Intellego Unit Studies Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
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Grades 6-8 Physical Science:
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Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Table of Contents
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How to use a unit study from Intellego Unit Studies Important Notes to parents Quick Troubleshooting Guide Objectives Materials Needed for this Unit Study Chapter One Activity 1.1 – Welcome to the study of atoms and bonding! Activity 1.2 – Review the scientific method Activity 1.3 – Review the building blocks of matter Activity 1.4 – Review the basics of atoms Activity 1.5 – Review compounds and mixtures Activity 1.6 – Explore the history of atomic discovery Extension Activity – Evaluate an atom video Activity 1.7 – Explore the history of the periodic table Activity 1.8 – Review the periodic table of the elements Activity 1.9 – Analyze the periodic table and energy levels Activity 1.10 – Examine chemical bonding Activity 1.11 – Experiment with covalent bonds Activity 1.12 – Experiment with ionic bonds Activity 1.13 – Explore metallic bonds Extension Activity – Investigate careers in chemistry Activity 1.14 – Complete your KWL chart Activity 1.15 – Reflect on and explore the topics in Chapter One Chapter Two Activity 2.1 – Welcome to chemical reactions Activity 2.2 – Introduction to chemical reactions Extension Activity – Make your own ice cream Activity 2.3 – Use a chemical reaction to test an unknown Activity 2.4 – Explore the formation of a precipitate Extension Activity – Explore the chemistry of cheese Activity 2.5 – Explore endothermic and exothermic reactions Activity 2.6 – Examine and use chemical equations Activity 2.7 – Examine rates of chemical reactions Activity 2.8 – Control the rate of reaction with temperature Activity 2.9 – Use catalysts to change the reaction rate Extension Activity – Explore the chemistry of fireworks Activity 2.10 – Explore acids and bases Activity 2.11 – Test for acids and bases Activity 2.12 – Test reactions of acids and bases Activity 2.13 – Experiment with neutralization Activity 2.14 – Complete your KWL chart Activity 2.15 – Reflect on and explore the topics in Chapter Two
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3 6 7 9 10 16 20 22 23 24 25 26 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 40 48 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69
Final Activity – Put your portfolio together Appendix – Answer Key
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
How to use a unit study from Intellego Unit Studies The PDF file containing this unit study is graphic intensive and full color. In addition, the PDF contains all of the links needed for the Internet activities. Therefore, it is not necessary to print the entire PDF. Instead, view the PDF on your computer, printing the specific pages your children will need to complete the written activities. You may also wish to print the Table of Contents and use it as a checklist to monitor your child’s progress.
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This unit study contains internal links for ease of navigation within the PDF. Each time you open the PDF, you can scroll to the Table of Contents and click on the appropriate link to take you to your next activity.
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Of course, you can always jump in and get started immediately, but we recommend reviewing the Materials Inventory lists and gathering your supplies before you begin with the first activity in Chapter One.
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We recommend that children create a portfolio notebook for this unit study. This provides a handy place to keep the child’s expressive work. Photos of children’s art work and hands-on activities should also be included in the portfolio, along with their Vocabulary Journal that they will begin building in Chapter One.
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Although additional books and library materials are not required to complete a unit study from Intellego Unit Studies, we recommend a quick stop at the local library before beginning your unit study. Intellego Unit Studies does not recommend specific book titles (due to availability variables in local libraries across the country), but many parents find that printing the Table of Contents and taking that to the library helps them gather any additional resources on the topics that their children might desire.
The portfolio notebook can be as simple as a plain file folder with your child’s illustrations on the cover or as elaborate as an entire scrapbook, complete with all of the bells and whistles. Either way (or everything in between) is fine….it all depends on the child! 5.
Each unit study is organized by chapter. Each chapter begins with a materials list, a vocabulary introduction, and an activities list. Each chapter unfolds with a wide variety of engaging multi-sensory activities. Most activities contain an introduction followed by a web link. Have your children read the information (or read it to them) and then Copyright© 2011 Intellego Unit Studies All rights reserved
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
double click on the link (make sure your Internet browser is open). After you have finished with the web link, return to this Intellego Unit Studies PDF file to continue on. Each chapter also includes Extension Activities, set apart in yellow text boxes for easy identification. The extension activities are not required, but they are essential to the unit study concept because they create the bridge between different curriculum areas or skills. For example, the extension activity may offer a related science experiment or art project that connects to the theme of the unit study.
