Scaffolding Levels of Text Complexity

LISSTS Literacy in Social studies, Science and Technical Subjects Jan Clinard, Ed.D. Helena College University of Montana [email protected]

Principles • Drill down for deep understanding

• Promote cross-disciplinary expectations • Model strategies for reading complex texts

“Most of the reading in college and workforce training programs is informational in structure and challenging in content.” --CCSS

“Most of the reading in college and workforce training programs is informational in structure and challenging in content.” --CCSS

• Content area teachers may not teach reading strategies. • English language arts teachers may seldom teach informational texts. • Students may be frustrated by challenging texts, unable to find needed information.

Teaching Disciplinary Literacy to Adolescents: Rethinking Content-Area Literacy

By the time adolescent students are being challenged by disciplinary [complex] texts, literacy instruction has often evaporated.

(Shanahan & Shanahan. Harvard Educational Review. 78:1 Spring 2008, p 51)

Collaborate Across Disciplines To develop a rich, interdisciplinary program, assemble a team of content experts, including teachers from high school and college levels: • Allow content experts to select topics and texts (perhaps a college professor or expert from a state agency) • Assign “teacher leaders” to develop scaffolding strategies to help workshop participants deconstruct the texts

Discipline Experts are Critical because they have the…

Discipline Experts are Critical because they have the… • Ability to quickly find relevant texts and slice through their meaning

Discipline Experts are Critical because they have the… • Ability to quickly find relevant texts and slice through their meaning • Knowledge to provide background and vocabulary nuances

Discipline Experts are Critical because they have the… • Ability to quickly find relevant texts and slice through their meaning • Knowledge to provide background and vocabulary nuances • Status to attract content teachers and earn respect

Teaching Specialists are Critical to model reading and writing strategies, with the…

Teaching Specialists are Critical to model reading and writing strategies, with the… • Ability to deconstruct a text through a teacher’s eyes

Teaching Specialists are Critical to model reading and writing strategies, with the… • Ability to deconstruct a text through a teacher’s eyes • Strategies that have proven effective in classrooms

Teaching Specialists are Critical to model reading and writing strategies, with the… • Ability to deconstruct a text through a teacher’s eyes • Strategies that have proven effective in classrooms • Ability to adapt texts and strategies for grade levels

Teaching Specialists are Critical to model reading and writing strategies, with the… • Ability to deconstruct a text through a teacher’s eyes • Strategies that have proven effective in classrooms • Ability to adapt texts and strategies for grade levels • Knowledge of practical constraints in a classroom

Explore a Discipline by Focusing on an Engaging Topic

Explore a Discipline by Focusing on an Engaging Topic • Technical Subject: Geoscience Technology (Applied Science) • Fracking • From advertising to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Explore a Discipline by Focusing on an Engaging Topic • Technical Subject: Geoscience Technology (Applied Science) • Fracking • From advertising to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

• Social studies: Montana History • Homesteading and Allotment Acts • Primary Documents: photos, leaflets, letters, newspaper, maps, treaties

Explore a Discipline by Focusing on an Engaging Topic • Technical Subject: Geoscience Technology (Applied Science) • Fracking • From advertising to Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

• Social studies: Montana History • Homesteading and Allotment Acts • Primary Documents: photos, leaflets, letters, newspaper, maps, treaties

• Science: Pharmacy (Applied Science) • Obesity • From local newspaper editorial to American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

Your Possible Topics? Name an “expert” with whom you could work. What topics could they easily address?

Other Geoscience Topics

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology • Paleontology and evolution

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology • Paleontology and evolution • Carbon sequestration

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology • Paleontology and evolution • Carbon sequestration • Green energy

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology • Paleontology and evolution • Carbon sequestration • Green energy • Clean coal

Other Geoscience Topics • Climate change/global warming • Geochronology • Paleontology and evolution • Carbon sequestration • Green energy • Clean coal • Ocean acidification

What compelling questions might students raise? • What is acidity, alkalinity, pH? • How is oceanic pH measured? • What is the magnitude of ocean acidification? • Is acidification global or localized? • How has ocean pH changed through time? • What natural factors govern ocean chemistry, specifically pH? • What is the consequence of increased acidity in oceans? • What causes increased acidity in ocean water?

