Naval Environmental Prediction Researci Facility Contractor Report
CR 87- 18
March 1988
(0
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SEVERE WEATHER GUIDE MEDITERRANEAN PORTS 12. CANNES DTIC
(SEP 26 1988
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Naval Environmental Pred':: Research Faci1' ty
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Mediterranean ports, provides decision-making guidance for ship ,
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UNCLASSIFIED
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I
I CONTENTS
Foreword
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Record of Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
1.
General Guidance ......... 1.1
1.2
..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Design ........... 1.1.1 Objectives 1.1.2 1.1.3
..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .-
Geographic Location
3.2
Cualitative Evaluation of
3.3
Currents and Tides........
. ..
...
...
the Port of
. .. Cannes
2-1
..
3-1
.
3-5 3-5
............... ...................
3.4Visibility........ 3.5
Hazardous Conditions .......
3.6
Harbor Protection ....
.3-6 3-6
..............
..................3-10
3.6.1
Wind and Weather ....
3.6.2
Waves .......
10
.................
3-11
..................
Protective and Mitigating Measures ...
.......-
12 3-12
3.7.1
Moving to New Anchorage
3.7.2
Scheduling
Local
Indicators of Hazardous Weather Conditions 3-12
3.8.1
Mistral
3.8.2
Nott-Mi-tral .....
.........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...............
Summary of Problems, Actions, anU
References
Appendix
1-3
. ..
General 3.1
..
..
3.
Information
..
..
. ..
3.9
1-
Contents of Specific Harbor Studies .......
Captain's Summary
3.8
I-i i-
................. . ..... Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Organization
2.
3.7
1-
..................
A
..
--
. . . . . . . . . . .
General Purpose Oceanographic
i
3-12
3-13
.3-14 3-15
Iil iat-r-s
. . . . .
.
Information
.
-
A-I
FOREWORD This handbook on Mediterranean Ports was developed as part of an ongoing effort at the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility to create products for direct application to Fleet operations. The research was conducted in response to Commander Naval Oceanography Command (CNOC) requirements validated by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO).
As mentioned in the preface, the Mediterranean region is unique in that several areas exist where local winds can cause dangerous operating conditions. This handbook will provide the ship's captain with assistance in making decisions regarding the disposition of his ship when heavy winds and seas are encountered or forecast at various port locations.
Readers are urged to submit comments, suggestions for changes, deletions and/or additions to NOCC, Rota with a copy to the oceanographer, COMSIXTHFLT. They will then be passed on to the Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility for review and incorporation as appropriate. This document will be a dynamic one, changing and improving as more and better information is obtained.
M. G. SALINAS Commander, U.S. Navy
Aeesgion For NTIS
GRA&i
UD712 TAB e
El
Dizt ribution/ Ivallability Codes * Avall and/or Spene al Ditt
iii
PORT INDEX
of list prioritized tentative a is following The Mediterranean Ports to be evaluated during the five-year period 1988-92, with ports grouped by expected year of the port study's publication. This list is subject to change as dictated by circumstances and periodic review.
PORT 1990 PORT 1988 NO. -------------------------------------------- --------------------------------BENIDORM, SPAIN 1 GAETA, ITALY ROTA, SPAIN 2 NAPLES, ITALY TANGIER, MOROCCO 3 CATANIA, ITALY PORT SAID, EGYPT 4 AUGUSTA BAY, ITALY ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT 5 CAGLIARI, ITALY 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
ALGIERS, ALGERIA TUNIS, TUNISIA GULF HAMMAMET, TUNISIA TUNISIA GULF OF GABES, SOUDA BAY, CRETE
ITALY LA MADDALENA, MARSEILLE, FRANCE TOULON, FRANCE FRANCE VILLEFRANCHE, MALAGA, SPAIN NICE, FRANCE CANNES, FRANCE MONACO ASHDOD, ISRAEL HAIFA, ISRAEL BARCELONA, SPAIN
1991
PIRAEUS, GREECE KALAMATA, GREECE THFSSALONIKI, GREECE
CORFU, GREECE
PALMA, SPAIN IBIZA,
PORT
KITHIRA,
SPAIN
GREECE
VALETTA, MALTA LARNACA, CYPRUS
POLLENSA BAY, SPAIN VALENCIA, SPAIN CARTAGENA, SPAIN
1992
GENOA, ITALY LIVORNO, ITALY SAN REMO, ITALY LA SPEZIA, ITALY VENICE, ITALY TRIESTE, ITALY 1989
PORT ANTALYA, TURKEY ISKENDERUN, TURKEY IZMIR, TURKEY ISTANBUL, TURKEY GOLCUK, TURKEY GULF OF SOLLUM
PORT SPLIT, YUGOSLAVIA DUBROVNIK, YUGOSLAVIA ITALY TARANTO, PALERMO, ITALY MESSINA, ITALY
TAORMINA, ITALY ITALY PORTO TORPF,
iv
PREFACE
Environmental phenomena such as strong winds, high waves, restrictions to visibility and thunderstorms can be hazardous to critical Fleet operations. The cause and effect of several of these phenomena are unique to the Mediterranean region and some prior knowledge of their characteristics would be helpful to ship's captains. The intent of this publication is to provide guidance to the captains for assistance in decision makina.
The Mediterranean Sea region is an area where complicated topographical features influence weather winds will flow through restricted patterns. Katabatic mountain gaps or valleys and, as a result of the venturi effect, strengthen to storm intensity in a short period of time. As these winds exit and flow over port regions and coastal areas, anchored ships with large 'sail areas' may be blown aground. Also, hazardous sea state conditions are created, posing a danger for small boats ferrying personnel to and from port. At the same time, adjacent areas may be relatively calm. A glance at current weather ch6rts may not always reveal the causes for these local effects which vary drastically from point to point.
numerous Because of the irregular coast line and islands in the Mediterranean, swell can be refracted vary around such barriers and come from directions which greatly with the wind. Anchored ships may experience winds and seas from one direction and swell from a different direction. These conditions can be extremely hazardous for tendered vessels. Moderate to heavy swell may also propagate outward in advance of a storm resulting in uncomfortable and sometimes dangerous conditions, especially during tending, refueling and boating operations.
This handbook addresses the various weather conditions, their local cause and effect and suggests Most of if necessary. some evasive action to be taken the major ports in the Mediterranean will be covered in established by the Sixth A priority list, the handbook. Fleet, exists for the port studies conducted and this list will be followed as closely as possible in terms of scheduling publications.
v
RECORD OF CHANGES
CHANGE NUM4BER
DATE OF CHANGE
DATE ENTERED
vii
PAGE NUMBER
ETRDB ETRDB
1.
GENERAL GUIDANCE
1.1
DESIGN
This captains wave
handbook
with
the
2,
for
to
provide
ship
captain's the
staff
general
an
is
summari,
planners
section 3 has been read,
harbors.
Mediterranean
selected
in
version of section 3, intended
designed
a ready reference on hazardous weather and
conditions
Section
is
abbreviated
information
section
and meteorologists.
it is
not
necessary
Once
to
read
section 2.
1.1.1
Objectives
The basic objective is to provide with
a
roncise
captains
reference of hazards to ship activities
to
suggestions
for
harbors,
precautionary
and/or
objective
to provide adequate background information
evasive
offer
various
Mediterranean
is
and
in
crnditions
that are caused by environmental
actions.
on such hazards so that operational interested parties, that 1.1.2
ship
A
secondary
forecasters, or other
can quickly gain the local
knowledge
is necessary to ensure high quality forecasts.
A pprEoach
Information
on harbor conditions and hazards was
accumulated in the following manner: A.
A literature search
for
reference
material
was performed. B.
Cruise
C.
Navy
reports were reviewed. personnel
with current or previous area
experience were interviewed. D.
A
preliminary
included
report
questions
on
was
various
ditions in specific harbors.
'-I
developed local
which con-
E.
Port/harbor
visits
personnel; obtained
were
considerable through
was
by
obtained
NEPRF
information
interviews
pilots, tug masters, etc; material
made
with
was local
and local reference (See
section
3
references). F.
The
cumulative
information
was
reviewed,
combined, and condensed for harbor studies.
1.1.3
Organization
The
Handbook
contains
two
harbor.
The first section summarizes
and
intended
is
captains,
for
use
navigators,
A.
a
for
harbor
each
conditions
as a quick reference by ship
inport/at sea
interested personnel.
sections
OOD's,
and
other
This sectioM contains:
brief
narrative
summary of environmental
hazards, B.
a table display of vessel potential
location/situation,
environmental hazard,
cautionary/evasion indicators
of
actions, potential
effect-preand
advance
environmental
hazards, C.
local
D.
tables depicting the wave
wind wave conditions, and conditions result-
ing from propagation of deep water swell
into
the harbor. The
swell
occurrence,
propagation
information
average duration,
includes
percent
and the period of maximum
wave energy within height ranges of greater than 3.3 feet and greater than 6.6 feet. of sea and swell
The details on the generation
information are provided in Appendix
The second section contains additional background information on seasonal hazardous
A.
details and conditions.
This section is directed to personnel who have a need for additional
insights on environmental
weather events.
1-2
hazards and related
1.2.
CONTENTS OF SPECIFIC HARBOR STUDIES
wind
related
wave
and
addresses
specifically
This handbook
ships operating in
to
hazards
the
various Mediterranean ports utilized by It
not
does
potential
Navy.
U.S.
contain general purpose climatology and/or
comprehensive forecast rules for weather conditions of
a
more benign nature.
The
intended for use in both pre-
are
contents
visit planning and in
and
weather
both
oceanographic information
some
includes
either
The
addressed.
are
waves
by
hazards related
Potential
mariners or environmentalists. to
solving
problem
situ
information relating to deep water swell
rather
unique
propagating into
harbor shallow water areas.
