INAFOR 11P-031 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIAN FORESTRY RESEARCHERS (INAFOR)

Sandalwood (Santalum album ) Foliage Morphological Variation of Various Provenances

Ari Fiani and Yuliah The Center for Research on Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Jl. Tentara Pelajar Km.15 Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582, INDONESIA

Poster paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR) Bogor, 5 – 7 December 2011

INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub Division of Dissemination, Publication and Library FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16610

Sandalwood (Santalum album ) Foliage Morphological Variation of Various Provenances Ari Fiani and Yuliah The Center for Research on Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Jl. Tentara Pelajar Km.15 Purwobinangun, Pakem, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55582, INDONESIA

ABSTRACT The research of Santalum album foliage morphological variation had been conducted by Research Center of Plantation Forest, Yogyakarta, in November 2011. Leaves‘ samples were collected from an ex-situ conservation plot of Santalum album in Watusipat, Gunung Kidul. Observation was done toward 14 sandalwood provenances, of which five individual trees were chosen. The next step was to choose ten fully-developed pieces of leaves of each individual tree. The morphological observation of the leaves included the following dimensions: length of the leaf, length of the leaf base (petiole), wide of the leaf, shape of the leaf, edge shape of the leaf, shape of the leaf base, shape of the leaf end, and leaf color, both up and down sides. The result indicated that there were differences in the foliage morphology among the provenances. The biggest size of leaf was in Provenace P5, while the smallest one was in provenance P10. The shape variations were between ovalis and oblongus. The leaf colors were between bright-green, green, old-green, and yellowish green. The edge of the leaf varied between flat and wavy, while their colors were between yellowish green and brownish red. Keywords: Sandalwood (Santalum album), leaves, morphology, provenance 1. INTRODUCTION Sandalwood (Santalum album) is a plant that grows naturally in Indonesia, especially in East Nusa Tenggara. Sandalwood scent that has wood paneling on many craft used as raw materials, cosmetics industry, medicine and used in traditional ceremonies. Excessive exploitation of sandalwood and the lack of rehabilitation causing decreasing population. IUCN red list defined sandalwood as a species that is Vulnerable A1d ver 2.3 (IUCN, 2011). One of the research activities conducted at the Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Yogyakarta is the construction and maintenance of ex situ conservation of sandalwood that aims to provide the genetic material for breeding. Selection is a basic activity of plant breeding programs. The success of plant breeding efforts is highly dependent on the availability of a genetic basis with a wide variety. Variation within species of plant can be caused by different geographical circumstances. Species obtained from areas that are separated by long distances often show a different morphology. Observers can identify the source of the seed of a species based on morphological special characteristics (Zobel, B., and Talbert, 1984). Although it is difficult to find a relationship between genotype and phenotype with morphological markers, but the morphological characters of plants is one of the factors to be considered in the selection of plants. Morphological markers are usually using the properties of expressed in the phenotype of a species such as form, location, size and color of the vegetative and generative plant. Phenotype is an expression of the interaction between the genotype with the environment in which it grows. Morphological traits are generally controlled by multiple genes and environmental factors that are complex. But then the recessive gene is not expressed in heterozygous individuals. This observation aims to determine the morphological diversity of sandalwood leaves collected from different provenances that have been planted in the ex- situ conservation of sandalwood at Watusipat, Gunung Kidul. 938