Text Variety/Multiple Literacies

Text Variety/Multiple Literacies • A text is any message that has an author, audience, purpose, and context (Hubbard, “Adventures with Text and Beyond,” English Journal, 102,4:98).

Text Variety/Multiple Literacies • A text is any message that has an author, audience, purpose, and context (Hubbard, “Adventures with Text and Beyond,” English Journal, 102,4:98).

• No text is ever taught in isolation…..in presenting varied perspectives and validating multiple literacies, students…see themselves as readers and authors of the world around them (Hubbard 101).

Text Variety/Multiple Literacies • A text is any message that has an author, audience, purpose, and context (Hubbard, “Adventures with Text and Beyond,” English Journal, 102,4:98).

• No text is ever taught in isolation…..in presenting varied perspectives and validating multiple literacies, students…see themselves as readers and authors of the world around them (Hubbard 101).

• Digital age literacy includes “basic literacy, scientific literacy, economic literacy, technological literacy, and global awareness” (Dallow, “The Visual Complex,” Visual Literacy, 2008, 98).

Text Variety/Multiple Literacies • A text is any message that has an author, audience, purpose, and context (Hubbard, “Adventures with Text and Beyond,” English Journal, 102,4:98).

• No text is ever taught in isolation…..in presenting varied perspectives and validating multiple literacies, students…see themselves as readers and authors of the world around them (Hubbard 101).

• Digital age literacy includes “basic literacy, scientific literacy, economic literacy, technological literacy, and global awareness” (Dallow, “The Visual Complex,” Visual Literacy, 2008, 98). • Visual literacy is the ability to comprehend the image as a constructed medium inscribed with multiple narratives (Gilbert, “Changing the Lens,” English Journal, 102,4:89).

From “Teaching Disciplinary Literacy to Adolescents” by Timothy and Cynthia Shanahan The disciplinary experts we studied approached reading in very different ways, consonant with the norms and expectations of their particular disciplines. We left this phase of the study convinced that the nature of the disciplines is something that must be communicated to adolescents, along with the ways in which experts approach the reading of text. Students’ text comprehension, we believe, benefits when students learn to approach different texts with different lenses. (Harvard Educational Review. 78:1 Spring 2008, p 51)

Scaffold Using Topic Thread Content expert introduces the topic Participants begin by examining images, maps, or graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions or more topic background

What is Hydrofracking?

Hydrofracking is: • Induced process where pressurized fluids are used to propagate fractures in a layer of rock. • Process occurs after well is “completed.”

• Usually for the purpose of liberating hydrocarbons from a “reservoir” rock. • Hydraulic fracturing, horizontal slickwater fracturing, induced hydraulic fracturing, hydrofracting, fracking, fracing, fraccing… • Invented in 1947 by Farris and Clark of the Stranolind Oil and Gas Co.

Scaffold Using Topic Thread Teaching specialist leads participants through questioning strategies based on a lay text Content expert shows how topic is handled in popular press Teaching specialist shares close reading strategies

• Is this fact or opinion? How do you know? • Is this what someone thinks, feels, or believes? • Can the information be proven true or false? • What evidence do you need?

Scaffold Using Topic Thread Content expert introduces sample from public science Teaching specialist selects activity for article responses Content expert deconstructs peerreviewed study Teaching specialist poses questions about article’s structure

Tie Strategies to Standards 1. Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it; cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text. 4. Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.

What is bias or perspective? Is it possible to be unbiased? Why is it valuable to begin with a discussion of bias or perspective?

