Self-Organizing and Spatial Planning In a world of change, the spatial environment is considered to be evolving non-linearly and alternating between stable and dynamic periods. If the environment that is subject to change is adaptive, self-organizing, robust en flexible in relation to this change, a process of evolution and co-evolution can be expected. This understanding of an evolving environment is not mainstream to every planner. It is an understanding of reality presented to us by the interdisciplinary debate regarding complexity thinking. Despite a growing amount of publications discussing the importance of complexity thinking to the discipline of spatial planning, there is a great desire to consider how complexity thinking might work „within‟ planning. This call for papers is touching precisely on this issue, trying to push the debate on complexity & planning beyond the metaphor and the analogy. This call focuses on one aspect in particular: self-organization. Selforganization is seen as a mechanism which functions within in a (spatial) system, and is therefore strongly internally driven. It is different from, but linked to the externally oriented mechanism of adaptivity. This call for papers requests the author to take into consideration a clear description of his/her understanding of „self-organization‟, both theoretically and practically. We therefore insist to make use of an exemplary case, to underline the author‟s arguments how self-organization works within spatial planning. We invite you to introduce your paper by sending us an abstract (150 words max) first, after which we will invite you to produce an entire paper ready two weeks before the start of the workshop. 12 to 15 papers will be selected to become part of a book on self-organization and spatial planning, to be publishes in the „new directions in planning theory‟ series by Ashgate Publishers. Prof. Dr. Gert De Roo Chair, AESOP Thematic Group on “Complexity and Planning” University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Keynote address to the AESOP Workshop on Complexity & Planning 29 - 30 of April, Yıldız Technical University, Istanbul

The Role of Planning in Self-Organizing Urban and Regional Systems Prof. Peter Allen In recent years the study of complex systems has shown that emergent structures and functions can occur spontaneously in systems of interacting elements giving rise to new capabilities, features and problems. Different agents and actors in the system and its environment perceive the emergent properties of the system in different ways, and both contribute to and benefit from their good and bad effects in varying ways. These emergent properties and functionalities are not necessarily the result of planning, but planning interventions can either seriously help or hinder their emergence and run counter to or in accord with their benefits. At the very least then, it would be good to be able to anticipate such structural changes in order either to encourage or to oppose them and this requires some kind of „modelling‟ or „representation‟ that can help us imagine such possibilities. And, if we are discussing Self-Organization in urban and regional systems – who or what is the Self? Is it the expression of some collective „good‟ and should therefore always be encouraged, or can it lead to both good and bad outcomes? In fact, the system is composed of different types of individual, with different knowledge and skills, in different locations and this means that there is every chance that a structural change that occurs will be seem as positive by some and negative by others. Who is the „self‟ in selforganization - the system is the „self‟ and the emergence of new structures is the result of a structural instability within it. If the agents within the system are completely ignorant of this possibility then they will simply be swept along with whatever happens, in the way that the advent of the automobile led to vast irreversible changes that were not foreseen. Today our models can help us better imagine and evaluate possibilities and consider possible plans and interventions. It can consider questions such as:

1. The role planning can have in a self-organizing, free market world. Decisions about land-use and investments in infrastructure affect possible futures and require justification and exploration. 2. Complex systems models can help us explore possible futures and look at the pay-offs and trade-offs that different choices may hold for different people in the system. 3. Complex systems models tell us something about how a city may evolve under the influence of the different agents within and without. This enables us to explore what the different possible futures offer and to make plans and choices that take into account what may happen and also what the different responses to the plans and interventions may be. 4. This is often cited in „negative cases‟. For example, we are told that if we tried to cut down on bankers‟ bonuses then they would leave and go elsewhere leaving „us‟ the poorer. This may or may not be true and so we could try to work out what might happen. Similarly, if our plans attempt to create integrated neighbourhoods, will people that can afford to flee them, do so? Similarly, when trying to build public transport such as metros to allow poorer people to get to work easily, will in fact rents and house prices rise in the areas served forcing out the poor? 5. Can we imagine a shift back to local working / living? Can we integrate management and planning for transport, housing, energy, employment and services? These are some of the issues that will be presented and discussed in the lecture.