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS 2.1 Time and Location Sampling was conducted on sandalwood leaves in the Forest Research Watusipat, Gunungkidul. Observations were conducted during October 2011 at the Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement, Purwobinangun, Yogyakarta. 2.2 Material Observations made of sandalwood plant population were 9 years old in the Watusipat Forest Research, Gunungkidul. Population representing 14 provenances of sandalwood from different distribution in East Nusa Tenggara and Java. The information about the 14 provenances was as follows: Table 1. Provenance (origin source of sandalwood seed) No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Provenances Omtel, Teluk Mutiara, Alor, dpl 690 m Aen Ut, South Mollo , South Center Timor, Timor, 700 m dpl Hambala, Kopeta, Waingapu, East Sumba District, Sumba, 210 mdpl Katikutana, West Sumba District, Sumba. Waisika, Northeast Alor, Alor, 30 m dpl Pailelang, Southwest Alor, Alor, 55 m dpl Kuma‘, South Mollo, South Center Timor, Timor, 710 m dpl Polen, South Mollo , South Center Timor, Timor, 480 m dpl Karang Mojo, Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta Oenlasi, South Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 850 m dpl Haumeni, South Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 930 m dpl Snok, North Amanatun, South Center Timor, Timor, 240 m dpl Noemuti, Easth Miomafo, North Center Timor, Timor, 320 m dpl Bu‘at, South Mollo, South Center Timor, Timor, 810 m dpl

2.3 Research Methods Sampling was done by purposive sampling plants based on differences in leaf phenotype. Of each provenance selected 5 trees, and then from each selected tree was taken 10 leaves which have developed perfectly. The observed leaf morphology including the length of the leaf, leaf width, long leaf stalk (petiole), leaf form, leaf edge form, the form of the tip, the base of the leaf, the leaf color on the top and bottom surface. Determination of leaf form, form the edge, tip and base of the leaf based on guidelines from the determination of plant morphology in Tjitrosoepomo (1999). Observational data presented in the form of leaf morphological descriptions of sandalwood from different provenances. 3. RESULT AND DISCUSION The results of observations of measured data from sandalwood leaves presented in table 2.

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Table 2. The average of length, width, and length of petioles of sandalwood leaves Provenance

Leaf Lenght (cm)

Leaf Widht (cm) 2.458

6.122 5.748 6.336 7.23 7.798 6.218 5.998 6.69 5.184 5.472 6.114 6.022 5.482 5.328

Omtel Aen Ut Hambala Katikutana Waisika Pailelang Kuma` Polen Karang Mojo Oenlasi Haumeni Snok Noemuti Bu`at

Petiole Lenght (cm) 0.938 0.866 1.008 1.132 0.958 1.00 0.92 0.87 0.947 0.882 0.80 0.926 0.856 0.79

2.408 2.594 2.828 3.524 2.782 2.500 2.604 2.182 2.404 2.674 2.494 2.450 2.268

While the shape and color of the leaves presented in Table 2. Tabel 2. shape and colour of sandalwood leaves. Form Provenance

Whole

Edge

Leaf tip

Color Base leaf

Top surface

Bottom surface

Edge

leaf Omtel

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

Lg-G-Dg

Lg-G-Dg

Gy-Br

Ane Ut

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Dg

G-Dg

Gy-Br

Hambala

Ov-ob

F

pointed

pointed

G-Dg-Yg

G-Dg

Gy-Br

Katikutana

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Yg

G-Dg

Gy-Br

Waisika

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

Lg-G-Dg-Yg

Lg-G-Dg

Gy-Br

Pailelang

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Dg-Yg

G-Dg-Yg

Gy-Br

Kuma`

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Dg-Yg

G-Dg

Gy-Br

Polen

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

Lg-G-Yg

Lg-G

Gy-Br

Karang Mojo

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Yg

G-Yg

Gy

Oenlasi

Ov-ob

F

pointed

pointed

G-Yg

G-Yg

Gy-Br

Haumeni

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

Lg-G-Dg-Yg

Lg-G-Dg-Yg

Gy-Br

Snok

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

Yg

G-Yg

Gy-Br

Noemuti

Ov-ob

FW

pointed

pointed

G-Yg

Lg-G-Yg

Gy

Bu`at

Ov-ob

F

pointed

pointed

G-Ga-Yg

Ga-G-Yg

Gy-Br

Notes: Ov = Ovals; Ob = Oblongs; F = Flate; W= Wavy; Lg = Light green; G = Green; Dg = Dark green; Yg = Yellowish green; Gy = Greenish yellow; Br = Brownish red.

