Select Bibliography: Suggested Further Reading General and Introductory Adamson, Glenn, Giorgio Riello and Sarah Teasley (eds), Global Design History (London: Routledge, 2011). Beaujard, Philippe, Laurent Berger and Philippe Norel (eds), Histoire globale, mondialisations et capitalisme (Paris: La Découverte, 2009). Berg, Maxine, ‘In Pursuit of Luxury: Global History and British Consumer Goods in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present, 182 (2004), pp. 85–142. Berg, Maxine (ed.), Writing the History of the Global: Challenges for the 21st Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press and The British Academy, 2013). Berg, Maxine and Elizabeth Eger, Luxury in the Eighteenth Century. Debates, Desires and Delectable Goods (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). Bin Wong, Roy China Transformed: Historical Change and the Limits of European Experience (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997). Idem and Jean-Laurent Rosenthal, Before and Beyond Divergence. The Politics of Economic Change in China and Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). de Vries, Jan, ‘Connecting Europe and Asia: a quantitative analysis of the Caperoute trade, 1497–1795’, in Dennis Flynn, Arturo Giráldez, and Richard von Glahn (eds), Global Connections and Monetary History, 1470–1800 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 35–106. Idem, ‘The Limits Of Globalization in the Early Modern World’, The Economic History Review, 63 (2010), pp. 710–33. Gunder Frank, Andre, ReOrient. Global Economy in the Asian Age (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). Narayana Rao, Velcheru, David Shulman and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Symbols of Substance: Court and State in Nayaka Period Tamil Nadu (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998). Pomeranz, Kenneth, The Great Divergence: Europe, China and the Making of the Modern World Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). Steensgaard, Niels, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century: The East India Companies and the Decline of the Caravan Trade (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1974). Verley, Patrick, L’échelle du monde. Essai sur l’industrialisation de l’Occident (Paris: Gallimard, 1997). Vries, Peer, Via Peking to Manchester. Britain, the Industrial Revolution, and China (Leiden, 2003). Idem, ‘The California School and Beyond: How to Study the Great Divergence?’ History Compass, 8 (2010), pp. 730–51.

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351

Objects of Encounters and Transfers of Knowledge Aslanian, Sebouh, From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: Circulation and the Global Trade Networks of American Merchants from New Julfa, Isfahan, 1605–1747 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011). Balfour-Paul, Jenny, Indigo (London: British Museum Press, 1998). Berg, Maxine, ‘Useful Knowledge, Industrial Enlightenment and the Place of India’, Journal of Global History, 8.1 (2013), pp. 117–41. Bertrand, Romain, L’Histoire à parts égales. Récits d’une rencontre Orient–Occident (XVIe–XVIIe siècles) (Paris: Le Seuil, 2011). Buti, Gilbert, Michèle Janin Thivos and Olivier Raveux (eds), Langues et langages du commerce dans la Méditerranée et l’Europe de l’époque moderne (Aix-enProvence, Presses universitaires de Provence, 2013). Byrne Curtis, Emily, ‘Enamels for the Kangxi Emperor... Nella sua Fornace da Smalti’, Journal of the International Chinese Snuff Bottle Society, 25 (1993), pp. 4–11. Chaudhuri, K. N. The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-Stock Company, 1600–1640 (London: Frank Cass & Co., 1965). Fan, Fa-ti, British Naturalists in Qing China: Science, Empire, and Cultural Encounter (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004). Hilaire-Pérez, Liliane, ‘Cultures techniques et pratiques de l’échange entre Lyon et le Levant : inventions et réseaux au XVIIIe siècle’, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, 49.1 (2002), pp. 89–114. Hartkamp-Jonxis, Ebeltje (ed.), Sits: Oost–west relaties in textiel (Zwolle: Waanders, 1987). Jourdain, Margaret and Soame Jenyns, Chinese Export Art in the Eighteenth century (London: Country Life, 1950). Lothar Ledderose, Ten Thousand Things. Module and Mass Production in Chinese Art (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Lemire, Beverly, Cotton (Oxford: Berg, 2011). Loehr, George ‘Missionary Artists at the Manchu Court’, Transactions of the Oriental Ceramic Society, 34 (1963), pp. 51–67. Meilink-Roelofsz, Marie A. P., Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1962). Prakash, Om (ed.), Dutch Factories in India, 1624–27: A  Collection of Dutch East India Company Documents Pertaining to India (New Delhi: Manohar, 2007). Pratt, Mary Louise, ‘Arts of the Contact Zone’, Profession (1991), pp. 33–40. Purbacaraka, Purnadi, ‘Shahbandars in the Archipelago’, Journal of Southeast Asian History 2, (1961), pp. 1–9. Raveux, Olivier ‘Entre réseau communautaire intercontinental et intégration locale: la colonie marseillaise des marchands arméniens de la Nouvelle-Djoulfa (Ispahan), 1669–1695’, Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, 59.1 (2012), pp. 81–100. Riello, Giorgio and Prasannan Parthasarathi (eds), The Spinning World: A Global History of Cotton Textile, 1200–1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009). Ronan, Charles E. and Bonnie B.C. Oh (eds), East Meets West: The Jesuits in China, 1582–1773 (Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988). Schaefer, Dagmar, The Crafting of the 10,000 Things (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011).

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Idem and Dieter Kuhn, Weaving an Economic Pattern in Ming Times, 1368–1644: The Production of Silk Weaves in the State-Owned Silk Workshops (Heidelberg: edition forum, 2002).

Private Trade and Networks Bowen, Huw, ‘Privilege and Profit: Commanders of East Indiamen as Private Traders, Entrepreneurs and Smugglers, 1760–1813’, International Journal of Maritime History, 19 (2007), pp. 43–88. Chaudhuri , K.N, The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company, 1660–1760 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1978). Erikson, Emily, Between Monopoly and Free Trade: the English East India Company 1600–1757 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014). Erikson, Emily and Peter Bearman, ‘Malfeasance and the Foundations for Global Trade: The Structure of English Trade in the East Indies, 1601–1833’, American Journal of Sociology, 112 (2006), pp. 195–230. Furber, Holden, John Company at Work: A Study of European Expansion in India in the Late Eighteenth Century (Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press, 1948). Gaastra, Femme, S., Bewind en Beleid by de VOC, De Financiele en Commerciele Politiek bij de Bewidhebbers (Zutphen: Walburg Pers,1989). Glamann, Kristof, Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620–1740 (Copenhagen and The Hague: Danish Science Press and Nijhoff, 1958). Gill, Conrad, Merchants and Mariners of the 18th century (London: Edward Arnold, 1961). Hofmeester, Karin, ‘Shifting trajectories of diamond processing: from India to Europe and back, from the fifteenth century to the twentieth’, Journal of Global History, 8.1 (March 2013), pp. 25–49. Howard, David S., The Choice of the Private Trader: The Private Market in Chinese Export Porcelain illustrated from the Hodroff Collection (London: Zwemmer, 1994). Koninckx, Christian, The First and Second Charters of the Swedish East India Company (1733–1766). A  Contribution to the Maritime, Economic and Social History of North-Western Europe in its Relationships with the Far East (Kortrijk, Belgium : Van Ghemmert, 1980). Mehta, Makrand, Indian Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Historical Perspective (Delhi: Academic Foundation, 1991). Mentz, Søren, The English Gentleman Merchant at Work: Madras and the City of London, 1660–1740 (Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum, 2005). Pointon, Marcia, Brilliant Effects: A  Cultural History of Gem Stones and Jewellery (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009). Prakash, Om, European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998). Idem, ‘English Private Trade in the Western Indian Ocean, 1720–1740’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 50.2–3 (2007), pp. 215–34. Raychaudhuri, Tapan, Jan Company in Coromandel 1605–1690 : A  Study in the Interrelations of European Commerce and Traditional Economies (‘s-Gravenhage : M. Nijhoff, 1962). Subrahmanyam, Sanjay (ed.), Merchant Networks in the Early Modern World (Aldershot: Variorum, 1996). Vanneste, Tijl , Global Trade and Commercial Networks: Eighteenth-Century Diamond Merchants (London: Pickering & Chatto, June 2011).