Program

9th Meeting of AESOP Thematic Group on “Complexity and Planning” “Self-Organizing and Spatial Planning” April 29th – 30th, 2011

PROGRAM

April 29th - Friday 09:45 - 10:15

Welcome and Opening -YTU Faculty of Architecture Building, Alpay Aşkun HallProf. Dr. Murat Soygeniş Dean, Faculty of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Cengiz Chair, Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

10:15 - 10:45

Meeting Framework Prof. Dr. Gert De Roo Chair, AESOP Thematic Group on “Complexity and Planning” University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Dr. Nazire Diker Department of City and Regional Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

10:45 - 13:00

Keynote Speakers Prof. Dr. Peter Allen, “The Role of Planning in Self-Organizing Urban and Regional Systems” Cranfield University, UK

Prof. Dr. Ayşe Nur Ökten, “Self-Organization through the Interaction of Social Relations with Place” Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

Prof. Hüseyin Kaptan Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

13:00 - 14.00

Lunch Break

i

14:00 - 15:45

Presentations Ferdinando Semboloni, “Emergent Strategies and Planning in the Florence Metropolitan Area” University of Florence, Italy

Paulo Silva, “Self-Organization on Spatial Planning: an Option or a Need?” University of Aveiro, Department of Social, Juridical and Political Sciences, AVEIRO, Portugal

Georgia Gemenetzi, “Urban Sprawl and Emergent Polycentricity: Implications for Self-Organization of Urban Systems and Spatial Planning - The Case of Thessaloniki” Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Spatial Planning and Development, Greece

Magdalena Belof, “Over Local Self-Organization Structures in Spatial Planning – The Polish Example” Faculty of Architecture, Wroclaw University of Technology Wroclaw, Poland

David Prosperi, “Self-Organization, Strong and Weak Emergence, and Spatial Planning at the Metropolitan Scale” Florida Atlantic University, USA

15:45 - 16:00

Coffee Break

16:00 - 17:45

Presentations W. S. Rauws & G. de Roo, “The Need for Experimental Design to Avoid Regional Lock-in” Department of Spatial Planning & Environment, Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Joris Van Wezeael & Sofia Paisiou, “The Scope of Planning in SelfOrganizing Systems a Deleuzguattarian Experimentation” University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Murat Güvenç, “STRATA: a Graphical User Interface to Represent Visualize and Communicate Categorical Data” İstanbul Şehir University, Istanbul, Turkey

Nazire Diker, “What are the Roles of Spatial Planning in Self-Organizing and Evolving Settlement Systems in the Case of Istanbul?” Yıldız Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Istanbul, Turkey

Ulas Akın, “Understanding Istanbul's Planning Complexity: Uncertainty Patterns in Policy Networks” Istanbul Metropolitan Planning & Urban Design Center and PhD candidate at Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Istanbul, Turkey

20:00 - 22:00

Dinner

ii

April 30th - Saturday 09:30 - 11:15

Presentations Oswald Devisch, Geert Meysmans, Oscar Rommens, Joris Van Reusel, David Verhoestraete, “Urban Improvisations – The Reconstruction of Interactions between Public and Private Planners in Antwerp, Belgium” Antwerp, Belgium

Ingmar van Meerkerk, Beitske Boonstra and Jurian Edelenbos “SelfOrganization in Urban Regeneration, A Qualitative Two Case Comparison” Erasmus University Rotterdam, Department of Public Administration, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Aziz Cumhur Kocalar, “Transferring of Limited Rights Model (TLRM) With the Highest Priority, in the Theory of Development Plans” Istanbul, Turkey

Ertürk Işıkpınar, “Complexity and Transactional Dynamics” Istanbul, Turkey

Izabela Mironowicz, “Foresighted Planning, Dynamic Plan – the Role of New Tools in Spatial Transformation” Wrocław University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Poland

11:15 - 11:30

Coffee Break

11:30 - 13:15

Presentations Frits Verhees & Gert de Roo, “Self-organizing the PPP (Public Private Partnership)” Department of Spatial Planning & Environment Faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Mercan Efe & Tolga Çilingir, “Cities Creating Themselves and Effectiveness of Planning” Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, İzmir, Turkey

Jenni Partanen, “Modelling Local Scale Self-Organization: a Practical Application” Tampere University of Technology, School of Architecture, Urban Planning and Design Tampere, Finland

Zeynep Aktüre, “Italica in the Urban Network of Roman Baetica: a Structuralist Approach”, Izmir Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, Izmir, Turkey

Jan Silberberger, “How Jury Boards of Architectural Competitions Deal With Complexity” University of Fribourg, Switzerland

13:15 - 14.15

Lunch break iii

14:15 - 16:00

Presentations Beitske Boonstra, “Self-Organisation by Community Based Networks and How They Engage and Challenge Planning” Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and PhD candidate, lecturer at t Department of Human Geography and Urban and Regional Planning, the Netherlands

G. t & K. M. Çubukçu, “The Space-filling Efficiency of Urban Form in Izmir: A Historical Perspective Using GIS and Fractal Dimension” Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey

Ulysses Sengupta, “Digital Tools – Flux Territories” Softgrid Limited, Amsterdam, Shanghai & London.

