Safe Handling and Storage of Styrene Monomer

Americas Styrenics LLC 24 Waterway Avenue Suite 1200 The Woodlands, TX 77380 Toll Free 888-55-AMSTY (888-552-6789) ©Americas Styrenics LLC 2011

July 2011 (ONLINE)

Environmental, Health & Safety Policy Americas Styrenics is committed to safety excellence. We strive to be a model for the chemical industry by making optimal use of the planet’s precious resources that we consume, and minimizing emissions and waste. We challenge ourselves daily to be a safer, more environmentally-conscious organization. We are committed to manufacturing, handling, transporting and disposing of chemical products safely, 100 percent of the time. Americas Styrenics cares about the communities where we live and work by demonstrating a culture that puts safety above all, and heeds responsible environmental policies and practices. http://www.amstyrenics.com/ehs/Pages/default.aspx

TABLE OF CONTENTS PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP POLICY

………………… ……………………………………… .....1

INTRODUCTION

.....................................................……......... ........2

PART 1

PROPERTIES OF STYRENE MONOMER

Physical Properties of Styrene Monomer ............................................................................... 3 References .............................................................................................................................. 7 Typical Analysis of Americas Styrenics LLC Styrene .............................................. …………8 Analytical Methods .................................................................................................................. 9

PART 2

SAMPLING AND HANDLING

Training ................................................................................................................................. 10 Recommended Practice for Sampling Styrene ..................................................................... 10 Sampling Devices ................................................................................................................. 11 Static Electricity and Grounding ............................................................................................ 11 Product Loading/Unloading Requirements ........................................................................... 11 Safety References ................................................................................................................ 12

PART 3

STYRENE MONOMER STORAGE

Polymerization in Storage ..................................................................................................... 13 Prevention of Polymerization ................................................................................................ 13 Handling Runaway Polymerizations ..................................................................................... 13 TBC Inhibitor Test Kit ............................................................................................................ 14 Inhibition ................................................................................................................................ 14 Oxygen Requirements .......................................................................................................... 16 Addition of TBC to Stored Monomer ..................................................................................... 19 Polymer Formation During Storage ...................................................................................... 19 Color Problems ..................................................................................................................... 19 Particulate Matter .................................................................................................................. 20 Drums.................................................................................................................................... 20 Tanks .................................................................................................................................... 20 Piping .................................................................................................................................... 23 Pumps ................................................................................................................................... 23 Valves ................................................................................................................................... 24 Gaskets ................................................................................................................................. 24 Filters .................................................................................................................................... 24 Hoses .................................................................................................................................... 24 O-Rings ................................................................................................................................. 24 Procedure for Coating Tanks ................................................................................................ 24 API Design References ......................................................................................................... 25

PART 4

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE, FIRE AND HEALTH

Accidental Release Measures ...............................................................................................27 Spills ......................................................................................................................................27 Disposal .................................................................................................................................28 Fire Hazards ..........................................................................................................................28 Flammability...........................................................................................................................28 Explosive Mixtures .................................................................................................................28 Fires .......................................................................................................................................29 Personal Protective Equipment and Occupational Exposure Limits .....................................29 Health Hazards and First Aid.................................................................................................30 Environmental Hazards .........................................................................................................31

PART 5

TRANSPORTATION INFORMATION AND REGULATORY PROFILE

Transportation Information ....................................................................................................32 Drums ....................................................................................................................................33 Regulatory Profile ..................................................................................................................34 Revision Statements ..............................................................................................................35

PART 6

APPENDIX

Glossary of Terms, Abbreviations and Organizations ...........................................................36

PRODUCT STEWARDSHIP POLICY Americas Styrenics LLC is committed to bei ng a good steward of the products we produce. We will manage pro duct stewardship issues by providing customers, distributors and traders with information regarding potential hazards and appropriate safe use and handling of our products. We will also continuously review health, safety, environmental, and regulatory issues as they relate to Americas Styrenics customers, and industrial markets in which our products are used. We will meet our product stewardshi p commitments through the effective implementation of our O perating Discipline Management System (ODMS). Successful implementation of this management syste m will ens ure health, safety, and environmental protection are an integral part of designing, manufacturing , marketing, distributing, using, recycling and disposing of our products. Americas Styrenics will work with customers, distributors and traders to help ensure that all who use and handle our products follow safe and envir onmentally sound practices. The information contained in this technical bulletin is not intended to, nor does it, amend or replace the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for Styrene. The most current Material Safety Data Sheet can be obtained from Americas Styrenics by calling 888-55-AMSTY (2-6789) or from the Americas Styrenics web site (www.Amstyrenics.com) and should be carefully reviewed prior to working with this product.

