Scientific and technical papers on: district heating, power engineering and renewable energy source [1] Śnieżyk R.: Impact of some heat substations control on district heating system's work. In: II Scientific Conference: Measurement and Control in Energetics. NOT, 17-18 November 1983. (Wrocław: NOT 1983), pp. 71-80, 2 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 8 posit., in Polish In the paper presented foundations and the numerical realization of the model of the mathematical district heating system making ADP system Wrocław. By means of this numerical model one carried out the analysis of the computer run of heat engineering in which certain heat substations were provided into the full-time menu of devices of the automatic regulation. On the basis received results of calculations one can define real savings, which will obtain himself in such case in the scale of the all system of the delivery of the warm. One evidenced the possibility of the enlargement of the utilization factor of savings arising in consequence of the automation of heat substations.

[2] Śnieżyk R.: Real energy savings at gradual control district heating system. In: The air-conditioning and the district heating - the energy saving. Materials on the international conference. Wrocław, 17-20 May 1984. pp. 333-339, 2 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 9 posit., sum. rez., Papers of the Institute Of The Chemical Engineering and Thermal Devices of the Technical University of Wrocław,1984, No. 44, Conference No. 6, in Polish The work of a heating system in which the number of heat substations equipped with automatic controllers is systematically growing has been analyzed. Based on the numerical simulation of the operation of district heating network of different degrees of automation, the real energy savings have been estimated. It has been assumed that the saving is measured by the reduction of heat carrier. If the heat source is not equipped with automatic controller, the effects of the automation of heat substation range from 50 to 90 % of the sum of effects produced by them. At the same time the surplus of net heat carrier in buildings without automatic heat substations varies within 10-110 % of their nominal demands. The results mentioned above should be taken into account while analyzing the efficiency of automation of district heating systems.

[3] Śnieżyk R.: Numeric model of a district heating system. In: XII Congress of Thermodynamics, Technical University of Cracow, Cracow-Rytro, September 1984. Materials the congressional, part 2., 1984 pp. 820-825, 2 fig. bibliography 1 posit., in Polish On the job presented the numerical model of the system heat engineering the servant to the simulation of the work of district heating networks about the any structure in different conditions. One gave basic foundations and the manner of the description of the thermal network structure. One presented ADP system Wrocław making the digital realization of the mathematical model.

[4] Śnieżyk R.: Realnyj razchod teplonositeljej v avarijnych uslovijach ucastka kolcevoj teplovoj seti. (Real flows of network water during a failure of O-ring section of hot water). In: 7 medzinarodna konferencia o vetrani, vykurovani a klimatizacii. VVK'84. Dom Techniky CSVTS Bratislava. /Piestany, 20-22 November 1984./ T. 2. Bratislava: CSVTS 1984 pp. 5560, 1 tab. bibliography 6 posit., in Russian In the paper presented the analysis of conditions of hydraulic district heating networks in emergency states. One described conversational ADP system WROCŁAW. One showed that sometimes a magnitude decisive about the quantity of the delivered lattice water to recipients was the pressure in the return cable. Annular district heating networks are characterized with the large hydraulic stability and the disconnection of the part of networks causes the slight diminution of the quantity of the lattice water for recipients.

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[5] Śnieżyk R.: Sequence of heat substation automation in a district heating system. In: The rationalization of the utilization of the energy in processes of the heating and the ventilation. Scientific Conference. NOT, Katowice, November 1984. Katowice: PZITS 1984 pp. 86-91, 1 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 13 posit., PZITS, no 442, in Polish In the paper presented results of the analysis hydraulic whose an target was the choice of the most proper of the order of control of heat substation in the district heating system. Accepting as the criterion the least disturbance of the work of heat substations without control, essentially one ought to provide into regulators objects being found nearest heat sources.

[6] Śnieżyk R.: Impact of heat demand for ventillation on municipal district heating system work. Ciepłownictwo. Ogrzewnictwo i Wentylacja (the District heating, the Househeating and the Ventilation), 1987 r. 19 no 6 pp. 140-141, 1 fig. 3 tab. Bibliography 11 posit., Rez. Sum. Zsfg. Also: In: The ventilation in the building and the industry. VIII The eight scientifically-technical conference. PZITS. Cracow, 14-15 November 1985, conference Materials. Part 2. pp. 129-136, 2 fig. 3 tab. bibliography 11 posit., in Polish Presented results of calculations of temperatures of the lattice water for the jet pump heat substation and for the reheater of air. In the conclusion one ascertained that the maximum inflatedness of the temperature of the lattice water for the reheater carried out 13,7 K, and at the simultaneous delivery of hot water 38,2 K (at concrete given) were carried out simulatory calculations for the system heat engineering in which one switched off all reheaters of air. Would cause this enough large dysregulation of remaining heat substation. In conclusions one gave that was necessary the elaboration of the method of appointing of the graph of the central qualitative regulation for district heating systems about various recipients.

[7] Śnieżyk R.: Impact of industrial receivers on municipal district heating system work. In: The heating and the ventilation against the background of experiences of the shipbuilding industry. V Scientific Conference. PZITS Technical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 14-15 February 1985. pp. 155-162, 3 fig., in Polish In the paper presented results of simulatory calculations whose an target was the definition of the degree of disturbances of the work of the urban system heat engineering caused by the enlargement of the conscription of the lattice water by plant. On this base one gave suggestions concerning of most essential undertakings which will let on the limitation of resultant results.

[8] Śnieżyk R.: Structure of district heating network and its running features. In: AllPolish Scientific Conference: Complex and detailed problems of the environmental engineering Technical University of Częstochowa, Częstochowa - Ustronie Morskie, 9-13 September 1985. pp. 642-647, 1 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 7 posit., in Polish The work presents the analysis of hydraulic conditions in the district heating network depending on her structure. On the basis results of simulatory calculations one ascertained that district heating networksshould have the polycyclic structure, even when she arises by the joining of neighbouring radial branches. One showed the possibility of compensating of results of possible failures of the section of the ring network by the enlargement of the water flow and the correction of the graph of the central qualitative regulation.

[9] Śnieżyk R.: Regulating chart and amount of water during a heating season. W: III Conference: The control technology and measurement on duty energetics: "The control of systems heat engineering - the attitude of the rational utilization of fuels and energies." NOT Wrocław, 22-23 October 1987. pp. 127-135, 3 fig. bibliography 11 posit., in Polish In the paper presented findings theoretical whose an aim {target} was finding of the Impact of the chosen graph of the central regulation on the formation himself changes of the quantity of the lattice water in season heating. As the point of departure was accepted observations of the work of real systems heat engineering and the numerical model of the hot-spot describing the comportment of the recipient of the heat from the point of view of the all system heat engineering. In the conclusion one ascertained that a most essential feature characterizing the system heat engineering was the participation of the useful hot water in the demand of the warm on the heating. Depending on this participation is possible the abaissement of the temperature of the lattice water on the feed with relation to computational

[10] Śnieżyk R., Sokołowski W.: Digital control of district heating objects. The guide-book of the foundation (Informator Fundacji), (The foundation of the district heating " The union of the district heating"), 1991 no 12 pp. 9-12, in Polish

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

2

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

In the article presented general foundations to realized in Municipal District Heating Company of Bydgoszcz, the head office of the heat substation B-III controlled in figures. One gave preliminary results of measurement executed within a period of summer.

[11] Śnieżyk R.: Modernization of exisiting district energy heating systems. Budownictwo i Gospodarka Miejska (The building and the Urban Economy Journal) 1993 no 6 pp. 48-51, Also: Methods of the modernization of existing district heating systems. In: X the Congress Polish Heating Engeeniers. “Problems of the district heating, the house-heating, the ventilation and the air-conditioning in new conditions of the market economy” Conference proceedings. Warsaw 1993 pp. 27-33. in Polish A principal purpose of the work is signalling of the necessity of the complex look on the problem of the modernization of existing district heating systems and the indication that is the accessible method of the realization of such undertaking. This method warrants the achievement in the comparatively little of intentional effects and radically will change costs of delivery of the heat from centralized sources.

[12] Śnieżyk R.: Standard modernization of an exisiting district heating system. Słupsk as an example. . The guide-book of the foundation (Informator Fundacji), (The foundation of the district heating " The union of the district heating"), 1993 no 20 pp. 1-4, 4 fig., in Polish A principal purpose was the performance of the complex look on the problem of the modernization of existing systems heat engineering on the example Of Słupsk. One described the use of the system EY2400 of the Swiss firm Sauter which is superbly fitted for the complex, stage-automation of Polish systems heat engineering. Presented method warrants achievements in the comparatively little of intentional effects and radically will change costs of delivery of the heat from centralized sources.

