SECTIONALISM AND THE CIVIL WAR
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SECTIONALISM When people favor the interests of one
region over the interests of the country as a whole Tariffs Slavery Industry Uses of land Political Parties North vs. South
A SPLITTING COUNTRY Various reasons and issues caused a rift in the country
Tariffs: High tariffs helped the industrial North by making their
prices cheaper against imports – made people buy American-made goods The South imported most non-agricultural goods, saw tariffs as a burden imposed by the North – their main trade partners were from Europe The West needed funding for roads, canals, railroads, etc. This was funded by the tariffs.
NULLIFICATION CRISIS 1832 A very high tariff had split the country Vice President John Calhoun left office
to go help his home state of South Carolina South Carolina considered the tariff null and void, threatened military action, and threatened to secede from the Union Henry Clay helped reach a compromise tariff Both sides backed down and conflict was avoided States’ Rights -Revolved around the ability of a state to declare federal laws unconstitutional
John C. Calhoun
Claimed that state governments have the right to reject federal laws.
MISSOURI COMPROMISE 1820 Missouri was admitted to the Union as a slave state Maine was admitted as a free state Any new states above the Missouri Compromise line would
be free states Maintain balance in the Senate
A SPLITTING COUNTRY Slavery: North – illegal since the Revolution Abolitionist societies and newspapers –
Underground Railroad Many didn’t know what was going on with African Americans South – slaves viewed as property Needed to maintain their way of life Considered a state’s right issue Many fugitive slaves West – fight over whether to extend slavery into the new territories
AFRICAN AMERICANS Free African Americans could own
property and had some rights Slaves had no rights at all Discrimination happened in all areas of the country
HENRY DAVID THOREAU He disagreed with a country
that had slavery and fought in wars His writing – Civil Disobedience – influenced many people to refuse to obey laws they considered unjust Martin Luther King Jr. would later use this philosophy
DEBATE OVER SLAVERY Victory in the Mexican War in 1848 added more
than 500,000 square miles to the U.S. This renewed the debate over the expansion of slavery Some northerners wanted to prohibit slavery in all parts of the Mexican Cession
ELECTION OF 1848 Many candidates did not
take a stance on slavery issues in the West This was in favor to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor – Mexican War hero Zachary Taylor 12th President 1849-1850 Whig
COMPROMISE OF 1850 California gold rush caused a population spike that
caused it to apply directly to be a state This raised the issue of whether to admit it as a free state or slave state – upset the balance Many Southerners were upset about it – Senator Jefferson Davis of Mississippi warned that they were about to permanently destroy the balance of power between the sections He and many others declared they would oppose the admission of California as a free state
COMPROMISE OF 1850 Henry Clay, nicknamed “The Great Compromiser” and
Daniel Webster stepped forward with another plan: -Urged Congress to let California enter as a free state -Called for the rest of the Mexican Cession to be organized as a federal territory – popular sovereignty should decide the status of slavery -Addressed a border dispute between Texas and New Mexico – Texas gave up land – in exchange for US paying off their debt. -Called for an end to slave trade – not slavery- in the country’s capital -Called for a new, more effective fugitive slave law
DANIEL WEBSTER Known as the “Great
Orator” Worked to create compromises with the southern states that would delay the start of the Civil War
COMPROMISE OF 1850 This was the last time a compromise worked (Henry Clay died in 1852.)
THE FUGITIVE SLAVE ACT Required the return of
escaped slaves to their owners Made it a federal crime to help runaway slaves This pleased the South, but angered the North because they felt it was immoral
DEATH OF ANOTHER PRESIDENT Zachary Taylor died
suddenly after 16 months in office His successor was Millard Fillmore Millard Fillmore 13th President Last Whig to be president 1850-1853
FRANKLIN PIERCE 14th President Democrat
1853-1857
TROUBLE IN KANSAS People wanted to build a railroad to the Pacific In order to do so, the rest of the Louisiana Purchase had to be organized into federal territories In 1854 Stephen Douglas introduced what became the Kansas-Nebraska Act
KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT This would divide the rest of the Louisiana
Purchase into two territories – Kansas and Nebraska In each territory popular sovereignty would decide the question of slavery This did away with the Missouri Compromise line Anti-slavery Northerners were outraged President Pierce was a supporter of this act and got it signed into law
Many issues start popping up in Kansas as pro and anti-
slavery groups rushed in to vote on the issue of slavery Fights between different groups “Bleeding Kansas”
REPUBLICAN PARTY One effect of this bill
was to kill off the Whig party who was wishywashy on the subject of slavery In its place came the Republican Party, which was strongly against the spread of slavery Supported the Union
JAMES BUCHANAN 15th President
Democrat 1857-1861
DRED SCOTT V. SANFORD Dred Scott was a slave owned by John
Sanford He traveled with John Sanford throughout the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase When he returned he sued John Sanford for his freedom claiming he had been living in free lands The Supreme Court decided Scott could not be heard in federal courts because he was not a citizen of the U.S. and therefore had no protection under the Constitution Congress had no authority over slavery in the territories
SCOTT V. SANFORD This court case confirmed slaves
as property and cannot bring cases to federal court Upon statehood each territory would determine whether or not it would be a slave state or a free state The South favored the decision, but the North did not This caused further tension between the North and the South
Roger Taney Supreme Court Justice Appointed by Andrew Jackson
SCOTT V. SANFORD A Constitutional amendment would later be
passed which completely outlawed slavery This could be considered a response from Congress to the ruling in the case
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 16th President Republican
1861-1865 He did not win a
single Southern state’s electoral vote.
