Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World Edited by Effie G. H. Pedaliu, LSE IDEAS and John W. Young, University of Nottingham The Palgrave Macmillan series Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World aims to make a significant contribution to academic and policy debates on cooperation, conflict and security since 1900. It evolved from the series Global Conflict and Security edited by Professor Saki Ruth Dockrill. The current series welcomes proposals that offer innovative historical perspectives, based on archival evidence and promoting an empirical understanding of economic and political cooperation, conflict and security, peace-making, diplomacy, humanitarian intervention, nation-building, intelligence, terrorism, the influence of ideology and religion on international relations, as well as the work of international organisations and non-governmental organisations. Series editors Effie G. H. Pedaliu is Fellow at LSE IDEAS, UK. She is the author of Britain, Italy and the Origins of the Cold War (Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) and many articles on the Cold War. She is a member of the Peer Review College of the Arts and Humanities Research Council. John W. Young is Professor of International History at the University of Nottingham, UK, and Chair of the British International History Group. His recent publications include Twentieth Century Diplomacy: A Case Study in British Practice, 1963–76 (2008) and, co-edited with Michael Hopkins and Saul Kelly, The Washington Embassy: British Ambassadors to the United States, 1939–77 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). Titles include: Martín Abel González and Nigel J. Ashton THE GENESIS OF THE FALKLANDS (MALVINAS) CONFLICT Argentina, Britain and the Failed Negotiations of the 1960s Christopher Baxter, Michael L. Dockrill and Keith Hamilton BRITAIN IN GLOBAL POLITICS VOLUME 1 From Gladstone to Churchill Pablo Del Hierro Lecea SPANISH–ITALIAN RELATIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE MAJOR POWERS, 1943–1957 Aaron Donaghy THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND THE FALDKLAND ISLANDS 1974–79 Eirini Karamouzi GREECE, THE EEC AND THE COLD WAR 1974–1979 The Second Enlargement Rui Lopes WEST GERMANY AND THE PORTUGUESE DICTATORSHIP Between Cold War and Colonialism

Malcolm Murfett SHAPING BRITISH FOREIGN AND DEFENCE POLICY IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A Tough Ask in Turbulent Times Simon A. Waldman ANGLO-AMERICAN DIPLOMACY AND THE PALESTINIAN REFUGEE PROBLEM, 1948–51 John W. Young, Effie G. H. Pedaliu and Michael D. Kandiah BRITAIN IN GLOBAL POLITICS VOLUME 2 From Churchill to Blair

Security, Conflict and Cooperation in the Contemporary World Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–137–27284–3 (Hardback) (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and the ISBN quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England

Greece, the EEC and the Cold War, 1974–1979 The Second Enlargement Eirini Karamouzi Lecturer in Contemporary History, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom

© Eirini Karamouzi 2014 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-33132-8 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2014 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-349-46136-3 ISBN 978-1-137-33133-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137331335 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

To my loving parents, Nikos and Eleni

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Contents

Acknowledgements

viii

List of Abbreviations

x

Introduction

1

1 Democracy and European Integration: Greece’s Strategy of Democratisation

14

2 Why Did the Nine Say ‘Yes’?

35

3 And the Talks Kick Off

63

4 Stagnation

87

5 Closing the Gap

117

6 The German Presidency: The Race against Time

144

7 Unfinished Business

169

Conclusion

184

Notes

196

Sources

231

Index

248

vii

Acknowledgements

There are many people without whom this book would not have come to fruition. I am grateful to Piers Ludlow for everything he did for me and mostly for his excellent supervision. Equally crucial is Kristina Spohr’s contribution. I am especially grateful to LSE IDEAS – in particular Arne Westad, Michael Cox and Svetozar Rajak – for granting me my first postdoctoral fellowship, thus casting a vote of confidence in my work when I badly needed it. This fellowship was made possible by the generosity of Maurice Pinto, who has a deep interest in the history of the Cold War and to whom I am immensely grateful for his support. Emilia Knight – the best boss around and my other mother in London – and all of the people at IDEAS were a great source of help and encouragement. I am also grateful to Stathis Kalyvas and the Hellenic Studies Program at Yale. Yale proved to be the ideal institutional home in which to conduct my research. Thanks go to George Syrimis for his support and patience. Equally crucial for the completion of the book has been the European University Institute, which hosted me as a Max Weber fellow; special thanks go to Federico Romero. I also benefited from discussions with many colleagues at different stages of my project: Arne Hofmann, Steve Casey, John Iatrides, David Stevenson, Linda Risso, Konstantina Botsiou, Othon Anastasakis, Kalypso Nicolaidis, John Young, Fernando Guirao and Antonio Varsori. Special thanks go to Kiran Patel and Anne Deighton for their guidance. Thanks also go to Vassilis Paipais. Also extremely helpful in writing this book have been my ‘integrationist’ colleagues, Daniel Furby, Angela Romano, Emmanuel MourlonDruol, Marie-Julie Chenard and Matthew Broad, as well as my Greek colleagues and friends, Manolis Koumas and Dionysis Chourchoulis. Special thanks also go to Rui Lopes and James Ellison for always commenting on my work. I thank the ‘Webers’, who also became my close friends: Phillip Ayoub, Franziska Exeler, Valerie Mcguire and Ludivine Broch-Hinks, and, most importantly, Akis Psygkas for keeping me on my toes. Clare Mence, Emily Russell and the staff at Palgrave Macmillan have proved to be an exceptional publishing team, from their initial interest in the project to its eventual publication. I am also grateful to the three anonymous reviewers for their advice and comments. Equally viii

