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O ple Sam Reading for IELTS For Th i a fu s is a Sa mp le v ht t e e rs r s p: / ion ion /ww of t onl h is w.m y. boo ye n k go glis he x to: am...
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O ple Sam

Reading for IELTS For

Th i

a fu

s is

a Sa

mp le v ht t e e rs r s p: / ion ion /ww of t onl h is w.m y. boo ye n k go glis he x to: am .co m ll v

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Contents Page

O ple Sam Multiple Choice Reading

Page 2

Vocabulary in Context

1. Penguins

1. The Death of Languages

2. Earthquakes

2. Music, Language & Memory

3. Higher Education

3. Hypnosis

4. Whales

4. Jealousy

5. Pollen

5. Karaoke is Bad for You

6. Coral

6. Male-Female Attraction

7. A Famous Composer

7. The Fall of Mayan Civilization

8. Trams

8. Addiction & Teenage Smoking

9. A Famous Politician

9. The World's First Farmers

10. Monkeys

10. Dolphin Networks

Page 44

11. Gunpowder 12. Hurricanes

Answers & Feedback

13. Passports

Multiple Choice Reading

Page 65

14. Police

IELTS Style Reading

Page 127

15. SARS

Vocabulary in Context

Page 148

16. Communications 17. Cables

18. Tourism

19. A Famous Writer 20. Ozone

IELTS Style Reading

Page 23

1. Facts you should know about global warming 2. The Lands where the Kurds live

5. Traditional Ballad Verse In Australia: 6. Dyslexia 7. Preventing Violence in the Workplace 8. Two Inventions 9. Team Building 10. Valentine's Day

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3. Downsizing: The Long Term Effects 4. Walking and Fat Loss

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Multiple Choice Reading Texts & Questions

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Multiple Choice Reading: 20. Ozone QUESTIONS

O ple Sam

P1: There is a solid international consensus about the

causes and effects of ozone depletion. About 300 scientists from all corners of the world drafted and reviewed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. The assessment is that the situation is serious but not irreversible. P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is it

important? Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozone molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen, ozone is poisonous which would be a problem if concentrated at ground level but is highly beneficial to life when collected in the stratosphere because it blocks out the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminished ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the earth's surface, a serious effect because it can damage DNA, which means it is potentially harmful to most living things, including plants. The human body cannot detect ultraviolet radiation directly which means that humans are unaware of the damage that is done to them on sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marine food chain. P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of

ozone in the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction has been directly traced to human activity because we now realise that certain manufactured substances can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion.

Q2. Chlorine (final sentence, paragraph 3) is mentioned because it o A. exists in the stratosphere. o B. fights UV radiation. o C. attacks ozone. o D. reduces ozone loss. Q3. Which one of the following statements is not true? o A. CFCs have been eliminated from the atmosphere. o B. Plant and human life are damaged by UV radiation. o C. Ozone depletion can be stopped. o D. The ozone layer is poisonous. Q4. The word "it" in sentence 3 of paragraph 2 (after ""stratosphere because") refers to o A. Ozone. o B. Oxygen. o C. Stratosphere. o D. ground level. Q5. Ozone depletion o A. has always occurred. o B. is a consequence of radiation changes. o C. is a man-made problem. o D. decreases UV radiation.

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P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limit

Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? o A. Ozone and its effects on humans o B. The scientific reasons for ozone depletion o C. Ozone depletion: causes and solutions o D. International action against ozone depletion

the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. Some success has already been recorded with a slowing down in the rate of ozone loss and a levelling off of the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere. Scientists remain hopeful that, if countries keep to the targets set by the international community, stratospheric ozone will return to normal levels by about 2050.

Q6. The word "consensus" in the first line of the text could best be replaced by o A. Concern. o B. Conference. o C. Agreement. o D. sympathy.