Erdal Onur Diktaş, “Spatial Planning As A Part Of Self-Organizing in The Context Of The Dynamics Of Becoming” Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of City and Regional Planning, Izmir, Turkey

Levent Özaydın, Complex dynamics of spatial growth in a self-organising urban system Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department of City and Regional Planning

Mehmet Rıfat Akbulut, How an Urban Space Transform? Another Approach Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Department of City and Regional Planning

iv

Abstracts

Ferdinando Semboloni University of Florence, Italy

Emergent Strategies and Planning In the Florence Metropolitan Area Abstract More than what the relation between complexity an planning should be, the paper deals with what it is, or has been. Starting from the hypothesis that policy making is in itself a complex activity which takes part and is completely involved in the whole complex urban dynamics, the evolution of the decision making in the Florence metropolitan area in the modern period, is studied. By using the garbage can model (Kingdon), it is explained how fragmentation of power and conflicts among stakeholder gave rise to incrementalist policies. These last resulted in emergent strategies (Mintzberg) in which stakeholders with coincident interests, supported by public policy makers, strengthen their power with the resources obtained from the previous decisions. General plans are rare events which try to manage conflicts between emergent strategies. Self-organization takes a fragmented character, because internal conflicts, and the outside unexpected events, make the fitness of the system continuously changing. [email protected]

Paulo Silva University of Aveiro, Portugal

Self-Organization on Spatial Planning: An Option or a Need?

Abstract We try to discuss self-organization integrated with planning evolving the concepts of regulation and spatial structure. Lisbon Metropolitan Area will be taken into analysis. Urban development in peripheral areas of the Portuguese capital was marked during the 70´s and 80´s of last century by illegal settlements, which turned to be strategically located on the metropolitan frame of accessibilities. Sudden changes on some of these territories are due to new infrastructures, some of them implemented without a proper evaluation of the impact on urban structures and not taking in consideration on spatial planning. The main questions to be approached with this paper, having in mind the integration of self organization into spatial planning, are: Why is self-organization so scarcely used on spatial planning? Which benefits can result from self organization? How can be self organization used as a tool on planning? [email protected]

2

Georgia Gemenetzi Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece

Urban Sprawl and Emergent Polycentricity: Implications for SelfOrganization of Urban Systems and Spatial Planning - The Case of Thessaloniki Abstract The paper explores the relationship between urban sprawl and polycentricity highlighting the notion of self-organization both in spatial analysis and within the planning environment. Urban sprawl is not considered a static unsustainable urban form, but a dynamic process of urban growth evolving monocentric metropolitan structure through self-organizing deconcentration trends. This evolutionary process of sprawl contributes to the emergence of polycentric patterns and, at the same time, shapes new extended city-regions. Questions arise over the distinction between sprawl and polycentric forms and the use of polycentricity concept both as an analytical and a policy tool. It is concluded that urban structure is more persistent appearing signs of self-similarity, as it moves from a monocentric to a polycentric one, from which a new monocentric emerges at the higher level. Besides, this process influences the evolutionary path of city-regions from an institutional perspective. Empirical evidence is extracted from the metropolitan area of Thessaloniki. [email protected]

3

Magdalena Belof Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland

Over Local Self-Organization Structures in Spatial Planning – The Polish Example Abstract Self-organizing in planning is intuitively associated with local level and public participation and therefore most commonly understood as activities of groups which do not play an official role in statutory planning process. In fact it is much broader concept and takes place at all levels of planning practice. It appears in two particular situations: firstly, when the shortcomings of legal planning system need to be „patched‟ with new tools (e.g. metropolitan planning in Poland) and secondly when individuals or groups aim at common goal – either they discover that the joint effort enable „good things‟ to happen (or happen faster) or that „bad things‟ may be alternated. These actors can represent individuals, institutions and authorities of all levels (even states) depending on scale and scope of interest. The second situation can be illustrated by selforganizing efforts of Polish regions trying to lobby their group interest vis-à-vis national planning and strategic concepts. [email protected]