[13] Śnieżyk R.: Group regulation of heat delivery in district heating systems. Bydgoszcz as an example. . The guide-book of the foundation (Informator Fundacji), (The foundation of the district heating " The union of the district heating"), 1994 no 26 pp. 11-16, 7 fig., in Polish [14] Śnieżyk R.: How to modernize Polish district heating systems ? Case study: Szczecin, In: The modernization of district heating systems in Poland. THE III Domestic conference. Międzyzdroje, 19-21 September 1994. [B.m.: b.w. 1994] pp. 53-63, 11 fig. tab. 3 bibliography 3 posit., in Polish [15] Juniewicz H., Śnieżyk R.: Metrological analysis on heat and water flow measurement in a district heating system. Energetyka (Energetics), 1994 R. 48 no 1 pp. 8-13, 6 fig. bibliography 10 posit., in Polish In the article presented the analysis metrological of measurement of the water flow and the heat in the district heating network the embracing analysis of biases of measurement of the temperature and the water flow in the head office of the heat substation "B-III" in Bydgoszcz. On the basis analyses metrological of these dependences one defined places of measurement temperatures decisive about the exactitude of the calculation of the water flow and the heat and one formulated requirements concerning exactitudes of the applied apparatus to measurement of the temperature of water and the water flow.

[16] Śnieżyk R.: Optimalization of an exisiting heat source as an alternative investment. Settles "J. Sobieski" in Wrocław as an example. In: District heating companies - initiatives the saving energy, The seminar. Energy '96. Wrocław, 17 September 1996. Warszawa: ARW "dima" [1996] pp. 8-16, 4 fig. 3 tab., in Polish In the paper presented the example of the optimization of the system heat engineering as the alternative of the investment. Instead of the construction of the new boiler station one proposed the change of structure district heating networks and the hydraulic regulation of the existing district heating system POLAR (household goods producer).

[17] Śnieżyk R.: Impact of incomplete automation of heat substations and district heating systems on heat source work. Modern District Heating Journal (Nowoczesne Ciepłownictwo ), 1997, no 1 s.6-9, 6 fig., in Polish In the article presented the state of the automation of district heating systems in Poland. The special attention was returned on results of investment-wrong decisions. One showed most frequent reasons of losses and improper solutions.

[18] Fijewski M., Śnieżyk R., Number and efficiency optimalization of boilers in a local SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

3

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

boiler house. In: The 9-th International Conference of Air Conditioning & District Heating, Wrocław `98, Szklarska Poręba 1998, Edition PZITS no 756, Wrocław 1998, pp. 131-136, 5 fig., bibliography 4 posit., in Polish An estimation analysis of the number and efficiency of the boilers in the local gas boiler house were presented. Based on the real meteorological data an Impact of the boiler size on the fuel consumption was showed. Measurement outside temperature parameters were made for every quarter and every hour. The building dynamics was taken into consideration by introducing the dumped outside temperature. Total heat demand consists of the space heating, domestic hot water demand and demand for the technology. Characterisitic hot water demand and heat for technology (kitchen) were assumpted according to the type of the researched building. There were analyzed several types of the boilers and their gas demand was determined on the basis of characteristic which express heat efficiency dependently of the heat load .

[19] Klimczak M., Śnieżyk R., Profitability of introducing mini-CHP in municipal heat substations, In: The 9-th International Conference of Air Conditioning & District Heating, Wrocław `98, Szklarska Poręba 1998, Edition PZITS no 756, Wrocław 1998, pp. 257-262, 6 fig., bibliography 6 posit., in Polish The paper presents of the economic feasibility analysis of the application of combined heat and power (CHP) units in communal boiler houses fired with coal. The calculations are carried out based on the actual data of the district heating system in the city of Słupsk. The simple pay-back time of the investment is determined. Especially attractive are CHP units with gas motors. It is very important to achieve possibly long operation time of electricity generating units. Dimensioning methods of CHP units in relation is the local conditions are suggested.

[20] Śnieżyk, R., Modernization of elements of the district heating system. Materials konf.: In: Benchmarking of district heating systems in Poland. The International conference. Gdańsk, 9 December 1999. Gdańsk: FEMOPET POLAND KAPE-BAPE-GRAPE, pp. 97129, 15 fig. 6 tab., in Polish In paper one introduced examples of the modernization of the source of the heat (the Boiler station POLAR Wrocław), the district heating network (manufactory METALCHEM Opole) and heat substation realized with the ESCO method.

[21] Klimczak M., Śnieżyk, R., Preliminary technical and economic opinion on a plan of building a municipal boiler house in Zgorzelec. Conference proceedings:In: Problems of enviroment engineering at the treshold of the new millenium. International Conference. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 5-7 October 2000. Wrocław: Oficyna Wydaw. PWroc. 2000, pp. 313-318, 2 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 8 posit., Summ., in Polish The paper presents results of the economic feasibility analysis of the application of combined heat and power (CHP) units in communal boiler house fired with brown coal. The calculations are carried out based on the actual data of the district heating system in the city of Zgorzelec. The pay-back time of the investment is determined. It is very important to achieve possibly long operation time of electricity generating units. Dimensioning methods of CHP units in relation to the local conditions are suggested. In this case the pay-back time is over 15 years.

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

4

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[22] Jeżowiecki J., Fijewski M., Śnieżyk, R. Simulation model of a modified full-serial heat substation. Conference proceedings: In: Problems of enviroment engineering at the treshold of the new millenium. International Conference. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 5-7 October 2000. Wrocław, Wrocław University of Technology, 2000, pp. 265-270, 2 fig. bibliography 2 posit., in Polish The structure and control functions of the modified full-serial (serial-serial) thermal centre were presented. The modification depends on the possibility of periodical centre’s work as a serial-parallel. It causes crucial decrease of unfavourable buildings overheating in the transitory periods of heating season and also very desirable steam stabilisation of heat carrier absorbed by this centre. Mathematical model of hydraulic process and system automatic valves function is proposed.

[23] Jeżowiecki J., Fijewski M., Śnieżyk, R. The lattice water jet non-uniformity in a modified full serial heat substation. Conference proceedings: In: Problems of enviroment engineering at the treshold of the new millenium. International Conference. WrocławSzklarska Poręba, 5-7 October 2000. Wrocław, Wrocław University of Technology, 2000, pp. 372-380, 4 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 2 posit., in Polish The structure and the modified, diphased full-serial (serial-serial) heat substation automation functions were presented. The modification originality depends on the possibility of periodical centre’s work as a serialparallel. It causes crucial decrease of unfavourable buildings overheating in the transitory periods of heating season and also very desirable jet stabilisation of lattice water absorbed by this centre. The results of operation research real modified heat substation in aspect of revealing serious decrease of absorbed lattice water jet nonuniformity were showed.

[24] Śnieżyk, R. Economical basis of long distance heat energy transfer-pipeline Turów Power Station-Zgorzelec. Conference proceedings: In: Problems of enviroment engineering at the treshold of the new millenium. International Conference. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 57 October 2000. Wrocław, Wrocław University of Technology, 2000, pp. 343-350, 2 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 3 posit., in Polish The paper presents a suggestion of utilizing heat energy in Turów Power Station for supplying Zgorzelec with heat energy. Neccesary transit of heat energy (in form of hot water) carries out approximately 30 km. Peak power carries out approximately 37,6 MW and amount of energy – 400 000 GJ per year. The paper describes preliminary technical solution and discusses technical and economical circumstances that allow to makie an investement the has 5-6 years pay-back time. It has been made a basic assumption that the price for heat energy is set according to costs of unproduced electric power.