Select Bibliography

353

Watson, Ian B., Foundation for Empire: English Private Trade in India, 1659–1760 (New Delhi: Vikas, 1980). Yogev, Gedalia, Diamonds and Coral. Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth Century Trade (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1978).

Consuming East and West. Berg, Maxine, Luxury and Pleasure in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Brewer, John and Roy Porter, Consumption and the World of Goods (London and New York: Routledge, 1993). Coquery, Natacha Tenir Boutique. Luxe et demi-luxe à Paris au XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Comité des Travaux historiques et scientifiques, 2011). de Vries, Jan and Ad van der Woude. The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). Estienne, René (ed.), Les Compagnies des Indes (Paris: Gallimard / Ministère de la Défense, direction de la mémoire, du patrimoine et des archives, 2013). Glorieux, Guillaume, À l’Enseigne de Gersaint. Edme-François Gersaint, marchand d’art sur le pont Notre-Dame (1694–1750) (Seyssel: Champ Vallon, 2002). Haudrère, Philippe, La Compagnie française des Indes au XVIIIe siècle, 2 vols (Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2005 – seconde édition revue et corrigée). Kwass, Michael, Contraband : Louis Mandrin and the Making of a Global Underground (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014). Le Bouëdec, Gérard and Brigitte Nicolas (eds), Le Goût de l’Inde (Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes / Musée de la Compagnie des Indes de la Ville de Lorient, 2008). McCants, Anne, Civic Charity in a Golden Age: Orphan Care in Early Modern Amsterdam (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997). McCants, Anne, ‘Inequality Among the Poor of Eighteenth Century Amsterdam’, Explorations in Economic History, 44 (2007), pp. 1–21. Riello, Giorgio, Cotton  – The Fabric that Made the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013). Roche, Daniel, Histoire des choses banales. Naissance de la consommation XVIIe–XIX siècle (Paris: Fayard, 1997). Translated as A History of Everyday Things : The Birth of Consumption in France, 1600–1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). Idem, La culture des apparences. Une histoire du vêtement XVIIe–XVIIIe siècle (Paris: Fayard, 1989). Translated as The Culture of Clothing : Dress and Fashion in the ‘Ancien Regime’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). Weber, Jacques (ed.), Les relations entre la France et l’Inde de 1673 à nos jours (Paris: Les Indes Savantes, 2002).

A Taste for Tea Ashworth, William, Customs and Excise: Trade, Production, and Consumption in England 1640–1845 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003). Bickham, Troy, ‘Eating the empire: intersections of food, cookery and imperialism in eighteenth-century Britain’, Past and Present, 198 (2008), pp. 71–109.

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Blussé, Leonard, Strange Company, Chinese settlers, mestizo women and the Dutch in VOC Batavia (Leiden: KITLV Press, 1986). Dermigny, Louis, La Chine et l’Occident. Le commerce à Canton au XVIIIe siècle 1719–1833, 4 vols (Paris: SEVPEN, 1964). Gaastra, Femme, The Dutch East India Company: Expansion and Decline (Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2003). Lawson, Philip, ‘Tea, Vice and the English State 1660–1714’, in A  Taste for Empire and Glory: Studies in British Overseas Expansion, 1660–1800 (Aldershot: Variorum, 1997), XIV, pp. 1–21. Mackillop, Andrew, ‘Accessing Empire: Scotland, Europe, Britain, and the Asia Trade, 1695–c.1750’, Itinerario 29 (2005), pp. 7–25. McCants, Anne, ‘Poor Consumers as Global Consumers: The Diffusion of Tea and Coffee Drinking in the Eighteenth Century’, Economic History Review 61 (2008), pp. 172–200. Mintz, Sidney, Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History (London: Penguin, 198 . Mui, Hoh-cheung and Lorna H. Mui, The Management of Monopoly: A Study of the English East India Company’s Conduct of Its Tea Trade, 1784–1833 (Vancouver: University of British Colombia Press, 1984). Idem, Shops and Shopkeeping in Eighteenth-Century England (Montreal: McGillQueens’s University Press, 1989). Idem, ‘Smuggling and the British Tea Trade before 1784’, The American Historical Review, 74 (1968) pp. 44–73. Müller, Leos, ‘Scottish and Irish Entrepreneurs in Eighteenth-Century Sweden. East India trade and iron’, in David Dickson, Jan Parmentier, and Jane Ohlmeyer (eds.) Irish and Scottish Mercantile Networks in Europe and Overseas in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth century (Gent: Academia Press, 2007). Shammas, Carole, The Pre-Industrial Consumer in England and America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990). Söderpalm, Kristina, ‘Auktionen på den första lasten från Kina år 1733’, in Kristina Söderpalm (ed.) Ostindiska Compagniet. Affärer och föremål (Göteborg: Göteborgs stadsmuseum, 2000). Voskuil, J.J., ‘De verspreiding van koffie en thee in Nederland’, Volkskundig Bulletin, 14 (1988), pp. 68–92. Weatherill, Lorna, Consumer behaviour and material culture in Britain 1660–1760 (London: Routledge, 1988). Yong, Liu, The Dutch East India Company’s Tea Trade with China, 1757–1781 (Leiden: Brill, 2006).