Emphasis
is
on
placed
the
hazards related to
wind, wind waves, and the propagation of into
are
locations/situations nesting,
anchored, The
operations.
arriving/departing,
potential
problems
provided. possible
threats
Local evasion
various
and vessel
and small
scenarios.
1-3
boat
and suggested precombinations
of
location/situation are
indicators of environmental techniques
vessel
including moored,
considered,
cautionary/evasive actions for environmental
Various
areas.
harbor
the
deep water swell
hazards
and
are summarized for various
CAUTIONARY NOTE: the Norfolk, on
anchored
19e5 Hurricane Gloria raked
In September
VA area while several the
frigate size and
ships
more than others,
in winds of
waves increased,
ships
BROADSIDE
were One
incident:
Most
larger dragged anchor,
some
important fact was revealed during all
ships
of Chesapeake Bay.
bottom
muddy
Navy
US
'fell
this
over 50 knots. As winds and into'
the
troughs,
wave
TO THE WIND and become difficult or
impossible
to control. This was a rare instance in which of
ships
several
recent design were exposed to the same storm and much
effort was put into the documentation of Chief rather
among these was the than
remain
suggestion
anchored
such intensity were forecast.
1-4
to
lessons learned. evade
at
sea
at port whenever winds of
2.
C APT,IN'S SUMMAR-Y
Cannes is located on the southern coast of France in the region known as the French Riviera
(Figure
2-1),
about 26 n mi southwest of the Italian border.
~
'*
~~GULF OFGFNO
*
>5-
ALL~~~ 'uA
'N
~
LIGURIAN SEA
ARICL
SPAIN
SARDINIA
Figure 7-1.
The Northwestern Mediterranean Sea.
2-1
ITALY
A
Port of Cannes is situated on Rade de Cannes
The
in the northeast part 5 n mi
of
west
of
Cap
Golfe
D°Antibes
de
to over 900 ft
(244 to 274 m)
Napoule,
(Figure
L~rins are just south-southeast of 800
la
while mountains with elevations
(1,776 m)
back the coastline about 15-20 mi
inland.
(Figure 2-2):
No. I - 43°32.1'N 07"01'E.
Located approximately
south of the end of the southernmost
breakwater
in the northeast portion of Golfe de la Napoule. calm,
east,
or
northeast winds.
provides good holding No. Ile
Ste.
Juan.
Marguerite
Holding
(Hydrographer of the Navy, 1965).
in
Situated north
of
the southwestern part of Golfe
southeast,
south,
or
southwest
winds.
is moderately good on a mud or muddy sand bottom
(Hydrographer of the Navy,
1965).
No. 3 - 43°32.3'N 07°03.3'E. de la Croisette in the western Best
Best in
The bottom is mud and
2 - 43031.8'N 07°03.5°E.
Best in
ft
5,827
to
primary anchorages are located outside the
inner harbor as follows
0.5 n mi
of
Hills
lie close, northward of
the Port,
Three
Iles de
2-2).
Port.
the
about
in
effects.
northwest
winds.
Located east of
portion
of
Golfe
Cap
Juan.
May be used to avoid Mistral
Bottom type and holding properties are
similar
to anchorage No. 2. The wind may call,
making
it
change
directions
during
a
port
advisable to shift anchorage location.
The shift takes about
1 hour
2-2
(FICEURLANT, 1985).
0
o o
-1
7
ANTIBES -ooservatoife
du Grand P,
~Water
m
LA BOCCAI.
43'.14'N
TowerTHU
'"
RADE
1 LE
S
DECAP
D ANTIBES
0
______4-0
43,
SCALE IN NAUTICAL MILES 1
0
12
HEIGHTS IN FEET
Figure 2-.
Approaches to the Port of Cannes.
2-3
0JN
The
inner harbor
and cannot accommodate deep
2-3) is small since
it
1985).
is The
southeast by
dredged to only 16 ft is
harbor
by
southwest
of the Port of Cannes
a
1150 ft
575 ft
utilize the outer
protected (351 m)
(175 m)
anchorages.
draft
(4.9 m) on
SCALE iN FEET 500
1000 Gare Mawme
Port Captain
Figure 2-3.
2-4
Port of Cannes.
and
and on the
Navy
A fleet landing
CANNES 0
south
breakwater
inside the breakwater.
vessels
(FICEURLANT,
the
breakwater.
(Figure
vessels
is located
may
The anchorages
be
direction of the wind as follows No.
A-pending
user
Located approximately
1 - 43"32.1"N 07*01°E.
breakwater Best in
.n the northeast portion of Golfe de la Napoule. calm,
The bottom is mud and
northeast winds.
or
east,
provides good holding
the
(FICEURLANT, 1985):
south of the end of the southernmost
0.5 n mi
on
(Hydrographer of
the
Navy,
1965).
Large aircraft carriers hbave used this anchorage. Nc.
Situated north of
- 43"31.8"N 07003.3'E.
Best
in
southeast,
south,
Golfe
southwest winds.
or
Holding is moderately good on a bottom of
mud
muddy
or
(Hydrographer of the Navy. 1965).
sand
No. 3 - 43032.3"N 07"03.3"E. de
of
port
Marguerite in the southwestern
Ile Ste. Juan.
2
la
in
Croisette
the western portion of Golfe Juan.
in northwest winds.
Best
effects.
Bottom
Located east of Cap
May be used
to
avoid
Mistral
type and holding properties are similar
to anchorage No. 2. The call,
wind
may
change
airections
making it advisable to shift
The shift takes about
1 hour
about
only tn very
(FICEURLANT, 1985).
With a
range
the tides are constant
Mean tide
level
is
1.3
ft
1985).
Soecific
a- tior
(18 cm),
!ittle fluctuation.
* ICEURLANT,
,-ssel
inches
location.
anchorage
Currents at Cannes are negligible. -
during a port
hazardous
situations,
and
environmental
conditions,
suggested precautionary/evasion
scenarios for the Port of Cannes are summarized in
-able 2-1.
2-5
left blank This page intentionally
2-8
Table 2-I.
HAZARDOUS CONDITION 1. E-SE'ly witids/waves - Produce worst condiions in inner harbor and at anchorages 2 and 3. * Waves pass through entrance to inner harbor. * Anchorages 2 and 3 are exposed to full force of wind/waves, # Occurs 1-2 times yearly. * Most common inwinter/early spring. * May be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms.
Summary of hazardous environmental INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL HAZARD
VE. SITI
Advance warning(1) # Strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with low ptessure south or southwest of Cannes. * Low pressure systems moving north toward Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through Strait of Gibraltar or forming north o; Atlas Mountains. Duration # 7ay last 18-24 hours.
(4) (5)
(6) 2.
'ly.!indslwaves - Produces worst conditions for anchorage no. I. * Anchorage no. I offers no protection from open sea conditions, * Most common inwinter/early spring. * Swell direction may °differ from wind direction by 45°-90 . * Swell height may reach 6-10 ft (2.S-3 ml.
Advance warning T ear y stages of cyclogenesis south of the Alps commonly result in SW'ly 30-40 kt winds between the French Coast and Corsica. * Depressions moving east into the Ligurian Sea or across Corsica into Italy. Duration Fwell may persist for 2-3 days.
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2-7
onmental
RD
1 over
9 rth of
the d Sea
conditions for the Port of Cannes, France.
VESSEL LOCATION/ SITUATION AFFECTED o i)Inner harbor.
2) Anchorage no. I. -*
EFFECT - PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONS (a)Waves passing through harbur entrance create dangerous conditions ininner harbor. iSince deep draft vessels do not utilize the inner harbor, effect is * limited to small boats. (a)Anchorage no. I provides best protection of the 3 anchorages at Cannes. Some wave energy may pass through opening between Pointe de la Croisette and Ile Ste. Marguerite. * Impact on anchored vessels would be minimal. * Two anchors may be required instrong winds. # Greatest impac is on small boats.
(3) Anchorage no. 2.
(a)Anchorage no. 2 isexposed to full force of wind and waves. * Moving to anchorage no. I is recommended.
(4) Anchorage no. 3.
(a)Anchorage no. 3 isexposed to full force of wind and waves. # moving to anchorage no. I is recommended.
(5) Arriving/departing.
(a)Heavy weather conditions may exist inunprotected waters. i Outbound units should be prepared for heavy weather. Inbound units should utilize anchorage no. 1.
16) Seal
(a)Swell may create dangerous conditions in the inner harbor, * Operation of small boats may be curtailed until conditions abate.
boats.
t) Anchorage no. I.
(a)Anchorage no. I isexposed to full force of wind and waves. * ship may roll due to differing wind and wave directions. I Moving to anchorage no. 2 isrecommended.
i2) Anchorage no. 2.
(a)Anchorage no. 2 provides best protection of the 3 anchorages at Cannes. # Lee of lie Ste. Marguerite shelters anchorage. # Evasion/sortie should not be required.
(3) Anchorage no, 3.
(a)Anchorage no. 3 provides limited protection. * Moving to anchorage no. 2 will provide better protection.
4
Arriving/departing.
(51 Smal! boats.
(a)Heavy weather conditions may exist inunprotected waters. * Outbound units should be Preparer for heavy weather. * Inbound units should utilize anchorage no. 2. (a)Conditions on waters between inner harbor entrance and west end of lle Ste. Marguerite may preclude safe boat operation. t baiting to/from anchorages may be cancelled.
Table 2-1.
HAZARDOUS CONDITION
INDICATORS OF POTENTIAL HAZARD
3. Mistral winds/waves - Direction say vary from N to NE. * Most common in late winter/early spring, * Wave height isreduced due to lack of fetch. * Wind inharbor may be light while strong winds blow only I n mi N; whitecaps often visible outside harbor.