BREAKING THE UNION Many southern states believed that once in power,
Lincoln would move to abolish slavery Just four days after Lincoln’s election South Carolina’s legislature called a special convention They were considering secession After three days of speeches all delegates voted to secede
LINCOLN’S FIRST INAUGURAL ADDRESS Equality – promised to not interfere
with the rights of states and the institution of slavery The Union – argued that the Union could not be dissolved The Government – stated it was against the law to secede from the Union Liberty – “I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so.”
CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA By February, 1861 Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia,
Louisiana, and Texas had also seceded from the Union They established a new nation – The Confederate States of America They passed their own constitution, closely resembling the U.S. Constitution except that citizens could own slaves
JEFFERSON DAVIS Elected president of the
Confederate States of America – 1861 His inaugural address states that the secession of the Southern states was similar to the colonists’ revolution against Britain Claimed that secession was a “necessity, not a choice.”
JEFFERSON DAVIS Equality – Slaves were not even viewed as an issue of equality The Union – Davis explained breaking away was a “necessity” if they were to
continue to engage in commerce with the rest of the world The Government – Similar to the U.S. government Liberty – Contrasting Lincoln’s discussion of liberty for individual people Rights of person and property have not been disturbed
Jefferson Davis’
inauguration Alabama State Capital
THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Sectionalism: Loyalty to local interests instead of national concerns Three different cultural and business practices were happening
in our country – North – South – West North – manufacturing and commerce, capital was invested in factories and transportation South – cash-crop, capital was invested in slaves and overseas markets West – depended on cheap land for expansion and good transportation networks to keep in touch with eastern businesses
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR State’s Rights:
The political position advocating a strict interpretation of
the Constitution The South turned to a states’ rights argument to protect slavery Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibiting their 10th Amendment right Southerners also said the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states it already existed Southern states thought they had the right to secede Issues: Right to own slaves as property and federal tariffs
CAUSES OF THE CIVIL WAR Slavery: First began in Virginia during the Colonial era
Throughout the first half of the 19th century Southern
politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government The North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, experiencing high birth rates and large amounts of immigrants This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government They worried about the election of a Northern, anti-slavery president
EVENTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
FIRING ON FORT SUMTER April, 1861
An important federal post was Fort Sumter, it controlled the
entrance to the Charleston Harbor, in South Carolina Running low on supplies, Abraham Lincoln decided to resupply
them South Carolina demanded that the Union troops leave the fort Union troops refused – Confederate guns opened fire on Fort
Sumter The Civil War had begun
FREDERICK DOUGLASS He persuaded the Union to permit
African Americans to fight in the army The number of African-Americans began to outnumber the white volunteers for the army.
Neither side was ready for a battle
Both relied on volunteers – the North had a
larger population, therefore more soldiers General Winfield Scott developed the Union’s two-part strategy He wanted to destroy the South’s economy through a naval blockade of southern seaports and gain control of the Mississippi river. It would take time to succeed The strategies of the North and South led to a war fought on land and sea
HABEAS CORPUS: Constitutional protection
against unlawful imprisonment On April 27, 1861 Abraham Lincoln suspended the right of habeas corpus. He did this in response to riots, local militia actions and the threat that the border state of Maryland would secede from the Union, leaving the nation’s capital surrounded by hostile territory. Lincoln acted without congressional approval.
