
male
female
This axis shows the % of females in the population
Percentage of total population in each age group
A large % of the population lives to old age
Projected Population Pyramid of Singapore in 2030 Percentage of total population in each age group
Population Pyramid of Singapore in 1974
Percentage of total population in each age group
•3 major types of population pyramids • Rapid growth (True pyramidal shape) • Characteristics (Describe) • wide base, narrow top • typical of a young population • large young dependent pop. • Reasons (Explain, Account for) • high birth rates, high fertility rates
• Slow or zero growth •Characteristics (Describe) • base is narrow • the same size as much of the age groups until about 59 years of age • Top is only slightly narrower than the base
Slow growth
• Population is aging • Reasons (Explain / Account for)
• life expectancy not very high
• declining fertility
•But death rate declining
• declining mortality
• population expanding / growing rapidly
• life expectancy has increased
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• Negative growth (Bee-hive shape) • Characteristics (Describe) • Base is narrower than the middle portion • Top and base about the same size • Reasons (Explain / Account for)
Population Distribution
• Low birth rates • Low death rates • No natural increase • Life expectancy is high
Definition Population Distribution: Refers to the way people are spread out over the land Population Density: Refers to the average number of people living in a given area. Population Density = total population total area Densely Populated Area Sparsely Populated Area
Densely Populated Area
Favorable Factors For Settlements
fertile alluvial soil fertile volcanic soil low relief well-drained foothill adequate rain and sunshine for cultivation abundant mineral resources efficient transport links high level of industrial development high level of technological development
Sparsely Populated Area Factors Hostile For Settlements cold deserts in temperate regions hot deserts thick equatorial rainforest the cold regions and lofty mountain ranges
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Population SCRAM
Soil Climate Relief Accessibility Mineral Resources
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What factors influenced where the early migrants in Singapore first settled Can we apply SCRAM here?
