Shiraz E-Medical Journal Vol. 14, No. 3, July 2013 http://semj.sums.ac.ir/vol14/jul2013/92009.htm

Long Time Exercise Break off Can Affect Body Mass Index and Waist to Height Ratio of Female Athlete Students Participating in the Athletic Race of Health Ministry of Iran Mohammad Hassan Karimfar 1, Saeed Shokri 1 *, Azam Bayat 2, Mahnaz Afzali 3 1

Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran 2 Health and Safety Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran 3 Environmental Health, Health Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, IR Iran

*Corresponding Author: Saeed Shokri, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, IR Iran. Postal zip code: 1417613151, Tel: +98-2414240300-3, internal (279) Fax: +98-2414249553, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Received for Publication: May 7, 2013, Accepted for Publication: July 21, 2013 Abstract Introduction: The quantification of morphological characteristics of athletes can be a key point in relating body structure to sports performance. There is little data on the physical characteristics of young female athletes. Aims: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the anthropometric characteristics of women's in colleges, in order to use this for training, detection and identification of talented players and find the reasons that affects their athletic performance. Methods: this study has done on 251 female students who are take part in athletic games. Height, weight, waist circumference and hip circumference and also students’ athletes background mentioned in questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: The data were expressed as the mean values and their standard errors (S.E.). The variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Pearson correlations performed between exercise break off and other anthropometric characteristics. Results: The mean of athletes’ age were 22 years old and the average of their height and weight was 161.64 cm and 55.56 kg, respectively. The average of their body mass index was 21.27 kg/m2, which is normal. The average of waist circumference and hip circumference were 71.22 cm and 94.83 cm, respectively. The average of waist circumference to height ratio and waist to hip circumference ratio were 44.11 and 0.75, respectively which are normal. This study showed that students had more than 1 year

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exercise break off, will confront by BMI and waist circumference to height ratio increasing. Conclusion: Most of students in various sport fields were in normal zone of BMI and waist to hip circumference ratio. By using this information, athlete clothing manufactures can use these averages. These findings also suggest to completion and exercise responsible to design special programs for these specific athletes. Moreover, this study showed that long exercise break off might affect female athletes' ability. Key words: BMI; WHR; exercise; female athletes Key Messages: This study showed that the students who break the exercise off for 1.6 year were overweight. Moreover, the mean weights to height circumference ratio of students who break the exercise off for 1.4 year were more than 50. Therefore, it can probably affect their athletic performance.

Introduction

of morphological characteristics of ath-

The Act (Amateur Sports Law) of

letes can be important in relating body

American

government,

composition to sports performance (9).

passed in 1972, makes it illegal for a

Awareness of a successful athlete’s

federally funded institution to dis-

body composition is essential for se-

criminate on the basis of sex or gender.

lecting talent people (10). On the other

In sports rule, the part of legislation

hand, central obesity or increased waist

often return to the attempt to increase

circumference could increase the risk

the equality of women's sports in col-

for some diseases, such as diabetes,

leges (1-4). During the past decade

hypertension and cardiovascular dis-

Iranian women's sports in colleges has

ease. Improving body composition or

got better. For the first time in 1995 the

fitness are decreased risk of cardiovas-

quality of competitions and number of

cular disease and improved basal

athletic fields in females were few. But

metabolic rate, as well (9, 10). There

in sixth period of these competitions

isn't enough data on the morphological

numbers of athletics field increased

characteristics of young female ath-

and the quality got better. The assess-

letes. Therefore, the aim of this study

ment of anthropometric characteristics

was to find the anthropometric charac-

in different fields of sports has in-

teristics of females in colleges to use

creased in the last decay. It has been

this for identification of talented

demonstrated that the specific anthro-

women's players and find the reasons

pometric profile could indicate whether

that affect their athletic performance.

the player would be suitable for a spe-

Methods

cific field of sport (5-8) The measuring

Subjects

federation

190

The present study was conducted on

Auxois, France) to the nearest 0.1 cm,

251 young female subjects of age

and the weight was recorded light

group 18-25 years. The subjects were

Clothing on a portable scale (model

randomly selected from the different

765, Seca Corporation, hamburg, Ger-

colleges who gathered to do sport

many) to the nearest 0.1 kg. BMI was

competitions in student athletic race in

calculated as weight/height (2) where

Tehran. A questioner is used for each

weight was expressed in kilograms

Subject, to write their name and family

(kg) and height in meters (m).

name, field, university, age and sport

Practical issues in population studies

background, and their height, weight,

rendered anthropometric index further

waist and hip circumferences is men-

used for characterizing abdominal obe-

tioned at the end of this sheet. All pro-

sity (5). The waist circumference (WC)

cedures were approved by the univer-

alone is a preferred indicator for ab-

sity’s institutional review board and all

dominal obesity mainly because of its

participants provided written informed

close connection with visceral fat and

consent before taking part in the ex-

the simplicity of measurement (12-14).

periment.