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Each chapter concludes with a reflection and exploration activity. This activity presents your children with the opportunity to evaluate and synthesize what they have learned in each chapter before moving on to the next. There is no set time limit for this activity. Follow their lead and allow them to spend additional time exploring related topics of interest.
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Our unit studies are meant to serve the K-12 population of students, although subject matter does dictate age appropriateness. If you are using this unit study with children of varying ages, rest assured that this unit study is easily adaptable. Possible adaptations:
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1. Any required reading within the unit study or through a web link may be completed by the student or with the parent’s help. 2. Discussion questions can be discussed orally or adapted into writing exercises. 3. Writing assignments can be dictated to the parent and then used for copy work by the student to encourage writing fluency. 4. Vocabulary lists may be used to build decoding, sight word recognition, or spelling skills. 5. Topics may be further explored or researched according to interest and ability. 6. All activities can be adapted into expository writing exercises. You are the best judge of your children’s abilities, skills, and educational needs. Therefore, there is no right way or wrong way to adapt the activities within this unit study. This allows you to make adaptations while still providing the structure, research, preparation and web links to make it easy on you, the parent! 7.
Each unit study incorporates as many areas of curriculum as possible and as relevant. However, many parents who use Intellego Unit Studies incorporate separate mathematics and language arts programs in their children’s study. Copyright© 2011 Intellego Unit Studies All rights reserved
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Our unit studies provide concrete examples and applications of the skills your children are learning in their separate math and language arts studies. For example, if your children are currently learning about parts of speech, encourage them to apply that knowledge to reading and writing activities within the unit study. You may wish to print a page from one of the web links they found particularly engaging. Ask them to identify parts of speech after they have read for content. In addition, any writing activities that they complete can also be used to show them how they are using the various parts of speech in their own writing. This type of application can be incorporated with any language arts curriculum or concept, from nouns and verbs to multi-page expository writing.
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All of our unit studies provide opportunities for children to practice and apply reading skills. For reluctant readers, you may want to encourage their reading by reading along with them as you progress through the various activities and web links. Add challenging words to their vocabulary journal. Check their comprehension by allowing them to read the directions for activities, experiments, and crafts. Regardless of your child’s reading level, this unit study provides the opportunity to explore the written word and practice decoding and encoding skills.
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In the area of mathematics, encourage your children to identify patterns, look for classifications, or apply their math skills to the activities within the unit study. For example, any experiments or activities that require measuring can easily be used to demonstrate new mathematical concepts or reinforce acquired knowledge with practical applications. Ratios, fractions, decimals, and other concepts can be brought into any activity that requires children to sort information, compile lists, compare and contrast, measure, create, or build.
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There is no right or wrong way to incorporate your language arts and math curriculums into this unit study. The key is to look for areas where there is a natural connection between what your child is working on in language arts and math and what your child is doing within a unit study. Experiment, try some new things, and enjoy the integrative process! 8.
An answer key is located in the Appendix, which can be found at the end of the file or by clicking on the Chapter Answers link in the bookmarks.
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
*Important Notes to parents: Intellego Unit Studies tests and verifies all Internet links in our unit studies continually and we make changes accordingly. To provide you with corrected links, Intellego Unit Studies uses a link redirection database. When you click on an external link in the unit study, your internet browser will access the Intellego Unit Studies link database for the actual current link. Any corrections to the page of the unit study may also be displayed. If your browser does not allow for the redirections, you will need to cut and paste the link into your browser’s address bar. If you should discover an expired link, please report it here.
This unit study contains links to Internet sites. Although we make every effort to link only to child-safe websites, Internet content can change rapidly. Please supervise your children at all times when they are online. If you encounter material unsuitable for children, please notify us here.
Many of the activities in this unit study require parent supervision and assistance. Please use common sense and supervise your children when they are using tools or sharp instruments. Experiments and hands-on activities should be completed ONLY under the supervision of a responsible adult.
Many of the activities in this unit study utilize videos available on www.youtube.com. Intellego Unit Studies cannot control the content available to children on YouTube. We strongly recommend that parents open the YouTube videos for their children and then enlarge the video window to full screen. That way, your children will not be distracted by competing images while watching their video, and they will not be exposed to possible inappropriate material loaded by other users of YouTube.
