Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications Faculty and Researcher Publications Collection 2004 Semantic Web: Implic...
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Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Faculty and Researcher Publications

Faculty and Researcher Publications Collection

2004

Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability Lacy, Lee W. Paper 04F-SIW-030, Proceedings of the Fall 2004 Simulation Interoperability Workshop, Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization, Orlando, FL http://hdl.handle.net/10945/31177

2004 Fall SIW

Semantic Web: Implications for Modeling and Simulation System Interoperability Paper: 04F-SIW-030 Curtis Blais

2004 Fall SIW

Authors Ø Curtis Blais, NPS MOVES [email protected] Ø Lee Lacy, Dynamics Research Corporation [email protected]

2004 Fall SIW

Outline Ø  Military M&S Challenges Ø  Semantic Web Ø  Ontologies Ø  Applications Ø  Summary

2004 Fall SIW

Military M&S Challenges Ø Interoperability: Capability of a system to automatically provide services to and accept services from other systems to achieve a desired outcome (Draft DoD MSMP) Ø Composability: Capability to select and assemble reusable simulation components in various combinations into software systems to meet user requirements (M. Petty)

2004 Fall SIW

Interoperability LCIM Level 5: Conceptual

Common world-view established

LCIM Level 4: Pragmatic/ Dynamic

Information and its use and applicability are exchanged

LCIM Level 3: Semantic

Data in context (information) is exchanged

LCIM Level 2: Syntactic

Data exchangeable in standard formats

LCIM Level 1: Technical

Physical connectivity established

LCIM Level 0: No Connection

No interoperability intended

LCIM: Levels of Conceptual Interoperability Model; refer to A. Tolk, 04S-SIW-009

2004 Fall SIW

Composability Ø Succinct functional modules/services Ø Fully described capabilities Ø Defined interfaces …key problem is the semantics of the component, not the syntax. Dr. Axel Lehmann, Fall SIW Plenary

+

Desired Capability

=

Distributed Components

Realized Capability

2004 Fall SIW

Semantic Web An extension of the current Web in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation. – Berners-Lee, et. al., 2001 Ø Transforming documents to information (data in context) Ø Enabling automated reasoning Ø Equally accessible to human and software agents

2004 Fall SIW

The Evolving Web Proof, Logic and Ontology Languages

Web of Knowledge Shared terminology Machine-Machine Communication

2010 Resource Description Framework Extensible Markup Language

HTML/HTTP

Self-Describing Documents

Foundation of the Current Web

2000

1990

Based on Berners-Lee, Hendler; Nature, 2001(from Hendler presentation)

2004 Fall SIW

Evolution not Revolution Ø  Semantic web concepts leverage the current web Ø  Current web is an excellent foundation to build upon because it is: –  Interoperable –  Platform-independent –  Scaleable –  Distributed –  Ubiquitous

Tim Berners-Lee

2004 Fall SIW

Semantic Web Stack

Source: I. Herman: Introduction to the Semantic Web, 12 November 2003. http://www.w3.org/2003/Talks/0624-BrusselsSW-IH/26.html

2004 Fall SIW

Extensible Markup Language (XML) Ø  Universal format for structured documents and data on the Web Ø  Meta-language used to define data interchange formats Ø  Open, vendor-neutral, platform-independent standard Ø  Supported by Commercial Off-the-Shelf (COTS) and Government Off-the-Shelf (GOTS) software tools Ø  Companion standards (e.g., XSLT) provide additional features (family of technologies)

Recommendation

2004 Fall SIW

XML Schema Ø  XML Schema specification defines standard datatypes and provides a mechanism for defining new datatypes Ø  Provides a basis for validating XML documents

Recommendation

2004 Fall SIW

Resource Description Framework (RDF) Ø  Used to associate property/value pairs with resources (subject-predicate-object): assertions Ø  Resource is anything identifiable with a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) Ø  Expressed in XML resources

properties

resources

literals

Recommendation

2004 Fall SIW

RDF Schema Ø Adds higher-level descriptive capabilities (e.g., classes and class hierarchies)