Advance warning 4 Mistral will start west of Cannes when the following pressure differences are achieved-highest pressure to west. # Perpignan - Marseille, 3 mb. * Marseille - Nice, 3 ob. f Perpignan - Nice, 6 mb. * For Mistral winds to affect Cannes they will first be observed at Marseille/Toulon. * Mistral will spread as far east as Cannes ifa 10 mb pressure difference exists between Toulon and Nice. With only 2 mb difference between Parseille and Toulon the Mistral will stop near Toulon. * A north to northeast pressure gradient is usually required before Mistra affects fames.
(Continui
VESSEL Li SITUATION 1j Anchora
Anchora
3T)Anchora
,4 Arrivin
(5) Small b
4. Sea breeze - SW'ly wind common on warm days. # May be expected daily in late spring and summer. # Force 4-5 (11-21 kt) usually reached by 1400-1500L.
Advance warning * Can e expected on warm days in late spring and summer. Duration f-ate morning to late afternoon. * Maximum velocities observed about 1400-1500L.
2-9
(I) Small b
(Continued) VESSEL LOCATION/ ITUATION AFFECTED
EFFECT - PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONS
(1) Anchormqe no. 1.
(a)Although conditions inthe anchorage would likely remain moderate under strong Mistral flow, a chage inwind direction could cause deterioration. * It wind direction remains NO to NE, Nave generation would be restricted due to lack of fetch. ifwind direction isW, significant waves could develop. 4 Impact on anchored vessels would be minimal, but 2 anchors may be required in a strong event. * Moving to anchorage no. 3 is recommended, * Be aware of wind chill factor.
2) Anchorage no. 2.
(a)Anchorage no. 3. no. 2 provides better protection thin no. 1,but not as good as -- sition ismost vulnerable to W or PE flow. # Moving to anchorage no. 3 isrecommended. * Be aware of wind chill factor.
3) Anchorage no. 3.
(a Anchorage no. 3 provides best protection of the 3 anchorages at Cannes. f Anchorage issheltered inlee of Pointe de la roisette. I Evasion/sortie should not be required. # Be aware of wind chill factor.
!4) Arriving/departini.
(a)Heavy weather conditions may exist close to coast while harbor conditions remain mild. # Inbound vessels should utilize anchorage no. 3. * Outbound units should be prepared for heavy weather. # Be aware of wind chill factor. (a)Small boat operation in inner harbor and close to lee shore should remain S rgely unaffected. * boat runs to/from all anchorages may be jeopardized ifwind has a strong W to NO component. # Boat runs to/from anchorages 2 and 3 could be hazardous if the wind direction is N to NE, but runs tolfrom anchorage no. I would be only minimally affected.
15)
Small boats.
(I) Small boats.
(a)Waves raised by wind could make boating uncomfortable. Effect could be minimized by making runs in morning or evening vice afternoon.
SEASONAt
WINTER *
SUMMAP'. OF HAZARDOUS WEArHER CUND,
SNnvembor Wor-t
*,
Nb
tnru I ,oruary):
cnnrid:*on- due to lows mnvino
from snith
toward Cannes
bringing nigh winos, nign waves and
thunderstorms. * Southerly winds cause swell
which can enter harbor
and winds in harbor usually from anorner direction causing motion problems for anchored ships. * Mistral
brings high winds and rough seas outside
harbor. * Lombarde
(northeasterly) wind is cold and can
cause dangerous wind
SPRING *
chill.
(March thru May): Early spring similar to winter,strong Mistral events are rare after March.
SUMMER *
(June thru September): Mid-afternoon sea breeze may hamper
uoatinc
operations,
AUTUMN *
(October): Snr-t
ans' t'- seas-in with winter-like weather
~
NjL;
.o~dit~co
"m
~
in-
iniormaiion
2r-Pailed
-,e
o)w,.cus
Hazardous Wea-h=-
cr-~i
Summa-,
Simma-v
2-11
in
c-
or
'~
af3:Itor.
naza-dous
'able it, thiE
S4-7ior
3.
weather
sec-ion and
REFERENCES
Hydrographer of Volume
II.
the
Navy,
Published
by
1965:
Mediterranean
Pilot,
the Hydrographer of the Navy,
London, England.
FICEURLANT,
1985:
Port
Directory.
Fleet
Center Europe and Atlantic, Norfolk, VA.
2-12
Intelligence
3.
GENERAL INFORMATION
This
and
meteorologists/oceanographers
and
Table
3--23
a
provides
locations/situations,
potential
planners.
staff
discussion
Paragraph 3.5 provides a general
Fleet
for
intended
is
section
summary
of
hazards
of
vessel
hazards,
effects-
precautionary/evasive actions, and advance indicators and other infor-Mation by season.
F
3.1
Geographic Location
Cannes is located on the southern coast of France in
the
region known as the French Riviera
about 26 n
1ni
(Figure 3-1),
southwest of the Italian border.
t lGL'RfiA~ F
SEA/
M LDI TERRANEA N
N
S-CALE IN NAI)TICAL MILES
--
SARD4INIA - 4
7 'iFI
FiIgLUr
7-1.
Th-e Nor th!weteri Medi terr ane.ar
3-1
s
I
east-
long
8 n mi
Situated on an approximately
the Port of Cannes is located
west section of the coast,
la Golfe de on Rade de Cannes in the northeast part of Napoule, about 5 n mi west of Cap D'Antibes (Figure 3-2). L~rins
de
Ilies
situated on the summit of a 794 ft
parapets
crenellated
(242 m) hill which is located about 1 1/2 mi and the
the harbor,
with
,tower
water
a
include
landmarks
Prominent
scuth-southeast of the Port.
just
are
Observatoire
du
6rand
northeast of which
Pin
(266 m) summit about 1 1/2 mi northelevations to Mountains with northeast of the harbor. m)
coastline some 15-20 mi
the
back
U.S.
Anchorages used by the
inland. about
(1,776
ft
5,827
a 938 ft
on
stands
0.5 n mi south of the entrance, Cap
and east of
Mar-guerite,
la
de
are
located
north of
Ile Ste.
Navy
Croisiete
in
the
western Golfe Juan. X
~
k
ANTIBES *%
-CANNES
OFJA
CAP
CANNES
6;1 FF Df
11IVAPOLLE
FS AT L
N-O
t
HFIGHTS IN FEET
F, gi'ri
-.
.
p
1:= he
P'cr-t
cf C~anres.
%,
AN I It
The inner harbor accommodate only
16 ft
protected
deep
draft
(4.9 m), on
Lauboeuf
vessels
small
since
and
that extends from
southeastward
on the western side of
is
The harbor
the south by a long breakwater (351 m)
cannot
it is dredged to
1985).
(FICEURLANT,
approximately 1,150 ft Max
at Cannes is
the harbor.
Quai
A 575 ft
(175 m)
long breakwater projects southwestward from Jet~e
Albert
Edouard
on the eastern
side of the harbor.
breakwaters have mooring facilities on the The
harbor entrance
is about 345 ft
inner
(105 m)
Both sides.
wide west of
the southern end of the breakwater on the eastern side of the harbor, and has a depth ships utilize the several breakwater
ft
(6.7 m).
U.S.
anchorages located outside
Navy the
which have space enough to accommodate 4 or
DD/FF size ships. breakwater,
of 22
and
A Fleet Landing is
only
a
anchorages by motor whale boat.
3-3
is located inside
10-minute
ride
from
5
the the
CANNES SCALE IN FEET 1000
0500
Gare Martime SPort Captain
Figure
Fort
3-4
of
Cannes.
3.2
Qualitative Evaluation of the Port of Cannes
protected from
The inner harbor at Cannes is well most waves, produce
create dangerous conditions in the
which
waves
twice
or
once
Such events occur only
inner harbor.
can
winds
east-southeasterly
to
but east
a
year but can cause cancellation of all boat traffic. may
The anchorages
be
(FICEURLANT, 1985):
direction of the wind as follows
Located
No. 1 - 43032.1'N 07°01*E.
approximately
0.5 n mi south of the end of the southernmost
breakwater Best
in the northeast portion of Golfe de la Napoule.
(Hydrographer of the
provides good holding
in
The bottom is mud and
northeast winds.
or
east,
calm,
the
on
depending
used
Navy,
1965).
Large aircraft carriers have used this anchorage. No. Ile Ste.
Situated north of
- 43°31.8'N 07°03.5'E.
port
Marguerite in the sout, estern
Best
Juan.
2
in
southeast,
mud
Holding is moderately good on a bottom of (Hydrographer of
sand
the Navy.
in
Croisette
la
effects.
Bottom
muddy
Located east of Cap
the western portion
Best in northwest winds.
or
1965).
No. 3 - 43*32.3°N 07°03.3'E. de
Golfe
southwest winds.
or
south,
of
Mistral
avoid
to
May be used
of Golfe Juan.
type and holding properties are similar
to anchorage No. 2. The call,
wind
directions
making it advisable to shift
The shift takes about
3.3
change
may
1 hour
during a port
anchorage
location.
(FICEURLANT, i985).
Currents and Tides
Currents
at
Cannes
are
negligible.
constant with very little fluctuation; about (0.4 m)
7
inches
(18
cm).
(FICEURLANT, 1985).
3-5
Mean
tide
Tides are
the range is only level
is
1.3 ft
3.4
Visibility
is
Visibility
Normally, there is
(13 to 16 km).
averaging 8 to 10 n mi
and evening.
a light haze in morning
3.5
not a problem at Cannes,
usually
Hazardous Conditions
The inner harbor at the Port of Cannes has little to
exposure
most
by
affected
strongly
the
of
confines
conditions,
wave
outside
are
'arbor,
is
affected by
vulnerable to some
each
others.
the harbor,
characteristics
storms
rare,
fully
with
observed on at least
on be
having
developed
On
latter
the
occasion
Cagliari,
were
kt
Sardinia
probability of such
been
storm
the
(on the southeast along
of Genoa.
and into the Gulf
east coast of Sardiniet, 100
have
eyes
through the straits of Sicily,
Tunisia),
of
cyclone
1969, 22-28 January 1982, and 26-
northwest from the Gulf of Gabes
coast of
tropical
three occasions in the Mediterranean
23-26 September
30 September 1983.
Winds
the
may
although strong winds and high seas
Although
Basin:
of
configuration
The
just to the west.
observed
the
winds.