[25] Jeżowiecki J., Fijewski M., Śnieżyk, R. The exploitation the serial-the serial of the node heat engineering with the priority of the installation of the useful hot water. Conference proceedings: W: New technologies in networks and installations of water-supplyof sewage. III Scientific Conference. Ustroń, 24-25 February 2000. Gliwice, Silesias University of Technology. 2000, pp. 477-491, 2 fig. bibliography 14 posit., in Polish [26] Śnieżyk, R. Testing of the periodical heating in municipal building. Conference proceedings: Air Conditioning, Air Protection & District Heating 2002. International conf. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 27-30 czerwca 2002 r. Wrocław, Wrocław University of Technology, 2002, pp. 313-318, 2 fig. 1 tab. bibliography 8 posit., Summ., in Polish The paper presents how a public building House-heatingworks having the reduced operation of heating applied. Two public buildings are selected as the research objects. The construction, control system and measurement of the heat substation are described. Next the results of the research on the reduced operation of heating on weekends and nights in week are presented. It proves that energy savings was approximately 50% and it was necessary to increase the ordered heating power by 60%.

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

5

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[27] Fijewski, Michał, Śnieżyk, R. Limitations of water flow fluctuations in bifunctional heat substation.. Conference proceedings: Air Conditioning, Air Protection & District Heating 2002. International conf. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 27-30 June 2002 r. Wrocłąw University of Technology, 2002, pp. 265-270, 2 fig. bibliography 2 posit., in Polish The structure and the modified, double-function, full serial (serial-serial) thermal centre automatics function were presented. The modification originality depends on the possibility of periodical centre’s work as a serialparallel. It causes crucial decrease of unfavourable buildings overheating in the transitory periods of heating season and also very desirable jet stabilisation of stream heat water absorbed by this centre. The results of operation research real, such modified thermal centres in aspect of revealing serious decrease of absorbed stream heat water non-uniformity were showed.

[28] Śnieżyk R. The manner of the utilization of heat meters to the steering of heat substations, Materials conference: In: XI Conference Scientific-Technical Air Conditioning, Air Protection & District Heating 2005 the International conference. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 23-26 June 2005, Wrocław University of Technology, 2005, pp. 683-688, 1 fig. bibliography 4 posit. In the paper presented manners measurement of heat substations depending on the kind of recipients of the heat. Epitomically presented the manner of the steering with the delivery of the heat in heat substations. Was gave rules of the utilizations of measurement performed by means of heat meters the steering with the work of heat substations. Was described manners of the data transmission from the heat meter to the control system. Was described realized objects in which one applied proposed solution.

[29] Śnieżyk R. Modernizing of the space heating of the hospital with the method ESCO Materials conference: In: XI Conference Scientific-Technical Air Conditioning, Air Protection & District Heating 2005 the International conference. Wrocław-Szklarska Poręba, 23-26 June 2005, Wrocław University of Technology, 2005, pp. 677-682, bibliography 6 posit., in Polish In the paper presented the method ESCO of the modernization of thermal systems. One gave fundamental advantages, defects and effects of the usage of this method. One presented results of the modernization of the heating of the hospital with this method. The modernization embraced the replacement of three boiler stations of coke-of coal with nodes heat engineering and to the use of electric boilers in the kitchen. The time of the phrase of outlays carried out about two years.

[30] Donocik Ł., Śnieżyk R.: When it is Advisable to Apply Pumps Without Smooth Speed. the District Heating, the House-heating and the Ventialtion Journal (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), vol. 37, 2006 r. no 6 pp. 3-9, 16 fig. 3 tab. Bibliography 11 posit., Rez. Sum., in Polish Producers generally recommend the application of pumps with smooth control of the rotational speed. This is not always justified economically. Particular attention should be paid to pump systems operating with a great variability of the flow and height of the lifting. It may cause a considerable increase in the electric energy consumption in the cause of an incorrect selection of system elements. The paper presents an analysis of the cost-effectives, concerning the application of the pump smooth speed control. A boiler room, as a complementary heat source in a thermal centre, was taken as an example.

[31] Śnieżyk R., Enforcement method of maximum demand for customers. Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii), no 6, 2006, pp. 4 fig. Bibliography 14 posit., in Polish Maximum demand amount has a great impact on misunderstanding between heat supply industry and customers. In most cases customers do not fully understand importance of standing charge in heat system taiffs and they try to reduce costs by limiting of maximum demand. In this paper there are shown rights and consequences by using of dual charge for heat energy supply. There is described measuring systems for heat substations in order to customer would be able to easily separate charges between occupants. There are shown methods to determine actual maximum demand thanks to heat – meter reading. There is discussed limiting of maximum demand impact on working of heat supply industry and other customers. There is proposed a solution which let customers to enforcement of maximum demand on objective and failproof way.

[32] Śnieżyk R., Technical requirements for profitability of combined heat and power systems. Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii), no 6, 2006, 4 fig. Bibliography 11 posit., in Polish SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

6

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Recently, there are quite popular small combined heat and power systems in Poland. These systems are still installed in many places in the country but there are not taken under consideration either technical requirements or economic conditions. There are discussed basic system equipments combine with steam loop, gas turbine and gas engine and there is also estimate its utility in different technical and economic requirements. There is shown typical scheme of combined heat and power system in which wrong sizing of equipments caused unprofitable working of district heating system. There is discussed system used by Polish Energy Partners company in Wroclaw – Zakrzow at POLAR area. There are shown consequences of wrong balance of heat and electric demand. Increase of heat energy costs made that many customers have disclaimed receiving of heat energy from the heat and power station with gas turbine. There are shown technical problems in running district heating system made by rapidly increasing pressure within district heating network what was caused by wrong sizing of equipments. The rapid fluctuation of the pressure may have caused several damages through the district heating network which appeared just after activate of the heat source. There is indicated the best solution according to the Author concept made for Słupsk city. In results there is shown sizing proposal of combined heat and power systems for changable heat load.

[33] Śnieżyk R. Realization of the priority of the useful hot water, the District Heating, the House-heating and the Ventialtion Journal (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), No. 12, 2006, pp. 3-5, 3 fig., bibliography 15 posit., in Polish The priority of the useful hot water consists in the support of the determined stream of the water to the equal sheatfish of the quantity to the central heating and the average heat of needs to the preparation of the useful hot water. In the moment of the maximum conscription of the useful hot water one ought to limit the quantity of the lattice water to the central heating, so that be possible the feed heating of the useful hot water by the diminution of the stream of the water to the central heating. In the article one introduced the manner of appointing on the basis the graph of the central regulation of the occurrence of the priority c.w.u. and one defined his „depth”. One described also conditions, which must be fulfilled, so that the realization of the priority it be possible. They proposed solution which lets he the full utilization of advantages of the usage of the priority of the useful hot water among other things to the diminution of the power ordered and the decrease of the quantity of the water in systems heat engineering.

[34] Śnieżyk R. Amplification factor at the heating person on duty, the District Heating, the House-heating and the Ventialtion Journal (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja) No. 1, 2007, pp. 22-25, 7 fig., bibliography 9 posit., in Polish In the article one described the manner of the activity of the heating person on duty, one of methods of the decrease of heating costs, especially office-objects. One defined the amplification factor at quick warming of the object after the temperature reduction in rooms. One introduced the method of appointing of the value of the amplification factor on the basis temperatures of water in the installation of the central heating and the lattice water on the feed, and also the kind of the node heat engineering. One introduced results resulting from the tariff for the heat energy at the offence of the power ordered. Outside the theoretical analysis one quoted results of measurement carried out in the entity object. Conclusions from the work can be of service to better using of the heating person on duty in effect.

[35] Szałański P., Śnieżyk R. Modification of the ordered diagram of heat demand. Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii),no 1, 2007, 7 fig. Bibliography 8 posit., in Polish In the article three methods of creation of the ordered diagram of heat demand, in source, was presented. The diagrams where made as theoretical using all three methods and the methods where compared. Empirical diagrams where created basing on measurements of monthly energy consumption. For all three methods empirical diagrams where compared with theoretical. Moreover, the way of taking in consideration the priority of heat water preparation for heating period for method of hourly variables and its Impact on course of the ordered diagram of heat demand was presented.

[36] Śnieżyk R.: Revitalization of Air Heating in Historical Cathedral the District Heating, the House-heating and the Ventialtion Journal (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), vol. 38, 2007 r. no 2 pp. 20-24, 10 fig. 3. Bibliography 15 posit., Rez. Sum., in Polish The description of a historical cathedral (Marienwerder) with the capacity of over 50 000 m3 is presented. In the XIV century the object belonged to the Teutonic Knights. It has three aisles and is built of bricks. The way of the operation of the fire heating system approximately the year 1935 is given. Between 1992-2000 the cathedral was not heated. The modernization has been proposed with use of the existing airducts and with the supply from the heat-generating network. The control method and exemplary measurement results are described. The PC was applied as a controller as well as the universal input/output modules with respective pressure, moisture and temperature sensors. Exemplary synoptic images, concerning the control of the heat supply and temperature distribution in the interior of the cathedral, are also presented.