Apply Reading Strategies to an Image

Apply Reading Strategies to an Image Look at the Images -What do they say? What do they mean?

Apply Reading Strategies to an Image Look at the Images -What do they say? What do they mean?  What does each image or number say or show? What do you notice? Color and shading Size of numbers, words next to images Images of products that include the additive

Apply Reading Strategies to an Image Look at the Images -What do they say? What do they mean?  What does each image or number say or show? What do you notice? Color and shading Size of numbers, words next to images Images of products that include the additive Consider how the text about fracturing is explained and where it is placed.

http://www.energyfromshale.org

Drill into Meaning

Drill into Meaning  What does it say? (What’s the literal meaning?)

Drill into Meaning  What does it say? (What’s the literal meaning?)  What might it mean? (What is the author suggesting without directly stating it? What do you read between the lines?)

Drill into Meaning  What does it say? (What’s the literal meaning?)  What might it mean? (What is the author suggesting without directly stating it? What do you read between the lines?)  Why does it matter? (To a variety of relevant audiences, to the goal of authentic and accurate information, to our understanding of how perspective influences meaning and understanding)

Pursue the Inquiry What questions does this image raise? Who is the intended audience? Where can you find more information? Why is a content expert necessary to discuss such an image?

Apply Strategies to Another Image

Key Definitions • Oil and gas play: area/region of hydrocarbon emplacement • Petroleum Reservoir: naturally occurring ‘pool’ of trapped hydrocarbons. • Hydrofracking: Induced process where pressurized fluids are used to propagate fractures in a layer of rock. • Horizontal drilling (directional drilling): drilling non-vertical wells that are the type commonly used in Hydrofracking. After ‘kickingoff,’ horizontal wells can travel for thousands of feet. • Fracking fluid: fluid (gel, slickwater) forced at high-pressures to open fractures in rock layers. Millions of gallons of fluid are typically used per well fracked in shale with lesser amounts in more porous reservoirs. • Proppant: material (often sand) that is used to maintain integrity of induced fractures and allow hydrocarbons to migrate up the well. • Geosteering: operational process of guiding horizontal drilling into target rock.

Terminology

Map Analysis Worksheet • Type of map? (raised relief, topographic, political, contour-line, natural resource, military, bird’s eye, artifact, satellite photographic, pictograph, weather) • Unique physical qualities? (compass, handwritten, date, notation, scale, name of mapmaker, title, legend) • Date of map? • Creator of map? • Where map was produced?

Map Analysis Worksheet (cont.) • What are the important features of this map? • Why do you think this map was drawn? • What evidence in the map suggests why it was drawn? • Does the information in this map support or contradict information that you have read about oil reserves? • What question is left unanswered by this map? • Education Staff, National Archives and Records Administration

Oil and Gas Wells in Eastern MT with Horizontal “Kick Offs” in Red

Sidney

Scaffold from Image to Words Lay Text: Email, blog, letter to the editor, transcript of TV interview, etc.

Interpret words and phrases as used in a text: Is this email fact or opinion? How do you know? Is this what someone thinks, feels, or believes? Can the information be proven true or false? What evidence do you need? What are the technical, connotative, and figurative meanings of phrases? How do specific word choices shape meaning or tone?

Email to MoveOn.org: The Rocky Mountain Front in Montana is one of the most ecologically rich and pristine areas left in the lower 48 states; it runs from the Blackfeet Indian Reservation and Glacier National Park south to Augusta, Montana. This pristine landscape and some of the highest water and air quality in the nation is currently threatened by indiscriminate oil and gas drilling using unregulated hydraulic fracturing, which involves the use of highly toxic chemicals and large quantities of precious surface and ground water for drilling. Chemicals such as benzyl chloride, benzene, toluene, and many others—and unregulated placement of well pads near rivers, lakes, streams, and rural residences—pose a direct threat to the health of people and environment. Ban hydraulic fracturing drilling (fracking) on the Rocky Mountain Front in Montana to protect irreplaceable water and air quality in one of the most biologically rich and significant ecosystems within the United States. --email from Tara Luna, a MoveOn member in East Glacier Park, Montana, who created a petition on SignOn.org, the nonprofit site that allows anyone to start their own online petition, 12/26/2012