Mistral
eastern limit of the area
the
landmass minimizes the impact of the Mistral
adjacent
moved
near
located
three
protective
the
conditions while being relatively protected from Cannes
is
but
The
events.
speci-ic located
which are
anchorages,
and
wind
observed
reported
near
the
eye
While the
winds of 60 kt.
a storm striking
Cannes
while
is
remote,
the meteorologist must be aware of the possibility. Weather VHF channels 16
forecasts
for Cannes are transmitted on
(primary) and
A seasonal
12
(secondary).
summary of various known environmental
hazards that may be encountered in follows.
3-6
the
Port
of
Cannes
Winter
A.
(November through February) in many
similar
is
Cannes
at
weather
Winter
respects to that experienced in other parts of the French with precipita-
is the rule,
Unsettled weather
Riviera.
although gale force
tion and gusty winds common,
(134 kt)
winds are rare.
the
(Shaver, Strait
the
High
Gibraltar or form north of the Atlas Mountains.
and thunderstorms may accompany
winds, rough seas, rain, the
or the Ligurian Sea
Lion
of
Such depressions may pass through
undated). of
Gulf
south
the
low pressure systems moving from
is caused by toward
at the Port of Cannes
most hazardous weather
The
18 to 24 hours.
the system and last for
of
passage
1 would provide
harbor
may
be
The
the best protection.
affected
by
east
to
in which case anchor-
northeast winds to the anchorages, age no.
bring
can
Low centers passing south of Cannes
inner with
winds/waves
strong
easterly components. Winds at Cannes generally parallel
caused by lows forming
(most often northeasterly) are
in the Gulf of Genoa or lows
is
but strong Mistral
affected by the Mistral, only a mile or
so to the west
a
of the area winds
White
valley.
river
blow likely
undated),
(Shaver,
the result of wind flow through caps
edge
eastern
the
near
that
(Shaver, undated).
have moved into the Ligurian Sea Cannes
and
Most of the winds
are most often northeast or southwest. with a northerly component
the coast,
on rough seas can be observed in open water outside
winds,
the
northwest). Mistral
Cannes
When
harbor.
Cannes'
does
gradient is usually north to northeast
(vice
The wind direction at Cannes resulting
from
flow could vary from west
Directory prevailing
Mistral
experience
for
(FICEURLANT,
Cannes
winter
to northeast.
winds
are
1985)
between
The Port
states
that
westerly
and
northerly, with the northwesterly Mistral being strong at times.
Anchorage no.
3 would be the preferred anchorage
during a Mistral. Low pressure systems moving into the Ligurian Sea or across Corsica into Italy generate a 3-7
southerly
(160*
to
enough easterly component the swell
persist
and
could enter the inner
height may reach 8 to 10 ft
Swell
harbor.
for
2
or
days.
3
According
the harbor is that by the time the swell
than the swell swell
angles
to
3 m) Shaver
to
winds
arrives,
area are usually from a different direction
the iocal
the
(2.5
"The biggest problem with swell waves entering
(undated),
in
and with
affects the anchorages,
that
swell
220*)
is
(say 45* to 90°).
frequently
causes
the ships at anchor at critical
approach
to
This
approaching.
"
The preferred
anchorage
would
on the existing and forecast wind direction,
depend
anchorages 2 or 3 would
but
likely afford the best protection
from southerly waves. Precipitation is common during winter in association with transient low pressure systems Snow
is
uncommon,
fell
during
Antibes,
a
24-hour
16 inches
Temperatures often
approximately in
period
fronts.
10 inches
(25 cm)
one
community approximately 6 mi
a
had almost
but
and/or
(40 cm) fall are
recent
east of Cannes,
in February 1956.
moderate
during
below the freezing point.
decreasing
temperatures coincide with
not
If the cold a
such
as
"Lombarde,"
wind
chill
(temperature combined with wind) can be very cold.
Table
called
wind
3-1 can be used temperature
to
the
determine
strong
winter,
wind,
northeast
a
year.
wind
chill
for
various
and wind combinations.
Wind Chill. The cooling power of the wind Table 3-1. expressed as "Equivalent Chill Temperature" (adapted from Kotsch, 1983).
Wind Speed Knots Calm
MPH Calm
3-6 7-10 11-15 16-19 20-23 24-28 29-32 33-36
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Cooling Power of Wind expressed as "Equivalent Chill Temperature" Temperature (°F) 25 20 15 10 5 0 40 35 30 -Equivalent Chill Temperature 15 10 5 0 -5 35 30 25 20 30 20 15 10 5 0 -10 -15 -20 25 15 10 0 -5 -10 -20 -25 -30 20 10 5 0 -10 -15 -25 -30 -35 15 10 0 -5 -15 -20 -30 -35 -45 5 0 -10 -20 -25 -30 -40 -50 10 -5 -10 -20 -30 -35 -40 -50 10 5 10 0 -5 -15 -20 -30 -35 -45 -55 3-8
B.
(March through May)
Spring
spring
weather
winter-type
weather
experiences
area
Cannes
The
stormy
characterized by periods of
alternating with false starts of more settled summer-type weather
1980).
(Brody and Nestor,
transit the
to
continue
systems
pressure
Low
season
but do so with decreasing frequency as the
area,
transiting depressions bring associated
The
progresses.
causing difficulties in those
winds and waves to Cannes,
anchorages with insufficient protection. Mistral events still
occur, but become weaker and
after March,
and rare by the end of May.
frequent
less
Precipitation in association with
pressure
after which amount and
is common through April,
systems
low
passing
warm
Temperatures
frequency show significant decreases. appreciably throughout the season. Summer
C. The
(June throuah September) storm track moves north of the
extratropical
most
season.
summer
the
Basin
Consequently,
extratropical cyclones and associated wind
and
are
weather
inclement
not
relatively
Instead,
Cannes.
for
of
Mediterranean
observed
commonly
weather
settled
warm,
at
prevails. winds can vary from easterly to westerly,
Summer with
occasional
take to the anchorages from
these
directions,
are it
small boat operations until Local
afforded may
protection
little
be necessary to secure
the winds and
swells
authorities state that a southwest swell
during summer in association with occurs
boats must
Because the routes small
1985).
(FICEURLANT,
occurring
winds
southerly
strong
during
mid-afternoon at
a
Ponant
force 4 or 5
Due to the daily occurrence of the wind,
abate.
is common
wind
which
(11-21 kt).
it is likely the
Ponant wind is a sea breeze. Precipitation is at a minimum for the year during summer,
increasing after August.
3-9
D.
Autumn
As is Riviera,
(October)
the
the
case
Cannes
for
area
the
rest
of
experiences
a
season that usually lasts for the month is
characterized
weather storm
(Brady track
by
an
and
Nestor,
returns
northern Europe,
abrupt
to
the
French
short autumn
of
change
1980).
the
October.
It
to winter-type
The .extratropical
Mediterranean
allowing eastward-moving
Basin from
extratropical
storms to once again transit the area and bring unsettled weather month,
to
Cannes.
Temperatures
but wind chill
decrease
is not normally
a
during
problem
the until
winter.
3.6
Harbor Protection
The effects
inner harbor at Cannes is protected from the
of
most
wind
and
wave
conditions,
vulnerable
to
anchorages,
which are located outside the inner
are
each
those
protected
from
from
certain
each of the potential
directions.
is The
harbor,
or vulnerable to winds and/or
waves from a wide range of directions.
3.6.1
but
A description
of
situations follows.
Wind and Weather
As is the case with most ports, wind alone causes only
minor
difficulty in the Port of Cannes.
It is the
associated wave energy that causes the biggest
problems.
Small
boats moored
in the inner harbor should experience
no problems from wind if well
fendered.
they are adequately secured
Vessels
in
and
the various anchorages also
should not experience major problems from the wind alone. But by using an anchorage that is protected from a wind wave
direction, conditions.
they
can The
recommended.
3-10
given
usually also avoid the worst following
anchorages
are
Anchorage no. 1 - Use if calm or strong east to northeast winds are occurring or forecast. Anchorage no. 2 - Use if strong southeast, south,
or southwest winds are occurring or forecast. Anchorage no. 3 - Use if strong west or northwest winds are occurring or forecast.
(1985) states that since each
FICEURLANT afford
anchorages
little
necessitate the securing of abate.
may
1 hour
a
which
wind and swells change
in
wind The
change in anchorage.
a
necessitate
shift takes about
3.6.2
boating until
As mentioned in section 3.2,
direction
certain
develop
frequently
conditions
summer,
from
protection
the
or occasional strong southerly winds
easterly, westerly, during
of
(FICEURLANT, 1985).
Waves
The inner harbor at Cannes is protected from wave action from
east
directions
east-southeast.
through can
pass
through
create dangerous conditions Past
but is vulnerable to waves
from most directions,
occurrences
of
such
the
for
Waves
situations
those
entrance and
harbor
small
from
boat
operation.
have resulted
in
cancellation of boat runs to/from ships in the anchorage, and necessitated having personnel in the Bare Maritime Anchorage no.
on
liberty sleep ashore
(Marine Station) at the harbor. 1 is exposed
to
the
waves from the south quadrant, but is well any
vide nent,
limited
protection
of
protected from
waves from west through east-northeast.
tories of Cap D°Antibes and Pointe de la
effects
The promon-
Croisette
pro-
from waves with an east compo-
but some wave energy could reach the anchorage
by
passing through the narrow and relatively shallow passage between Pointe de la Croisette and 3-11
Ile Ste.