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IELTS Reading Texts & Questions

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IELTS Reading: 8. Two Inventions P5. The compact disc is a different tale. It was intentionally invented to improve upon an existing technology (basically, Edison's Gramophone). Marketwise, this was a major gamble. The improvement was, at first, debatable (many said that the sound quality of the first generation of compact discs was inferior to that of its contemporaneous record players). Consumers had to be convinced to change both software and hardware and to dish out thousands of dollars just to listen to what the manufacturers claimed was more a authentically reproduced sound. A better argument was the longer life of the software (though when contrasted with the limited life expectancy of the consumer, some of the first sales pitches sounded absolutely morbid). The computer suffered from unclear positioning. The compact disc was very clear as to its main functions - but had a rough time convincing the consumers that it was needed.

O ple Sam

P1. When the PC was invented, its uses were completely unclear. Its performance was lacking, its abilities limited, it was unbearably user unfriendly. It suffered from faulty design, was absent any user comfort and ease of use and required considerable professional knowledge to operate. The worst part was that this knowledge was exclusive to the new invention; it was not portable. It reduced labour mobility and limited one's professional horizons. There were many gripes among workers assigned to tame the new beast. Managers regarded it at best as a nuisance. P2. The PC was thought of, at the beginning, as a sophisticated gaming machine, an electronic babysitter. It included a keyboard, so it was thought of in terms of a glorified typewriter or spreadsheet. It was used mainly as a word processor (and the outlay justified solely on these grounds). The spreadsheet was the first real PC application and it demonstrated the advantages inherent to this new machine (mainly flexibility and speed). Still, it was more of the same - a speedier sliding ruler. After all, said the unconvinced, what was the difference between this and a hand held calculator (some of them already had computing, memory and programming features)?

P3. The PC was recognized as a medium only 30 years after it was invented with the introduction of multimedia software. All this time, the computer continued to spin off markets and secondary markets, needs and professional specialties. The talk as always was centred on how to improve on existing markets and solutions. The Internet is the computer's first important application. Hitherto the computer was only quantitatively different to other computing or gaming devices. Multimedia and the Internet have made it qualitatively superior, sui generis, unique.

P6. Every medium is first controlled by the technical people. Gutenberg was a printer - not a publisher. Yet, he is the world's most famous publisher. The technical cadre is joined by dubious or small-scale entrepreneurs and, together, they establish ventures with no clear vision, market-oriented thinking, or orderly plan of action. The legislator is also dumbfounded and does not grasp what is happening - thus, there is no legislation to regulate the use of the medium. Witness the initial confusion concerning copyrighted vs. licenced software, e-books, and the copyrights of ROM embedded software.

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P7. More complex transactions - exactly as in real estate in "real life" - begin to emerge. The Internet is likely to converge with "real life". It is likely to be dominated by brick and mortar entities which are likely to import their business methods and P4. Part of the problem was that the Internet was management. As its eccentric past (the dot.com boom invented, is maintained and is operated by computer and the dot.bomb bust) recedes - a sustainable and professionals. For decades these people have been profitable future awaits it. conditioned to think in Olympic terms: faster, stronger, higher - not in terms of the new, the unprecedented, or the non-existent. Engineers are trained to improve - seldom to invent. With few exceptions, its creators stumbled across the Internet - it invented itself despite them. Computer professionals (hardware and software experts alike) are linear thinkers. The Internet is non linear and modular. It is still the age of hackers. There is still a lot to be done in improving technological prowess and powers. But their control of the contents is waning and they are being gradually replaced by communicators, creative people, advertising executives, psychologists, venture capitalists, and many others. These all are attuned to the user, his mental needs and entertainment preferences. Continued

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IELTS Reading: 8. Two Inventions (cont.) Q11. An early example of a PC application is the spreadsheet. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

O ple Sam

QUESTIONS

In the two lists below, a statement in the list (A-F) corresponds to the main idea in one of the paragraphs (Para 1 - Para 6). Match the two lists by inserting the correct letter for each question:

Q12. The changeover from record players to compact discs was slow. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

Q 1: Para 1 = ___

Q 2: Para 2 = ___ Q 3: Para 3 = ___

Q 4: Para 4 = ___ Q 5: Para 5 = ___

Complete the summary based on paragraphs 1 - 4 by choosing phrases from the list A - L. Place a letter next to the question numbers in the text.