4

David Prosperi Florida Atlantic University, USA

Self-Organization, Strong and Weak Emergence, and Spatial Planning at the Metropolitan Scale Abstract This paper examines the relationship among the concepts of self-organization, strong and weak emergence and properties of spatial structure at the scale of the metropolitan region. The emphasis is clearly on the WHOLE and on spatial structures that are defined at the metropolitan scale, including those of form, interaction, and organization. The paper first attempts a synthesis of systems thinkers – like Allen, Bourne, Portugali or Bogart –to develop a workable set of “macro” properties (emergent patterns) that are consistent with priorities of current planning values. Then, various definitions and relationships between the more primitive concepts of self-organization and emergence are explored, with the purpose of developing a multiscalar-attributed typology of planning scenarios based on the notions of weak and strong emergence. [email protected]

5

W. S. Rauws, Gert de Roo University of Groningen, the Netherlands

The Need for Experimental Design to Avoid Regional Lock-in

Abstract Increasingly often cities, regions and the intermediate peri-urban areas are seen as complex systems. Self-organization is one of the most prominent features of complex systems. It is process in which individual elements give rise the emergence of spatial structures and initiatives without central coordination. Self-organization evolves to feedback mechanisms and is essential for system innovation. However, while positive feedback enforce spatial systems to move forward negative feedback constrain the innovative capacity of spatial systems. When the latter is dominant, this could lead to a lock-in. Lock-ins are situations in which innovation of the system is blocked. Illustrated by various examples of lock-ins in regions, this contribution discusses how lock-ins could be avoided. It is argued that experimental design is a crucial strategy to reduce the possibility of lock-ins and therefore should be integrated more inclusively in planning. [email protected], [email protected]

6

Joris Van Wezeael, Sofia Paisiou University of Fribourg, Switzerland

The Scope of Planning In Self-Organizing Systems a Deleuzguattarian Experimentation Abstract Planning theory has been drawing on different strands of complexity thinking including different bodies of work on complex adaptive systems and contributions from „poststructuralist‟ philosophy such as the work of Deleuze and Guattari. Whereas the notion of self-organization originates from the former, we will argue that reconsidering this term on the basis of a DeleuzoGuattarian experimentation can be productive for both the theoretical debate and for planning practice. In the proposed article we aim to explore the relation between, plans, power, and organisation of place. We will elaborate on an understanding of self-organization from the perspective of assemblage thinking. More precisely, we will • address both the notion of „organization‟ and of the „self‟ in planning; • render explicit common understandings (but also differences) between complex systems thinking and assemblage thinking; and • use as a case study the „making plans in planning‟ in order to introduce the Guattarian concept „concrete machines‟ in order to explore the relations of semiotic and material strata. [email protected], [email protected]

7

Murat Güvenç İstanbul Şehir University, Turkey

S T R A T A : a Graphical User Interface to Represent Vizualize and Communicate Categorical Data Abstract Urban and regional planners , students of urban and environmental history and our colleagues in history, sociology, geography, archeology deal, more often than not, with categorical data produced as contingency tables. Unfortunately however neither conventional statistics nor available GIS tools are particularly not well developped to process data produced in nominal scale. This is a major obstacle for scientific inquiry in social sciences as it constitutes a a major obstacle for the representation and monitoring of multi-dimentional, multi-faceted sociospatial formations. My presesentation is devised in three sections. Subsequent to a summary of the root causes of this not so often acknowledged and referred to problem of representation, the first section will present an historical overview on distinctive attempts towards its solution. I will concentrate more specifically on the contributions of J. Bertin, A. Gattrell, Bourdieu and Lebart. I will present the flow chart diagram of a recently operationalized Graphical User Interface S T R A T A based upon V. Gray „s conceptual solution. Devised to minimize spatial and confounding errors as well as information losses, the model, inputs atomistic high resolution qualitative input data which is later on relationally stratifified using Ward‟s procedure. The efficiency of stratification is assessed with respect to information losses incurred and practical descriptive relevancy. The results are visualized communicated as bi-plots popularized by P. Bourdieu, Bertin‟s Graphics, and finally as Composite Maps depicting spatial deployment patterns of multilayered complex socio-spatial formations. Devised to illustrate and substantiate the relevancy of the proposed approach the third section concentrates upon concrete examples extracted from socio economic maps the author have produced for the recent Istanbul 1910-2010 exposition and from his ongoing research on the representation and visualization of complex internal migration fields in Turkey. [email protected]