Scaffold to Professional Writer Newspaper articles, websites, magazines, etc.

http://www.chk.com/News/Articles/Pages/news_20120723.aspx

Close Reading Strategies

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why? • Is there a counter claim? What is it and what is its support?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why? • Is there a counter claim? What is it and what is its support? • Where do you find loaded words, either in the author’s text or in the text of “authorities”?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why? • Is there a counter claim? What is it and what is its support? • Where do you find loaded words, either in the author’s text or in the text of “authorities”? • According to this article, who are the critics of fracking and who are the proponents?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why? • Is there a counter claim? What is it and what is its support? • Where do you find loaded words, either in the author’s text or in the text of “authorities”? • According to this article, who are the critics of fracking and who are the proponents? • What/who is the author appealing to?

Close Reading Strategies • What are the claims and who makes them? • What is the evidence for each claim? Is it credible or not? Why? • Is there a counter claim? What is it and what is its support? • Where do you find loaded words, either in the author’s text or in the text of “authorities”? • According to this article, who are the critics of fracking and who are the proponents? • What/who is the author appealing to? • Do the writers make a good argument? Why or why not?

Fracking critics using bad science, experts say “In the debate over natural gas drilling, the companies are often the ones accused of twisting the facts. But scientists say opponents sometimes mislead the public, too. Critics of fracking often raise alarms about groundwater pollution, air pollution, and cancer risks, and there are still many uncertainties. But some of the claims [by fracking critics] have little — or nothing — to back them.

“For example, reports that breast cancer rates rose in a region with heavy gas drilling are false, researchers told The Associated Press. Fears that natural radioactivity in drilling waste could contaminate drinking water aren't being confirmed by monitoring, either. And concerns about air pollution from the industry often don't acknowledge that natural gas is a far cleaner burning fuel than coal. "The debate is becoming very emotional. And basically not using science" on either side, said Avner Vengosh, a Duke University professor studying groundwater contamination who has been praised and criticized by both sides.” The Associated Press, July 12, 2012

Scaffold to Public Science Writing The Truth about Fracking Mooney, Chris. Scientific American November 2011, pp 80-85.

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-truth-about-fracking

Strategy Read title, first paragraph, and topics in bold, then answer: • What’s the problem? • What are the possible solutions? • What is the situation? • What are the causes and effects of the situation? The Truth About Fracking Is fracking polluting our drinking water? The debate has become harsh, and scientists are speaking out. Guilt by Definition Concrete Culprit Unsafe At Any Depth? More Science, Too Late?

Look at the last two paragraphs. Do you think the author answers the question? Study by the EPA and others may bring clarity to complex, conflicting claims. But new insight may come too late. Fracking “has never been investigated thoroughly,” says Amy Mall, a senior policy analyst with the Natural Resources Defense Council. “It’s a big experiment without any actual solid scientific parameters guiding the experiment.” Yet New York seems convinced that tight regulations will be enough to protect its citizens. Residents opposed to fracking in New York, Pennsylvania and other states display a common lawn sign: the word “FRACK” in white letters against a black background, with a red circle and line through the word. The irony is, although it is very possible that gas companies have been guilty of carelessness in how they drill wells and dispose of waste, fracking technology itself may be exonerated. The yard signs would be wrong, yet the fears would be right.