Marguerite.
Anchorage no.
2 is afforded good protection fron
waves with a southerly component by Ile Ste.
Marguerite.
It is exposed to waves with a northeastly component. Anchorage
no.
3
affords
vessels during Mistral events, strong south components.
It
good
protection
and also from waves
to with
is exposed to waves from the
east quadrant. See
section
3.6.1
regarding the desirability of
shifting anchorage positions or securing boating.
3.7
Protective and Mitigating Measures
3.7.1
Movinq to New AnchoraQe
As discussed in sections 3.2 and 3.6.1, from
one
a
shift
anchorage to another may be required due to an
existing or forecast change in wind or
wave
The
provide
three
protection
anchorages
combine
to
directions. adequate
in most wind/wave situations, so a sortie to a
different port would likely not
be
prolonged
weather
spell
of
hazardous
necessary
unless
conditions
a are
forecast for Cannes.
3.7.2
Scheduling
During common,
summer,
small
boat
times that will Where will
when
the
operations
minimize the chop
possible,
runs
made
sea should
breeze
is
most
be scheduled at
raised
by
the
wind.
before noon or after sunset
avoid the worst effects.
In most instances however,
the sea breeze should not be of
sufficient
strength
to
pose any significant hazard to personnel or craft.
3.8
Local
Indicators of Hazardous Weather
Conditions
The following guidelines have been extracted from various necessary
sources to
and are intended to provide the insight
enable
the
meteorologist
understand the various weather situations that 3-12
to
better
affect the
Mistral
initial
an
during
wind
normally subjected to
area
an
in
not
is
Cannes
Because
Cannes.
of
Port
onset, most of the more technical guidelines for Mistrals a more If from this listing. omitted been have the reader is referred
comprehensive listing is desired, to
3.8 of the port studies for either Marseille
section
or Toulon, France.
3.8.1
Mistral near the eastern edge of the area
is
Cannes
1. only
When
White caps on rough seas
a mile or so to the west.
outside
water
open
can be observed in
the gradient The wind
is usually north to northeast (vice northwest).
northeast
to
west
from
vary
can
harbor.
Cannes
Cannes does experience Mistral winds,
direction at Cannes
blow
winds
but strong Mistral
affected by the Mistral,
(Shaver, undated). Northwesterly Mistral flow is strong at times
2.
at Cannes (FICEURLANT, 1985). which
Conditions
3.
Genoa low are conducive to the Mistral
strong
A
Marseille.
formation of a
the
favor
a
of
start
Mistral
Marseille
at
at
may spread
eastward to the coastal waters near Cannes.
they
at Marseille and Toulon.
observed
be
first
will
Alongshore pressure gradient is important
pressure to
will
Mistral
Toulon
between
west)
the
in
predicting
a 10 mb difference exists (higher
When
extent.
Mistral
area,
For Mistral winds to affect the Cannes
4.
With
eastward.
spread
and
Nice,
only
a
the 2 mb
difference between Marseille and Toulon, the Mistral will cease near Toulon. 5. (or
more)
achieved: 3 mb;
or
The Mistral will start at Marseille when of
three
surface
pressure
Perpignan-Marseille, Perpignan-Nice,
6 mb.
3 mb; A
differences
difference
(Brody and Nestor, 1980).
3-13
is
Marseille-Nice,
occurs from 0 to 24 hr after a closed Genoa low but can occur earlier
one
usually appears,
6.
Eastward
from Iles d'Hyres there is a rapid
decrease in the frequency and in the average force of
the
Mistral.
but
It blows at times
because
of its reduced
all
along
of
the
coast
frequency and intensity it is not
the same threat as around the RhOne climate
this
French
Riviera
delta..
The
benefits
from
sheltered from the most intense form of Mistral experienced
farther
west
(Hydrographer
general being
whi'h
of
the
is
Navy,
1965). 7. downwind
The eastern boundary of the from
Remo, Italy
3.8.2
the
Mistral
extends
western edge of the Alps through San
(Brody and Nestor,
1960).
Non-Mistral
1. the
The early stages of lee cyclogenesis south of
Alps commonly result in southwesterly 30-40 kt winds
in the region Corsica
between
the
(Brody and Nestor, 2.
The
most
southern
French
coast
1980).
hazardous
weather
at the Port of
Cannes is caused by low pressure systems moving from south
toward
the
(Shaver, undated). Strait of
Gulf
and
of
Lion
or
the
the
Ligurian Sea
Such depressions may pass through the
Gibraltar or form north of the Atlas Mountains.
High winds, accompany
rough the
seas,
passage
rain,
and
thunderstorms
of the system and last for
may 18-24
hours. 3.
Winds at Cannes generally parallel
and are most often northeast or southwest. winds
with a northerly component
that have moved into the Ligurian Sea
Sea
or
°
Corsica
(1600 to 220 ) swell with
enough
hirbor. to
3
easterly
of
the
or
lows
(Shaver, undated). into the Ligurian
into Italy generate a southerly
that
Open sea swell m)
of Genoa
Low pressure systems moving
across
Most
(usually northeasterly)
are caused by lows forming in the Gulf
4.
the coast,
affects
component
the could
anchorages,
enter the inner
height may reach 8 to 10 ft
and persist for 2-3 days. 3-14
and
The swell
(2.5
may arrive
after the wind changes direction, at angles of 45
°
reaching the anchorage
to 90* to the wind and, consequently, to
the longitudinal axis of the anchored vessels, in a rolling motion 5.
3.9
(Shaver, undated).
Weather forecasts for Cannes are
on VHF Channel
16
resulting
(primary) and Channel
12
transmitted
(secondary).
Summary of Problems, Actions, and Indicators
Table seasonal
3-2
is
intended
to
provide easy to use
references for meteorologists on ships using the
Port of Cannes.
Table 2-1
(section 2)
summarizes
Table
3-2 and is intended primarily for use by ship captains.
3-15
This page intentionally left blank
3-16
Table 3-2.
VESSEL LOCATION/ SITUATION AFFECTED Inne, Ha-cr Stongest V Winter ear1 Sprjq an:n Summer k~tumr
. ruje tu..
n-e,
-
Stn.nges v early v.: :ccurs v a':
mcr5 a:. 1
Witer Sp 1 g Lue, Autm
0: e', M
e :'ate.nter ear! ," .r,mmor :, Affler :r : .U"
'*
Potential
problem situations at
POTENTIAL HAZARD
EFFECT - PRECAUTIC
a. E-SE'l windsiwages - Sea and swell pans throu harbor entrance and create worst condic ons ininner harbor. Occurs once or twice per year. May be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms and last 4or 18-24 hours.
a. Waves passing through harbor create choppy, hazardous conditi draft vesse s do not enter inner boats making runs totirom the an
a. E-SEiv winds/waves - Although anchorage is te-est ht e during such condjtcons, some wave energy could ass through the relatively narrow and allow sassage between Pointe de la Croisette and Ile Ste. Marguerite. May be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms and last for 18-24
a. Impact on ancrorec vesse wo to/rom the anchorage wouid be a alternative or this sication. strong winds.
b. S i winds/waves - Produces worst conditons for vessels in this anchorage position. Swell hei ht may reach 8 to 10 ft
b. Anchora e iseyposec to 4uil Ifswe,! an mind directions dif Moving to anchnrage rC -is ec
S2.5 to 1 m) and last for 2 or 3 days, Swell direction may differ from wind direction by 45' to ?0'. c. Mistral windswaves - May not significantly affect this anchorage position ifvessel is far enough northward. otrong Mistral winds often blow only a mile or so to the west, likely the result of funneling through the La Beal and La Siagne Ravines. Wave generation would be minimal due to the lack oi fetch.
3-17
c. Although vessel may rot eype moving to anchorae no. " would aware o4 wind :hi , 4act,:'.
P R
tions at the Port of Cannes, France
PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONSAOU
-
ALL SEASONS
ADVANCE
INDICATORS AND OTHER INFORMATION PONTtLHZR ABOUT POTENTIAL HAZARD
n q through harbor entrance refract/reflect and or, azardous conditions inthe harbor. Since deep ge not enter inner harbor, effect is limited to small s to/+rom the anchorages.
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with a low pressure center south or southwest of the French Riviera can create the wind/waves at Cannes. ay be caused by low pressure systems moving north toward the Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar or forcing north o4 the Atlas Mountains.
e 2ed..-,red vesse: would oe minimal, but small boat runs
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with a low pressure center south or southwest of the French Riviera can create the wind/waves at Cannes. May be caused by low pressure systems moving north toward the Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar or forming north of the Atlas Mountains.
2
:rage woui ne afected, Anchora e no. I is best ',s sjtuat:n. Two anchors may be required in
conditions, - of open-oceanship f significantly, to iull posed in irections may roll. i differ Ieno, 2 s -ecommended.
nL may no' e;er~ence signfiIcant heavy weather,
e no. 3 wAd provice better protection. . 'acto'.