8

Nazire Diker Yıldız Technical University, Turkey

What are the Roles of Spatial Planning in Self-Organizing and Evolving Settlement Systems in the Case of Istanbul? Abstract According to the theories of “chaos”, “synergetic systems” and “complexity” which have been defined as “Neo-Evolutionist Theories” in chaos situation self – organization process was developed within the system that was evolved to a new and more complicated order. From this point of view, I‟ve attempted to develop the multi-level model of “synergetic dynamics of complex society” which has been depended on chaos of 1999 Marmara earthquakes‟ and self-organization process of society. In this paper, I want to explain theoretical and philosophical inspirations which have been effected to me for this model. Spatial planning could be seen as only one dynamic sub-system but it has various interactions with other dynamics, in multi-levels self-organizing settlement systems. In addition, in this study I‟ll try to focus on the roles of planning in self-organization process. In the case of Istanbul, about 75 – 80 % of built environment have been constructed by selforganizing which were unplanned and illegal. During those self-organizing development, there have been several attempts of spatial planning which have been for mostly legalization of the development and regulation of public services. [email protected]

9

Ulaş Akın Istanbul Metropolitan Planning & Urban Design Center, Turkey

Understanding Istanbul's Planning Complexity: Uncertainty Patterns in Policy Networks Abstract The paper aims to contribute our understanding on how a self-organizing metropolis being shaped. Istanbul Metropolitan Planning and Urban Design Centre (IMP), an ad-hoc, consultant-driven organization, managed by academic titled advisor and municipal enterprise, established to strategize complex spatial planning issues. IMP has become new actor and arena of problem solving and decision making on spatial planning, urban regeneration, cultural heritage management scenes. Koppenjan and Klijn (2004) indicated that problem solving takes place in complex games and networks in which stakeholders behave strategically, guided by diverging or conflicting perceptions and rules. As a result problem solving and decision-making are dominated by substantive, strategic and institutional uncertainties. This paper tries to apply their framework to examine uncertainties in decision-making at spatial planning game in Istanbul from institutional perspective. Longitudinal analysis uses 5-year data from 2005 to 2010, primary sources including interviews, participant observation from decision-making meetings, participation documents. [email protected]

10

O. Devisch, G. Meysmans, O. Rommens, J. V. Reusel, D. Verhoestraete Antwerp, Belgium Urban Improvisations – The Reconstruction of Interactions between Public and Private Planners in Antwerp, Belgium Abstract The region of Flanders, Belgium, has a relatively recent planning tradition. In 1962, the Stedenbouwwet outlined the land use for the whole region. In 1997, the Structural Plan Flanders proposed the first long term comprehensive spatial vision. Up to then, every municipality followed its own course, turning Flanders into one continuous nebulous city – the ideal lab to study the phenomenon of self-organization. In this paper self-organization is approached as the potential outcome of the interaction between so called private planners (from individual citizen to developers) and public planners (the government). This interaction is conceived as an improvisation process where one player sets a tune and the others decide to play along or come up with their own tune. The result is a complex and unpredictable play of action-reaction, at some moments very clear while at others totally fragmented. This improvisation concept is applied to series of cases in the city of Antwerp, each time addressing the following two questions: are there regularities in these interaction processes? And, do these processes lead to spatial quality and maybe even novel spatial environments? [email protected]

11

I. van Meerkerk, B. Boonstra, J. Edelenbos Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Self-Organization in Urban Regeneration, a Qualitative Two Case Comparison Abstract Urban regeneration projects are embedded in complex network environments in which different governmental bodies, commercial actors, non-for-profit organizations and inhabitants shape or influence these processes. Self-organization of local stakeholders in order to improve urban areas could be framed as a way of dealing with the complexities of urban systems. In this paper we are interested in the functioning and working of multi-level embedded selforganizing processes in urban regeneration. How does self-organization of local stakeholders emerge? How does it interact with its environment (e.g. wider community and relevant governmental policies and procedures) and how does it evolves (maintained, enforced or declined) as a consequence of these interactions? We explore these questions by a two case comparison of self-organization within two urban areas in the UK: Caterham Barracks and Broad Street BID Birmingham. Both cases are forms of self-organization developed within interactions between local businesses, community members (inhabitants) and/or local authorities. We analyze the evolution of these self-organizing processes by using two distinct characteristics of self-organizing systems: autopoietic and dissipative behaviour. [email protected]

12

Aziz Cumhur Kocalar Istanbul, Turkey

Transferring Of Limited Rights Model (TLRM) With the Highest Priority, in the Theory of Development Plans Abstract In this study, transferring of limited rights model (TLRM) is proposed as an innovative implementation instrument for development plans in which its coverage area with theoretical and practical approaches is a holistic structure in relation with different disciplines and so widely. Model can be used with protected areas easily or together with preventive steps in related to emergency situations such as natural disasters. This model is also kept its validation in cultural, historical, urban, archeological, social and natural assets, and also cost, forest, meadow, sheep, thickt, heath and national parks, at the same time protects quag, underground, surface water, dams, drainage or water basins besides disasters, forest fire, flood, avalanche, disasters at first or later. The proposed model can be utilized for the aim of public service, order and interest in the development planning studies and applications, in the urban conservation, renewal and regeneration, in the real estates utilization of individual and corporate ownership, in the process of making laws, regulations and decisions since 1980, as a result of planning qualified as a rule of transaction. [email protected]