Q 6: Para 6 = ___

A. An invention that did things more efficiently B. A difficult-to-use invention C. Inventions take time to become part of society D. An invention that later found a special function E. An invention with a very clear function F. An invention now adopted by non-technical people

Early PCs were not easy to use, were 13.___ and were not welcomed by 14.___ alike . They were first

used for word processing and spreadsheets and only later for 15.___. Use increased with 16.___ which showed conclusively that they were better than 17.___. Computer professionals controlled the

Q7. Computer use was slow at first because A. computers couldn't be carried. B. computers were difficult to use. C. keyboards were too complex. D. computers had a limited function.

Internet but this 18.___.

Q8. The gramophone is mentioned because A. it is also a medium for music. B. the technology was market-driven. C. it was invented by Edison. D. it was replaced by the compact disc.

Q9. From the text we know that the compact disc was invented after the computer. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

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Q10. The computer and compact disk are different because A. the technology is different. B. their functions are different. C. one is much older than the other. D. they were invented by different sets of people.

A. Multimedia B. unable to be carried about C. handheld machines D. any other electronic devices E. professional needs F. managers G. workers and managers H. unlike anything seen before I. the Internet J. specialised needs K. is changing L. is now in the hands of hackers

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Vocabulary in Context Texts & Questions

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Vocabulary in Context: 9. The World’s First Farmers? CRADLES: places where something originates, e.g. areas where civilizations begin. STAPLE FOOD: food important for survival. DOMESTICATED: changed from the natural environment to a human-made environment. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION: a very important period in the history of farming or agriculture. DOMINANT: the most powerful or important. CORE AREAS: important parts of a larger area. NEOLITHIC BACKWATER: a very primitive society that is long longer considered important. TURNED OUT: resulted; discovered to be. PRISTINE: (an environment) in its earliest, untouched or perfect state. EQUIVOCAL: not certain; vague; ambiguous. ORIGINATED: commenced; began from a certain place. REVEALS: shows for the first time. PRACTICING: working at; doing; taking part in. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES: the original or first people to have lived in a particular area. CULTIVATING: farming; using areas of land for growing food. DEFORESTATION RATES: the speed at which forests are destroyed. EROSION: the destruction of soil, rock or landforms, usually water, wind or too much farming. PASSIVE: not active. SECONDARY CENTER: not the most important place. DERIVED FROM: taken or borrowed from another place to be used elsewhere. TRIGGERED BY: caused by; action that is caused by something else. DOMESTICATES: plants that have be used in agriculture. PHASES: periods of time that follow each other; stages. WETLAND: flat wet land areas. PREDATE: before a specific date. INFLUENCE: the effect of one thing, or person, on another. INDICATED: suggested as probable. CIRCULAR MOUNDS: small round hills. AERATE SOIL: allow air to move through or penetrate the soil or earth.

O ple Sam

P1: Researchers, led by an archaeologist from Adelaide, have confirmed that Papua New Guinea’s highlands was one of the cradles of farming, where some of the world’s staple food plants were first domesticated. The region now joins five other core regions in which the agricultural revolution – the world’s most dominant landuse - had its origins. The other five regions confirmed as core areas for plant domestication are the Middle East, China, Mesoamerica, South America and the Eastern United States.

P2: From what has been described as a Neolithic backwater, New Guinea has turned out to be one of the few pristine centers of early plant domestication. As one commentator argues, “the evidence for the independent development of agriculture in New Guinea is no longer equivocal”. According to the research, there is also increasing proof that two of the world’s most valuable crops, sugar cane and banana, originated there. P3: The report reveals that people living at the Kuk site, in the Wahgi valley, were practicing agriculture by at least 7,000 years ago. This is about the same time as indigenous peoples in the Middle East were cultivating wheat and Central Americans were farming corn.