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

7

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[37] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the rationalization of the activity of the industrialcommunal district heating system on the example METALCHEM Opole, II International Scientific-Technical Conference HEATING and VENTILATION in AGRICULTRE and INDUSTRY Tuchola – Tleń 25-27 września 2008 r., t.2, pp. 141-153, 8 fig., bibliography 7 posit., in Polish Described modernization works were performed in years 1995-1999. The odds the complex range of activities and the fact of the existence in Poland of many industrial-communal district heating systems approximately the technical level from before the modernization they acknowledged that this example could be applied at present. The change of structure of the district heating network it let he considerable diminutions of losses of heat and the decollement of the delivery of the heat supply are of housing and industrial objects. The recipient these demand completely different temperatures of the supply water he the feed. They liquidated the district heating network of steam, and steam-boilers fulfilled the part small, elastic of productive units feeding the water district heating network. They used warmly of waste from the stove are the melting of the zinc is the feed heating of the useful hot water. They described other proposals of changes in the technology whose an aim it you decreases of energy costs. Works were realized with the method ESCO obtaining the positive economic result.

[38] Śnieżyk R. How to improve the industrial district heating network?, the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2008, No. 12, pp. 46-48, 4 fig., bibliography 8 posit., in Polish The kelter of district heating networks on the ground of industrial plants always increased quite a lot problems. Many networks from the very beginning it does not function best. Does not result this only with errors of designers, but mainly from conditions, in which such networks are created. The bad work networks can result from the bad calorific balance of the all arrangement, from the irregular regulation. from irregular flows (the bad distribution of the pressure) and to this most often reaches the still irregular exploitation. The author represents carried out modernization undertakings in one with industrial plants which permitted, at very low outlays, to obtain correct exploitive effects. As result of changes one obtained the considerable decrease of the consumption of the pit-coal and meaning one increased the quality of the delivery of the heat The practice indicates that at the modernization of the district heating network in industrial plants belongs analyze processings at an angle of the waste-heat utilization.

[39] Śnieżyk R. About pumping in boiler stations, Part 1, the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 1-2, pp. 62-66, 8 fig., bibliography 9 posit. in Polish An target of the cycle of articles is the transposition most important of working conditions of pumps in urban water boiler stations. This of objects in Poland is lots and lots and in the most they demand the modernization. One carried out modernizing of many hydraulic parley in boiler station, but results of these activities raise doubts. In the first article presented working conditions of the boiler station with boilers about the constant flow and the variable flow. One gave the manner of appointing of temperatures of water before and behind boilers depending on their power. One gave the part and the range of the work of pumps in the boiler station. One presented graphs of pressures piezometric in the boiler station.

[40] Śnieżyk R. The modernization of the district heating system supplied from the industrial heating plant, INSTAL Journal, 2009, No 1., p. 31-35, 10 fig., bibliography 7 posit., in Polish Described modernization works were performed in years 1995-1999. The odds the complex range of activities and the fact of the existence in Poland of many industrial-communal district heating systems about the technical level from before the modernization they acknowledged that this example could baa applied at present. The change of structure of the district heating network it let he considerable diminutions of losses of heat and the decollement of the delivery of the heat supply are of housing and industrial objects. The recipient these demand completely different temperatures of the supply water he the feed. They liquidated the district heating network of steam, and steam-boilers fulfilled the part small, elastic of productive units feeding the water district heating network. Works were realized with the method ESCO obtaining the positive economic result.

[41] Śnieżyk R. Impact of CO2 Emission Costs on Modernisation Efficiency of Heat Distribution Networks, Ciepłownictwo. Ogrzewnictwo i Wentylacja, (the District heating, the House-heating and the Ventilation), 2009, No 1, pp. 6-10,16, 7 fig., bibliography 19 posit., in Polish In the article presented the proposal of the modernization of the main heat engineering about very large losses of heat. Despite the incorrect theory about the supposed Impact of the man on the global warming caused, supposedly, by the emission CO2, belongs to make allowance for created conditions economic-legal. One carried out the selection of the diameter of canals of the new district heating network. One defined the Impact of costs of the emission CO2 on the profitability of the modernization investment. At the sale price of the emission CO2 (about 23 €/ton) to the state is about 50% obtained effects. In conclusions one ascertained that

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

8

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

the existing district heating network about the diameter 450/400 mms to replace with the new network about the diameter 125 or 150 mms.

[42] Śnieżyk R. Parameters of the work of current pumps in boiler stations. (About pumping in boiler stations, Part 2), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 4, pp. 26-31, 14 fig., 2 tab., bibliography 10 posit., in Polish The article is a continuation of the earlier publication, but the state the separate whole. Some, most important problems must be repeated, so that this target to reach. Lately appeared the book A. Misiewicza and I. Misiewicza which merits the attention. Given by the Domestic Agency of the Respect of the Energy within the framework of the series of the publication of Polish Program of Effective Energy utilization in Electromotions PEMP to the state the precious source of knowledge from this range. On the emphasis deserves the application of many essential information whose cannot be found in many publications from the range of the district heating. Herein the article one took into account the knowledge contained in the book. One assembled on most important premises which decide about the range of changes of parameters (heights of the lifting and the efficiency) of current pumps in boiler stations (so called the classical) arrangement.

[43] Śnieżyk R., Renewable sources of energy in the policy of energy-Poland, the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 5, Warsaw, 2009, pp. 71-75, fig. 7, tab., bibliography 6 posit., in Polish In the article one assumed an attitude to the document the energy-Policy of Poland to the year 2030” making the realization Laws the Energy Law. The special attention was returned on connected problems with renewable sources of energy (OZE). One evaluated the range of necessary investments to the fulfilment of requirements placed to Poland within the framework of the Pack of energy-climatic. One compared foundations in relation to renewable sources of energy and the nuclear energetics. One proposed manners of the realization of the policy in reference to renewable sources of energy.

[44] Śnieżyk R. Control with the work of current pumps in boiler stations. (About pumping in boiler stations, 3 part), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 6, pp. 28 - 31, 10 fig., bibliography 8 posit., in Polish Presented most important premises which decide about the steering of parameters (heights of the lifting and the efficiency) of current pumps in boiler stations (so called the classical) arrangement. The analysis was carried out on the basis parameters of the work of the real system heat engineering. The special attention was returned on the location of the point in the district heating network in which best to stabilize will fling discretionary to the steering with the height of the lifting of current pumps in the boiler station.

[45] Śnieżyk R. Roles of pump station in the decrease of parameters of the work of current pumps in boiler stations (About pumping in boiler stations, part 4), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 7-8, pp. 28 - 31, 10 fig., bibliography 8 posit., in Polish Presented most important premises which decide about the Impact pump station of the lattice water on parameters of the work of current pumps in the boiler station. One gave rules of the usages pump station and manners of their steering. One defined the decrease of the electric horsepower of the drive of current pumps obtained in virtue of the introduction pump station in systems heat engineering. Depending on the concrete system heat engineering, the diminution of the power can carry out from 10 to 20%.

[46] Śnieżyk R. Impact of the quality of the exploitation of district heating systems on the work of current pumps in boiler stations. (About pumping in boiler stations, part 5), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 10, pp. 56-60, 16 fig., 5 tab., bibliography 8 posit., in Polish In the article presented the analysis of the delivery of the heat and most important performance characteristics of three boiler stations feeding systems heat engineering about the similar size. The special attention was sacrificed to changes of the resistance of the district heating network in season to heating which best pictures the work of the automatic regulation in heat substation. One appointed fields of the work of current pumps in season to heating which testify about the quality of the exploitation of individual systems. One defined also individual indicators of the consumption of energy of electric to the drive of current pumps in example, real boiler stations.

[47] Śnieżyk R. The definition of the power ordered on the basis real parameters of the delivery of the heat from the district heating system, the Conference the Market of the Heat "REC 2009", Nałęczów, 15-17 September 2009 r, Materiel and studies, 2009, pp. 193-202, 6 fig., 1 tab., bibliography 7 posit. One analysed real parameters of the delivery of the heat in one of systems heat engineering. The special attention was returned on the problem of appointing of the flow of the lattice water of making to placing of the limiter of the flow which serves suppliers to the exaction of the power ordered by the recipient. On the basis indications of

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

9

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

the calorimeter one compared the ordered and proper thermal power to the example-node heat engineering. The supplier does not give the fall of temperature of the lattice water on the feed of caused by losses of heat on transmisstion. The omission of this parameter considerably understates the necessary water flow of network. One showed that the supplier had over-estimated this thermal power about above 77% and collected money for the power ordered in the height about 280 000 zloty (about 18%) annually.