Chief Justice Taney
HABEAS CORPUS U.S. Supreme Court case challenged the president’s rights
to suspend habeas corpus. Ex parte Merryman – John Merryman Taney ruled that President Lincoln’s suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional. Lincoln ignored the ruling. Lincoln defended his authorization for the suspension of habeas corpus primarily because the nation was at war. Congress authorized the Habeas Corpus Act in 1863 to relieve the president from being held liable for acting without congressional approval
ROBERT E. LEE Chief General of
Confederacy When the South seceded, Lincoln offered Lee the command of Union forces He refused, resigned from the U.S. Army and returned to Virginia to serve with the Confederate forces In 1862 Lee was appointed command of the Army of North Virginia His battle strategies are admired to this day
STONEWALL JACKSON Confederate General
Considered to be one of the most
gifted tactical commanders in U.S. history His death was a severe blow to the Confederacy and his men’s morale
BATTLE OF ANTIETAM Maryland - 1862 Confederate leaders hoped a victory on Northern soil
might break Union spirits and convince Europe to help Both sides began drafting soldiers to meet the demand of troops The battle lasted for hours It was the bloodiest single-day battle of the war Union casualties – more than12,000 Confederate casualties – more than 13,000 Union victory
EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (JANUARY 1,1863) Lincoln proclaimed all enslaved people in
Confederate lands to be forever free The proclamation could not be enforced in rebel areas, but as the Union took over rebel lands, slaves were set free instead of returned to their masters This was not a law passed by Congress This changes the nature of the war from preserving the Union to freeing the slaves
WEST VIRGINIA
West Virginia became a state following the
Wheeling Conventions, in which 50 northwestern counties of Virginia whose landowners owned few to no slaves decided to break away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state.
BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania – 1863
92,000 Union troops
fought 76,000 Confederate troops The Union won This turned back the Confederate invasion of the North Considered the turning point of the Civil War
ULYSSES S. GRANT Chief General of the
Union Army He created an overall plan concentrated on Sherman’s march through Georgia and his own assault on the Confederate Army in Virginia
GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (FOUR MONTHS AFTER THE BATTLE) Lincoln’s speech: “Four score and seven years ago” Equality – “all men are created equal” The Union – Restore peace and keep the nation united The Government – “The government of the people, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the earth.” Liberty – Principles of liberty and equality based on the Declaration of Independence
SIEGE OF VICKSBURG The North captured this strong hold to gain
control of the Mississippi River and divided the Southern States
ABRAHAM LINCOLN – SECOND TERM
1865
LINCOLN’S SECOND INAUGURAL ADDRESS March 4, 1865 Equality – Denounces slavery The Union – Restoration and peace for the
Union The Government – Lincoln stated that there were people trying to destroy the government with or without war Liberty – War will continue until slavery ceases to exist
LEE’S SURRENDER April 9, 1865 Appomattox Court
House Brings the Civil War to a close Lee surrenders the Confederate forces of Virginia to Grant
UNITED STATES WAR CASUALTIES American Revolution: 25,000 Civil War: 625,000 World War I: 116,000 World War II: 405,000
Korean War: 36,000 Vietnam War: 58,000 Afghanistan: 2,000 Iraq War: 4,000 War on Terror: 6,700
These are approximate counts. The numbers are
generally a bit higher.
ORIGINAL TARGETS – APRIL 14, 1865 A
Abraham Lincoln President
Andrew Johnson Vice President
William Seward Secretary of State
FORD’S THEATRE
ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth Southern Sympathizer April 14, 1865
CONSPIRATORS
Lewis Powell
George Atzerodt
Mary Surratt
David Herold
LINCOLN/KENNEDY COINCIDENCES Abraham Lincoln was elected to Congress in 1846 John F. Kennedy was elected to Congress in 1946 Abraham Lincoln was elected president in 1860 John F. Kennedy was elected president in 1960 The names Lincoln and Kennedy each contain seven letters Both were particularly concerned with civil rights Both wives lost children while living in the White House.
Both presidents were shot on a Friday Both were shot in the head Both were assassinated by Southerners Both were succeeded by Southerners Both successors were named Johnson Andrew Johnson was born in 1808 Lyndon Johnson was born in 1908
Both assassins were known by their three names – John Wilkes Booth, Lee
Harvey Oswald Both names have 15 letters Both assassins were assassinated before their trials
QUALITIES OF LEADERS Last photograph of Abraham Lincoln. March 6, 1865
Abraham Lincoln Led the U.S. as president
during the Civil War Through his leadership the Union was preserved and slavery eventually abolished after his assassination in 1865
MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS
PHILIP BAZAAR Born in Chile In the Union Navy On board the USS Santiago
de Cuba During the assault on Fort Fisher He bravely entered the fort in the assault and accompanied his party in carrying dispatches at the height of the battle He was one of the six men who entered the fort from the fleet
WILLIAM CARNEY 54th Massachusetts Regiment
(Union) Battle of Fort Wagner He was the first black soldier to receive the award When his regiment’s sergeant was shot down, Carney grabbed the flag, led the way to the parapet, and planted the colors When troops fell back he brought off the flag, under fierce fire – he was severely wounded twice
Maroon - States that seceded before April 15, 1861
Red - States that seceded after April 15, 1861 Yellow - Union states that permitted slavery Blue - Union states that forbade slavery
Gray - Territories, unaffiliated