Session 9
Rural Electrification by Using Photovoltaic in Indonesia Adjat Sudradjat
Rural Electrification Workshop February 23-25, 2005 Bangkok
BACKGROUND
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• Indonesia is a huge archipelago lies along the equator with The average of radiation intensity 4.5 kWh/m2/day. • The population distributions that are mostly in remote and separate islands (about 60 percent of its population). • The Indonesian Government, thus, decides to continue implementing the programs of electricity generation by means of solar energy in rural villages throughout Indonesia.
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BACKGROUND • This presentation will outlined some projects on solar electricity that are currently implemented and assessed in Indonesia in order to provide electricity for rural communities throughout the country. – SHS PROJECTS 50 MWp project GEF’s project Lessons learned – HYBRID PROJECTS Main Goals Systems installed Lessons learned – Potency of PV system
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Solar Home Systems Projects
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Fifty Mega Watt Peak (50 MWp) Project • In 1997, the Indonesian government, launched a solar project known as “Solar Energy for 1 Million Houses” • The project is intended to provide electricity to onemillion houses in the areas that, due to the locations, are not connected by the electricity grid. Each system consists of a PV panel with the capacity of 50-Watt peak (50 Wp),70 Ah,12 Volt battery, 3 fluorescent lamps 10 watt each. • To days, about 50,000 SHS units have been installed.
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Solar Home System
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The GEF’s Solar Home Systems
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• The purpose of the project is to catalyze and sustain market acceptance of solar home systems in Indonesia. • How to expand the market for PV solar home systems, in the framework of a least-cost rural electrification strategy by encouraging private sector involvement.. • The economic crisis in South East Asia gave bad impact to this program. • To make the program more acceptable, a redesigning the PV systems to become smaller, cheaper and more affordable systems has been done. 6
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The GEF’s Solar Home Systems • Altari Energi Surya, Mambruk Energy International and Guna Electro are the Indonesian private companies that have core business Solar Energy and have joined to this project. Those participating dealers have installed about 2239, 240 and 80 SHS units to this project, respectively. • The GEF offers an extra fee, like incentive, $ 2/ Wp of installments completed by a participating dealer. • Comparing the target of 200,000 units will be installed with the reality of around 4,000 units installed; the project is not really successful, due to the lack of Bank participation, and the capability to pay of the customers.
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LESSONS LEARNED
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• The core problem in financial issues is how to bridge the relatively expensive investment and the low capability of the users who live in very remote areas, • The investment of the Photovoltaic system application as a rural electrification mostly come from the Government whether it is central or local government, as a promoting the technology as well as electrifying the people who lived in the rural area. The private sectors, such as the electricity company has not involve yet in the Photovoltaic system business, event the Bank still do not engage on the program.
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LESSONS LEARNED TECHNICAL ISSUES • Such a standard is called as Indonesian National Standard (SNI). Some of the SNI and the components are as follows [6], – SNI 04-6391-2000, battery charges regulator (BCR) – Test procedures and electric requirements. – SNI 04-6392-2000, solar cells and secondary battery (in solar home systems) – General requirements and the method for proper test.
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LESSONS LEARNED – SNI 04-6393-2000, fluorescent lamp systems in a PV panel circuit – Requirements and procedures for the proper test. – SNI 04-6394-2000, procedures determination to classify solar electricity power generation – General guidelines. – In order to implement the SNI above, the BPP Teknologi’s Energy Technology has developed a test facility to test components of the solar home systems above. This laboratory has been accredited internationally and is awarded an ISO-17025 accreditation.
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project •
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Power systems that combine solar energy and diesel power were aimed to provide a 24-hour-a-day electricity supply to rural areas of Indonesia at a relatively low marginal cost. The main goals in implementing the project of hybrid solar-diesel systems (1) To optimize the diesel power generation for rural area; (2) To supply electricity in order to speed-up the economical growth, to open prospects for village-based industry in many sectors, such as fisheries, handcrafting and tourism in the local areas, and also to increase local employment to service the hybrid energy systems; 12
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project
(3) To do proper test to the components of hybrid solar-diesel systems, and to assess the reliability of the hybrid systems, both technical and economical aspects; (4) To support local industry to produce photovoltaic panels and other components of the hybrid systems.