Index Page numbers in italics refer to Figures Page number in bold refer to Tables advertising 231, 234, 236–7, 238, 240, 315 Africa 15 111, 125 Agard 230 Aitchison, Mr 3–4, 305 Albuquerque, Alfonso de 48 alcohol 55–6 Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ 236 almanacs 230–31 Alphen, Maria Van 321 amber 147 America 1, 2, 16, 122, 282 early modern consumption 331, 333, 334 indigo 66, 71 private merchants 33, 34 resources 9, 10 volume and value of trade 21 see also New World Amsterdam Municipal Orphanage (Burgerweeshuis) 195, 199–203, 205, 207, 209–11, 212, 213–15 characteristics of households 204 financial profile 202 ownership of exotica 206 Andrinople red 86–7 angora wool 88 Arachel (or d’Arakel), Arapié d’ 79, 80, 83 Arbuthnot, Robert 170 areca 342 Arfwidson, Christian 286, 286, 288 Argenson, Lieutenant général D’ 250–51 Armenia and Armenians 42, 79, 80 calico printers 77–9, 80, 81, 84–7, 335 Pondicherry 219 Turkey red techniques 84–5, 85, 86–8

armaments 22 Arnold, Urbano 172 Ashkenazic Jews 136, 145, 150 Atlantic trade 8, 16, 282, 332–3, 335 transaction costs 32, 33 volume and value 20–21 August III 109 Auld, Robert 304 Austria 32 Austro-Hungarian empire 86, 87 automata 223, Plate 10 Badajoz, Archbishop of 49 Bagge & Company 281, 286, 288 Baijin 94–5 Baltic trade 21 Bangladesh 119 Barillon, Monsieur De 251–2 Barlaeus, Caspar 53–4 basse taille 93 Bayly, Christopher 344 Beaujour, Baron Felix 87 Beaulieu, Augustin de 53 Beik, William 254 Belgium 261 Antwerp diamonds 136, 139–40, 141, 142, 143, 144, 144–6 forks 318, 318 hot drink consumption 310–12, 312, 313, 314–16, 316, 317–23 Belle, Tobias van 311–12 Bellot, Thomas 43, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111–13, 116 Benwick, Earl of 72 Benyon, Richard 149 Berg, Maxine 1–6, 20, 119–34, 237, 331 Bernaert, Louis 320 Bernard, Marie 254 Berthon & Garnault 146, 147 355

356

Index

Bertrand, Romain 42, 45–60 Best, Captain Thomas 159–63, 164 Beuningen, Gerrit van 45 Bickham, Troy 322 Biesman, Lambert 48, 49 Bing tea 266, 267, 292–3 Bin Wong, R. 9 Blaauw, Gerrit 273 Blondé, Bruno 261, 264, 309–27, 333–4 Bohea tea 176, 260, 292–3, 320–21 popularization 263, 266, 267, 268, 268, 269, 269–74 Scottish trade 298, 302, 304 SEIC 277, 280, 282–4, 284, 285, 287 Bolton, William 73–4 Bombay Company 159–64 books 22 patterns 41, 43, 107–17, 124 Boone, Charles 157 Borneo 139, 147 Boudac de Martin 78–9, 80, 81, 84, 86 Bourrier 246 Bowen, Huw 158, 168–9 Braudel, Fernand 342 Brazil 136, 139, 141, 145, 147 breakfast tea 300, 301 Breeckvelt, Jacob 56 bribery 178 Britain see Great Britain Brook, Timothy 337 Bruijn, Jaap R. 168 Bruslons, Savary des 236 bullion 9, 22–4, 25 Burma 185, 218, 222, Plate 9 Buzanval, Monsieur de 49 Cahill, James 109 calico 42, 63, 122, 126, 130, 335, Plate 1 Armenian printers 77–9, 80, 81, 84–7, 335 France 237, 240, 246 growth of European market 82, 82–4 intra-Asian trade 188, 190, 191 private merchants 160 California School 9, 337

Campbell, Colin 170, 178, 278, 286, 287, 300 Campbell, Ilay 304 camphor 50 Cape of Good Hope route 1, 17, 27, 30, 62, 277 development of Eurasian trade 11, 13, 14, 16 transaction costs 32, 34 volume and value of trade 18, 20, 21, 24–5, 25 Caribbean 282 Carnegie, George 286, 287 Carrick Company 299 cassia lignea 158, 160, 161 Castiglione, Giuseppe 97 Central America 66 ceramics 25, 29–30, 117, 261 painted enamel 96, 97, 103–4 tableware and teaware 310, 315, 316, 317, 334 Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 20, 31, 236 Indian textiles 185, 187, 193 Chalmers, W. 287 Chambers, J. 287 Chambers, William 109 Chamillard, Controller General 255 champlevé 92–3 Chardin, Daniel and Jean 148, 151 charity 54–5 Charles VI, Emperor 320 Chaudhuri, K.N. 63, 266 Chen Yuanlong 97–8 Chen Zhuanliang 114–15 China 2–4, 122–3, 168–80, 196, 320, 337–8 ceramics 25 cloisonné 92–3 copper 221 cotton 26 development of trade 10–11 diamonds 139 exports of painted enamel 100–103 fans 158, 173, 174 food production 26–7 French East Indian Company 216 goods on sale in France 229–40, 245 Indian textiles 191

Index labour costs 12–13 lacquerware 230 map Plate 9 mariners as merchants 169–74, 176, 179–80 painted enamel 92–104 pattern books 43, 107–17 pepper 49, 52, 271 Pondicherry 218, 221, 222–3, 226, Plate 9 popularization of tea 263–6, 267, 268, 270–75 population growth 19–20, 26 porcelain 3, 108, 122–3, 173, 223, 230, 259, 261, 336 porcelain patterns 109, 110, 113 private merchants 136–7, 157, 158, 168–80 public sales 171, 174–9 silk 3, 26, 30, 108, 113, 117, 122, 170, 173, Plate 14 silver 23 sugar 26 tea 26, 31, 173–4, 175–6, 189, 222, 230, 238, 259–61 tea trade and SEIC 277–89, 292–3 techniques introduced from Europe 93–100 tobacco 26 trade with Java 49, 50, 52, 55, 57 usury 54 volume and value of trade 20 chintz 187, 196, 334–5, 336, Plate 12, Plate 13 goods in Amsterdam 206, 207, 209, 212, 213 trade forbidden in France 247–52 chocolate 122, 198, 230, 297, 333 hot drinks 312, 312, 313, 318, 319, 323 Christians and Christianity 53, 54, 55, 88 Armenian calico printers 79, 81, 87 diamonds 140, 148 cinnamon 20 Clerk, John 302 Clifford & Sons, George 146, 172, 175 Clive, Robert (first Baron Clive) 149 cloisonné 92–3, 103