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Quick Troubleshooting Guide: Problem: Videos/interactive web sites play slowly or with interruptions Solution: This is due to your connection speed and/or the speed of your computer. Verify your Internet connections and verify that your system meets the minimum requirements for an Intellego Unit Study by clicking here. Problem: Nothing happens when you click on a link to go to a web site
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Solution: This problem is associated with the settings for PDFs on your computer. To resolve this issue, you will need to know what version of Adobe Reader/Acrobat is on your computer. Follow the steps below: How to find the version of Adobe Acrobat or Reader
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1. Open Adobe on your computer 2. Click on the “Help” tab 3. Click on “About Adobe Reader/Acrobat
The window that appears will detail which Adobe product and version is on your computer. Click on the window to close it.
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If you are using Adobe Reader/Acrobat 9: PDF documents may open with a message bar across the top indicating that you are viewing the document in PDF/A mode. This is an ISO standard for PDFs. Links will not work in PDF/A mode. To access the links, perform the following steps: 1.
Load the CD and open the unit study.
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For Windows: a. Click on “Edit” on the top toolbar b. Click on “Preferences” from the drop down menu For Mac OS: Click on “Acrobat” > Preferences Copyright© 2011 Intellego Unit Studies All rights reserved
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
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Click on the “Documents” option under “Categories”
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Choose “Never” under “View Documents in PDF/A mode”
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Click on the OK button to exit this window
If you are using Adobe Reader/ Acrobat 8 or an older version: 1.
Load the CD and open the unit study
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Click on “Edit” on the top menu bar
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Click on “Preferences” from the drop down menu
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Click on “Trust Manager” Select “allow all” for Internet access from PDF
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Problem: The first time you open a link in one of the unit studies, you receive a Security Warning
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Check the box for “Remember my action for this site”
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Click on the “Allow” button
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Objectives Welcome to the Grades 6-8 Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds unit study! After completing this unit study, your children should be able to: 1. Describe and apply the scientific method. 2. Build a model of the atomic structure of chosen elements. 3. Differentiate between compounds and mixtures. 4. Describe the history of chemistry.
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5. Identify and explain trends in the periodic table. 6. Compare three types of chemical bonds. 7. Diagram chemical reactions.
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8. Use chemical reactions to test an unknown substance. 9. Control rates of chemical reactions. 10. Test for acids and bases.
11. Neutralize acids and bases.
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Materials Needed for this Unit Study Materials for every chapter: Vocabulary journal Writing and drawing materials Paper Chapter One Activity 1.3 – Review the building blocks of matter Marshmallows of gumdrops Toothpicks Large glass container Raisins or gummy bears
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Activity 1.4 – Review the basics of atoms Plastic grocery bag Scissors Balloon Small pieces of paper Sink
Activity 1.8 – Review the periodic table of the elements Tape Writing materials
Activity 1.9 – Analyze the periodic table and energy levels Writing materials
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Activity 1.11 – Experiment with covalent bonds 9-volt battery 2 wires with alligator clips on both ends 2 pencils sharpened at both ends Water Salt Clear plastic cup Tape
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 1.12 – Experiment with ionic bonds Black paper Salt Cup with salt from evaporated saltwater Magnifier Permanent marker 2 small Styrofoam balls 2 large Styrofoam balls 2 toothpicks Chapter Two
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Activity 2.2 – Introduction to chemical reactions Tea light candle or other small stable candle Matches Glass jar, large enough to be placed over the candle Sheet of colored paper or construction paper Colored pencils Scissors Glue or tape
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Extension Activity – Make your own ice cream 4 thin metal mixing bowls, two small and two large for each group of students Coarse salt Crushed ice Cooking element 125 ml sugar 1.25 ml salt 250 ml milk 15 ml vanilla flavoring 500 ml chilled whipping cream
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 2.3 – Use a chemical reaction to test an unknown Baking soda Baking powder Cream of tartar Detergent Cornstarch Water Vinegar Iodine solution Red cabbage indicator 5 Popsicle sticks 4 Droppers 10 Small cups
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Activity 2.4 – Explore the formation of a precipitate Water Epsom salt Piece of Ivory® soap Piece of paper Coffee filter 1 Dropper 2 Popsicle sticks 2 Straws 6 Clear plastic cups 1 Small cup 1 Tablespoon 1 Teaspoon