Copyright July 2011 Americas Styrenics LLC All Rights Reserved

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INTRODUCTION Americas Styrenics LLC is the third largest producer of styrene monomer in North America and one of the largest producers of polystyrene. First developed in 1928, styr ene is today one of the mo st important monomers produced by the chemical industry. It serves as a basic building bl ock of the plastics industry. The convent ional method of produc ing styrene invo lves the alkylation of benzene with ethylene to produce ethylb enzene, followed by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene. Styrene undergoes polym erization by all the common methods used in plastics technology to produce a wide variet y of polymers and copolymers. Styrene i s readily polymeri zed and copolymerized by both batch and continuous processes (mass, emulsion, suspension and solution polymerization). Styrene produced by Americas Styrenics is manufactured at the St. James Plant in St. James, Louisiana. The St J ames, LA plant was origina lly owned by Gulf Oil Chemical Company and has b een in operation since 197 1. The plant was ISO 9000:2000 certified in 1994 with the latest recertificati on occurring in 2009. St. James has been an OSHA VPP Star site since 2000. Americas Styrenics’ safe and reliable operations combin ed with our market lead ing positions in styrene and polyst yrene provide a secure foundation in manufacturing’ logistics and customer service with which we build strong customer relationships. NOTE: THIS BROCHURE DOES NOT AMEND OR REPLACE OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS, SAFETY REGULATIONS NOW IN USE, MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS OR COMMERCIAL TERMS OF SALE. AMERICAS STYRENICS LLC MAKES NO GUARANTEE OF THE ACCURACY OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS BROCHURE OR ANY WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THE USE OF THIS INFORMATION OR ITS APPLICABILITY. THE USER ASSUMES ALL RISK AND LIABILITY ASSOCIATED WITH THE INFORMATION IN THIS BROCHURE.

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PART 1 PROPERTIES OF STYRENE MONOMER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF STYRENE MONOMER The data contained in this section have been obtained experimentally or derived from the chemical literature referenced at the end of the section. Value Property Autoignition temperature (in air)1

490°C (914°F)

Boiling point: 2,9

145.14°C (293.25°F) 82.4°C 54.7°C 33.6°C -1.6°C

760 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 30 mm Hg 10 mm Hg 1 mm Hg

Color

Colorless

Corrosivity

Noncorrosive to metals except to copper and alloys of copper.

Critical pressure (pc)3

39.5 atm. (580 psia)

Critical temperature (tc)3

374.4°C (706°F)

Critical volume (Vc)3

0.369 L/mole

Cubical coefficient of expansion (per deg. C)4

9.710 x 10-4 at 20°C 9.805 x 10-4 at 30°C 9.902 x 10-4 at 40°C

Density, (in air)

Temp. (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50

g/cc 0.9223 0.9137 0.9050 0.8964 0.8877 0.8791

Dielectric constant of liquid5

Temp. (°C) 20 40 60

 2.4257 2.3884 2.3510

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lb/US Gal. 7.701 7.627 7.553 7.479 7.405 7.329

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Property

Value

Entropy of gas at 25C (S)2

82.48 kcal/(gm-mole)-dy.