357

Cloppenburg, Johannes 53 Clovan Company 299 cloves 186, 264 Clunas, Craig 337 Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 185–6 coffee 27, 28, 28–9, 230, 259, 264, 297 American sourced 122 consumption in Low Countries 309, 311–12, 312, 313, 313–15, 317–19, 321–3 early modern consumption 333, 335–6 goods in Amsterdam 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209, 212 production methods 88 volume and value of trade 20 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 79, 81, 86, 216 Colley, Linda 127 Congo tea 301, 304 SEIC 282, 283–4, 284, 285, 287, 289, 292–3 Congou tea 266, 267 Scottish trade 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 302, 304 Coninck, Isabella de 141, 143, 145 consumer mentality 309, 310, 317, 334 copper 221, 312, 321, Plate 9 painted enamel 92–3, 96, 101, 103 Coquery, Natacha 196, 229–43 coral 88, 157 diamond trade 147, 148, 148–50, 157 Corbet, James 300, 301, 301–2, 303, 304 Cossart et fils & Bouwer, Jean 172 cotton 12, 30–31, 34, 123, Plate 1, Plate 12, Plate 13, Plate 15 calico printers 77–9, 80, 81, 84–7, 335 China 26 early modern consumption 335, 345 goods in Amsterdam 206, 207, 209, 210, 212 goods on sale in France 236, 240, 244–56

358

Index

cotton – continued growth of European market 82–4, 124–5, 126 India 25, 30–31, 61, 124–9, 170, 187–8, 191, 193, 259, 335 mariners as merchants 170 muslin 119–32 patterns of design 111 standardization 282 Taylor’s report 130–32 transfer of technology 42 Turkey red 84–8 volume and value of trade 20 Cowan, John 298–9 Cowan, Robert 157 craftsmen from Asia in Europe 77–8 Crisp, James 127 Crompton, Samuel 129 crystals 222, Plate 9 cultural capital 195, 198–200 Customs 95, 245 duties 6, 45, 160, 177–8, 270 Scottish duties 298, 301, 305 Daiheng 99 Danish Asiatic Company (DAC) 277 Danish East India Company 6, 263–4, 265, 268 Daupiné, Mademoiselle 248 Davis, Timothy 136, 154–67 Decker, Sir Matthew 178 de-industrialization debate 126, 131 de la Tour, Intendant 249, 251, 254 Delftware 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 336 hot drinks 316, 317 demonstration effects 29, 30, 31, 35 Denmark 32–3, 128, 277 Sound Tolls 21 Desmarets, Controller General Nicholas 252 de Vries, Jan 1, 2, 4–5, 7–39, 41, 310, 333 analysis of Asian trade 123–5, 130–31 d’Hautefort, Marquis 247 diamonds 5, 7, 79, 135–6, 139–51, Plate 7 contraband 147, 150

private merchants 149, 157, 158 sales markets 143–7 silver, jewels and coral 147, 148, 148–50 supply channels 140–43 types 142, 142, 143–4, 144, 145–6, 150 Diderot, Denis 236 diplomacy 5, 41, 48 Dormer, James 140, 141–2, 143–8, 150 drugs 158, 159–63, 170, 342 Duncan, James 302 Dundas, Henry 304 Dutch East India Company see Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) Dutta, Arindam 122 duty see Customs; taxes dyes 5, 41–2 Andrinople red 86–7 Turkey red 84–8 see also indigo earthenware 29, 198 hot drinks 311, 315–16, 316, 317, 321 East India Companies 1–3, 16, 122–3, 124, 198, 333 development of Eurasian trade 15–16 diamonds 147, 149 muslin 125, 127, 129–30, 131 popularization of tea 263, 270, 274–5 printed calico 82, 82–3, 84, 126 private merchants 135–7, 156–61, 163–5, 168, 173–4, 179 public sales 174–8 report on Dhaka 127–9 tea 6, 259 transfer of knowledge and techniques 41–2 see also English East India Company (EIC); Swedish East India Company (SEIC); Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company)

Index East Indies 1, 48, 236 moral trade contacts 54, 56, 57 private merchants 154–6, 157, 159–60 Ebbers, Johannes 311, 312 Elers, David 177 Ellia, Dominique 78–9, 80, 81, 83, 86 emaile en ronde bosse 93 embroidery 43, 237, Plate 6 pattern books 43, 107–8, 109–110, 112, 113–15, 117 enamelling 41, 43, 92–104 Engel’s Law 207 England 27, 47, 92, 209, 229, 333, 344 diamonds 136, 139–40, 141, 141–2, 142, 143–4, 144, 145–6, 149 hot drinks 321, 322 Indian textiles 191, 192, 193 muslin 120, 128, 129–30, 131 Pondicherry 219 private merchants 32–3, 136, 155–7, 158–63 Scottish tea trade 294, 295, 299, 304–5 tea 260, 265, 274, 278, 282, 286 tea price 321 volume and value of trade 21–3, 25 English East India Company (EIC) 15–16, 33, 47, 183–94, 339 average indigo exports 65 coffee 27 cotton 31, 82 diamonds 139, 140, 147, 149 Indian textiles 82, 125, 126, 137, 183–94 indigo 61–74 muslin 127–8 Pondicherry 220 popularization of tea 263–6, 267, 268, 268–70, 272–5 private merchants 33, 135, 154–8, 160–61, 163–5, 168–9, 172, 174 public sales 177, 178 Scottish tea trade 294–5, 297–300, 304–6 silk 30 tea 259, 260, 278–9, 282, 286, 320 volume and value of trade 22, 23

359

entrepôts 250–52 Erikson, Emily 135 Estado da India 48, 62 European Research Council 2 exotica 1–3, 11–12, 111, 122, 216–27, Plate 9 consumers 124, 195–6 goods in Amsterdam 199, 205, 206, 214 goods on sale in Paris 230, 238 Great Divergence 7, 8 famille rose porcelain 43, 99, 101, 103, Plate 5 famille verte porcelain Plate 2 fans 158, 173, 174, 222, 279, Plate 8 fencai see famille rose porcelain Fenwicke, Edward 149 Finlay, Robert 4 First Navigation Fleet 47, 49–50, 52, 57 Flachat, Jean-Claude 87 Flacourt, Charles de 221 Floris, Peter 47 Fontaine, Laurence 247 Fontenay, Jean de 94–5 Forbonnais, François Véron Duverger de 253 forks 205, 207, 318, 318–19 France 3, 6, 29, 42, 195–6, Plate 9 Armenian calico printers 77–9, 80, 81, 84–7, 335 champlevé 92 coffee 27 diamonds 147 forbidden trade in Asian textiles 244–56 goods on sale in Paris 229–40 invoices 232, 233, 235, 239 market for calico 82, 82, 83 muslin 127–8 painted enamel 92, 93–5, 100 patterns off design 107 Pondicherry 195–6, 216–27 private merchants 32–3, 172 silk 245, 252–3, 255, 335 Turkey red 84–8 volume and value of trade 22 Franco, Solomon 149