A high waist to hip ratio (WHR) re-

Data collection

flects the body shape and indicates a

Measurements were performed follow-

smaller hip circumference (HC) as well

ing

as an excess of visceral fat (12-14).

the

standardized

techniques

adopted by the International Society

Waist circumference was measured at

for the Advancement of Kinanthro-

the smallest horizontal trunk circum-

pometry (ISAK) (11). All measure-

ference and hip girth was measured at

ments were taken by the same investi-

the largest horizontal circumference

gator. All anthropometries were meas-

around the hip and buttocks, with non-

ured by well-trained personnel. The

stretching fiberglass or metal tapes

technical error of measurement (TEM)

(SECA, Hamburg, Germany), to the

was lower than 1% for all measure-

nearest 0.1 cm. WHR was, then, calcu-

ments. The instruments were calibrated

lated as waist circumference divided

prior to use. Anthropometric variables

by hip circumference. We couldn't

included body mass, height, weight,

measure their previous sizes, because

hip and waist circumferences. Height

of limitation of study.

was measured without shoes on a sta-

Criteria

diometer

(Seca

Corp,

Semur-en191

Overweight was determined as a body

Averagely

mass index of 25 or more (BMI values:

hours/month in sport exercising.

underweight < 18.5, normal weight

63.3 % of these athletes cut their ath-

18.5-25,

and

letic periods 1/2 years by any reason.

Abdominal

45.8 % of them had national score.

obesity by WC was defined as WC ≥

21.9% of them had province score and

80 cm in female, according to Asian’s

9.6% of them had small province

criteria (5). The criterion of abdominal

score.

obesity of high WHR was defined as

1. The average of BMI in female ath-

WHR ≥ 0.85 in female (17).

lete students: According to table 1and

Statistical Analysis

2, the mean of weight and height were

The data were expressed as the mean

about 55.5 kg and 1.61m respectively

values and their standard errors (S.E.).

and the mean of BMI was 21.7 kg/m2.

The variables were analyzed by one-

The average of BMI in female athlete

way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

in different fields was between 21-23

When a significant effect was found

kg/m2. Therefore, the average of MBI

between groups, Tukey or LSD post

in all fields was normal and statisti-

hoc tests were performed. Pearson cor-

cally, there is no significant difference

relations performed between exercise

between groups.

break off and other anthropometric

2. The mean of waist and hip cir-

characteristics. All analyses were per-

cumference in female athlete stu-

formed using SPSS 16. The statistical

dents and the ratio of them:

significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.

According to table 1and 2 the average

Results

of waist and hip circumference in these

The anthropometric characteristics of

women were 70.98cm and 94.89cm

the study participants are shown in Ta-

respectively. According to interna-

ble 1.

tional standards of WHO the females

251 subjects by the mean age of 22

who their waist circumference is over

years old examined randomly. These

then 80cm and hip circumference is

students took apart in tennis field

more than 90cm, are obese. In this

14.7%, badminton 17.5%, in chess

study, it was observed that 92% of

7.6%, swimming 4.8%, physical fit-

whole female athletes’ waist circum-

ness 19.9%, basketball 12.4%, foot sol

ference was less then 80cm and 8% of

10%, shooting 5.2% and running 6%.

them were over 80 cm. Statistically,

overweight

obese > 30 kg/m2)

25-29.9,

(15, 16).

they

took

apart

19

192

there is no significant difference

off in Tennis was about 1 year and 2 month

among different groups (P < 0.8).

and in shooting was about 1 year and 4

According to table 1 and 2, the average

months.

of waist to hip circumference ratio was

5. The correlation between waist to height

0.75. According to international stan-

circumference ratio with the average of

dards if waist to hip ratio in males and

exercise break off:

females be over than 0.9 and 0.8 re-

According to figure 2, the people who had 1

spectively, they are obese. 88.4% of

year and 5 months break off had mare then

athletes were less than 0.8 and 11.6%

50 average of waist to height ratio and were

of them were more than 0.8. The aver-

obese. But the people, who had 1 year and 2

age of waist to hip circumference ratio

months break off, were less than 50 and

in all athletic fields were less than 0.8

were normal.

and there is no statistically significant

6 .The correlation between BMI with the

correlation among different groups (P

average of exercise break off:

< 0.06).

According to figure 3, the people who their

3. The average of waist to height cir-

break off were more than 1 year and 6

cumference ratio in female students:

months, had over weight and their BMI was

According to table 1 and 2, the average

between 25-29.9. But in females athlete who

of waist to height circumference ratio

their break off was about 1 year and 2

was 44.11. According to international

months had normal weight and their BMI

standards if waist to height ratio in

were less than 25 kg/m2.

males and females be over then 50,

Discussion

they are obese. 91.6% of athletes are

Students were asked whether or not

less then 50 and 8/4% of them are over

they regularly practiced sports. This

than 50. The average of waist to height

was the criterion used to determine the

circumference ratio in all athletics

activity status of the students. In this

fields are less than 50 and there is no

stdy we showed (Table 1) that the stu-

statistically

dents who practiced sports regularly

significant

correlation

among different groups (P < 0.06).