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Extension Activity – Explore the chemistry of cheese Milk Saucepan Stove or hot plate Oven mitts Vinegar Colander Cheesecloth String Plastic cups Salt and herbs (optional)
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 2.5 – Explore endothermic and exothermic reactions Vinegar Baking soda Calcium chloride Water Thermometer 4 small cups Disposable self-heating hand warmer Self-inflating balloon
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Activity 2.6 – Examine and use chemical equations Vinegar Baking soda Water Alka-Seltzer Detergent solution Graduated cylinder (50 mL) Graduated cylinder (100 mL) Measuring spoon (½ teaspoon) 1 clear plastic cup Small cup Dropper Plastic waste container
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Activity 2.7 – Examine rates of chemical reactions Antacid tablets (two per test) Two beakers (or glass or plastic jars) Tweezers or forceps Scrap paper Watch or clock with second hand Small block of wood
Activity 2.8 – Control the rate of reaction with temperature Baking soda Calcium chloride Water Graduated cylinder Balance or measuring spoon ( teaspoon) 2 wide (9 oz) clear plastic cups 4 small clear plastic cups 2 plastic deli-style containers Hot water (40–50 °C) Cold water (0–5 °C) Masking tape Two glow sticks Copyright© 2011 Intellego Unit Studies All rights reserved SAMPLE
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 2.9 – Use catalysts to change the reaction rate Graduated cylinder (50 mL or 100 mL) Hydrogen peroxide (3%) Yeast 2 Popsicle sticks Detergent solution Dropper Small cup Clear plastic cup Copper II sulfate solution (in cup) Salt Aluminum foil (5 cm × 5 cm) Thermometer
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Activity 2.11 – Test for acids and bases Red cabbage leaves Cream of tartar Vinegar Powdered laundry detergent Water Zip-closing plastic bag, storage-grade, quart-size 5 Clear plastic cups 3 Small cups 2 Flat toothpicks 1 Dropper 1 Tablespoon Permanent marker White piece of paper Citric acid Sodium carbonate Water Tape Universal indicator solution or paper pH color chart Graduated cylinder 12 flat toothpicks Spot plates 3 droppers
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 2.12 – Test reactions of acids and bases Water Measuring cup Plastic sandwich bags with zippers Paper towel Tablespoon Baking soda Vinegar
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Activity 2.13 – Experiment with neutralization 4 clear plastic cups Graduated cylinder Universal indicator Water Sodium carbonate Citric acid Flat toothpicks 2 droppers Masking tape and pen or permanent marker Universal indicator solution in cup Citric acid in cup Sodium carbonate in cup Water Solution A, sodium carbonate solution Solution B, more concentrated sodium carbonate solution At least 8 flat toothpicks Graduated cylinder Spot plate 4 droppers 3 clear plastic cups Masking tape and pen or permanent marker
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Chapter One Atoms and Bonding
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Materials for Chapter One Vocabulary journal Writing and drawing materials Paper Activity 1.3 – Review the building blocks of matter Marshmallows of gumdrops Toothpicks Large glass container Raisins or gummy bears
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Activity 1.4 – Review the basics of atoms Plastic grocery bag Scissors Balloon Small pieces of paper Sink
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Activity 1.8 – Review the periodic table of the elements Tape
Activity 1.9 – Analyze the periodic table and energy levels Printer Writing materials
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Activity 1.11 – Experiment with covalent bonds 9-volt battery 2 wires with alligator clips on both ends 2 pencils sharpened at both ends Water Salt Clear plastic cup Tape Activity 1.12 – Experiment with ionic bonds Black paper Salt Cup with salt from evaporated saltwater Magnifier Permanent marker 2 small Styrofoam balls 2 large Styrofoam balls 2 toothpicks
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Chapter One Vocabulary Help your children build vocabulary while having fun! The vocabulary of children is diverse and dynamic. Therefore, we have not included a vocabulary list as each child’s vocabulary is at a different stage of development. Instead, Intellego Unit Studies encourages children to build their own vocabulary lists. We recommend starting a Vocabulary Journal in Chapter One that your children can add to in each lesson. Below are some ideas for helping your children build vocabulary while having fun! 1.
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Have your children identify all unfamiliar words as they encounter them in this chapter. Use the link below, if you choose, for the online children’s dictionary. Or help your children develop dictionary skills by using a dictionary in your home.
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http://kids.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/english/entry/ Copy the unfamiliar words into their Vocabulary Journal (a notebook will do just fine!) and then illustrate the word.
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Use the new word in a sentence. Encourage them to come up with rhymes, either real words or nonsense words, and include those as well.
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Write the new words in the air with their fingers, making huge sweeping motions as they write.
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“Write” the words on the floor with their toes!