13

M.Ertürk Işıkpınar Istanbul, Turkey

Complexity and Transactional Dynamics

Abstract An analysis of a system as co-evolving and self-organizing requires a holistic approach which can deal with complexities of values, spaces and physical systems in regard to their environment. Within this totality values are the primary determiners and can be assessed through psychology. The transactional world view in environmental psychology implies a pragmatic, eclectic and relativistic approach to psychological phenomena, in which stability / change are intrinsic and defining features of psychological phenomena, change occurs continuously, directions of change are emergent and not pre-established. Ecological psychology developed based on these ideas is the study of interdependent relationships between goal-directed actions of each spatial component including the humans and the environment in a particular spatial and temporal context. In the paper, possible applications of the transactional approaches in complexity thinking will be opened to discussion with emphasis on environmental psychology, ecopsychology and cognitive psychology. Examples of work in spatial panning performed at applied capacity in ecological psychology will be presented. [email protected]

14

Izabela Mironowicz Wrocław University of Technology, Poland

Foresighted Planning, Dynamic Plan – the Role of New Tools in Spatial Transformation Abstract Complexity of spatial structures both urban and regional expresses the processes of transformation – an intertwining mechanism of emergence, growth and self-adaptation. The driving forces of these processes are of rooted in social and economic change therefore they are not feasible to foresee. Uncertainty has become one of the most important characteristics of spatial planning. Spatial transformation has to be considered as possible scenarios rather than a final form to be achieved. Planning of more and more complex spatial structures is becoming interplay between policies, management of change and simulation of the effects of spatial interventions. Traditional „stable‟ plan cannot be sufficient anymore. Model of the city should express not only physical order but also flows and relationships between its elements. This model has to allow to test planned spatial interventions and simulate spatial effects of these changes. In the paper I will demonstrate a few tools which might be useful to foresee the spatial transformation. Practical implementation of these tools will be presented. By using simulation models I will explore the opportunities of creating imaginary structures and study the possible effects of the spatial intervention. The way these new tool could affect process of creating new kind of dynamic plans will be examined. Advantages and limitations of these new tools will be discussed. Form and content of new dynamic plan will be investigated. [email protected]

15

Frits Verhees, Gert de Roo University of Groningen, the Netherlands

Self-organizing the PPP (Public Private Partnership)

Abstract In our contribution we develop a framework for analyzing planning processes implemented in the actual urban development. This framework is based on complexity theory. We consider numerous planning situations which show complex adaptive systems behaviour. These situations include actors and factors which interact in ways that heavily influence the probabilities of later events. Our aim is to connect spatial planning and decision making with systems thinking and complexity theory. Our starting point is the evolutionary path visible within planning theory, from technical rationality via communicative rationality to adaptive planning, which has its foundation partly in complexity theory. We make use of the framework proposed to us by Axelrod and Cohen (2000) „harnessing‟ the complexity of systems. The framework consists of the three factors: Variety, Interaction and Selection. We ask ourselves, which of these factors do play a part in real life, every day planning, how do these factors work, are mechanisms of self-organization visible and active, and to which results do they lead, when reflecting upon the planning process? With this understanding we will analyze a case study. This study includes a Dutch Public Private Partnership process meant to reorganize a major part of the city of Maastricht, the Netherlands. Part of this restructuring is tunneling the European highway E25 from Amsterdam to Southern Europe. We will see how these factors work out in „the real world of urban planning‟ and which lessons are to be learned in making use of effective self-organization and adaptive behaviour in processes of spatial planning. [email protected]

16

Mercan Efe, Tolga Çilingir Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

Cities Creating Themselves and Effectiveness of Planning

Abstract Despite differences in approach in countries, planning in the world is now conducted by considering settlement potentials and adopting an environmentally-sensitive planning. However, due to policies and income-based instrumental position of planning in Turkey, ecologically-sensitive planning cannot be done and settlement potentials cannot be considered. City planning in Turkey is maintained by adapting an implementation to a plan/its legitimating. In other words, planning has become an action area conducted not by occurrence of predictions and/or implementation of legal plan but independently by implementation of user‟s requests spatially. In İzmir-Doğançay case, the paper aims to reveal  changing status of a settlement created with its own dynamics after being announced as neighborhood.  Its present socio-spatial state and structuring to change this after a planning process.  Becoming ordinary potential / power of upper scale plans and implementation development plan for rural settlement [email protected]