Working Draft

2004 Fall SIW

Ontology Ø  Formal specification of a conceptualization – ontologies formally specify domain concepts in shared vocabularies –  Concepts and relations among concepts –  Properties, attributes, values, constraints, rules

Ø Semantic Web provides a standard method for representing ontologies using metadata

Ontology Spectrum Rules & Logic

Inferenc e Engines

Strong semantics Modal Logic First Order Logic

Local Domain Theory

Description Logic DAML+OIL, OWL Unified Modeling Language

Semantic Levels

Conceptual Model RDF/S XTM Extended ER

2004 Fall SIW

Is disjoint subclass of with transitive property

Is subclass of

Thesaurus ER

Has narrower meaning than

Schema

Taxonomy Relational Model

Weak semantics

Is subclassification of Source: Daconta, M. C., Obrst, L. J., and Smith, K. T., The Semantic Web: A Guide to the Future of XML, Web Services, and Knowledge Management, Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, 2003.

2004 Fall SIW

Why Develop an Ontology? Ontologies can assist in: –  Navigating the information space •  Share a common understanding of the structure (McGuinness, 2001)

–  Make domain assumptions explicit •  Communication Semantics (Dale, 2000) •  Impose logic for inferencing •  Multi-level, relative meaning

–  Enable reuse of domain knowledge •  Codifies local expertise •  Transferable form

2004 Fall SIW

Ontology Languages Ø DAML+OIL (http://www.daml.org) –  –  –  – 

Developed by DARPA team of researchers Language based on description logic technology Starting point for W3C Semantic Web initiative Adds additional language features for describing ontologies (e.g., cardinality) –  Builds on RDF(S)

Ø Web Ontology Language – OWL –  –  –  – 

Evolution of DAML+OIL Brings DAML+OIL into W3C processes Minor changes to the language See: http://www.w3.org/2001/sw/WebOnt/

2004 Fall SIW

Application of Semantic Web to Military M&S Ø Data Mapping – transferring information from one data model to another data model (see 04F-SIW-111) Ø Scenario Generation – expressing and populating a scenario for use in M&S for training, analysis, mission planning, rehearsal, etc.

2004 Fall SIW

MOOTW FAST Toolbox Project Ø  Integration of various models, simulations, data bases and computational tools into a deployable package (laptop) for MOOTW mission planning Ø  Current Components: –  –  –  – 

Toolbox Controller Unit Order of Battle Data Access Tool (UOB DAT) Joint Conflict and Tactical Simulation (JCATS) Diplomatic and Military Operations in a Non-warfighting Domain (DIAMOND) –  Interim Static Stability Model (ISSM) –  Canadian Forces Landmine Database (CFLD) –  XPOD Manipulation Tool (XMT)

2004 Fall SIW

Extending Unit Data Interchange JCATS

DIAMOND xsd

xslt

xsd xslt

SAI-FAST-DIF xsd xslt

UOB Data Access Tool

exports

UOB.xml xsd xslt

MAJ Glenn Hodges MOVES Thesis September 2004

C2IEDM xsd

US and Coalition C4ISR

2004 Fall SIW

Data Mapping Ø Extension of property values Ø Enhancement/refinement of property values Key grouping objective of is expression of semantics Ø Different property values to enable software to automatically Ø Extension ofperform propertied concepts and to the mappings data transformations. Ø Differentauto-generate grouping of propertied concepts Ø Extension of associated concepts Ø Enhancements/refinements of associated concepts See 04F-SIW-111

Scenario Generation

2004 Fall SIW

Ø Training Capabilities Analysis of Alternatives (February 2004): –  Scenario generation for training and mission planning is difficult and time-consuming –  No automated scenario generation tools exist

Ø CAPT Jeff Kline, USN NPS Systems Engineering (August 2004): –  “The greatest barrier to the use of modeling and simulation in the 72-hour planning cycle is the time to generate scenarios.”