[48] Śnieżyk R. The utilization geothermal source in Stargard (near Szczecin), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 11, the year XVII, pp. 32-34, 3 fig., bibliography 8 posit., in Polish In the article one talked over the example of the investment geothermal in Stargard (near Szczecin). A dozen or so months followed the violent temperature reduction of water geothermal with about 86 oC to about 53 o C. The thermal power of the seizure geothermal instead of planned 14,0 MW carries out about 4,0 MW. For the power of boilers in the coal-boiler station, using of the energy geothermal the quantity of the carbon dioxide can be greater than without the renewable source of energy.

[49] Śnieżyk R. Impact controls of heat substation on the work of current (About pumping in boiler stations, part 6), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2009, No. 12, pp. 48 - 50, 8 fig., 3 tab., bibliography 10 posit., in Polish One carried out the job analysis of three district heating systems about the close characterization. An target of the article is the estimation of the Impact of the activity controls in heat substations on parameters of the work of current pumps in the boiler station. The consideration was carried out for the characteristic twenty-four hours in which the range of changes of the flow of the water was greatest. In consideration of time constants appearing in systems heat engineering, one can accept that the analysis concerns states quasi-dynamic. One showed that the quality of the work of devices of the automatic regulation in heat substations in three considered district heating systems was very different and goes over big with parameters of the work of current pumps in the boiler station. Changes of parameters of the work of district heating systems have a considerable range and bear on the selection of the number and the characterization of the steering of current pumps in boiler stations.

[50] Śnieżyk R. The appointment of the real heat load ordered on the basis measurement of heat meters, Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii), No 1(86), 2010, pp. 47-50, 6 fig., bibliography 19 posit., also: Conference "Heat Market REC 2009", Nałęczów, 2009, pp. 193202. in Polish Real parameters of delivery of thermal energy in of sample district heating system was analyzed in the paper. The special attention was returned on the problem of appointing of flow of hot water of doing to placing of the limiter of flow which serves to suppliers to the extortion of demand of heat ordered by the customers. On the basis indications of the measurement of heat meters compared ordered and the proper heat energy load with the district heating substation of the example. The supplier does not give the temperature drop of the hot water on the food of caused by heat losses from during pipeline of transport of the energy. The abandonment of this parameter considerably modestly will represent necessary of the hot water the flow of the district heating network. Was showed that the supplier had overestimated this heat energy about above 77% and collected money for thermal energy of ordered in the height about 280 000 zloty (about 18%) annually.

[51] Śnieżyk R. Example of the utilization monitoring to the enlargement of the energyefficiency of systems heat engineering, the Conference the Management with the Energy and the Data communications, 2010, Nałęczów, 10-12 February 2010, 6 fig., 2 tab., bibliography 7 posit.. The poststeering session. In the paper one analyzed examples of the utilization to the exploitation monitoring of parameters of the work of district heating systems. One talked over the indispensability of the tracking of parameters of the work of sources of the heat cooperating with one district heating network (Słupsk). Presented possibilities of the utilization quasidynamic parameters to the inspection of graphs of piezometric pressures in the district heating network (Gdańsk). One showed that the monitoring, should be used to the real steering systems heat engineering and contribute to real energy-effects.

[52] Śnieżyk R. Work of current pumps in boiler stations in the classical system. The recapitulation. (About pumping in boiler stations - the part 7.) the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2010, No. 3, pp. 82-88, 15 fig., 2 tab., bibliography 9 posit., in Polish In the article one summed up the problem represented earlier, and concerning of the work of current pumps in boiler stations in the classical system. One chose most important conclusions resulting from detailed analyses of the Impact of individual elements of the system heat engineering on the range of changes of parameters of hydraulic current pumps. These conclusions should be made allowance for at works of conceptional and project-modernizations of water boiler stations with watertube (about the constant flow) boilers. In the previous

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

10

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

literature there is no so wide look on this problem. One talked over all important aspects having the Impact on the work of water boiler stations. Practical of the realization of the modernization with the utilization of represented results makes for the considerable enlargement of the energy-efficiency of district heating systems. Conclusions have an universal character and can be used also in the case of other schemata of technological boiler stations. One showed that the quality of the work of devices of the automatic regulation in heat substation in three considered district systems was very different and goes over big with parameters of the work of current pumps in the boiler station. Changes of parameters of the work of district heating systems have a considerable range and bear on the selection of the number and the characterization of the steering of current pumps in boiler stations.

[53] Śnieżyk R. How much tenants of Building societies in Wrocław should pay for the space heating?, INSTAL Journal, 2010, nr 4 ., p. 31-35, 10 fig., bibliography 7 posit.,, in Polish In the article is the estimation of the real consumption of energy to the space heating and costs of delivery of the heat on the basis binding tariffs for the heat of producers and the distributor of the energy. There were compared charges for the space heating in a dozen or so Building Societies in Wrocław. Charges for the heating are very differentiated within the range 1:2. With difficulty is to find the justification of such situation. Building societies, producers and the distributor of the energy should explain this to tenants. One estimated the consumption of energy and one ascertained that charges SM were firmly extortionate (even about above 110%).

[54] Śnieżyk R. Pumps of admixing hot in boiler stations in the classical system. (About pumping in boiler stations, part 8), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2010, No. 5, pp. 28 - 31, 5 fig., 3 tab., bibliography 19 posit., in Polish The following article from the cycle representing most essential working conditions of pumps in urban water boiler stations. The special part in the boiler station about the classical flow chart perform pumps of admixing hot. In the article one analyzed parameters of the work of these pumps and results technical and economic. Fundamental conclusions move ascertainable that is not the profitable usage of pumps of admixing hot with liquid the regulation of turnovers. The proper work of pumps of admixing hot assures the economic calorification. The use of the condensation of the water vapour from combustion gas (also in coal) boilers eliminates the need of the usage of pumps of admixing hot.

[55] Śnieżyk R. Costs of the heat in building societies, THE ADMINISTRATOR, 2010, No. 6, pp. 28-31, 1 fig., 3 tab., bibliography 19 posit. The article arose on the basis research whose target was the estimation of the real consumption of energy to space heating of flats and the comparison of charges for the central heating in a dozen or so building societies in Wrocław. One ascertained that charges for the heat energy had been very differentiated, and on many occasions considerably extortionate. This is the important signal, especially that so it happens also in many other cities.

[56] Śnieżyk R. Adventages and barriers of ESCO methods in Poland, VI International Conference NEUF New Energy User Friendly, Investment-Processes Ltd., Warsaw, 18.06.2010. www.proinwestycje.pl Then the voice was taken by PhD. R. Śnieżyk, the independent expert who spoke about advantages and barriers of the method ESCO in Poland. A sentence of PhD Śnieżyk`s a most important element ESCO is the fact that the external firm not only invests, but also designs, buys devices, and can then recover money, if will appear the desired effect. There concerns this all energy-systems. The modernization leads to the decrease of costs. Within the framework of driven activities within the range ESCO to the lecturer succeeded yet to initiate 4 projects. In one of realized projects after the lapse of 3 years one lowered the consumption of the coal in the Boiler station (POLAR household goods producer) about 18 000 tones. The diminution of costs of the heat energy caused the profitability increase POLAR about 100%. Barriers for the development of this initiating were such risk factors as eg. the sabotage of workers, possible indemnities for of the pause in the heating, the complicated method of the enumeration of economic effects, inspections of the fisc (two inspections of the Office of the Fiscal) Inspection, the difficulty with the obtainment of the reward and the seasonality of the sale of products . In the effect of the modernization carried out in the hospital in Słupsk one introduced the modern manner of the heating not investing resources of the hospital, one lowered costs of delivery of the heat energy. The average monthly cost of the heating after the modernization carried out 46 532 zloty, (with relation to previous 102 000 zloty), and costs of delivery of the heat energy made about 45% earlier. A difficulty was the fact that the firm realizing the project had had to recover costs only after the longer period. PhD. Śnieżyk talked over also the example of the project realized in the building society in New Ore. As result of this project she with changed network structure of heat engineering, one modernized and one grouped nodes heat engineering, one made dispersions of the preparations the useful hot water, and first of all to one lowered the consumption of energy about approx. 30%. A sentence of the lecturer barriers for the development of projects ESCO in Poland are - the lack of the consciousness in the society, the incomprehension of the risk borne by firms of ESCO, tests {attempts} of the extortions of the changes of recordings of the contract in progress of her realization, the difficulty in the protection {guarantee} of business of the firm ESCO, the resistance of suppliers before the change of the ordered thermal power, and also the corruption. So that projects of this type stand a chance on the realization are necessary the knowledge and the experience, the elimination of grants and credits, and works

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

11

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

over the project should be graded, so that the firm be able to cash in on further stages of the modernization. There should introduced regulations permitted check the reliability of the contracting party. (The report of the organizer http://www.proinwestycje.pl).