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Hybrid Solar System Project • The hybrid solar-diesel systems work as follows: (1) when the electrical load is low, the diesel power stops to work. Instead, the photovoltaic system and the battery bank, through the inverter, take over to carry the load. (2) When the load is medium, the diesel power operates optimally both to charge the battery and to carry the load. (3) During the peak load, diesel and solar powers, as well as the battery bank, through the inverter, simultaneously carry the load.
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System Operation
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•Diesel charge baterai •60
•Diesel+Inverter suplai ke •beban •Inverter suplai ke beban
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•Power (kW)
•Diesel suplai ke beban •40
•30
•20
•10
•0 •0:00
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•2:00
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•10:00 •11:00 •12:00 •13:00 •14:00 •15:00 •16:00 •17:00 •18:00 •19:00 •20:00 •21:00 •22:00 •23:00
•Hour
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Hybrid Solar System Project Energy consumption : 4,5 kWh/m².d • Inverter efficiency: > 85% Energy and Power limiter system : • MCB 2 A (For the voltage of 220 V) • Smart Key (Computer Based) DAILY GLOBAL INSOLATION
Manado
Data UPT-LSDE , BPPT 1988 - 1996
Palu
7 6 INSOLATION (kWh/m 2-day)
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5 4 3 2 1 0 Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
Mei
Jun
Jul
Ags
Sep
Okt
Nov
Des
MONTH
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project • There are 6 units of the hybrid solar-diesel systems installed in the province of Central Sulawesi, and that of 8 units in the province of South-East Sulawesi. Each system comprises an 8 kWp photovoltaic array, 86.4 kWh battery bank, a 25 kW diesel generator, a 25 kW inverter, • Another one unit of the hybrid solar-diesel system has been installed in the year of 2004, in the Gorontalo province. The system consist of 24 kWp PV module, 480 kWh battery bank, a 90 kVA bi-directional Inverter and 125 kVA diesel generator, electrified 400 households,450 Watt each.
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Hybrid System Diagram
DC BUS
AC BUS
4 1
Battery Bank
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Genset 1
Solar Charge Controller
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Bidirectional Inverter/Charger
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PV Array Genset 2 (optional)
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System Control Module Local Control and monitoring
Remote access via Modem
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Site Load
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project • Every house is equipped with a device, known as BADIKA, to limit the electric energy and electric power consumed by the people inhabited in a house. These limitations are appropriate to the amount of the electric power installed in the house. BADIKA can also record the amount of electric energy (in kWh) bought by the consumers. The consumers, however, have to pay every purchase of the electric power in advance that is before the power being utilized. BADIKA, thus, performs the amount of electric energy bought by the consumer, and the energy will decrease along the consumption
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LESSONS LEARNED - Installed power in each house was too low.
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- The System need the energy as well power limiter. - The assessment need to be integrated, not only the technical aspects but also socio-economic to get the sustainable system. - Hybrid system is a good alternative solution to power the remote area in Indonesia, through the optimum strategy in the operation.
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project
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Hybrid Solar Systems Project
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POTENCY • In 1997, the Indonesian State Electricity Corporation (PLN) estimated there is about 6224 villages throughout Indonesia are not reached by the national electrification grid to 2004 [4]. • 35% in Maluku and Papua, 28% in Kalimantan, 18% in Sumatera, 12% in West Nusa-Tenggara dan South Nusa-Tenggara. The remainings are in Java and Bali (5%), and Sulawesi (2%). By taking an average 10,000 houses per village, thus, at least 62.2 millions houses have not electrified yet.
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Thank You
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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