P4: While earlier research had suggested that deforestation rates and erosion increased from at least 7000 years ago, New Guinea had been considered a passive secondary center for agricultural development. Agriculture was though to have been derived from or triggered by domesticates from South East Asia. However, the archaeological remains found at the site identified six phases of wetland use: the first three of which predate South East Asian influence on the Island 3,500 years ago. The first phase suggests that cultivation may have occurred 10,000 years ago. The second phase, for which there is more evidence, is indicated by circular mounds used to aerate soil for growing bananas between 6,500 and 7,000 years ago.

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Q1. The article observes that… o A. New Guinea is a primitive backwater. o B. agriculture developed in the New Guinea highlands independently from other world regions. o C. New Guinea is very wet. o D. sugar cane is only grown in New Guinea.

Q2. Which of the following terms will not replace ‘cradles’ in the text? o A. Birth places o B. Producers o C. Original sources o D. Nurturers

Continued

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Vocabulary in Context: 9. The World’s First Farmers? (cont.)

O ple Sam

Q3. Which of the following is unlikely to be a ‘staple food’? o A. Potato o B. Rice o C. Hamburger o D. Banana

Q4. Which of the following most closely matches ‘turned out’ as it is used in paragraph 2? o A. Took off o B. Ran out o C. Looked out o D. Ended up Q5. If something is ‘equivocal’ it is…? o A. Uncertain o B. Certain o C. Relevant o D. Contradictory

Q6. Which of the following can suffer from ‘erosion’? o A. Soil o B. Profit o C. Political support o D. All of the above

From the list add a letter after the question number to fill in the missing words. ● The Yellow River and the Indus River are acknowledged 7.___ of civilization.

● A 8.___ is anything that forms the basis of a traditional diet, particularly that of the poor.

● On the island of Java, Hindu influences 9.___ Islam by many centuries, although the latter soon became the 10.___ religion.

● Australia’s 11.___ knew nothing of 12.___ crops as they were hunters and scavengers.

● Mud slides are 13.___ by heavy rains and exacerbated by soil 14.___ which means that the water can easily sweep away top soil.

● Some people believe the concept of negative numbers 15.___ in China, although recent research 16.___ that the Mayan civilization was also familiar with this idea.

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A. CRADLES B. STAPLE FOOD C. DOMESTICATED D. AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION E. DOMINANT F. CORE AREAS G. NEOLITHIC BACKWATER H. TURNED OUT I. PRISTINE J. EQUIVOCAL K. ORIGINATED L. REVEALS M. PRACTICING N. INDIGENOUS PEOPLES O. CULTIVATING P. DEFORESTATION RATES Q. EROSION R. PASSIVE S. SECONDARY CENTER T. DERIVED FROM U. TRIGGERED BY V. DOMESTICATES W. PHASES X. PREDATE

● Siberia still offers a 17.___ environment despite the fact that it has suffered high 18.___ in the last 200 hundred years.

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Multiple Choice Reading

Answers & Notes

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Answers: 20. Ozone

O ple Sam

SHORT ANSWERS

Q1 = C, Q2 = C, Q3 = A, Q4 = A, Q5 = C, Q6 = C ANSWERS WITH DETAILED EXPLANATIONS

Q1. Which title best expresses the ideas in the text? A. Ozone and its effects on humans B. The scientific reasons for ozone depletion C. Ozone depletion: causes and solutions D. International action against ozone depletion

Q1. NOTES This text deals both with the causes and solutions of ozone depletion. All the other answers are partial.