17

Jenni Partanen Tampere University of Technology, Finland

“Modelling Local Scale Self-Organization: A Practical Application”

Abstract Due to emergent features of complex systems, dynamic models are often used in simulate self-organization in urban environment. Yet, if models are too theoretical the connection to the reality may remain week. Practical approaches of spatial planning enhance the development of models and bring them closer to urban realm. This paper presents a CA-based dynamic model based of empirically discovered, self-organizing agglomeration mechanisms in local-scale enclaves. The model has been used in two areas possessing this specific self-organizing potential to simulate different dynamic scenarios in order to maintain complex dynamics of the area. It is assumed that supporting self-organizing dynamics on these areas is of great importance in achieving the functional (dynamic) stability of the city and thereby facilitating the dynamics of the wider urban region. The model is useful in evaluating effects of practical planning decisions in order to maintain these dynamics. [email protected]

18

Zeynep Aktüre Izmir Institute of Technology, Turkey

Italica in the Urban Network of Roman Baetica: A Structuralist Approach Abstract An application of Wallerstein‟s systems theory in classical studies has been an abstraction of the most obvious indication of Roman rule in Early Imperial provinces as the emergence of a hierarchical urban network that was articulated by frequent communications and exchanges after colonial foundations following the administrative re-organization of Augustus. This paper will present Italica, the earliest Roman colony in the Baetica province on the Iberian Peninsula and the birthplace of Trajan, as an example for the self-organizing character of the resulting settlement system. Hadrian honoured the hometown of his predecessor by founding an adjacent new city with an enormous Temple of Trajan but the former was never populated and the latter, never completed despite imperial involvement. This may be due to the marginality of Italica in the communications network in, and constrained mainly by, the geographical (space) system of the Peninsula, as argued by Braudel for the Mediterranean at large. [email protected]

19

Jan Silberberger University of Fribourg, Switzerland

How Jury Boards of Architectural Competitions Deal with Complexity Abstract The jury sessions of an architectural competition display planning processes in a nutshell: laymen and professionals as well as materials of various scales and types (e.g., architectural plans and models or cost calculations) gather and produce a decision within a very short period of time. Yet, this decision-making process is highly dependent on the competition brief as it structures the space of possibilities for the competition. The proposed paper will describe the interplay between a board of jurors and architectural projects that provoke the manipulation of the space of possibilities defined by the competition brief. By drawing on findings of an ethnographic study, that is, by means of several so-called “vignettes” the paper will trace the processes of adaptation and in particular of selforganisation the jury board performs when interacting with such provoking projects. [email protected]

20

Beitske Boonstra Utrecht University, the Netherlands

Self-Organisation by Community Based Networks and How They Engage and Challenge Planning Abstract Contemporary spatial planning is increasingly challenged by a complex society, which is hardly governable from one perspective only. Attempts to turn spatial planning from a mostly governmental practice into a shared responsibility by public, private and civic actors have so far remained within the confines of participatory planning. However, within participatory practices, the governmental perspective remains often dominant, and is thus unable to address and make productive use of the multiplicity and diversity within society. Therefore, the notion of self-organisation is introduced. Here, self-organisation is understood as community based networks of citizens, autonomously organised from governmental planning procedures yet part of the urban system, aiming for spatial interventions in their own self-interest and within their own administrations. Such networks do however often emerge within institutional contexts, and interesting examples can be found within the legislations for business improvement districts and cooperative housing schemes. Using actor-network theory as an analytical approach, it is studied how such networks emerge, how they engage in planning and what controversies and associations arise from these interactions. Last, the lessons from these examples are used to put forward ideas on how planning can increasingly enhance the societal complexity it is phasing. [email protected]