Table 1 and 2 show the differences between 14 provenances of sandalwood, each provenance has own characteristic appearance viewed from the leaves. The measurement results indicate that leaf size varies, where the length of the leaves ranged between 5.184 to 7.798 cm and the width of leaves ranged between 2.182 to 3.524 cm. Provenance with the smallest leaf size is Karang Mojo with 5.184 cm (length) and 2.182 cm (width), while the provenance with the greatest leaf size is Waisika with 7.798 cm (length) and 3.524 cm (width). The length of petiole 940

varies from 0.79 cm (Polen) up to 1.132 cm (Katikutana). Comparison between length and width of leaves will determine the form of the leaves of each provenance. For all provenances there are variations in leaf form ovals to oblongs. Variation occurs both among leaves within each individual and between individuals within provenances. Variations in leaf form and size presented in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Variation of form and size of sandalwood leaves Table 2 shows there is no variation in the structure of the leaves, especially on the tip and base of leaf form. Observations show that all provenance have pointed leaf on tip and base. While the form of leaves varies between flat and wavy. Variations also occur both among leaves in a single individual, among individuals within provenances and among provenances. Hambala, Haumeni and Bu`at have the form of flat leaf edges, whereas the other provenances have the edge leaves that vary from flat to wavy. Variations in leaf color and form of the leaf edges presented in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Variations in colors and form of the leaves edges of sandalwood A Variation that can be immediately seen other than the size of the leaf is the leaf color. Some provenances have dark-green leaves while the others have yellowish-green leaves. Observations of variations in leaf top and bottom surface color showing the variation of light green, green, dark-green or yellowish-green. Katikutana, Oenlasi, Haumeni, Snok and Neomuti have a yellowish-green leaf color, which is different then the others provenances.

Figure 3: Color variation on the leaves edge The edge of sandalwood leaf has a different color from the center of the leaf. The leaf edge formed line around leaf (Fig 3). Observations show that the edge of the leaf color varies from greenish-yellow to brownish-red. In the same leaf, encountered the different color of edge leaf, such as red-brownish, reddish in leaf tip but greenish-yellow in base leaf, or totally yellow. Although there are variations in the individual, but there are two provenances (Karang Mojo and Noemuti) have greenish-yellow edge color leaf, while the others have red-brownish color. In term of color variation, it needs to analyze soil nutrient content in which the plant grows. Deficiency or excess of certain elements will affect the colors of the leaves. 942

4. CONCLUSION 





There are variations in leaf size between provenances. Karang Mojo has a size of the smallest leaf length (5.184 cm) and width (2.182 cm). While the Waisika has the largest leaf size with a length of 7.798 cm and 3.524 cm in width. The length of petiole ranged between 0.79 cm (Bu`at) to 1.132 cm (Katikutana). All provenances have the form of leaves varied between ovals and oblongs. There are three provenances (Hambala, Oenlasi, and Bu`at), which have flat leaf edges form; whereas the others have the form flat to wavy. There is no variation between provenances in the character of the tip and base of the leaf. The color of the top and bottom surfaces of leaves varies from light- green, green, dark-green and yellowish green. The edges of the leaves on two provenances (Karang Mojo and Noemuti) are yellowish-green, while others provenances have a yellowish-green to brownish-red.

REFERENCES IUCN,

(2011):

The

IUCN

Red

List

of

Treatned

Species.

www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search. Downloaded at November, 29, 2011. Tjitrosoepomo, G (1999): Morfologi Tumbuhan. Gadjah Mada University Press. Yogyakarta. Zobel, B and Talbert, J (1984): Applied Forest Tree Improvement. John Wiley and Sons, Canada.