Reading Peer-Reviewed Science How articles appear*: • Title • Abstract • Introduction • Method(s) • Results • Discussion • Conclusion • Bibliography

How articles are read: • Title • Abstract • Method(s) • Bibliography-if needed • Results • Method(s) • Discussion • Results • Conclusion • Introduction • Abstract

*Some Journals condense sections due to limited space

Deconstructing

Deconstructing • Relevant? • Reputable? • Proceedings of the National Academy of Science

• Peer-reviewed? • Who are the authors and are they credible? • Objective? • Recent? • Purpose?

Methods of Writing Science Deductive • Begin with Claim • Thesis statement (based on significant claims)

• Reasons • Supporting evidence • Taken from experts • Relevant

Inductive • Begin with background of previous research • State purpose • Hypotheses (and null) • Explicitly state testable outcomes • Explicitly state assumptions

Purpose Statements and Claims • Inductive path: • Hypothesis: • If urban development and activity increases ocean acidity, then average surface pH levels will be measurably lower than the mid-ocean average surface pH.

• Purpose Statement: • This study seeks to understand the relationship between localized ocean acidification and urban development by...

• Deductive path: • Claim: • Human activities in cities, towns, and urban centers on coasts pose a great threat to ocean health by depressing oceanic pH outside of ocean ecosystem tolerances.

Purpose of the Study “This study seeks to evaluate the potential impact of gas drilling and hydraulic fracturing on shallow groundwater quality by comparing areas that are currently exploited for gas (defined as active—one or more gas wells within 1 km) to those that are not currently associated with gas drilling (nonactive; no gas wells within 1 km), many of which are slated for drilling in the near future.” Osborn et al. 2011. Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. PNAS 108(20).

Questioning the Study • Did I understand the purpose of the study? • Did I understand the background of the study including the area, why they were looking at this specific place? • Do I understand gas geochemistry and carbon isotopic signatures? • Do I understand the nature of the subsurface, origin of the gas, aquifer, and the nature of the oil and gas recovery in the play? • What else could the authors have done to investigate the phenomena?

Results

CH4 concentrations as a function of distance to the nearest gas well from active and nonactive drilling areas.

“Methane concentrations were 17-times higher on average (19.2 mg CH4 L-1) in shallow wells from active drilling and extraction areas than in wells from nonactive areas” Osborn S G et al. PNAS 2011;108:8172-8176

Conclusion—future directions

Conclusion—future directions “Based on our groundwater results … long-term, coordinated sampling and monitoring of industry and private homeowners is needed.

Conclusion—future directions “Based on our groundwater results … long-term, coordinated sampling and monitoring of industry and private homeowners is needed. “Compared to other forms of fossil-fuel extraction, hydraulic fracturing is relatively poorly regulated at the federal level.”

Conclusion—future directions “Based on our groundwater results … long-term, coordinated sampling and monitoring of industry and private homeowners is needed. “Compared to other forms of fossil-fuel extraction, hydraulic fracturing is relatively poorly regulated at the federal level.” “Fracturing wastes are not regulated as a hazardous waste”

Conclusion—future directions “Based on our groundwater results … long-term, coordinated sampling and monitoring of industry and private homeowners is needed. “Compared to other forms of fossil-fuel extraction, hydraulic fracturing is relatively poorly regulated at the federal level.” “Fracturing wastes are not regulated as a hazardous waste” “More research is also needed on the mechanism of methane contamination, the potential health consequences of methane, and establishment of baseline methane data in other locations.”

Conclusion—future directions “Based on our groundwater results … long-term, coordinated sampling and monitoring of industry and private homeowners is needed. “Compared to other forms of fossil-fuel extraction, hydraulic fracturing is relatively poorly regulated at the federal level.” “Fracturing wastes are not regulated as a hazardous waste” “More research is also needed on the mechanism of methane contamination, the potential health consequences of methane, and establishment of baseline methane data in other locations.” “Long-term monitoring of groundwater and surface methane emissions during and after extraction would clarify the extent of problems and help identify the mechanisms behind them.”

How is evidence integrated into a text?