Be
across the Ligurian moving into south systems pressure low early b. May be of the Sea Alpsorcommonly stages of cyclogenesis intocaused Italy.by The Corsica 30-40 kt winds in he reg ion between the south French coast and result Corsica.inSW'Iy Swell waves seldom exceed 10 ft (3e).
c. Aithough the Mistral usually causes only minimal problems in the anchorage, itisprudent to be aware of forthcoming Mistral events. I Conditions which favor the formation of a Genoa low are conducive to the start of a Mistra' at Marseille, and a strong Mistral may spread E to the coastal waters near Cannes. (2) The Mistral will start at Marseille when one of three pressure differences isachieved: Perpignan - Marseille 3 mb; Marseille - Nice, 3 mb, or Perpi nan - Nice, 6 mb. Such differences usually develops within 24 hr after a closed Genoa low appears, but itoccasionally occurs earlier. (3) There isa rapid decrease inthe frequency and average force of the Mistral east of Iles d' Hyres. On many occasions light Elys are reported at Nice when strong NW'lys are blowing at Marseille, (4) For Mistral winds to affect Cannes, they will first be observed at Marseille/Toulon. Alongshore pressure gradient isimportant in predicting Mistral extent. When a 10mb difference ex;sts between Toulon and Nice, the Mistral will spread east. With only a 2 mh difference between Marseille and Toulon, the Mistral will stop near Toulon. (5) The eastern boundary of the Mistral extends downwind from the western edge of the Alps through San Remo, Italy. (6) When fully established the Mistral isusually accompanied by clear skies. However, rain (or, inwinter, rain and/or snow) and violent squalls commonly accompany the cold front which precedes the Mistral.
Table 3-2 POTENTIAL HAZARD
VESSEL
EFFECT - PRECAUT,
LOCATION/SITUATION |. Anchorage no. 2 - N of
a. Easte.
Worst weather
a. Anchorage isexposed to ft
lie gte. Marauer-if@T,
conditions or this anchorage. May be accompanied by rain and/or thunderstorms and last for 18-24 hours.
Moving to anchorage no. I isi
Strongest inlate Winter t early Spring Uncommon inSummer Also occurs inAutumn
b. Mistral windslwaves - Should not seriously affect this position. Winds may be moderate y strong and gusty, but lack of fetch should significantly reduce wave height.
b. Although vessel may not ex moving to anchorage ro. 3 woul factor. aware ofwind chi
4.
a. E-SE'iy winds/wayes
- Worst weather conditions for thsanchorage. May be accompanied by rain and/or thunderstorms and last for 8-24 hours.
a. Anchorage is exposed to fu is ri Moving to anchorage no.
b. S'ly winds/waves - Anchorage position is fairly apr;,well protected from Sly waves but Iave energy may refract around east side of Ile Ste. Marguerite. Open ocean wave height may reach 8-10 4t .:2.5-3 a).
b Although tOe anchorage is energy of Sly waves, moving t( protection.
Strongest in Winter & eariy Spring Also occurs inSummer and Autumn
Archorae noa
-
.e .a roise.te. Strongest v Winter early Spring ..noc,::s i1Sumver
winds/waves
-
ard ALtUIW mncurs sany
inW:nter,
an-d , UnC0mmon inSummer
nCI
able 3-2.
(Continued)
PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONS
INDICATORS AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL HAZARD
exposed to full force of open-ocean conditions. age no. I isrecommended,
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over cen+ra! Europe with a low pressure center south or southwest of the French Riviera can create the wind/waves at Cannes. May be caused by low pressure systems moving north toward the Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar or forming north of the Atlas Mountains,
sel may not experience significant heavy weather, n would pro yi e better protecton. Be
b. Although the Mistral usually causes only minimal problems inthe anchorage, is prudent to be aware of forthcoming Mistral even s, (I) Conditions which favor the formation of a Genoa are conducive to the start of a Pistral at Marseille, and a strong Mistral maylowspread E to the coastal waters near Cannes. (2) The Mistral will start at Marseille when one of three pressure differences isachieved: Perpignan - Marseille 3 mb; Marseille - Nice, 3 mb, or Perpi nan - Nice, t ob. Such differences usually develops within 24 hr after a closed Genoa low appears, but itoccasionally occurs earlier. (3) There isa rapid decrease in the frequency and average force of the Mistral east of lies d' y res. On many occasions light E'lys are reported at Nice when strong NN'Iys are blowing at Marseille. 4) For Mistral winds to affect Cannes, they will first be observed at Marseille/Toulon. Alongshore pressure gradient is important inpredicting Mistral extent. When a 10mb difference exists between Toulon and Nice, the Mistral will spread east. With only a 2 mb difference between Marseille and Toulon, the Mistral will stop near Toulon, (5) The eastern boundary of the Mistral extends downwind from the western edge of the Alps through San Remo, Italy. (6) When fully established the Mistral isusually accompanied by clear skies. However, rain (or, in winter, rain and/or snow) and violent squalls commonly accompany the cold front which precedes the Mistral.
enposed force of open-ocean conditions, aqe oc. 1t,siull recommended,
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with a low pressure center south or southwest of the French Riviera can create the windiwaves at Cannes. May be caused by low pressure systems moving north toward the Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through the Strait of Gibralftr cr forming north of the Atlas Mountains.
fa~tor.
*ce
ADVANCE
anchcae is toprotected of the direct ves anchorageirom no. most 2 would aCford better
b. May be systems moving into the across orsica intocaused Italy.by low The pressure early stages of cyciogenesis southLigurian of the Sea Alps orcommonly result inSW']y 30-40 kt winds in the re ion between the south French coast and Corsica, Swell waves seldom exceed I0ft '3s*.
Table 3-2, LVESSEL TOSI O LOCATION/SITUATION
POTENTIAL HAZARD
EFFECT - PRECAU
a. asterly *:nds/waves - May create difficult conditions for arriving vessels. Anchorage no. I isonly viable position and ' ting to/from inner harbor may not be feasible. Heavy weather may exist on open sea. May be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms and last or 18-24 hours.
a. Utilization of anchorag vessels. OGtbound vessels
Occurs mainly inWinter, Spring, and Autumn =.ncommor inSummer
b S'ly winds/waves - Waves limit anchorage options to positions 2 or 3 with position 2 being favored. Boatin to/lrom inner harbor may not be feasible. eavy weather may exist or open sea, with waves to 8 to l0ft4(2.5 to 3 m).
b. Inbound vessels should unavailable, then no. 3. Ot weather,
Stcngest inlate W:iter & early spring un:mjon lnSummer Alsc occurs inAutumin
c. Mistral winds/waves - While anchorage position no. 3 is well protected and no. l and no. 2 are only moderately affected oy Mistral winds, inbound and outbound units will experience heavy weather at sea once the lee of the land isnot a factor.
c. Inbound vessels should vessels should prepare ;or +actor.
5. Arri'invdepartinr Strongest ii Winter & Spri ng Also occurs !n Summe? an A mtu~r
3-21
Table 3-2.
(Continued)
T - PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONS TABOUT
ADVANCE INDICATORS AND OTHER INFORMATION POTENTIAL HAZARD
ation of anchorage no. I is recommended for inbound jutbound vessels should F7epare for heavy weather.
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with a low pressure center south or southwest of the French Riviera can create the wind/waves at Cannes. May be caused by low press're systems moving north toward the Ligurian Sea or Gulf of Lion after passing through the Strait of Gibraltar or forming north of the Atlas Mountains.
d vessels should opt for anchorage at no. 2.1f 2 is e,then no. 3. Outbound vessels should prepare for heavy
b. May be caused by low pressure systems moving into the Ligurian Sea or across Corsica into Italy, The early stages of cyclogenesis south of the Alps commonly result inSWi y 30-40 kt winds inthe region between the south French coast and Corsica. Swell waves seldom exceed 10 ft (3a).
r
we
vessels should utilize anchorage 5o. 3. Outbound ui orepare for heavy weather. Be aware of wind chill
I
c. Although the Mistral usually causes only minimal problems inthe anchorage, it isprudent to be aware of forthcoming Mistral events, (1) Conditions which favor the formation c! a Genoa low are conducive to the start of a Mistral at Marseille, and a strong Mistral may spread E to tne coastal waters near Cannes. (2) The Mistral will start at Marseille when one of three pressure differences isachieved: Perpignan - Marseille 3 mb; Marseille - Nice, 3 mb, or Perpignan - Nice, 6 mb. Such differences usually develop s within 24 hr after a closed Genoa low appears, but itorcasionally occurs earlier. (3) There isa rapid decrease inthe frequency and average force of the Mistral east of lies d' Hyres. On many occasions light E lys are reported at Nice when strong NW'lys are blowing at Marseille. (4) For Pistral winds to a fect Cannes, they will first be observed at Marseille/Toulon. Alongshore pressure gradient isimportant inpredicting Mistral exte t When a 10 mb difference exists between Toulon and Nice, the Mistral will spread east. With only a 2 mb difference between Marseille and Toulon, the Mistral will stop near Toulon. (5) The eastern boundary of the Mistral extends downwind from the western edge of the Alps through San Remo, Italy. (6) When fully established the Mistral is usually accompanied by clear skies. However, rain (or, in winter, rain and/or snow) and violent squalls commonly accompany the cold front which precedes the Mistral.
____________________________________II____ii__---__________
Table VESSEL LOCATION/SITUATION 6. Small boats Strongest in Winter & early Spring Also occurs inSummer and Autumn Occurs mainly inWinter, Spring, and Autumn Uncommon inSummer
Strongest inlate Winter & early Spring Uncommon in Summer Also occurs in Autumn
Uncommon in Winter Most common inSummer Also occurs inAutumn and Spring
POTENTIAL HAZARD
EFFECT
-
PREE
a. E-SE'ly winds/waves - Worst weather tr small coats in/out of inner situation harbor. Waves pass through harbor entrance and create dangerous operating conditions. May be accompanied by rain and thunderstorms and last for 18-24 hours.
a Dangerous operating boat operation. Boatin, dangerous situation devi
b. S'ly winds/waves - Makes small boat operation between the inner harbor and anchorages hazardous ifnot impossible due to exposed water areas outside harbor entrance. Open ocean waves may reach 8-10 ft (2.5-3 m),
b, While :nner harbor outside the harbor entri anchoraqes.
c. Mistral winds/waves - Could raise a dangerous chop ifwind direction has a direction which provides adequate fetch.
c. Small boat operation unaffected, bct runs to/ the ind hzs - strong W 3 could be hazardous if anchorage no, iwould be
d. Sea breeze - Not a major problem, but may impact boat runs to/from the anchorages during afternoon hours.
d. Waves raised by the m anchorages 'rc:mfortable be minisi:e. by making ru the aiternocn.