360

Index

Frank, Andre Gunder 9–10, 26 French East India Company 196, 216–17, 219–20 muslin 127–8 style 217, 223–6 tea 263, 265, 268, 278 textiles 190, 244, 246, 247, 248 fripiers 245–6 Fryer, John 114 Furber, Holden 154, 155 Furetière, Antoine 236 furniture 229, 230, 238, Plate 9, Plate 11 Pondicherry 218, 222, 223, 224–6 Gabianix, Jean Domenico 93 Games, Alison 165 Gammon & Chaloner, Messrs. 159–60, 162, 163, 164 Gaubil, Antoine 96 General Indian Company (GIC) 320–21 Gerbillon, Jean-François 94 Germany 172, 209–10, 281, 338 development of Eurasian trade 16–17 painted enamel 93, 96 patterns of design 107, 109 Gersaint 229–30, 231 Ghent 320, 322, 339 Glorieux, Guillaume 229 goat bezoars 160, 161 gold 50, 184, 205, 222, 343, Plate 9 volume and value of trade 24 Gommans, Jos 2, 4, 6, 331–49 Gottmann, Felicia 196, 244–58 Granchez 229 Gravereau, Jean Baptiste 95–6 Great Britain 2, 33–4, 45–57, 123, 337 average indigo exports 65 calico printing 86, 335 coffee 28, 28 early modern consumption 331, 335, 338 indigo 61–74 muslin 128, 129–30, 131

pattern books 107–12, 113, 115 popularization of tea 269, 270, 272 private merchants 108, 135–6, 154–65, 169, 170, 172 Scottish tea trade 295, 298, 300, 305–6 tea 159–61, 278–9, 286–9 tea tax 270, 272 see also England; Scotland Great Divergence 4, 7–11, 12–13, 23, 26, 331, 337–8 calico printing 88 Greece and Greeks 85, 86–7 Grill, Abraham 286, 288 Grill, Anthony 288 Grill, Carlos 288 Grill, Claes 288 Grill, Johannes 288 Guinea Linen 185, 186 gunpowder empires 4, 11 Guyana 29 Gywnn, John 112 habitus 195 Halfpenny, William 109 Hanseatic League 204, 206, 208, 210, 212 Hartly, Joseph 287 hazard 238, 240 He Jiazhang 102 He Jinkun 99 Hellin, Anthoine 314 Henri IV, King 49 Heren XVII (Gentlemen XVII) 56, 65 Hering, Olga Katsiardi 87 Hilaire, Pérez, Liliane 87 Hindus 148, 341, 342, 343, 345 Hising, Merchant 281 Hodacs, Hanna 259–61, 277–93 Holford, Robert 161 Holterman, Martin 286, 288 Hope, Thomas and Adrian 146–7 horses 222, Plate 9 Houtman, Cornelius de 45, 48–9, 50, 52 Houtman, Frederick de 51 Huang Ruixing 102

Index Huguenot merchants 140, 146, 148, 197 Huizong, Emperor 113 Hu Zhengyan 112 Hyson Green 301, 302, 302 Hyson-Skin tea 286, 292–3 Hyson tea 174, 266, 267, 284, 286, 292–3, 301 immigrants in Amsterdam 197–201, 203, 205, 210–15 characteristics of households 204 consumer goods 208 possession of exotic goods 212 India 2, 3–6, 183–94, 320 calico 42, 81, 83–5, 126, 188 comparisons 337–41 cotton 25, 30–31, 61, 124–9, 170, 187–8, 191, 193, 259, 335 development of trade 10–11 diamonds 136, 139–42, 147–8, 148, 149–51 early modern consumption 332, 335, 337–41 French ban on textiles 244, 246, 252, Plate 15 gold 24 goods on sale in Paris 229–40 indigo 29, 42, 61–74 labour costs 12–13, 125 luxury imported goods 123 muslin 119–32, 188, 191 pepper 20 Pondicherry 195–6, 216–27, Plate 9 population 26 private merchants 155, 156–7, 158–65, 170 religion 345 Scottish tea trade 298 sense of luxury 343–5 silk 30, 184, 187–90 silver 24, 343 Taylor’s report 130–32 tea 31, 278 textiles 3, 20, 61, 63, 124–5, 126, 137, 183–94, 282, 338 textiles in intra-Asian trade 125, 137, 183–90, 193

361

trading with Portugal 49 transfer of knowledge 42, 43, 66–8 Waters 159–64 ways of consuming 341–5 indigo 5, 29, 61–74, 160, 186 average exports 65, 65–6 challenges and response 68–71 counterfeit 67, 70, 71, 73–4 India 29, 42, 61–74 market in Britain 71–4 prices 63, 64, 66, 67–9, 72 smuggling 72 transfer of knowledge 41, 42, 61, 66–8, 70, 73–4 Indonesia 185, 187, 188, 218 industrialization 1–2, 82–4 calico 78–81 Turkey red technique 84–8 Industrial Revolution 30, 31, 35, 78, 88, 124 early modern consumption 331, 337 mechanization of textile industry 30–31 industrious revolution 1, 5, 310, 332, 333–4 information/knowledge transfer 5, 41–2, 61, 175–6, 195–6 development of Eurasian trade 14–17, 23, 34–5 indigo 41, 42, 61, 66–8, 70, 73–4 letters 158–65 muslins 130–31 pattern books 107–17 Turkey red techniques 84–8 Interpersonal networks 136 intra-Asian trade 1, 137, 334, 338–9 calico 188, 190, 191 Indian textiles 125, 137, 183–90, 193 Pondicherry 218–19, 221–3, 226, Plate 9 private merchants 135, 136, 154–7, 164–5 tea 273, 275 Iran see Persia (Iran) Ireland 295, 299 iron 50

362

Index

Irvine, Charles 170–73, 175, 281, 286, 287, 300 Irvine, John 286, 287 Isaac, Eleazar Levy 178 Israel, Jonathan 142 Italy 81, 86, 107, 122 diamonds 136, 139 painted enamel 92, 93, 94, 95 I’tesamuddin, Mirza Sheikh 343 ivory 222, Plate 9 Jacobsz, Jan 48 jade 104, 112, 117 Jameson, John 302 Japan 14, 29, 231, 236, 336 intra-Asian trade 137, 184, 185, 187, 190 Pondicherry 216, 218–19, 221–3, 226, Plate 9 Jati, Sunan Gunung 48 Java 31, 42, 185–6, 191 coffee 28, 28–9 map of Banten 46 pepper 49, 52, 57, 186 trade contacts 45, 47, 47–9 Jeanneton 249 Jeffries, David 143 jewels 147, 148, 148–50, 222, 229 see also diamonds joint-stock trading companies 14–16 Jones, Eric 8 jute 34 Kangxi, Emperor 93–5, 96–8, 100, 101, 102, 103 Kennedy, Andrew 297 Kennis, Jan 314–15 Kilian Stumpf 94–5 knowledge see information/knowledge transfer Koegler, Ignatius 96 König & Company, Henrik 170, 278 Koninckx, Christian 171 labour costs 12–13, 125 La Bourdonnais, Bertrand-François Mahé de 150 lacquerware 12, 122, 158, 174, 230 Lairesse, Gerard de 112