Electrical Conductivity at 25°C

2.8 x 10-14 mhos/cm

Evaporation Rate (Relative to Butyl Acetate)

1.92

Flash point:6 (Tag. closed cup) (Tag. open cup)

31C (88F) 37C (98F)

Free energy of formation of gas at 25C (Gf)2

51.10 kcal/gm-mole

Freezing point2

-30.628C (-23.13F)

Heat of combustion gas at const. press., 25C, to form gaseous products (Ho)2

-1018.83 kcal/(gm-mole)

Heat of formation:2 gas at 25C(Hf)

35.22 kcal/(gm-mole)

liquid at 25C(Hf)

24.83 kcal/(gm-mole)

Heat of polymerization at 90C (H)7

-17.8 kcal/gm-mole

Heat of vaporization at 145.1C9

8.82 kcal/(gm-mole)

Molecular weight

104.14 gms/(gm-mole)

Odor

Characteristic, aromatic

Physical state at room temperature

Liquid

Refractive index:4

Temp. (°C) 0 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60

ND 1.5579 1.5523 1.5495 1.5467 1.5439 1.5410 1.5354 1.5298 1.5242

Solubility of Oxygen (from air) in Styrene

Temp. (°C) 15 25 35

PPM 53 50 45

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Property

Value

Solubility: Styrene in water8

Temp. (°C) 0 20 40 60 80

Solubility: Water in styrene8

Temp. (°C) 0 20 40 60 80

Solubility in:9

Acetone CCl4 Benzene Ether n-Heptane Ethanol

Relative Density/(Specific Gravity)2

Specific Heat7

Specific Heat (vapor)2

(°C)

(gms/100gms styrene) 0.020 0.060 0.100 0.140 0.180       gm/cc

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.9238 0.9151 0.9075 0.9009 0.8949 0.8897 0.8850 0.8809 0.8771 0.8738 0.8707

(°C)

(cal/gm-°C)

0 20 40 60 80 100

0.4004 0.4131 0.4269 0.4421 0.4590 0.4774

Temp. (°C) 0 25.0

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(gms/100gmsH20) 0.018 0.029 0.040 0.051 0.062

Cp (cal/gm-°C) 0.256 0.280

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Property Surface Tension7

(°C) 0 20 40 60 80 100

Value dynes/cm 34.5 32.3 30.0 27.8 25.6 23.5

Temp. (°C) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Viscosity (Centipoise) 1.040 0.763 0.586 0.470 0.385 0.326 0.278

Vapor Pressure2

Temp. (°C) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

Vapor Pressure mm/Hg 1.15 2.34 4.50 8.21 14.30 23.87 38.41 59.78 90.31 132.82 190.63 267.62 368.22 497.39 660.64 864.00 1113.97

Volumetric Shrinkage upon polymerization (typical)

17%

Thermal Conductivity

Temp. C(F) 0 (32) 25 (77) 50 (122) 75 (167) 100 (212) 150 (302) 200 (392)

Viscosity4

6

BTU/(hr.ft2 F) 0.080 0.079 0.076 0.0735 0.0708 0.063 0.0598

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REFERENCES 1.

G. W. Jones, G. S. Scott, and W. E. Miller, Bureau of Mines Report of Investigations 3630.

2.

American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44, “Selected Values of Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds”.

3.

“Physical Constants of Hydrocarbons C1 to C10”, ASTM Special Technical Publication No. 109A (1963).

4.

“Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology”, (2nd Ed.), Vol. 19, Interscience, New York, 1968, p. 56-57.

5.

J. Petro and C. P. Smyth, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 80, 73 (1958).

6.

Manufacturing Chemists Association Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD-37 (Rev. 1971), p. 5.

7.

R. H. Boundy and R. F. Boyer (Eds.), “Styrene: Its Polymers, Copolymers, and Derivatives”, Reinhold, New York, 1952, Ch. 3.

8.

W. H. Lane, Ind. Eng. Chem. (Anal. Ed.), 18, 295, (1946).

9.

R. R. Dreisbach, “Physical Properties of Chemical Compounds”, Vol. 1, Am. Chem. Soc., 1955, p. 159.

     

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AMERICAS STYRENICS SALES SPECIFICATION FOR STYRENE

Component

Unit

Styrene% wt Ethylbenzene. % wt Polymer.. mg/kg TBC. mg/kg Aldehydes as Benzaldehyde.. % wt mg/kg Peroxides as H2O2.. Benzene. mg/kg Chlorides as Cl……...ppm Sulfur as S..... mg/kg

Limit >99.90