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INAFOR 11P-032 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF INDONESIAN FORESTRY RESEARCHERS (INAFOR)

Towards Collaboratively-Managed Protected Area in Indonesia: The Case of Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan

Tri Wira Yuwati Forestry Research Institute of Banjarbaru Jl. Ahmad Yani Km 28.7 Landasan Ulin, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70711, INDONESIA Corresponding email: [email protected]

Poster paper prepared for The First International Conference of Indonesian Forestry Researchers (INAFOR) Bogor, 5 – 7 December 2011

INAFOR SECRETARIAT Sub Division of Dissemination, Publication and Library FORESTRY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY Jl. Gunung Batu 5, Bogor 16610

Towards Collaboratively-Managed Protected Area in Indonesia: The Case of Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan Tri Wira Yuwati Forestry Research Institute of Banjarbaru Jl. Ahmad Yani Km 28.7 Landasan Ulin, Banjarbaru, South Kalimantan, 70711, INDONESIA Corresponding email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT Protected area management in less-developed areas is a complex matter because, being driven by poverty, local human populations often rely primarily on natural resources that are found in protected areas. Sebangau National Park is an area of 568,700 ha that holds one of the largest known remaining orangutan (Pongo pigmaeus) populations; located in the southern part of Central Kalimantan Province; and serves as one of the last remaining peat swamp forests in Kalimantan. Managing Sebangau is a complex matter due to the high dependency of local people in 46 villages surrounding Sebangau to the resources as their livelihood. Collaborative management is seen as a mechanism to overcome overlapping land use in protected areas. This paper presented the experiences of Sebangau national park management in implementing community development programs towards local people and pictured responses of the people towards the programs carried out by the park authority and NGOs working in the area. Keywords: Collaborative management, protected area, Sebangau, national park, Central Kalimantan 1. INTRODUCTION Forest area of Sebangau was appointed as National Park through The Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 423/ Menhut-II/2004; covers an area of 568,700 ha that holds one of the largest known remaining orangutan populations in the world and was gazette by the government of Indonesia in October 2004. It is located in the southern part of Central Kalimantan Province, between the Sebangau and Katingan rivers, and serves as one of the last remaining peat swamp forests in Kalimantan. Administratively, Sebangau national park is part of Katingan district (52%), Pulang Pisau (38%) and City of Palangkaraya (10%). There are 46 villages surrounding Sebangau. The park designation was supported by Pulang Pisau district alone; the other two districts are waiting for the Central Kalimantan Provincial Spatial Planning to be agreed. Box 1.The reason of Sebangau designation as national park (MoF-WWF, 2004) “The failure of the “million hectares peat land for paddy field” gave us a tough lesson: we should opt for sustainable development strategies that put the environmental issues up front in importance. Saving Sebangau is important for both local community livelihoods and orang utan conservation; the two are linked” Drs. H. Asmawi Agani Former Governor of Central Kalimantan, Indonesia

Even after 6 years of its designation, there are still disagreement and different perceptions regarding the park boundary and park existence among stakeholders. The designation as a National Park has altered the livelihood of population surrounding Sebangau. In order to decrease the pressures of the local people who have high dependency on natural resources inside 945