P1: There is a solid international consensus about the causes and effects of ozone depletion. About 300 scientists from all corners of the world drafted and reviewed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. The assessment is that the situation is serious but not irreversible. P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is it important? Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozone molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen, ozone is poisonous which would be a problem if concentrated at ground level but is highly beneficial to life when collected in the stratosphere because it blocks out the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminished ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the earth's surface, a serious effect because it can damage DNA, which means it is potentially harmful to most living things, including plants. The human body cannot detect ultraviolet radiation directly which means that humans are unaware of the damage that is done to them on sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marine food chain.

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P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction has been directly traced to human activity because we now realise that certain manufactured substances can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozonedepleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion. P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limit the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. Some success has already been recorded with a slowing down in the rate of ozone loss and a levelling off of the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere. Scientists remain hopeful that, if countries keep to the targets set by the international community, stratospheric ozone will return to normal levels by about 2050.

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Answers: 20. Ozone (cont.)

O ple Sam

Q2. Chlorine (final sentence, paragraph 3) is mentioned because it A. exists in the stratosphere. B. fights UV radiation. C. attacks ozone. D. reduces ozone loss.

Q2. NOTES Chlorine reacts with ozone, destroying and depleting it.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction has been directly traced to human activity because we now realise that certain manufactured substances can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion.

Q3. Which one of the following statements is not true? A. CFCs have been eliminated from the atmosphere. B. Plant and human life are damaged by UV radiation. C. Ozone depletion can be stopped. D. The ozone layer is poisonous.

Q3. NOTES CFCs have levelled off but have not been eliminated. The text does not say that elimination of CFCs is even possible.

P4: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 attempts to limit the production and use of ozone-depleting substances. Some success has already been recorded with a slowing down in the rate of ozone loss and a levelling off of the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere. Scientists remain hopeful that, if countries keep to the targets set by the international community, stratospheric ozone will return to normal levels by about 2050.

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Answers: 20. Ozone (cont.)

O ple Sam

Q4. The word "it" in sentence 3 of paragraph 2 (after ""stratosphere because") refers to A. Ozone. B. Oxygen. C. Stratosphere. D. ground level.

Q4. NOTES “It" refers to ozone which blocks the sun's UV rays.

P2: What exactly is the ozone layer and why is it important? Ozone is a form of oxygen, with each ozone molecule made up of three oxygen atoms. Unlike oxygen, ozone is poisonous which would be a problem if concentrated at ground level but is highly beneficial to life when collected in the stratosphere because it blocks out the sun's ultraviolet rays. A diminished ozone layer allows more UV radiation to reach the earth's surface, a serious effect because it can damage DNA, which means it is potentially harmful to most living things, including plants. The human body cannot detect ultraviolet radiation directly which means that humans are unaware of the damage that is done to them on sunny days. This damage can include skin cancer, cataracts and weakened immune systems in humans and reduced crop yields and disruptions in the marine food chain.

Q5. Ozone depletion A. has always occurred. B. is a consequence of radiation changes. C. is a man-made problem. D. decreases UV radiation.

Q5. NOTES It is a man-made problem (“traced to human activity”) because the substances causing the problem are manufactured.

P3: Even small percentage reductions in the amount of ozone in the upper atmosphere cause a measurable increase in UV radiation that reaches the earth's surface. This reduction has been directly traced to human activity because we now realise that certain manufactured substances can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Specifically, the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozonedepleting substances, which are widely used as refrigerants, insulating foams and solvents, are the culprits. When CFCs float up into the stratosphere, they are broken apart by the UV radiation, releasing chlorine atoms that react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction and depletion.

Q6. NOTES “Consensus" means people agreeing together. Eg: "There was general consensus about the right course of action to take".

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Q6. The word "consensus" in the first line of the text could best be replaced by A. Concern. B. Conference. C. Agreement. D. sympathy.