Lane, Kris 4 Lang Shining 97 Langzhong Hai Wang 97 Law de Lauriston, Jean 343, 344 Lazare Duvaux 229 Ledderose, Lothar 115 Le Doudic, Kévin 195, 216–28 Leur, J.C. van 57 Levant Company 42, 62, 63 Levy family 150 Liell, Thomas 178 lieux privilégiés 250–52, 253 Lin Chaokai 102 Little, Archibald 302 Little, John 301 Livingston, Alexander 298 Lodewijcksz, Willem 49, 50 Lombarden 53, 54 Long Hongjian 102 Louis XIV 94, 197, 216 Low Countries see Belgium; Netherlands Lu Ziqian 114 Machault, Controller General 247 Mackillop, Andrew 260–61, 294–308 Mailla, Joseph de 95–6 Main, William 301 majolica 315, 317, 334 Malay peninsula 185, 187, 190 Malthusianism 10, 12 marchands merciers 245 Margoline-Plot, Eugénie 248 Marks, Robert 13, 26 Marshall, Peter 154 Martin, Georges 78–9, 80, 81, 84, 86 Martin, Serquis de 78–9, 80, 81, 86 Marx, Karl 9 Mascarene Islands 216, 217 Mauritius 216 McCants, Anne 195, 197–215, 310 measurement units 50 meat 57 Medhurst, Sir Walter 114 Meilink-Roelofsz, M.A.P. 57 Mentz, Søren 155, 156 metals and metal processing 5, 22, 41, 183–4, 218 Mexico 24, 30

Index Ming dynasty 10, 109, 113, 114, 337 painted enamel 92–3, 103 Mintz, Sidney 309–10 Moir (or More), James 286, 287, 300, 303 Mokyr, Joel 130 Moll-Murata, Christine 113 moneylenders 53–4 Morellet, André 252, 253 Moura, Joao 95 Mui, Hoh-Cheung 282 Mui, Lorna H. 282 Muirson, Andrew 303–4 Muirson, James 303–4 Mull Company 299 Müller, Leos 260, 277–93 Muslims 48, 50, 53–5, 340–43, 345 misconduct by non-Muslims 55–6 muslin 42, 119–20, 120–21, 122–32, 244 India 119–32, 188, 191 Taylor’s report 130–32 Myanmar 218 Nadri, Ghulam A. 42, 61–76 Napoleonic wars 33, 35 Nassau, Mauritz van 54 Nef, John 337 neoclassical trade theory 16–17 Netherlands 2, 4–6, 45–57, 123, 331–46 calico 81, 86 characteristics of households 204 cheese in Pondicherry 218 coffee 28, 28–9, 208 consumer goods 195, 197–215 determinants of consumer behaviour 205–13 diamonds 136, 139–40, 141, 141–2, 142, 143–4, 144, 145–6 exotic goods 206, 212 financial profile 202 forks 318, 318 hot drinks 309–12, 312, 313, 314–16, 316, 317–23 Indian textiles 184, 185, 189–91, 192 indigo 62, 64–5, 65, 66–9 intra-Asian trade 23

363

moneylenders 53–4 painted enamel 92 patterns of design 108 pepper 7 popularization of tea 264–5, 269–71, 272–4 porcelain in Amsterdam 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209–10, 212, 213 Portuguese intermediaries 42, 48–9, 52 private merchants 32, 33, 172 public sales 175 rituals of trade contacts 45, 47–8 Scottish tea trade 295, 297, 298, 300, 303, 305 smuggling 6 tax on tea 269–70 tea 6, 208, 259, 261 tea and SEIC 277, 278, 281, 289 trading with India 337–41 trading with Japan 14, 219 volume and value of trade 21–3, 25 New Company 73 New Institutional Economics 340 newspapers 230–31 New Trade Theory 17 New World 9, 10, 31, 33, 35 indigo 29, 66 volume and value of trade 18, 19, 20–22, 24 see also America Nian Xiyao 97, 99 Niclas, Madame 254 Nierstrasz, Chris 259–60, 263–76, 278, 320 novelties 12, 15, 223, 225, 240 private merchants 173, 174 Nunes, Jacob and Abraham 148 nutmeg 50 Oldknow, Samuel 129–30 Oostende Trading Company see Ostend Company opium 16, 55, 111, 187 opoponax 158, 160, 162, 163 Orleans, Duc d’ 247 Orme, Robert 119, 126 O’Rourke, Kevin 13, 264

364

Index

Orry, Controller General 249–52, 254, 255 Ostend Company 6, 32, 170, 172, 311 popularization of tea 263–4, 265, 268 tea 259, 260, 261, 278, 281, 319–21 tea and SEIC 281, 287, 288 ostrich feathers 148, 158 Ottoman Empire 27, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84 Oxwick, Mr 72 painted enamel 92–104, Plate 3, Plate 4 imitation Plate 2 painting manuals 109, 111, 112, 115–16 Paiva, Moses Pereira de 149 Pallas, Peter Simon 85 Pan Chun 101–2 Panjan, Quillin 48 Parkinson, Robert 286, 287 Parthasarathi, Prasannan 10, 24, 131 Paton, Mr 304 pattern books 41, 43, 107–17, 124 embroidery 107–10, 112, 113–15, 117, Plate 6 patterns for Chinese ware 172–3 payment means in Java 50–51 pearls 147, 148, 158 Pedrini, Teodorico 95 Pee, Christian de 114 Peers, Charles 102–3 Pekoe tea 266, 267, 284, 286, 292–3 pepper 7, 12, 20, 51, 63, 124, 189 China 49, 52, 271 Java 49, 52, 57, 186 popularization of tea 264, 271, 273, 275 price 49, 57 private merchants 160 Scottish tea trade 298 volume and value of trade 20 Persia (Iran) 30, 50–51, 69, 83–5, 92, 344 Armenian calico printers 79, 81, 83, 85, 85 carpets 335 Indian textiles 185, 188, 191

transfer of knowledge 42, 43 Peru 24 pewter 311, 317, 319, 321 Pfister, Ulrich 16–17 Philip II of Spain 49 Philippines 222, Plate 9 Pitt the Younger, William 131 Pointon, Marcia 150 Poirier & Daguerre 229 Pombal, Marquis of 141 Pomeranz, Kenneth 4, 9–10, 13, 23, 26–7 Pompadour, Madame de 247, 255 Pondicherry market 195–6, 216–27, Plate 9 distribution channels 220 population 8, 12, 18–20, 25, 26 porcelain 5, 12, 29–30, 279, 320, 336 China 3, 108, 122–3, 173, 223, 230, 259, 261, 336 early modern consumption 333, 334, 336 famille rose 43, 99, 101, 103, Plate 5 famille verte Plate 2 goods in Amsterdam 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209–10, 212, 213 goods on sale in Paris 230, 234, 237, 238, 240 painted enamel 97, 99–101, 103, Plate 2, Plate 5 patterns 109, 110, 113 Pondicherry 218, 222–3, Plate 9 teaware 311, 314–16, 316, 317, 321–2, 336 transfer of techniques 41, 43 Porto Novo Affair 288 Portugal 17, 23, 48–50, 219 diamonds 139–41, 141, 142, 143–4, 144, 145–6 indigo 62, 64 intermediaries in trade 42, 48–9, 52 volume and value of trade 24 Prakash, Om 2, 137, 183–94 Price, Joseph 331 Prins Carl 279, 280, 286, 292–3 sale of cargo 286 summary of cargo 285