Acknowledgements

ix

important were those who helped me in my archival research. Christos Anastasiou at the Karamanlis Foundation was extremely accommodating to my demands, as were Alexandre Cojannot and Gregoire Eldin in the Quai d’Orsay archives, Pascal Geneste in the Archives Nationales, Joceline Collonval of the European Commission’s archives in Brussels, Stacy Davis in the Ford Library and Elizabeth McEnvoy in the Irish archives. Special thanks are also due to Christian Kramer, who was kind enough to translate the German documents for me, and Luc Brunet, who made sure that my translations of the French quotes were correct. Most of all I need to thank four people. First is Emma de Angelis for being my friend and the best editor around. She has extensively read, commented on and proofread page after page of this book. I would not have been able to do this without her help and encouragement. I have also benefited hugely from the support of Evanthis Hatzivassiliou. His unprecedented knowledge of history and his desire to help young academics are some of his most distinctive characteristics. I thank him for all of his efforts. But most of all, I deeply want to thank from the bottom of my heart Effie Pedaliu and Jimmy Athanasiou for believing in my work and offering guidance throughout the whole process. Simply put, I could not have done it without them. Any mistakes and omissions, of course, remain mine. I am grateful to my friends who supported my long journey involved in the making of this book: Maria Kasola, Manolis Vasilakis, Theodosia Stavroulaki, Zoe Koustoumpardi, Melina Tsaila and Victoria Stasinou. Finally, I have to thank my family. First are my brother Vassilis Karamouzis and his wife Eirini Botonaki for all of their support and their faith in me. Second is Paris Stamelos for his discreet, albeit wonderful, presence in my life these past years. I am thankful to Angeliki and my little siblings, Anastasis and Myrto. I am deeply grateful to my partner, James Dennison, who came into my life during the concluding stages of the book but gave me so much strength and inspiration to achieve my goals in spite of all kinds of difficulties. Last, but most importantly, I feel indebted to my parents, Nikos and Eleni, for always supporting me through every stage of my life and career, and being such exemplary role models. To them this book is dedicated.

Abbreviations AAPD ACA AEI AG AMAE BAC BAC BTA CAB CAP CFPF CKP CMA CNJA COREPER CPF CSCE CSF DG DNSA DOT ECBAC ECSC EEC EIB EMS EN EP EPC EUA EURATOM FCO

Akten Zur Auswärtigen Politik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland Accession Compensatory Amounts Archive of European Integration, Pittsburgh Archives Nationales, Valéry Giscard D‘Estaing Archives du Ministère des Affaires étrangères Historical Archives of the European Union Historical Archives of the European Commission Byron Theodoropoulos Archives Cabinet Papers, National Archives, Kew Common Agricultural Policy Central Foreign Policy Files, State Department Constantinos Karamanlis Papers Council of Ministers Archives Centre National des Jeunes Agriculteurs Comité des Représentants Permanents (Permanent Representatives Committee) Jimmy Carter Presidential Files Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe Christopher Soames Files Directorate-General Digital National Security Archives Department of Taoiseach, Dublin Historical Archives of the European Commission European Coal and Steel Community European Economic Community (the Community) European Investment Bank European Monetary System Emile Noël papers, Florence European Parliament European Political Cooperation European Unit of Account European Atomic Energy Community Foreign and Commonwealth Office, National Archives, Kew

x

List of Abbreviations

FDP FEOGA FGI FMA FRUS GKP GNP GPR GRF HAEC HAGFM JCL KKE MFA mua NATO PASEGES PASOK PREM PS RPR SGCI T UDF

xi

Freie Demokratische Partei Fonds Européen d’Orientation et de Garantie Agricole Federation of Greek Industries Foreign Ministry Archives (Greece) Foreign Relations of the United States George Kontogeorgis Papers Gross National Product Greek Parliamentary Records Gerald Ford Presidential Library Historical Archives of the European Commission Historical Archives of the Greek Foreign Ministry Jimmy Carter Library Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas (Greek Communist Party) Multilateral Fibre Agreement million units of account North Atlantic Treaty Organization Panhellenic Confederation of Agricultural Co-Operative Unions Panhellenic Socialist Movement Prime Minister Files, National Archives, Kew Parti socialiste Rassemblement pour la République Secrétariat général du Comité interministériel pour les questions de coopération economique européenne Treasury, National Archives, Kew Union pour la Démocratie française