Scenario Information (RD3*)

2004 Fall SIW

*RD3: Rapid Distributed Database Development

2004 Fall SIW

Automated Scenario Generation Scenario Description (Operations Order) to Populated Scenario Data

Scenario Description

Where

Semantic Discovery and Composition

Who

What When Forms of Expression -C2 Information Exchange Data Model -Battle Management Language -Military Scenario Definition Language

Weather

Maps

Intelligence

Terrain

Scenario Data Behaviors

Forces

Distributed Resources

2004 Fall SIW

Elements of the Problem (1) Ø Description –  Scenario (orders, plans, problem specification, requirements) –  Resources (inferred from scenario description) –  Services (data sources)

à Ontologies: specification of a conceptualization –  –  –  –  –  – 

Classes in the domains of interest Instances Relationships Properties (and property values) Functions and processes Constraints and rules

2004 Fall SIW

Elements of the Problem (2) Ø Dynamic, distributed resources –  Web-based –  New sources, new products

à Web Technologies –  –  –  – 

Open standards Universal Resource Identifier (URI) for identification Extensible Markup Language (XML) for description Web services for communications and distributed processes –  Beyond Web services, strong semantics: logical assertions, classification, formal class models, rules, trust

RD3 Production Process and Strong Semantics

2004 Fall SIW

2004 Fall SIW

QUESTIONS? For more information, contact: Curtis Blais MOVES Institute Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 831-656-3215 [email protected]

2004 Fall SIW

Backup Slides

2004 Fall SIW

Extensible Modeling and Simulation Framework (XMSF)

Ø  A composable set of standards, profiles, and recommended practices for Web-based M&S Ø  Exploit industry investment in Web technologies for military M&S: –  Open standards –  XML-based languages and common ontologies for semantics –  Service-oriented architectures

Ø  Enable a new generation of distributed M&S applications to emerge, develop, interoperate http://www.MovesInstitute.org/xmsf

Web Services How a client talks to a Service provider depends on the WSDL WSDL

Web services

WSDL

registry

UDDI to find an appropriate Web service

XML/SOAP

UDDI

WSDL

SOAP FTP

HTTP

Green pages White pages Yellow pages From: Coyle, F. P., XML, Web Services and the Data Revolution, AddisonWesley, 2002

Web Web services client – uses

2004 Fall SIW

SMTP

Web services provider – uses UDDI to register a Web service within the repository UDDI: Universal Description, Discovery and Integration WSDL: Web Services Description Language SOAP: Simple Object Access Protocol FTP: File Transfer Protocol HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

2004 Fall SIW

Web Services Stack Processes Discovery, Aggregation, Choreography, …

S E C U R IT Y

Descriptions Web Services Descriptions (WSDL)

Messages SOAP Extensions Reliability, Correlation, Transactions, …

SOAP Communications HTTP, SMTP, FTP, JMS, IIOP, … From: World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Web Services Architecture

M A N A G E M E N T

2004 Fall SIW

Semantic Web Services Stack OWL, OWL-S, OWL-Rules

Service Entities, Relations, Rules

RDF/S

Service Instances

BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) Trading Partner Agreement

Service Flow & Composition Service Agreement

UDDI/WS Inspection

Service Discovery (focused & unfocused)

UDDI

Service Publication

WSDL

Service Description

WS Security

Secure Messaging

SOAP

XML Messaging

HTTP, FTP, SMTP, MQ, RMI over IIOP

Transport

OWL, OWL-S, OWL-Rules

Service Entities, Relations, Rules

RDF/S

Service Instances

BPEL4WS (Business Process Execution Language for Web Services) Trading Partner Agreement

2004 Fall SIW

Service Flow & Composition Service Agreement

UDDI/WS Inspection

Service Discovery (focused & unfocused)

UDDI

Service Publication

WSDL

Service Description

WS Security

Secure Messaging

SOAP

XML Messaging

HTTP, FTP, SMTP, MQ, RMI over IIOP

Transport

From: L. Obrst, Ontologies for Semantically Interoperable Systems and C. Bussler, et. al., A Conceptual Architecture for Semantic Web Enables Web Services

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