Index private merchants 1, 3, 5, 32–5, 135–7, 198 China 136–7, 157, 158, 168–80 cotton 126 development of Eurasian trade 15–16 diamonds 149, 157, 158 Great Britain 108, 135–6, 154–65, 169, 170, 172 indigo 62, 68, 71–4 luxury goods 123 mariners 169–74, 176, 179–80 metropolitan connections 156–9 muslin 127–8 permitted cargoes 158, 160 Pondicherry 217, 219–21 popularization of tea 264, 270–72, 275 public sales 171, 172, 173, 174–9 reputation 162–4 tea 280 trade contact with Malays 45 trade networks 154–65 transfer of knowledge 41–2 Waters 159–64 public sales 216, 279–82 private merchants 171, 172, 173, 174–9 tea 175–6, 277, 279–82, 285, 285–8, 292–3 Qianlong, Emperor 99–100, 102, 103 Qing dynasty 10, 26, 43, 107–17, 336 painted enamel 92–3, 96–99, 101, 103 Raveux, Olivier 42, 77–91 Raynal, Abbé 3 recognition fee 271 Réunion 216 Réveillon 237 Reynst, Gerard 56 rice 50, 57, Plate 9 Pondicherry 218, 222 Riello, Giorgio 31, 124–5, 131 Ripa, Matteo 95, 96–7 rituals of trade transactions 45, 47–8

365

Rodrigues, Salvador 148 Rosenthal, Jean-Laurent 9 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 252 Rousset, Etienne 95 Roy, Tirthankar 126 Royal Navy 33 Roze, Jean 225 Ruan Jiayou 102 Ruan Yuan 112 Russell, Andrew 297 Russia 92, 147 Ryckbosch, Wouter 261, 264, 309–27, 333–4 Sahlgren, Niklas 178, 278, 286, 286, 288 Saint Domingue 27–9 Salindre, Pierre 86 Salmasius, Claudius 53–4 Salomons family 150 salt 253, 255 Salvador Snr, Francis 148 Salvador, Francis and Joseph 140, 141, 148, 148–50 Salvador, Jacob 148 Sandberg, David 288 sapphires 222, Plate 9 Sargentson, Carolyn 229 Scavenius, Jacob 128 Schäfer, Dagmar 43, 107–18 Schouten, Wouter 56 Schreuder, Jan 193 Scotland 168, 170, 172 map 296 tea 6, 260–61, 284, 287, 289, 294–306 Scott, James 286, 287, 295, 297 Scott, Mr 161 Scottish East India Company 294 Second Navigation 50, 54 Seguine 249 Sephardic Jews 136, 140, 141, 150, 197 Serra, Phineas 148 Seventh Separate Voyage 47 Shah, Ahmad 344 Shah, Nadir 344 Shammas, Carole 310, 316 Shoguns 14

366

Index

Siam (Thailand) 47, 51, 185, 218, 222, Plate 9 Signorini, Stefano 96 silk 7, 12, 13, 16, 34, 193, 335–6 China 3, 26, 30, 108, 113, 117, 122, 170, 173, Plate 14 France 245, 252–3, 255, 335 GIC 320 goods in Amsterdam 198, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 213 goods on sale in Paris 196, 237 Indian religion 345 intra-Asian trade 184, 187, 188, 189–91 patterns of design 113, 117 Pondicherry 222 private merchants 170, 173 SEIC 279 volume and value of trade 18 silver 10–11, 22–4 108, 126, 184, 332 diamonds 147, 148, 148–50 goods in Amsterdam 205 goods on sale in Paris 229 India 24, 343 payment means in Java 50–51 Pondicherry 218 private merchants 157 tableware 317, 318, 319, 321 tea 265, 270–71, 273–5 volume and value of trade 22–5, 25 Singlo Green tea 301 Singlo tea 266, 267, 284, 292–3 Sittart, Henry van 149 slave trade 21, 22 Smith, Adam 1 smuggling 6, 157, 172, 177 Asian textiles 245, 250, 253, 254, 255 indigo 72 salt 253, 255 Scottish tea trade 295, 299–300, 302, 303–4 tea 6, 260, 264, 269–75, 278 tobacco 253, 255 social connections 136, 169–70, 171–2, 179 Pondicherry 225, 226

private merchants 156, 158–64, 165 textile trade in France 247, 248, 249 Solar, Peter 33, 34 Sombart, Werner 331 Song dynasty 113, 114, 115, 116 Song Sanji 97 Sood, Gagan 159 Souchong tea 173, 266, 267, 284, 285, 292–3, 298 Sound Tolls 21 Spain 3, 30, 92, 150, 172 trade contacts in Java 49–50 volume and value of trade 21, 24 Spice Islands 3, 20, 185, 186, 187, 191 spices 3, 7, 12, 64, 124, 189 early modern consumption 333, 342 Java 48, 57 Portugal 48, 49, 50 private merchants 158 VOC 15, 270–71 Sri Lanka see Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Stavorinus 119 Steencuyl, Joannes 314 Ström family 288 Stumpf, Kilian 94–5 Styles, John 4, 319 sugar 34, 50, 122, 303, 333, 342 China 26 rapid expansion of consumption 309–10, 312, 313, 322 volume and value of trade 20, 21 Sumatra 20, 51, 185, 222, Plate 9 supply inelasticities 27–32 Surinam 28 Sweden 6, 32, 168, 178 Scottish tea trade 300, 303, 304, 305 tea 260, 277–89, 292–3 Swedish East India Company (SEIC) 284 popularization of tea 263–4, 265, 268 private merchants 168, 170, 171–2, 173–4 public sales 178, 279–81 Scottish tea trade 295, 299, 300, 302, 304 tea 260–61, 277–89, 292–3 Switzerland 3, 335