[57] Śnieżyk R. The example of the work of the pump of admixing hot in the classical boiler station (About pumping in boiler stations - the part 9.), the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2010, No. 7/8, pp. 49-52, 7 fig., 3 tab., bibliography 13 posit., in Polish The part of pumps of admixing hot in the boiler station about the classical flow chart presented on the example. One analyzed the work of the Boiler station COURT in Olsztyn. On the basis temperatures of water before and behind boilers and the regulatory graph one defined water flows in the boiler station, and especially in the canal mixing. One appointed also resistances of the flow in this canal. These parameters were of service to the job assignment of pumps of admixing hot. One ascertained that was not the profitable usage of pumps of admixing hot with liquid the regulation of turnovers. The use of the condensation of the water vapour from combustion gas (also in coal-) boilers eliminates the need of the usage of pumps of admixing hot and enlarges the efficiency of the dust collection.

[58] Śnieżyk R. Examples of the of the utilization of supervision system to growth of energyefficiency of district heating systems, Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii), No 4(90), 2010, pp. 95-97, 5 fig., bibliography 11 posit., in Polish In the paper was an analyzed example of the utilization to the exploitation supervision system of parameters of the work of district heating systems. Was description the indispensability of the tracking of parameters of the work of heat sources cooperating with one district heating network (Słupsk). Was introduced possibilities of the utilization quasi-dynamic parameters to the inspection of graphs of piezometric pressures in the district heating network (Gdańsk). Was showed that the monitoring should be used to the real control of district heating systems and contribute to real growth energy efficiency.

[59] Śnieżyk R. The attention to the project of the amendment „of the order of tariff”, Ministry of Economy, 16 July 2010,www.mg.gov.pl/node/11067

[60] Śnieżyk R. Impact of costs of the emission CO2 on prices of the heat, XIV Forum of Polish District Heating Engineers, 2010, The Chamber Of Economics the Polish District heating, Międzyzdroje, 13-15 September 2010 The paper present possible scenarios of the impact of CO2 emission costs on the price of heat in district heating systems. The probable heat price level in the nearest future (i.e. until 2020) is calculated on the basis of emission factors, efficiency of generation and transmission of heat and current effective average prices.

[61] Śnieżyk R. Parameters of the combined heat and power generation to economic calculations, INSTAL Journal, 2010, nr 9 ., p. 14-17, 6 fig., bibliography 14 posit., in Polish In the article one described parameters of the combined heat and power generation which one ought to accept to economic calculations. One introduced the formation himself needs of the heat energy and electric within a year. Like this one assumed an attitude to the publication of Wojciechowski [1] published in the periodical INSTAL in the number 6/2010. One noticed many inaccuracies which have a decisive Impact on final conclusions concerning of the choice of the best solution of the cogeneration system in respect of economic.

[62] Śnieżyk R. The Impact of CO2 Emission Costs on Heat Prices, the District heating, the House-heating and the Ventilation (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), 2010, nr 10 ., pp. 371-374, 7 fig., 8 tab., bibliography 11 posit., in Polish The article present possible scenarios of the impact of CO2 emission costs on the price of heat in district heating systems. The probable heat price level in the nearest future (i.e. until 2020) is calculated on the basis of emission factors, efficiency of generation and transmission of heat and current effective average prices.

[63] Śnieżyk R. Attention to the Regulator and proposals for investors, Mechanisms and regulations of the Polish and European market of the electrical energy, Investment-Processes Ltd., Warsaw, 30.09.2010. www.proinwestycje.pl „A following lecturer was PhD R. Śnieżyk, the independent expert who moved matters of the investment on the energy-market taking into account the method ESCO. In her own presentation the lecturer presented examples of investments realized impromptu not to the finish effective, are which the block on the coal in Opole, the gaseous top-boiler station in Szczecin and the gaseous heat and power generating plant in Wrocław. All above-mentioned investments are very much costs and little effective. Besides for improper regulatory conditions investors make often the choice not best locations which do not support the all system and do not enlarge efficiencies of the system. Eg. is little effective the construction of the new power station in the contiguity of existing, especially such whose the power will not be used fully. Besides under the discussion one

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

12

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

can subject many decisions URE, because with the sentence of PhD Śnieżyk`s URE tolerates irrational investments, as well as accepts to the realization investments which generate incommensurably heavy expenses. The expert gave the example of Nowa Ruda, where the company „the District heating” modernizes boiler stations (boilers) about the power above 30 MW, the hydraulic system about the power 13-15 MW, and the need carries 6-7 MW. This type situations should be analyzed, the information on them should get societies which in turn should have the possibility clamp down on the supplier and the regulator and to express its own resistance for ineffective investments. The appearance indicated weaknesses of the energy-planning in communes. The expert informed that for her own opinions about the investment in Opole had become the defendant to the court for the infringement of goods of the President ECO (Opole Province District Heating Company) of Mr. Wiesław Chmielowicz.” The report of Organizers http://www.proinwestycje.pl

[64] Śnieżyk R. How to settle the heating supply?, Energy Market Journal (Rynek Energii), No 6, 2010, pp. 21-27, 7 fig., 8 tab., bibliography 15 posit., in Polish The article presents the principles that should apply while settling heating supplies. As heating Suppliers are in the privileged position it is necessary to indicate the method of settling the heating supply that could protect the customers. Current legislation in force (Energy law, tariff and system ordinances) is not enforced in many significant points and it is not fully used. Even the current legislation enables to claim damages due to the failure to comply with quality requirements of heating supply and due to overestimating the ordered thermal power. In this context indicated are the methods and examples of enforcement of the rights the consumers of the heating energy have. Due to the consultations on the amending of the tariff ordinance that currently take place there is a chance to specify legal provisions and to introduce the methods to enforce legal provisions. Moreover, this paper suggests the introduction of obligatory requirements regarding heating supply parameters that should be published.

[65] Śnieżyk R. Ways of development of cogeneration. Case study: Opole, Conference "Heat Market REC 2010", Nałęczów, 2010, pp. 61-74, 6 fig., 9 tab., bibliography 22 posit., in Polish In the paper presented concrete example of the district heating system in Opole and the Power station OPOLE. Analysed possibilities of the supply Opole into the heat energy from the Power station OPOLE being found in Brzezie (about 8 kms from the city Opole). Opole Province District Heating Company (ECO) built the heat and power generating plant with the turbine gaseous supplied with natural gas. At present in ECO is began build of the cogeneration system on coal. Talked over economic indicators of these projects and practical chances on realizing of investment. In conclusions ascertained that better solution is the suplly Opole from the Power station OPOLE.

[66.] Śnieżyk R. ESCO method in the building society. Case study: Nowa Ruda. The conference „the Market of the Heat REC 2010”, Nałęczów, 20-22 October 2010, Materiel and studies, 2010, pp., 6 fig., 9 tab., bibliography 7 posit.. Poster-session. In the paper one presented the concrete example of the realization of the contract with the method ESCO. One gave effects of the appointment of the ordered thermal power on the basis consumptions of energy of measured by means of meters of the heat. The decrease of costs carried out about 600 000 zloty annually. One enumerated also the diminution of the consumption of energy thanks to the exaction of qualitative parameters of the delivery of the heat. As result of these activies the supplier changed the regulatory (130/70 C instead of 155/70 C) graph.