Table 3-2.
(Continued)
CT - PRECAUTIONARY/EVASIVE ACTIONS
la
ADVANCE
INDICATORS AND OTHER INFORMATION ABOUT POTENTIAL HAZARD
erous operating conditions inside harbor may preclude safe ration.' Boating should be cancelled if a potentially s situation develops.
a. A strong or strengthening high pressure cell over central Europe with a low pressure center S or 5W of the French Riviera can create the wind/waves at Cannes. May be caused by low pressure systems moving N toward the Ligurian Sea or Guif of Lion after passing through the Strait f Gibraltar or forming N of the Atlas Mountains.
;nner artor operations should remain safe, conditions te harbor entrance may preclude runs to/from the
b. May be caused by low pressure systems moving into the Ligurian Sea or across Corsica into Italy. The early stages of cyciogenesis S of the Alps commonly result in SW Iy 30-40 kt winds inthe region between the S French coast and Corsica, Swell waves seldom exceed 10 ft (3m).
boat operation near the lee shore should remain largely ifc eo, but rons to/from the anchorages could be jeopardized if I has a t-ng Wto NW component. Runs to anchorages 2 and e. te hazardous ifthe wind direction .sN to NE, while no. I wouid be largely unaffected,
Alhugh the Mistral usually causes only minimal problems in the anchorage, to be aware of forthcoming Mistral events. (I) Conditions which favor the formation of a Genoa low are conducive to the start of a Mistral at Marseille, and a strong Mistral may spread E to the coastal waters near Cannes. (2) The Mistral will start at Marseille when one of three pressure differences isachieved: Perpignan - Marseille 3 mb; Marseille - Nice, 3 mb, ur Perpignan - Nice, 6 mb. Such differences usually develops within 24 hr after a closed Genoa low appears, but itoccasionally occurs earlier. (3) There isa rapid decrease in the frequency and average force of the Mistral east of Iles d' Hyres. On many occasions light Elys are reported at Nice when strong NW'lys are blowing at Marseille, (4) For Mistral winds to affect Cannes, they will first be observed at Marseille/Toulon. Alongshore pressure gradient isimportant inpredicting Mistral exten:. When a 10 mb difference exists between Toulon and Nice, the Mistral will spread east. With only a 2 mb difference between Marseille and Toulon, the M;stral will stop near Toulon. (5) The eastern boundary of the Mistral extends downwind from the western edge ofthe Alps through San Remo, Italy. (6) When fully established the Mistral isusually accompanied by clear skies. However, rain (or, in winter, rain and/or snow) and violent squalls commonly accompany the cold front which precedes the Mistral.
de raised cy te wind could make boating totfrom the M s uncooicrtable outside the harbor en rance. Effect could zed by maaing runs inmorning or evening instead of during noon.
d. Occurs on warm days, reaching force 4 or 5 (11-16 or 17-21 kt) from the SW at 1400-1500L,
it isprudent
REFERENCES
Brody,
L.
R.
and
M.
Aids
Forecasting
for
NAVENVPREDRSCHFAC Environmental
J.
R.
Nestor,
the
Technical
1980:
Regional
Mediterranean
Basin,
Report
TR
80-10.
Naval
Prediction Research Facility, Monterey,
CA
93941.
Hydrographer Volume
of
Navy,
the
Mediterranean Pilot,
1965:
of
the
Navy,
for the Mariner,
Third
Published by the Hydrographer
II.
London, England.
Kotsch,
W.
Edition.
J.,
Naval
Meteorological Mediterranean. 391.
Weather
1983:
Institute Press, Annapolis, MD.
1962:
Office, Volume
Published
by
I,
in
Weather
Met.
General Meteorology.
Her
Majesty's
the
Stationery
0.
Office,
London, England.
Shaver,
D.
W.,
Mediterranean.
Undated:
Comments
Unpublished
Environmental Prediction
on
Weather
in the Naval
manuscript.
Research Facility,
Monterey, CA
Fleet
Intelligence
93941.
FICEURLANT,
1985:
Port
Directory.
Center Europe and Atlantic, Norfolk, VA.
PORT VISIT INFORMATION
NEPRF meteorologists R.
JUNE
1986.
met
with Port Captain Mr.
Fett and
Picard
Levitre to obtain much of the
information used in this port evaluation.
3-25
R.
APPENDIX A
Purpose Oceanographic Information
General
This section provides general
wave climatology as used in this study.
and
forecasting
The forecasting material in
material H.O.
Pub.
Methods for Observing and
(A.3)
is based on the JONSWAP model.
The
1973.
JONSWAP
for
an
activity is minimal
enclosed
is sea
onset
and the
where waves are fetch al.,
model
wind events occur rapidly
forced
conditions
was
This model
measurements of wind wave growth over
appropriate
1976).
the North Sea
where and
(A.4)
developed
more
considered residual
end
(Thornton,
limited and growing
Enclosed sea,
winds, and fetch the
wave
wave conditions within the fetch region
and
from
and James,
Neumann,
(Pierson,
Waves
The
specific.
and A.2 was extracted from
A.1
The information on fully arisen
1955).
in
harbor
not
603, Practical
Ocean
Forecasting
is
paragraphs No.
information on wave
of
wave
locally
1986),
and
(Hasselmann, et local
rapid onset/subsiding
limited waves are more representative of
Mediterranean waves and winds than the conditions of which
the North Atlantic from Pierson 1966).
and Moskowitz The P-M model
data
(P-M) Spectra refined
the
was
used
for
the
(Neumann and Pierson original
spectra
of
H.O. 603, which over developed wave heights. The
primary
difference
in
the
results
of
the
JONSWAP and P-M models is that it takes the JONSWAP model longer to reach a given height or fully In
part
this
conditions.
the
reflects
Because
the
developed
different
propagation
starting of
waves
seas. wave from
surrounding areas into semi-enclosed seas, bays, harbors, etc.
is
limited,
there
following periods of surface is nearly growth
is
is little residual
wave action
locally light/calm winds and the sea
flat.
A
local
wind
developed
wave
therefore slower than wave growth in the open
ocean where some residual
A-1
wave action is generally always
present.
This slower
wave development is a built in bias
in the formulation of data collected
in an
the JONSWAP model
which
is based on
enclosed see.
De+initionE
Wavec: called
"SEA-".
ating
area
period, timple
are
known
pattern
inAeases.
hundred
miles
ondi tion that
as
'SWELL".
An
as
both
The
waves.
the reciprocal
The
(f =
the FETCH, and the length of
length,
velocity of of
small
it stops. wind
to
SEA
or
the
BETWEEN
of
l/T) therefore
the
two
The FREQUENCY is
wind
as
the
Waves result to
the
sea
the wind blows is known as
waves
the duration,
There is a
continuous
(height,
fetch,
and
generation
short waves from the time the wind starts until With continual the
sea
transfer
of
energy
from
range
of
the
surface the waves grow with the older
waves leading the growth and spreading the energy over greater
the
time that the wind has blown
depend on
the wind.
IN-
heights
The characteristics of
and period)
defi-
because its fetches
the frequency decreases.
area over which
is the DURATION.
a
is a
and distances between,
from the transfer of energy from surface.
area and
of the above
on the sea surface.
of the period
increases
for
PERIOD and WAVE LENGTH refer to
the time between passage of, crests
a
"SIGNIFICANT WAVE HEIGHT"
is defined as the average value of
successive
approaches
outside the generating
prevail.
one-third highest
the gener-
in-between state exists
reflezts parts of
will
of
winds are
its dista-ce from the gener-
sea expanses are limited,
conditions
period
swell
In the Mediterranean area,
and open
local
Seas are chaotic in
and direction while
sine wavE
nitions.
are being generated by
Waves that have traveled out
height
ating area few
that
frequencies.
Throughout
the
cycle a SPECTRUM of ocean waves is being developed.
A-2
a
growth
Wave Spectrum
Wave of
their
range of
s pectrum of
characteristics are best described by means
ano
frequencies
the shape of
the waves covers
directions
a
kknown
range
of
range
If
the
or
the spectrum
covers
directions
(long
The wave spectrum
and on
speed
given state of of
frequencies
concentrated. significant lower
where
frequencies
energy
wind speed
most
of
As the wind speed
frequencies
maximum
a given wind
wave development, each
(longer is
total
increases the more
periods).
given in
the feth, and
a
spectrum has a band
the
extends
narrow crested
of
At
SEA
a
depends on the duration of the wind, length velocity.
and
conditions),
SWELL conditions prevail.
the wind
their
frequencies
spectrum
and
If
of
short-crested
frequencies
conditions),
directions
the spectrum.
wide
as
conditions prevail.
and
and The
equation
1.1
energy
is
range
of
more toward frequency
of
where v is the
in knots.
f7,.
=
2.476
(1.1)
v
The wave energy, increases
being a
rapidly
as
function
the
maximum energy band shifts results
in
the
new
spectrum
as
well
small
waves.
low
off and
masked by the high that
5%
of
frequencies
the can
smaller
significant
rapidly,
be
the
in
(higher energy
As larger waves attention
to
waves
are
and therefore also The
frequencies and 3% and
This
(high period) end
frequencies.
cut-off
A-3
the
longest
extremely flat,
upper
waves
pay less and less
energy
squared,
frequencies.