Index Taiwan 185, 336 Talib, Mirza Abu 344 Tang Yin 99, 110 Tang Zhenji 99 Tavernier, Jean-Baptiste 151 taxes 124 Armenians 81 France and textiles 245, 249–51, 254, 255 tea 260, 269–70, 271–2, 274–5, 278, 312 Tayda, Pedro da 49 Taylor, John 42, 119, 122, 125, 128–9, 130–32 tea 5, 6, 34, 259–60, 277–89, 294–306 black 173, 260, 263, 265–6, 267, 268, 268, 269, 272, 274–5, 320 black in SEIC trade 277, 282–4, 289 Ceylon 31 China 26, 31, 173–4, 175–6, 189, 222, 230, 238, 259–61 China trade and SEIC 277–89, 292–3 consumption in Low Countries 309, 312, 312, 313, 313–15, 317–23 early modern consumption 333, 335–6 fraud 320 goods in Amsterdam 198, 200, 206, 207, 208, 209–10, 212, 213 goods on sale in Paris 230, 238 green 174, 265–6, 267, 268, 282, 284, 320 India 31, 278 Java 31 Pondicherry 222, Plate 9 popularization 263–6, 267, 268, 268–75 price 264, 265–6, 267, 268–72, 321 price in Scottish trade 298–300, 301, 301–2, 302, 304 price in SEIC trade 279–80, 282–3 private merchants 160, 170, 172, 173–4, 264, 270–72, 275 public sales 175–6, 277, 279–82, 285, 285–8, 292–3

367

quality 12, 279–82, 289, 298–9, 302 Scottish trade 6, 260–61, 284, 287, 289, 294–306 size of tea chests 277–8, 280 smuggling 6, 260, 264, 269–75, 278 smuggling Scottish trade 295, 299–300, 302, 303–4 standardization 282 Swedish strategies 282–5 taxes 260, 269–70, 271–2, 274–5, 278, 312 volume and value of trade 20 Tea Commutation Act (1784) 6 teak wood 222 teaware 310–11, 314–16, 316, 317, 321–2, 334, 336 technology transfer 122–3 calico printing 78, 81, 84, 88 enamelling 92–104 Turkey red 84–8 Temple, William 109 textiles 5, 25, 29, 63–4, 81, 124–30, 264 dyes 41–2 early modern consumption 333, 334, 338 embroidery pattern books 113 French antipathy 244–56 goods in Amsterdam 200, 206, 207, 209–11, 213–14 goods on sale in Paris 196, 229, 231, 234, 236–7, 240 India 3, 20, 61, 63, 124–5, 126, 137, 183–94, 282, 338 intra-Asian trade 125, 137, 183–90, 193, 334 mechanization of industry 30–31 Pondicherry 218, 222, 225, Plate 9 private merchants 170, 172 quality 12 religions in India 345 smuggling 245, 250, 253, 254, 255 taxes 245, 249–51, 254, 255 Taylor’s report 130–32 transfer of techniques 41–3 types 185–7, 191 volume and value of trade 20 see also calico; cotton; muslin; silk

368

Index

Thailand see Siam (Thailand) Thirty Years’ War 66, 74 Thomas of Aquin 53 tin 27, 218, 238 popularization of tea 271, 273, 275 tobacco 26, 122, 309, 319, 323, 333, 342 Scotland 305 smuggling 253, 255 volume and value of trade 20–21 tombak 222, Plate 9 Tournon, Maillard de 94 trade diversion 18, 20 transaction costs 13–14, 17, 32–6, 66, 84, 124 Trémouville, Marquis of 240 Turkey 147, 335 Turkey red 42, 84–5, 85, 86–8 Turkish baths 88 Turner, Nathaniel 149 Udny, George 298 United States of America see America usury 53–4 Valatx, Jean 93 value and volume of trade 17–25 van Dishoeck, Ewout 335 van Merlen, Bernadus 141, 143, 145, 147 Vanneste, Tijl 135–6, 139–53, 175 van Sittart & Plowman 149 Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC) (Dutch East India Company) 15–16, 137, 183–94 average indigo exports 65 coffee 27, 28, 28 diamonds 140 early modern consumption 334, 335, 336 goods in Amsterdam 207, 208, 209–10, 212 immigrant employees 197, 204 Indian cotton exports 82 indigo 62, 64, 65, 66, 67–71, 74 intra-Asian trade 183–9 misconduct of crews 55–6 morality 54 muslin 127–8

patterns of design 109 pepper 271, 273 popularization of tea 263–5, 268, 269, 269–74 private merchants 168, 172, 271 Scottish tea trade 297, 299, 304 spices 15, 270–71 tea 259, 278, 320–21 trade contacts 47, 54, 55–6, 57 trade with Japan 14 volume and value of trade 22, 23 Vigne, La 244, 249, 255 Villars, Madame la maréchale de 247 volume and value of trade 12, 17–18, 19, 19–25, 57 coffee 27, 28, 28–9 cotton 30 diamonds 142, 147 indigo 63, 66 pepper 7 popularization of tea 273 private merchants 157, 169–70 rate of growth 31, 33–4 tea 283, 284, 285, 298, 300, 302, 304 von Brescius, Meike 136, 168–82 Vora, Virji 151 Voskuil, J.J. 336 Wales 260 Walle, Father de 219–20 Wallerstein, Immanuel 7–8 wallpapers 173, 230, 234, 237 Wang Fu 112 Wang Gai 112, 116 Wang Yingling 115 Wang Zuo 92 Washbrook, David 125, 131 Waters, Charles 159–64, 165 Waters, Thomas 160, 161, 162, 163, 164 Watson, Ian Bruce 154, 157 Watson and Anderson 302, 302, 304 weaving and weavers 30, 42, 117 muslin 120, 121, 125–30 patterns of design 109, 110, 117 Weber, Max 9 Wedgwood, Josiah 29

Index weights and measures 50–52, 57 Westerman, Adam 54 West Indies 49, 66, 111, 185 coffee 27, 28, 28–9 Wilkieson, Thomas 172, 175 Willemsens, Maria Theresia 314 Williamson, Jeffrey 13, 264 wines and spirits 218, 222, 303, 342, Plate 9 woad 29, 61–3, 65 woollens 22, 63, 191, 196, 245, 255 angora 88 goods in Amsterdam 198, 211, 212 wood 221–2, 225, Plate 9 World Systems 7, 9 Wretts-Smith, Mildred 157 Wu Shiqi 97 Wylie, Alexander 114

Xu Xiaodong

369

43, 92–106

Yanglin, Viceroy 98, 101–2 Yang Shizhang 102 Yemen 27 Yi, Prince 97, 98 Yogev, Gedalia 139, 143, 147 Yongzheng, Emperor 96–103, 110 Yuan dynasty 92, 93 Yuanmingyuan 97, 98–9, 101 Yuanwai Lang Haiwang 97 Zaveri, Shantidas 151 Zhang Zi 115 Zhang Zilie 111 Zhao Hongxie 98 Zhong tea 301 Zhou Yue 97 Zuo Shiyong 98