[67] Śnieżyk R. Parameter of the work of the ground pump of the heat with vertical sounds to the preparation of the hot water, the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2010, No. 11, the year XVIII, pp. 35-39, 6 fig., bibliography 15 posit. In the article one analyzed parameters of the work of the ground pump of the heat with vertical probes {sounds} which one ought to accept to economic enumerations, one described also the formation himself demands on the heat energy within a year. To the analysis was subjected the delivery of the heat to the feed heating of the useful hot water. One estimated upkeep and the consumption of energy of electric and the coal and the quantity of arising at this carbon dioxide.

[68] Śnieżyk R. The estimation of the coefficient COP of heat pumps to the space heating, the District heating, the House-heating and the Ventilation (Ciepłownictwo. Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), 2011, nr 11 ., pp. 371-374, 7 fig., 8 tab., bibliography 11 posit., in Polish In previous publications one noticed many inaccuracies which have a decisive Impact on final conclusions concerning of the choice of the best solution of the delivery of the heat by means of heat pumps. A most sizable problem is the reception of the value of the coefficient COP on constants, the too high level (eg. COP = 4,0). In the article one described the manner of the assessment of value of the coefficient COP of ground and air heat pumps in season to heating which one ought to accept to calculations energy and economic. One introduced the formation himself outside temperatures within a period of heating season. On the basis given of literature were

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

13

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

accepted the temperature of the ground in horizontal pipe coils. One assembled on the delivery of the heat to the space heating. One estimated values the coefficient COP in heating season. From carried out analyses univocally it results that belongs to apply only vertical probes as lower heat source for heat pumps.

[69] Śnieżyk R. To modernize, to modernize, to modernize! The development strategy of sources of the heat, Power Industry, No. 1, 2011, pp. 24-30, 8 fig., bibliography 17 posit., in Polish The energetics stands before not listening with difficult challenges. On one hand we are sick of strongly exploited devices, obsolete, and from second senseless requirements „of the pack climatic-of energy” cause the necessity of radical activities. Target of the article is the representation of the strategy of the conduct for every kind source of the heat. Aside from of the applied fuel, the thermal power and the mode of production of the heat and, possibly, the electrical energy. The special attention one ought to return on foundations and conditions, which must be fulfilled before the accession to the modernization which should be an introduction to the reconstruction of the source of the heat to new, solution of approach. First and a most important condition is having at its disposal a suitable knowledge. Unfortunately, this is the condition difficult enough to the fulfilment. Despite the technical progress and the wide accessibility of the literature and more and more perfect technologies and devices, the level one ought to find highly insufficient. There are many reasons of such juncture. The district heating is a domain very difficult for his inerdisciplinary. In the twenty-four hours of the far gone specialization, one lost into fields of vision the global effect of the centralized delivery of the heat and the cogeneration [1-5]. Unfortunately, we deal with with the realization of projects (ECO Opole) which may not of the meaning economic (outlays 83 millions zloty), ecological (the greater emission than alternative) solution, technical (dimensioning of the thermal power and the lack of the pseudo-condensation) and social (for high prices of the heat for recipients).

[70] Śnieżyk R. Parameters of the delivery of the heat in district heating systems in summer - the base of the dimensioning of the cogeneration system. Power Engineering (Energetyka), 2011, no 8 pp. 509-514, 12 fig. 1 tab., bibliography 19 posit., in Polish In the article presented research of five district heating systems about the different power demand (from 90 MW to 700 MW). An target of research was the definition of the range of oscillations of the heat in summer, necessary to the preparation of the domestic hot water. A base of analyses were measurement performed horaly in real terms. Obtained results indicate that the usage of the orderly graph of loads is burdened considerable errors. The range of oscillations of the heat demand within summers, referred to the mean value, amount from 40 to 160%. Even in large district heating systems (Gdańsk ~700 MW) of the oscillation of the heat demand they are meaning. One gave the example of the utilization of measurement to the dimensioning of the cogeneration system, being characterized with the greatest production of the heat and power within a

year.

[71] Śnieżyk R. How much thermal energy in summer does need Power Plant Wrocław?, Conference "Heat Market REC 2011", Nałęczów, 2011, pp. 407-414, 5 fig., 2 tab., bibliography 22 posit., in Polish In the article is presented research of the computer model Heat and Power Plant Wrocław of working in summer. One gave the demand of the thermal energy to the preparation of the useful hot water and one received the performance characteristics of the cogeneration Plant. As indicators of the energy-efficiency one accepted the individual fuel consumption to the production of the electrical power and thermal energy. One applied two criteria of the work of the heat and power generating plant, namely: the maximum efficiency and the ordered electric output. One compared the quantity of the made power and the fuel consumption. One drew out conclusions on the subject possibilities of the utilization of existing cogeneration parley in large cities in Poland. A best method of the utilization of cogeneration parley is the energy production of electric according to the schedule of the demand for heat according to the criterion of the maximum efficiency.

[72] Śnieżyk R. Gaseous heat pumps, the Market Of the installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2011, No. 11, the year XIX, pp. 30-34, 8 fig., 1 tab., bibliography 15 posit. in Polish In the article presented considerations on the subject utilizations of natural gas to the enlargement of the efficiency of pumps of the heat. Presented classical, gaseous and gaseous absorptive pumps of the heat. One characterized individual solutions and one evaluated them usefulness. The special attention was returned on the accessible necessary information to the full utilization of advantages of every from solutions. An essential advantage of gaseous pumps is warm the considerably smaller quantity of the carbon dioxide from primitive fuels, because to the makes he about 30% magnitudes of arising at the usage of electric motors to the drive of the compressor.

[73] Śnieżyk R. Ecological profits of the district heating systems, Biznes & Ecology (Biznes i Ekologia), 2011, No. 106/107, pp. 12-13, 3 fig.

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

14

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[74] Śnieżyk R. Heat on the settlement - his deliveries, the consumption and upkeep, THE ADMINISTRATOR, 2012, No. 3, pp. 30-34, 7 fig., 3 tab. Target of the present article is the wish of the representation to recipients warm possibility not very the square deal of some suppliers of the heat, abusing her own superiority technical and legal, drawing excessive, groundless profits from the activity. This is all the more necessary, because the recipient is not in a position to evaluate conducts of suppliers, because have not the suitable knowledge from the range of the kelter of systems heat engineering and the energy law.

[75] Śnieżyk R. Preliminary optimization of cogeneration gaseous parley, INSTAL Journal, 2012, No. 6(330), pp. 21-26, 9 fig., 1 tab., bibliography 12 posit. In the article presented the method of the optimization of gaseous cogeneration parley. One carried out calculations on the basis given of the real system heat engineering. Calculations were performed with the use of aggregates of the company Jenbacher. As the criterion of the optimality one accepted the simple pay-back time (SPBT). One carried out calculations for 43 variants of the work of sets of aggregates about equal sizes (the complete )review. Prices of natural gas (the tariff 5/2012) was fluctuates from 1,365 - 1,642 zloty/Nm. This is the most essential aspect of the profitability of the investment. Three best variants are characterized to simple pay-back time SPBT ≈ 2,5 years. Optimum solution is found next door to necessary thermal powers in summer. The use of gaseous cogeneration parley is very profitable. One ought to continue research with the regard of operating costs.

[76] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 1. Costs of natural gas, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 6, pp. 48-53, 8 fig., 9 tab., 6 bibliography, in Polish In the article presented proposals of the change of the manner of the exploitation of local boiler stations supplied with natural gas. Now continuous price hikes of this fuel, increasingly of recipients has problems with the payment behind warmly. In paper proposed the joining of vicinal boiler stations and the creation of one of large. One applied costs resulting from the last tariff of fuel gases (with 16.03.2012 year). Besides one analyzed the possibility of supplementing of the production of the heat by means of the fuel oil. Calculations were performed on the basis real objects and the natural gas consumption. Cut down costs of fuels about 200 000 zloty annually, what to the makes about 20% all costs.