have lower BMI than those who did

4. The average of exercise break off in fe- not. Carnethon et al., (2005) demonmale athlete students:

strated a negative correlation between

According to fig 1, the mean of exercise the intensity of physical exercise and break off in these females was about 1 year BMI (18). Our study indicated that and 2 months. The average of exercise break BMI in 6.4% of athletics team’s mem193

ber was between 25-30 and they have

rately than any of the previously re-

over weight. According to koutlete in-

ported equations (2).

dex the overweight not only is the

The association of BMI and the aver-

main cause of danger in people health

age of exercise break off were demon-

but also by the point of fitness view,

strated to the students by the estab-

exercising in champion level is not fa-

lishment of a positive correlation be-

vorite. 0.8% of athletes by BMI over

tween their obtained data of BMI and

30 has more unstable situation. Doing

their exercise break off. It was men-

full struggle exercise for this group of

tioned to the students that several in-

athletes is stressful. The equations de-

vestigators reported that BMI tends to

rived in the present study appear to es-

overestimate fatness in athletic with

timate BMI in young women less accu-

the high exercise break off.

Table 1 Anthropometric Characteristics of the Study Participants Minimum Maximum Mean ± SD Age, years 18 30 22.09 ± 2.20 Weight, kg 36.5 89 55.56 ± 6.81 Height, m 1.45 1.8 1.61 ± 0.05 Waist Circumference, cm 58 1 70.98 ± 5.68 Hip Circumference, cm 80.5 118 94.89 ± 5.07 Body Mass Index(BMI), kg/m2 16.41 32.69 21.27 ± 2.46 Waist to Height ratio 36.31 59.39 44.11 ± 3.79 Waist to Hip ratio 0.66 0.92 0.75 ± 0.04 The average of BMI, waist and hip circumference and the ratio of them; (P < 0.8). The average of waist to height circumference ratio; (P < 0.06).

Table 2.The Average of Anthropometric Characteristics of the Study Participants in Different Fields

Weight (kg) Tenis 54.97 Badminton 54.96 Chess 53.63 Swimming 56.29 Physical fitness 53.5 Basketball 59.11 Footsol 55.68 Shooting 57.76 Running 55.53

Height (M) 1.62 1.61 1.59 1.61 1.60 1.64 1.63 1.60 1.61

Waist (cm) 70.89 71.04 69.92 71.41 69.58 72.19 71.08 74.00 69.59

Hip (cm) 94.91 94.23 94.36 95.20 92.85 97.24 95.18 97.00 94.96

Mean

1.61

70.98

94.89 21.27

field

55.56

BMI (kg/m) 20.83 21.26 21.07 21.65 20.87 21.94 20.93 22.48 21.31

Waist/Height Waist/Hip 43.68 44.15 43.85 44.31 43.47 44.00 43.64 46.17 44.85

0.74 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.76 0.76

44.11

0.75

The average of BMI, waist and hip circumference and the ratio of them; (P < 0.8) The average of waist to height circumference ratio; (P < 0.06)

194

Figure 1. Mean Exercise Break Off in Different Fields in Participative Female Athlete Students

Figure 2. The correlation between BMI and mean exercise break off in participative female athlete students

Figure 3. The correlation between mean waist to height and mean exercise break off in participative female athlete students

Sayyah et al, 2006, indicated the aver-

not so much differences (19). There

age of BMI in female athlete students

was a significant correlation between

was about 21.48 + _2.62. As it is ob-

BMI and physical fitness in males and

served Body Mass Index (BMI) in par-

females (20). Olson et al., (1995) indi-

ticipated females’ athlete students has

cated the positive correlation for heart 195

rate and negative for BMI and age

body and their correlation with WC to

(20). Toubita showed that there is re-

HC ratio in females and males and this

versed relation between BMI and VO2

ratio is mentioned by the title of sev-

MAX. Athlete medicine college of

eral chronic diseases factors (23).

U.S.A suggests the people for decreas-

Moreover, in our study in some of ath-

ing BMI should decrease amount of

letes, WC to HC ratio and WC to

energy receiving and increase physical

height, was over than standards limita-

exercises. To access this aim, decreas-

tion, that WC is 8% of students were

ing amount of energy between 500 to

over than 80 cm and the ratio of WC to

1000 kcal is suggested. By decreasing

HC ratio in 11.6% of students were

fat in diet to less that 30% of whole of

over than 0.8 and the ratio of WC to

total received energy in a day, weight

height in 8.4% of athlete students were

decreasing will accelerate. Taking part

over than 50. These indexes indicated

in physical exercises for minimum 150

extra local fat that beside BMI index is

min in a week that is by middle inten-

a suitable criterion to test and examine

sity will has an obvious effect on

physical fitness.

health (21). Garry et al., 2001, indi-

In this study, it was also indicated that

cated that there is a special correlation

there is a correlation between BMI and

between BMI and lipoprotein assimila-

exercise break off and also between the

tion in football profession players (22).

ratio of WC to height and to exercise

He declared that sport exercises im-

break off. Those students who their,

prove the level of lipoprotein. Mean-

exercise break off were over than 1

while high levels BMI cause unsuitable

year and 2 month, had BMI increasing

lipoprotein level. This study showed

and also faced by increasing of the ra-

that there was negative significant cor-

tio of WC to height.

relation between BMI and LDL (P