P1: There is a solid international consensus about the causes and effects of ozone depletion. About 300 scientists from all corners of the world drafted and reviewed the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) & United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 1998. The assessment is that the situation is serious but not irreversible. Page 13

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IELTS Reading Answers & Notes

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Answers: 8. Two Inventions

O ple Sam

Q1: Para 1 = B. A difficult-to-use invention

Q2: Para 2 = A. An invention that did things more efficiently

Q3: Para 3 = D. An invention that later found a special function

Q4: Para 4 = F. An invention now adopted by non-technical people

Q5: Para 5 = E. An invention with a very clear function

Q6: Para 6 = C. Inventions take time to become part of society

Q7. Computer use was slow at first because A. computers couldn't be carried. B. computers were difficult to use. C. keyboards were too complex. D. computers had a limited function.

Q7. NOTES Para 1 says it was "unbearably user unfriendly"

Q8. The gramophone is mentioned because A. it is also a medium for music. B. the technology was market-driven. C. it was invented by Edison. D. it was replaced by the compact disc.

Q8. NOTES Para 5 says the compact disk was invented to improve upon (ie: replace) the gramophone

Q9. From the text we know that the compact disc was invented after the computer. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

Q9. NOTES This information is nowhere given in the text.

Q10. The computer and compact disk are different because A. the technology is different. B. their functions are different. C. one is much older than the other. D. they were invented by different sets of people.

Q10. NOTES Para 1 & 7: the PC has a range of functions (unclear in its early use) while the compact disk was focused on playing back music.

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Answers: 8. Two Inventions (cont.) Q11. NOTES Para 2 mentions word processing and spreadsheets.

Q12. The changeover from record players to compact discs was slow. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

Q12. NOTES Para 5 implies it was slow - "consumers had to be convinced to change" & "..... a rough time convincing the consumers that it was needed"

O ple Sam Q11. An early example of a PC application is the spreadsheet. A. TRUE B. FALSE C. NOT GIVEN

Q13: = H. unlike anything seen before Q14: = G. workers and managers Q15: = A. Multimedia

Q16: = I. the Internet

Q17: = D. any other electronic devices Q18: = K. is changing

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Vocabulary in Context Answers & Notes

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Answers: 9. The World’s First Farmers?

O ple Sam

Q1. The article observes that… A. New Guinea is a primitive backwater. B. agriculture developed in the New Guinea highlands independently from other world regions. C. New Guinea is very wet. D. sugar cane is only grown in New Guinea.

Q1. NOTES "… the evidence for the independent development of agriculture in New Guinea is no longer equivocal."

Q2. Which of the following terms will not replace ‘cradles’ in the text? A. Birth places B. Producers C. Original sources D. Nurturers

Q2. NOTES The other terms relate to the beginning of something, its creation, or its initial development.

Q3. Which of the following is unlikely to be a ‘staple food’? A. Potato B. Rice C. Hamburger D. Banana

Q3. NOTES Unlike the other food items, the ‘hamburger’ is not an essential or primary food, but is simply a manufactured product.

Q4. Which of the following most closely matches ‘turned out’ as it is used in paragraph 2? A. Took off B. Ran out C. Looked out D. Ended up Q5. If something is ‘equivocal’ it is…? A. Uncertain B. Certain C. Relevant D. Contradictory

Q5. NOTES Equivocal means uncertain or unsure. The opposite is unequivocal = certain.

Q6. Which of the following can suffer from ‘erosion’? A. Soil B. Profit C. Political support D. All of the above

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Q6. NOTES Although ‘erosion’ basically refers to the physical landscape, it can also be applied to the slow and constant loss of support, popularity or finances.

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Q7. = A CRADLES Q8. = B STAPLE FOOD Q9. = X PREDATE Q10. = E DOMINANT Q11. = N INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Q12. = O CULTIVATING Q13. = U TRIGGERED BY Q14. = Q EROSION Q15. = K ORIGINATED Q16. = L REVEALS Q17. = I PRISTINE Q18. = P DEFORESTATION RATES

Q4. NOTES ‘Turned out’ and ‘ended up’ are the two most closely related terms. However, the text would need to be altered slightly to: ‘New Guinea has ended up being one of the few…’

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