At the low frequency
the energy drops relatively
lower
to the observer.
develop an observer will the
to
less
as
height
wind speed increases and the
developing
frequencies) becoming
of
only
the
result
is
of the lower remaining
frequencies
are
considered
or
arisen sea.
For
average
periods
period
from equation
"significant part of
The resulting range
the wave spectrum". frequencies
as the
a
are
fully
used
in
arisen
significant
defining a fully
sea
the
approximate
for a given wind speed can be determined
(1.2).
T = 0.285v Where v is wind The
seconds.
(1.2)
speed
in
knots
L = 3.41
L
and
T
is
period
approximate average wave length
arisen sea is given by equation
Where
of
in
in a fully
(1.3).
T2
(1.3)
is average wave length in feet and T is average
period in seconds.
The approximate average wave length of can
a fully arisen sea
also be expressed as: L = .67"L"
where "L"
(1.4)
= 5.12T,
the wave length for the classic sine
wave.
A.3
Fully Arisen Sea Conditions
For each wind speed there are mi)
and duration
sea to exist. values for wave
height,
Table A-1
of
and wave
developing
and
fetch
(n
(hr) values required for a fuliy arisen
selected wind
(average
minimum
the length
lists minimum fetch and duration speeds,
values
highest
1/3
of
the
from a flat sea.
A-4
waves)
average
fully arisen seas.
time assumes a start
0f
The
significant period and wave
during
minimum duration
When pre-existing
lower
waves
be shorter.
exist
the time to fetch limited height will
Therefore the taole duration time represents
the maximum duration required.
Table A-1. Fully Arisen Deep on the JONSWAF Model.
Wind Speed (kt) 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Minimum Fetch/Duration (n mi) (hrs) 28 / 55 / 110/ 160 / 210 / 310 / 410 /
4 6 8 11 13 15 17
Water Sea Conditions
Sig Wave (H1/3) Period/Height (sec) (ft) 4 6 8 9 11 13 15
/ / / / / / /
2 4 8 12 16 22 30
Based
Wave Length (ft)'-2 Developing/Fully /Arisen L X (.5) /L X (.67) 41 / 55 92 / 123 164 / 220 208 / 278 310 / 415 433 / 580 576 / 772
NOTES: Depths throughout fetch and travel zone must be greater than 1/2 the wave length, otherwise shoaling and refraction take place and the deep water characteristics of waves are modified.
For the classic sine wave the wave length (L) equals 5.12 times the period (T) squared (L = 5.12TI). As waves develop and mature to fully developed waves and then propagate out of the fetch area as swell their wave lengths approach the classic sine wave length. Therefore the wave lengths of developing waves are less than those of fully developed waves which in turn are less than the length of the resulting swell. The factor of .5 (developing) and .67 (fully developed) reflect this relationship.
A-5
A.4
Within
Wave Conditions
produced
Waves
In harbors
SEA.
hazardous within
conditions
limited. upper
This
implies
velocity.
Significant
and
height
reaLhes
its
the wind
Table height
for
upper
fetch A-2
of
length
speed
in
(assuming
and
information
wind
period
speed
in
Once
limits.
wind
also
and
locally
or
no
further
a
be
a'.d fetch
determined
for
each
wind
direction
will
with fetch
growth
a
new
set
limited will
sea
occur
increases.
duration
is
are
new wave group
a
iimits
given
limits
conditions)
changes
A-2 provides
The
lengths.
height
period
upper
there
create
short
will
wind waves
local
as
Generally
be
will
to
may
waves
operations.
lengths
that
are referred
wind
certain
of
wave
in generation
result
unless
of
winos
or
sea
fetch
growth
limits
local
for
the
there;ore
o-f
the
harbors
by
local
the
Region
TheFetch
limits
upper speeds hours a
provided speed.
over
some
required
start for
of
from each
period
selected
to calm
reach and
and fetch these
flat
combination
Some possible uses
of
sea of
Table
are:
in the area are locally the Table can be used limit of sea conditions given wind speeds and
1)
If the only waves generated wind waves, to forecast the upper for combinations of fetch length.
2)
If deep water swell is influencing the local locally generated wind area in addition to used to waves, then the Table can be that will combine determine the wind waves water swell with the swell. Shallow conditions are influenced by local bathymetry be and shoaling) and will (refraction addressed in each specific harbor study.
3)
Given a wind soeed over a known fe-ch length conditions and the maximum significant wave reach this condition can be needed to time determined.
A-6
and Time Fetch Limited Wind Wave Conditions Table A-2. Required to Reach These Limits (Based on JONSWAP Model). Enter the table with wind speed and fetch length to deand time termine the significant wave height and period, these limiting reach duration needed for wind waves to factors. All of the fetch/speed combinations are fetch limited except the 100 n mi fetch and 18 kt speed. Format:
Fetch \ Wind Speed 18 Length \ (n mi) _ 10
height (feet)xperiod (seconds) duration required (hours)
(kt) 30
24
2/3-4
3/4-5 _3_
'
42
3/3-4
3-4/4
4/4-5
5/5
4/4-5
5/5
6/5-6
7/5-6
2-2
1-2 ?0
36
3-4
_3____2-____
3-4/5 3
5/5-6 4
40
4-5/5-6 4-5
100
5/6-71 5-6
1-2 3______
6/6 3-4
7/6 3-4
8/6-7 3
5/6 4
6-7/6-7 4
8/7 4
9-10/7-8 3-4
9/8 8
11/9 7
18 kt winds are not fetch limited over
: :
13/9 7
15-16/9-10: 7
a 100 n mi
fetch.
An example of expected wave conditions based on Table A-2 follows: WIND FORECAST OR CONDITION An offshore wind of n mi
about 24
(ship is 20 n mi
kt with a fetch limit
from the coast)
of
20
is forecast or has
been occurring. SEA FORECAST OR CONDITION From Table A-2:
If
the wind condition
last, or has been occurring, for
at least 3 hours:
Expect sea conditions of 4 feet period
to
is forecast to
develop or exist.
at If
4-5
the condition
lasts less than 3 hours the seas will If
the condition lasts beyond 3 hours
will
not grow beyond
second
be lower. the
sea
that developed at the end
of about 3 hours unless there is an increase in wind speed or a change in results in a longer fetch.
A-7
the
direction
that
A.5
Wave Climatology
The wave climatology used in these harbor studies is
based
on
11 years of Mediterranean SOWM output.
MED-SOWM is discussed in Volume Oceanography Manual
Command
(1986).
selected
Numerical
A deep
as
water
conditions outside each
linear
wave
of
the
of
harbor.
the
grid
The
Naval
Products point
deep
was
water
deep
wave
water
waves
into the shallow water areas.
Using
theory and wave refraction computations the
shallow water climatology was derived from deep
U.S.
Environmental
MED-SOWM
representative
were then propagated
II
The
water
wave
conditions.
include the local
is accounted for
periods
less
than
modified
This climatology does not
wind generated seas.
design,
the
This omission, by
by removing all wave
data
6 seconds in the climatology.
shorter period waves are typically dominated
by
for These
locally
generated wind waves.
A.6
Propagation of Deep Water Swell
When deep the and
water swell
Into Shallow Water Areas
moves
wave patterns are modified, directions typically
remains
constant.
i.e.,
change,
Several
into
but
changes
shallow
water
the wave heights the
may
wave
period
take place in-
cluding shoaling as the wave feels the ocean bottom, fraction pattern,
as
the
wave
adjusts
sediments,
contours,
interaction
caused by water
and of
friction
with
temperature
shoaling
Consideration
currents, gradients.
refraction the
other
effects factors
resources available for this study and, are
considered
study than
less
in
the refraction
the
with
the
bottom
and
adjustments
In
this
shallow A-8
work,
are considered. are
beyond
the
furthermore, they
significant in the harbors of
this
and shoaling factors.
To determine the conditions waves
to the bathymetry
changing so that the crest becomes more parallel
to the bathymetry
only
crest
re-
water
of
the
deep
water
areas
the
deep
water
conditions
were
operational
and
obtained
MED-SOWM wave model.
harbor/area of charts
first
interest
was
digitized for
from
the
Navy's
The bathymetry for
extracted
from
computer use.
available
Figure A-1
sample plot of bathymetry as used in this project. path refraction/shoaling program combinations
of
deep
water
The selection was based climatology
and
ray
path
(at 2 second intervals)
area
study.
area/harbor. quick
results
specific
A ray
selected
deep
water
wave
Each
study
area
°
concern
of in
Typically
increments) and 5 or
15
to
To reduce this to a manageable
reference,
for
computations.
(at 30
6 periods
This
near
exposure.
are 3 or 4 directions
of
run
is a
wave direction and period. the
harbor
requires a number of there
on
was
the
locations
for
each
24 plots per format
for
within each study
area were selected and the information was summarized and is presented in the specific form.
A-9
harbor
studies
in
tabular
10106
1310
3-11
REFERENCES
Hasselmann, K.
D.,
D.
D.
Ross, P.
Muller, and W.
1976: A parametric wave prediction model. Oceanography, Vol. 6, pp. 208-228.
Neumann, G.,
and W.
J.
Pierson Jr.,
1966:
PhEysical
Oceanoqraphy.
Prentice-Hall,
Pierson,
W.
Neumann, and R.
Practical Waves,
H.
School,
Jr.,
Methods 0.
Thornton, OC 3610,
J.
Pub.
E.
B.,
G.
for
Observing
J.
Sell,
Physical
Principles of
Englewood Cliffs.
W.
James,
1955:
and Forecasting Ocean
No. 603.
1986:
Wlaves and Surf
Unpublished Forecasting.
lecture notes Naval
for
Postgraduate
Monterey, CA.
U.
S.
Naval
Oceanography Command,
1986:
U.
S.
Naval
Oceanography Command
Numerical
Products Manual.
A-11
Vol.
II of
the
Environmental
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