How is evidence integrated into a text? Summarize

How is evidence integrated into a text? Summarize Paraphrase

How is evidence integrated into a text? Summarize Paraphrase Used Details

How is evidence integrated into a text? Summarize Paraphrase Used Details Quote

How is evidence integrated into a text? Summarize Paraphrase Used Details Quote Use Graphics (visual representation of data)

Activity: Integrating Evidence “The Truth About Fracking” by Chris Mooney

• How does Mooney introduce experts? • How does Mooney integrate evidence?

“Methane contamination of drinking water…..” Osborn et al. 2011

• How are experts cited in Osborn?

• How does this article integrate evidence?

The Truth About Fracking Is fracking polluting our drinking water? The debate has become harsh, and scientists are speaking out. Anthony Ingraffea, an engineering professor at Cornell University and an expert on the controversial technique to drill natural gas, has had much to say, especially since he attended a March meeting in Arlington, Va., hosted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency……”I saw beautiful PowerPoint slides depicting what they think is actually happening,” says Ingraffea…. Yet, Ingraffea explains, these analyses considered only single “fracks”—one water blast, in one lateral, one time…. --Mooney, Chris. “The Truth About Fracking.” Scientific American; Nov 2011, Vol. 305 Issue 5, p 80-85.

In Scientific American… The author establishes expertise, then quotes and paraphrases.

How/where is evidence integrated in this article?

Methane Contamination… Increases in natural-gas extraction are being driven by rising energy demands, mandates for cleaner burning fuels, and the economics of energy use (1-5). Directional drilling and hydraulic-fracturing technologies are allowing expanded naturalgas extraction from organic-rich shales in the United States and elsewhere (2,3). Accompanying the benefits of such extraction (6,7) are public concerns about drinking water contamination from drilling and hydraulic fracturing that are ubiquitous but lack a strong scientific foundation… -Osborn, Vengosh, Warner, and Jackson. “Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing.” PNAS, May 17, 2011, 108:20. p 8172.

In Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences… Findings from multiple sources are summarized within a paragraph and each sentence summarizes several sources.

From Reading to Writing • Key features of writing in a technical subject, such as geoscience • Developing and narrowing topics • Integrating evidence to maintain flow of ideas • Writing strategies that develop understanding and analysis of these texts • Applicable rubrics • Aligning Common Core State Standards

Science is writing • Inductive or deductive, the real business of science is writing. • Aside from the Abstract, science articles are written inductively: from the bottom up.

Student Assignments Students in an English class were asked to imagine that hydraulic fracturing was proposed near their town and their city council would publish informational brochures to help citizens decided whether to support or oppose the wells. Most student examples were argumentative rather than informative. Two samples follow.

Student Brochures

Student Brochures

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • Content expert introduces topic

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • Content expert introduces topic • Begin with images, maps, graphic representations

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • Content expert introduces topic • Begin with images, maps, graphic representations • Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press Teaching specialist models close reading strategies

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press Teaching specialist models close reading strategies Content expert introduces popular science article

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press Teaching specialist models close reading strategies Content expert introduces popular science article Practice more reading strategies

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press Teaching specialist models close reading strategies Content expert introduces popular science article Practice more reading strategies Content expert deconstructs peer-reviewed science

Steps in Scaffolding Complex Text • • • • • • • • • • • •

Content expert introduces topic Begin with images, maps, graphic representations Teaching specialist uses questioning strategies Content expert shares definitions, more background Move to a lay text More questioning strategies Content expert discusses topic in popular press Teaching specialist models close reading strategies Content expert introduces popular science article Practice more reading strategies Content expert deconstructs peer-reviewed science Examine article’s structure

Implementation • When teachers learn strategies in teams, they are more likely to return to classrooms and work across discipline. • When teachers are expected to share their implementation strategies and collaboratively assess their students’ products, their work can be amazing.

Questions? Jan Clinard, Ed.D. Director, College Readiness Programs Helena College University of Montana [email protected]