the park, the park manager and NGO‘s working in the area have conducted community development programs for the population surrounding Sebangau. This paper presented the experiences of Sebangau national park management in implementing community development programs towards local people and pictured responses of the people towards the programs carried out by the park authority and NGOs working in the area 2. METHODS The data was collected from traditional village of Baun Bango, Katingan district. The community development programs implementation towards local people in this village and the responses of those people to the programs were asked through participant observations, personal semi structured interviews and focus group discussion. 3. RESULTS 3.1 The History of Sebangau National Park The history of Sebangau designation as national park was closely related to many aspects and interests in Central Kalimantan. Sebangau area was known for one of the remaining tropical peat swamp forest in the world with very important function as habitat of orang utan (Pongo pigmaeus) and unique peat swamp forest plant species. According to a study commissioned by WWF-Indonesia, carried out by Center for International Cooperation in Management of Tropical Peat Land), the peat swamp forest in Sebangau is a home to at least 106 species of birds, 35 species of mammals, and several sub-types of forest such as riparian forest, mixed swamp forest, transition forest, tall interior forest, and mixed forest from granite and low pole forest. The peat swamp forest functions as a giant sponge where it can absorb water in the rainy season and supply water in dry season. In the 1990‘s during Soeharto era there was The Mega Rice project aimed at converting one million hectares of peat swamp forest into paddy fields in Central Kalimantan. Unfortunately, the project was a big failure, resulting in high input yet low output result. Moreover, the degraded peat swamp forest was causing new problem to escalate: forest fire in dry season and flood in rainy season due to the irreversible character of peat soil. Lesson learned from the failure of mega rice project in Central Kalimantan has increased people‘s awareness not to convert peat swamp forest into another land use. Unfortunately, habitat fragmentation, illegal logging, forest conversion into palm oil plantation and forest fires continued to threaten the survival of the park. These threats and illegal trade have contributed to the decline of orangutan population in Sebangau National Park from almost 13,000 to 6,900 individuals between 1996 and 2003. Before designated as national park, the status of Sebangau forest was production forest and limited production forest (Central Kalimantan Provincial Spatial Planning 2003). Inside this park, there are hundreds of canals which were made when logging was still operating. Those canals were made by people whom then sold them or rent them to the logging companies as logging transportation. As a result, water level could not be controlled and the peat was easily got burnt. The designation of the park was supported by the head of Katingan district (district government decree No. 522.51/696/EK 1 October 2003, the head of Pulang Pisau district (district government decree No. 119/520/EK January 2003). Although given a legalized support, the head of Katingan district did not state the wide of the park in his area. The government of Kota Palangkaraya has not given support due to the overlapping land use and demanded to resolve the problem. The governor of Central Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan house of representatives had given their support for the conservation of Sebangau forest through decree

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No. 050/33/IV/Bapp (20 January 2004) and No.162/522/DPRD/2004 (25 March 2004), respectively. 3.2 Baun Bango, A Traditional Village Bordering with Sebangau The village of Baun Bango has officially become the capital city of Kamipang sub district through Indonesian Government decree no 5/2002, which legalized the formation of eight new districts of Central Kalimantan since 10 April 2002. The territory of Baun Bango village covers an area of 625 km2 bordering on the north with Asam Kumbang village, on the west with Telaga village, on the east with Palangkaraya city and on the south with Tumbang Ronen village. The village is located approximately 24 km from the city of Kasongan (the capital city of Katingan district). It used to be reached only by river transportation; however since the beginning of 2011 the village can be reached within 3 hours by car from the city of Palangkaraya, the capital city of Central Kalimantan province. In 2010, the village had 835 residents spread out in 230 households. The majority of the people of Baun Bango is Dayak Ngaju followed by Banjarese and Javanese. Perez (2010), who carried out research at Baun Bango village during 2003-2005, found a high intensity of logging activities along the Katingan River, especially at Baun Bango village. However, since this research started in 2009, there was no illegal logging happening near Baun Bango village. Officially logging is considered illegal through the Presidential Instruction year 2005 on combating illegal logging. After the presidential instruction, the law enforcement regarding illegal logging has been stopped up by the local government. Several illegal loggers have been caught during recent years and sent to prison. During fieldwork I observed that the police stations at sub-district and district level were involved in combating illegal logging. These actions have increased the fear of villagers to conduct logging illegally. Due to this condition, the majority of people along the Katingan River have switched their livelihood into their traditional livelihood: fishing, rattan gardening and practicing swidden agriculture, especially in Baun Bango village. However, the majority of livelihood activities of Baun Bango villagers were seasonal. In dry season, they fish or harvest rattans. During the wet seasons, they start planting rubber. The changes of livelihood in Baun Bango are presented in Table 1. Table 1. The changes of the main livelihood-activities in Baun Bango village during 2008-2011 LIVELIHOOD