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Clap out the syllables in each new word.
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Examine the new word. Identify if it “plays by the rules” phonetically, so that it can be sounded out for spelling, or if it is a “rule breaker” that must be memorized.
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The objective here is to help them use as many senses as possible so that retention of the new words is increased.
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity List for Chapter One Activity 1.1 – Welcome to the study of atoms and bonding! Activity 1.2 – Review the scientific method Activity 1.3 – Review the building blocks of matter Activity 1.4 – Review the basics of atoms Activity 1.5 – Review compounds and mixtures Activity 1.6 – Explore the history of atomic discovery
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Extension Activity – Evaluate an atom video Activity 1.7 – Explore the history of the periodic table Activity 1.8 – Review the periodic table of the elements
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Activity 1.9 – Analyze the periodic table and energy levels Activity 1.10 – Examine chemical bonding
Activity 1.11 – Experiment with covalent bonds Activity 1.12 – Experiment with ionic bonds
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Activity 1.13 – Explore metallic bonds
Extension Activity – Investigate careers in chemistry Activity 1.14 – Complete your KWL chart
Activity 1.15 – Reflect on and explore the topics in Chapter One
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 1.1 – Welcome to the study of atoms and bonding!
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Welcome to the study of atoms and chemical bonding. We begin our study with a brief activity to find out what your children already know as well as what they want to know. To begin, ask your children to describe what they already know about atomic structure. How do atoms bond? What is the difference between a compound and a mixture? Have your children complete the first two sections of the following KWL worksheet before they complete the activities in Activity 1.2. They will complete the final section of the KWL chart in Activity 1.14. Important! Before continuing to Activity 1.2, please be sure that you are able to access the Internet by clicking on the links in this unit study. Try clicking on the test link below. If you cannot access the Internet by clicking on the link, please adjust the PDF settings on your computer using the directions in the Quick Troubleshooting Guide on pages 7-8 of this unit study. Test link: www.intellegounitstudies.com Copyright© 2011 Intellego Unit Studies All rights reserved SAMPLE
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
What I already know about atoms and bonding
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What I want to know about atoms and bonding
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____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________
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What I learned ____________________________________ about atoms and bonding ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 1.2 – Review the scientific method
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Although the focus of this unit study is on atomic structure, chemical bonds and reactions, we begin with a review of the scientific method! Your children should already be familiar with the scientific method from earlier grades, but it’s always a good idea to review and make sure they understand the steps so that they can use the scientific method in experiments later in this unit study.
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We begin with the following overview reading. Although written for a science fair project, it outlines the steps in the scientific method and is a great resource for now and in the future! http://www.sciencebuddies.org/sci ence-fairprojects/project_scientific_method .shtml
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Next, watch the brief video overview that describes the scientific method: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ooOfAf6X1qE Use the following questions for discussion or as writing prompts: 1. What are the steps in the scientific method? 2. Why is it important to follow the scientific method? 3. What question or problem do you have that you could use the scientific method to solve?
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 1.3 – Review the building blocks of matter What is matter? Why is it an important concept in chemistry? In their elementary years, your children should have learned about matter. In this activity we offer a review of matter before moving on to more advanced material.
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To begin, have your children read the brief article about matter: http://www.chem4kids.co m/files/matter_intro.html
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Next, let’s take a closer look at matter at the atomic level with the following online interactive, background essay, and discussion questions: http://www.teachersdomai n.org/resource/lsps07.sci. phys.matter.naturematter/
In the following exercise, your children will review matter, atoms, and molecules through the use of video, worksheets, and a simple hands-on molecule building exercise: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/psu06-nano.sci.buildingmatter/ Finally, review how changing the structure of atoms and molecules can change the properties of a substance with the following lesson with multimedia resources: http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/psu06-nano.sci.phasechanges/
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Intellego Unit Studies Inspired by the multiple intelligences of every child
Activity 1.4 – Review the basics of atoms
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In the previous activity, your children reviewed matter and added to that knowledge. In this activity, we review atoms with a specific focus on atomic structure. They will apply this knowledge in later activities on chemical bonding. We begin with the following overview readings. Once you’ve entered the site below, have your children read the Overview, Structure, and Orbitals pages: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_intro.html The following interactive reviews atoms, molecules, ions, elements, and density: http://ippex.pppl.gov/interactive/matter/atoms.html Next, have your children complete the following lesson on protons, neutrons and electrons: http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/lessonplans/chapter4/lesson1
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