21

G. Erdoğan, K. M. Çubukçu Pamukkale University, Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

The Space-filling Efficiency of Urban Form in Izmir: A Historical Perspective Using GIS and Fractal Dimension Abstract Cities are highly complicated systems. Fractal geometry is a relatively new discipline for urban geography and provides an effective way to describe the complex property of geographical features. This study aims to examine the space-filling efficiency of the city of Izmir between the years 1800 and 2000 using fractal dimension. Fractal dimension is a quantitative measure of the efficiency of space-filling. It is almost always not a whole number, which implies that fractal objects occupy irregularly shaped spaces (Ball, 2004). In spatial analysis, fractal dimensions are mainly computed using the box-counting method and the mass-radius method (Shen, 2002). Using box-counting fractal method, the fractal dimension values are derived for 7 different time periods: 1800, 1870, 1900, 1930, 1960, 1985, and 2000. The data used in the study were derived from the digital and hardcopy aerial photographs available from the Greater Municipality of Izmir. The photographs were first refined using image processor software, Photohop version 6, and then scaled, registered, and vectorized using GIS software, ArcGIS 9. The fractal dimensions are then calculated for each time period using fractal analysis software, Fractalyse. The results confirm that, the city of Izmir has moved from a less efficient spatial organization and space-filling to a more efficient one between the years considered. [email protected]

22

Ulysses Sengupta Softgrid Limited, Amsterdam, Shanghai & London

Digital Tools – Flux Territories

Abstract Current practices of planning and urban design have an inability to adequately cope with, and successfully intervene within the complex spatio-temporal nature of our cities. With current trends of urbanisation indicating increasingly informal cities, there is an even greater requirement for new approaches to address self organising systems and emergent urban ecologies. Unit 6, from the University of Nottingham, Department of Architecture and the Built Environment, is a specialised graduate research studio involved in the development of digital tools for „flux territories‟ – the use of parametric and algorithmic modelling techniques to address complex urban territories in states of rapid change. In 2010, the city of Jingdezhen in China was the site of investigation using both remote and street level methods, resulting in the development of time based digital tools aimed at critically addressing rapid growth, planning policy and informal fabric. The developed tools demonstrate future possibilities based on influenceable temporal spatial models, enabling generation of socio-spatial patterns and future scenarios with implied and inherent possibilities. [email protected]

23

Erdal Onur Diktaş Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey

Spatial Planning As A Part Of Self-Organizing In The Context Of The Dynamics Of Becoming Abstract Spatial planning is understood very often as a rational controlling process of production of space. In the other hand self-organizing is comprehended very emergent and contingent which cannot be catch entirely by spatial planning. The aim of this study is making a discussion on spatial planning whether it is a part of that contingent self-organizing in the context of the dynamics of becoming which underpins most of complexity comprehensions. To reach this aim the discussion is built on two different perspectives in complexity comprehension. One of them is positioning itself very close to the chaos theory and understands the complex systems on the edge of chaos. The other understands the complex system as naturally constrained one. This study follows the latter and trying to evaluate its own proposition in the theory of probabilistic determination and its opening of the dynamics of becoming. [email protected]

24

Levent Özaydın Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey

Complex dynamics of spatial growth in a self-organising urban system Abstract Planners and decision makers face the aspects of the complex dynamics of the spatial growth. The purpose of this paper is to present a framework of the growth in a self-organising urban system. In the world they have to deal with changes, spatial systems are complex and interconnected. The complex dynamics of the growth depend on complexity and interconnection amongst the components of urban system. The study obtains a model in order to produce and sustain oscillations in quantitative variables of spatial growth that the selforganising system influences. The growth paths may appear in complex dynamics according to the values of spatial parameters of self-organising system. The model system consists of an identical agent and this agent manages the spatial decision making for self-organising system. The originality of this paper is in the framework that I underline the role of nonlinearity of the growth for the agent desires spatial well being over an infinite time horizon. [email protected]

25

Mehmet Rıfat Akbulut Mimar Sinan Fine Arts University, Turkey

How an Urban Space Transform? Another Approach Abstract In urban planning and urban studies urban spatial phenomenons such as urban spatial growth, urban spread or urban spatial transformation are generally considered, discussed and explained under the dominance of broad deductive generalisations about city macroform, spatial trends, macro scale policies and implementations such as great urban projects, large scale infrastructure projects, general land prices etc. These kind of rough explanations in nature may not be wrong at all but they tend to be unsufficient to comprehend real characteristics of how an urban system behaves spatially. This work reflects some outcomes of a research realized on land percels and buildings in order to understand the way an urban space change in its basic element and is an attempt to reveal characteristics of urban spatial change through inductive method. The work which is based on empirical datas collected from case study area of Kadıköy district in İstanbul also implies Chaos Theory. An analysis about transformations of building, land use, and property ownership patterns is carried out for defining periods of transformation of urban texture and its periodical behaviour. New analytical tools such as, “spatial micro-physical quantitative transformation analysis” to measure speed of urban transformation of a texture and a new evaluation tool called “reaction coefficient” are also proposed through the work. [email protected]

26

Notes

27

28