[77] Śnieżyk R. Method of the profitable use of natural gas in coal-boiler stations, the District heating the House-heating the Ventilation (Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja), 2012, No. 7, pp. 272-276, 13 fig., 1 tab., bibliography 10 posit. In the article presented the method of the profitable use of natural gas in coal-boiler stations. The fundamental idea consists in the introduction of parley with gas-engines to the united production of the electrical energy and the heat. One carried out calculations on the basis given of the real system heat engineering. The average thermal power in summer carries out about 5,77 MW. The participation of the useful hot water in the system heat engineering carries out about 7%. Thanks to having at their disposal given of aggregates of one of firms, analyses were performed with the use of these devices. As the criterion of the optimality one accepted the simple pay-back time (SPBT). One carried out calculations for 29 variants of the work of sets of aggregates about equal sizes {magnitudes}. The best variant is characterized to simple pat-back time SPBT ≈ 2 years. There belongs to apply two aggregates of the type ECOMAX 27 HE about the thermal power 2,457 MW and the electric horsepower 2,679 MW. Such result indicates that the direction of activities is proper. The annual gas consumption carries out about 9,3 millions c.m./annum, at his price about 1,35 zloty/c.m. Optimum solution is found next door to necessary thermal powers in summer. Permits this the considerable diminution of the number of analyzed variants. At the reconstruction of coal-boiler stations on heat and power generating plants one ought to apply gaseous blocks power-heat engineering. One ought to continue research with the regard of operating costs .

[78] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 2. The job analysis of the installation of the space heating and the useful hot water, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 7/8, pp. 41-44, 4 fig., 4 tab., 2 bibliography, in Polish In the article presented analyses of project- and real needs of thermal load (to the space heating and the preparation of the useful hot water) objects described partly first. The coefficient of the reduction of the power to the space heating used to the appointment of new graphs of the central qualitative regulation. Like this used effects of works of the modernization of the thermal isolation buildings. The thermal power to the useful hot water used to the definition of the power of heat exchangers to the feed heating of the hot water. In next parts will become carried out job analysis of the boiler station and the optimization of the structure and diameters of the district heating network.

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

15

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

[79] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 3. Parameters of house estate boiler, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 9, pp. 40-45, 5 fig., 7 bibliography, in Polish In the article presented the analysis of the delivery of the heat to buildings from the burghal boiler station. Especially the attention returned on hourly salary of the useful hot water. One appointed courses of the power demand of thermal within a year. Initially one selected exchangers to the feed heating the domestic hot water and one appointed the water flow of calefacient and the temperature of water behind exchangers the domestic hot water. Besides one enumerated the temperature of water returning to the boiler station. One defined possible locations of heat exchangers to the feed heating of the useful hot water. One enumerated the necessary thermal power horaly within a year. Received results will become used to the best selection of boilers to the supply in warmly.

[80] Śnieżyk R. Alternatives gaseous block - of steam. Case study: Olsztyn, INSTAL Journal, 2012, No. 9 (332), pp. 46-55, 15 fig., 4 tab., bibliography 21 posit. In the article presented the method of the optimization of gaseous cogeneration parley. One carried out calculations on the basis given of the real system heat engineering. Calculations were executed with the use of aggregates of the company Jenbacher. As the criterion of the optimality one accepted the simple pay-back time (SPBT). One carried out calculations for 43 variants of the work of sets of aggregates about equal magnitudes (the complete ) review. Prices of natural gas (the tariff 5/2012) was hesitates from 1,365 - 1,642 zloty/Nm. This is the most essential aspect of the profitability of the investment. Three best variants are characterized to simple pay-back time SPBT ≈ 2,5 years. Optimum solution is found next door to necessary thermal powers in summer. The use of gaseous cogeneration parley is very profitable. One ought to continue research with the regard of operating costs.

[81] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 4. Selection of boilers for housing estate boiler station, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 10, pp. 60-63, 6 fig., 3 tab., 5 bibliography, in Polish In the article presented the analysis of the delivery of the heat to buildings from the settlement boiler station. Especially the attention returned on the possibility and economic impact of the use of condensing boilers. From carried out analyses it results that the utilization of modern boilers lets on the decrease of costs of natural gas about 13%. Presented the example-selection of the power of boilers gaseous and of oil on the basis hourly parameters of the delivery of the heat within the all the year. One introduced the notion of the virtual boiler station which lets on advantages from the change of the manner of the order of gas and local conditions.

[82] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 5. District heating network. Basic version, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 11, pp. 41-43, 7 fig., 4 tab., 4 bibliography, in Polish The article presents a basic version of a district heat distribution network, required for completion of a district heating plant design. The best possible location of the district heating plant (K3), as well as the route and diameter of & heat distribution network were determined, hydraulic calculations were carried out and diagrams of piezometric pressure in the heat distribution network were presented. The issues concerning operation of the district gas heating plant in parallel with an oil heating plant in a different building were indicated. It is necessary to seek the best possible solution to connect the final users to the district heating plant.

[83] Śnieżyk R. Possibilities of the costs of the heat from the boiler station supplied with natural gas. Part 6. The shortest heat distribution network, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2012, nr 12, pp. 39-43, 5 fig., 4 tab., 11 bibliography, in Polish The article presents a method for selecting a structure and a diameter of a new heat distribution network in an exiting residential community. A heat source (district heating plant) will supply all 17 buildings with two line heat distribution network with maximum water temperature of 70 oC. The shortest line lengths were determined using Prima method. A structure of heat distribution network was indicated and pipe diameters was selected. The calculations network were carried out for pre-insulated steel and PEX pipes. The pipe parameters can be used to determine outlays and running costs of the supply.

[84] Śnieżyk R. Efficiency of condensing boiler, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2014, nr 3, pp. 69-72, 5 fig., 4 tab., 14 bibliography, in Polish In this article the job analysis of the gaseous condensing boiler exploated in the real flat. The gas consumption of flat within one year was examined. Thanks to suitable measurement technology, the efficiency of the condensing boiler which was calculate as 99,2% (in reference to the heat value of gas). Cost of thermal energy

SniezykPublik20141026EN.doc

16

Ryszard Śnieżyk28/10/2014

©Śnieżyk Ryszard

PAPERS ON DISTRICT HEATING, ENERGETICS, RENEWABLE HEAT SOURCE

___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

was 64,49 zloty/GJ which was compare with costs in district heating company, and they were higher up 34 to 58%. This result stands using condensing boiler.

[85] Śnieżyk R. The job analysis of the space heating in the real flat supplied with the gaseous condensing boiler, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2014, nr 4, pp. 69-72, 5 fig., 4 tab., 14 bibliography, in Polish In article is presented the job analysis of the space heating to real flat with gaseous condensing boiler. Presented foundations to the steering by means of programmer units of electric devices in installations, i.e. the boiler, pumps: the heating, the hot water and the circulation. One estimated the computational thermal power to the space heating. One worked out the graph of the qualitative (the constant water flow) regulation and the working period of the installation of the space heating at the constant of the thermal power of the boiler and the constant of the temperature of water from the boiler (tzK = 55 oC). Even without the full control system obtained the high grade the delivery of the heat to the space heating. The annual indicator of the consumption o energy was 144 kWh/m2a.

[86] Śnieżyk R. The work analysis of the domestic hot water supplied with the gaseous condensing boiler, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2014, nr 5, pp. 6972, fig., 4 tab., 14 bibliography, in Polish In article is presented the j\wok analysis of the domestic hot water to real flat with gaseous condensing boiler. Was presented foundations to the steering by means of programmer units of electric devices in installations, i.e. the boiler, pumps: the heating, the hot water and the circulation. One estimated the computational thermal power to the hot water. Description the working period of the installation of the hot water at the constant of the thermal power of the boiler and the constant of the temperature of water from the boiler (tzK = 55 oC). Even without the full control system obtained the high grade the delivery of the heat to the space heating. The annual indicator of the consumption of hot water was 86 l per person days.

[87] Śnieżyk R. The work analysis of the domestic hot water supplied with the gaseous condensing boiler, The market of the Installation (Rynek Instalacyjny), 2014, nr 5, pp. 6972, fig., 4 tab., 14 bibliography, in Polish In article is presented the j\wok analysis of the domestic hot water to real flat with gaseous condensing boiler. Was presented foundations to the steering by means of programmer units of electric devices in installations, i.e. the boiler, pumps: the heating, the hot water and the circulation. One estimated the computational thermal power to the hot water. Description the working period of the installation of the hot water at the constant of the thermal power of the boiler and the constant of the temperature of water from the boiler (tzK = 55 oC). Even without the full control system obtained the high grade the delivery of the heat to the space heating. The annual indicator of the consumption of hot water was 86 l per person days.

[88] Śnieżyk R. The influence of tariffs of gas and weather condition on costs of the heat, Gaseous, Water and Sanitary Engineering (Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna), 2014, nr 7, pp. 250-254, 8 fig., 7 tab., 11 bibliography, in Polish. Article presents influence of gas tariffs and weather conditions on heat costs in flat with modernized installation of central heating and hot water production. System with maximum temperature tK