RUMAN I A AS A DEVELOPMENT MODEL

RUMAN I A AS A DEVELOPMENT M ODEL BV Amalendu the many disastrous perspective in of happened what has framework of pawns" every This weak...
Author: Marcus Chase
3 downloads 0 Views 2MB Size
RUMAN I A AS A DEVELOPMENT M ODEL BV Amalendu

the

many disastrous

perspective

in

of

happened

what

has

framework

of

pawns" every

This

weaken

as

it

both

veny

is

and

ueak seen,

but

Among the

have -

seen

great

the

system.

as their the

and

is

care

it

side. not

has

leaders,

we note

in

anything uo, to

rele-

other

to woulcl

worcls

expertise

rf

taken

thnee

been

Tn addition

even

and

has

and

per-

in -

is

good

if

it

attribute

political

to

clearly

more

as

which

and neaction

up

wr-itten

been

within

no reference

action

a considerable

othen it

been

relevant.

writing

Europe

balance-of-power

has

ideological

reference

countries

there

the

in

Eastei.n

these its

Most

a strategic

constructed

of

of

of

of

been

strateqically

up,

of

that

oower

on the is

terms

the

interpreted.

a oart

countries

within

developed

intelfecl-ual,

fname

Eastern

First,

it

wr^itten

anything

the

Oslo

V/ar is

Cold

ooiitically

as

has

insofar

the

clear:ry

if

say

been

urong

in

only

has

camps

ceiving

this

to

or? strengthen

insofar

fact

fnamewonk

not but

-

the

the

been

interpr"eted

with

or

of

has

conflict,

evaluated

is

Furope

been

between,

and

"masses"

not

has

Moscow,

move from,

this,

Eastern

An analytical

vance.

consequences

East-west

from

understood

the

which

the

game played

into

Oslo of

fntroduetion

One of

The

Guha

fntennational Peace Resear"ch Institute, Tlniversity in Conflict and Peace Researoh-

Chair

I.

B.

what is

it

is

in

it

to

casualties

important

perspectives

east-west

conflict

imperialism

had

of

Europe:

the extent

north-south to

Eastern youngel:

which Europe

western is

generation.

made the

border

F,rnnna:n

^nr'-tnies evull

element

of

the

armost

in

the

European forgotter

The Russian soviet

remained

union oDen to

today, Revolution

a barrien, penetnation:

in

penetrated

panticularry of but

Eurooe.

Octoben the

by 19I7

Ea.stern

fragmented

-l

+LllclltDcfveot -r1 ' ,re s -

-

ofttulLB

of

war.

rhat it

Yet

tencls

may continue

as

have

cultural

i sim- and

FFr traces

ieft

pert

and

pdrcel

jt

ever

mrrch they

of

orr the

Henr-e - ttri s nhenomenon also

in

Seeond,

Loday

is

afso

countries,

ments

of

tries

aside

those

understand

the

similar

so-called

Third

World

of

continent),

it

Europe

Latin America ^3, yeays ago,

what

lisht

fhe

and

opl.side

\^/as not

something

verrient

distance.

the is

were

vital rz€fy

not

Soutl-r and

dnni.qfon

of

unfortunate

but

forrnd

as the

large

in

African

obtain

conditions

what

is

found

todav.

Third

located

lay

Wonld

at

in Onl-v

\nJestern EurODe

abstract,

scgcolln-

that

that

from

capitaliSt

cal

1-heir

conditjons

to

referred

it-

Eur^opean

As i,an ccuntries

Southeast

today

is

to

histOni

Leaving

fer.ent

, how--

Dresent.

understand

dif

who were

natural

ofFered

today.

to

as

those

speciaL

veny

imperial-

Easlcr'n

south, to

it

the

structure

neonle

-

fon

that

thc

quite

(because

Ilaster.n

onlv

to

a

opoosed

rrot

forgotten

aften

such

neonle

ideoLogjcallv

corrditions

the

on that in

largely

particularly

pooul a1-icrs

to

ondelt

and

S tfU C -

communication

r,egard

w est

i 6nepi al i S t

death:

of

imnortant

is

An

funther

was by

as

minds

been

.

it

afte:r

who came to

have

but

a l ife

imperialism,

and

might

reasons,

as

be destroyed,

to

bi s L--:-..-D ow ers

I'rro1:1161

rnd

T r .:n n o

can

kind

hrz the Lrts ty

s

(v uj?i l ''frol jn,l r (m :n r z 'l l l 9U '!116+

DaT . t i C r t l a n l v

-fure

e x nUlvrLsu l o i + ed

and qlru

it

-

a con-

jt j s e'qriall.7 conveni ently Thtr,7, and most important: f o:.gotterr 'i haL the processes Europe after that took place ilr Eastern VJorld V/ar lI

are

There

to

ar.'e many ways

fact

fhat

masses for

re1ated

they

irr most

in

vrhich

to

in

of

countries

these

just

l-os L p,ersDec*i ives

resulted

these

regarcl

probiemsl

improvement

considerable

means thev

must

-Lo.

ref erred but the

for have

the

relevance

Lrs today.

Tn sho::-b: we have entire

ivorld

problem'r.

in

drama We have

lrrarle lls,lisresard

its

lutj-on

subsequent

enter

oun

Eastern

and

bad,

for"

a concentrated

of

to

as

developments, learning.

of

in

exDosure

the

form,

had

the

'rNorth-South

consciousness

which

has

We ]ia.ve seelr the

efemenL::

its

consequence,

and

but

we have

The highly

countries

days

as

false

s:'.srrificance.

European

fror:n the

to

r"eferred

under.develooment

body

made by

in

prey

fallen

with

with

Europe,

commonly

irnper.ialism

it

two

the

this to

failed

revo-

to

let

experiences

relevant connection, lriestern

(-,r:

fon

imperialism

good to

-J

the

problems

not

been

contemporary

of

neglected;

but

systematically

for

bv

i- nd: r r

imrr er ialis m

process

of

afford

real

to

onoving countnies European of

the

their

European

coopenation,

other

theory.

Finst,

we require

Europe

be f oz,e these

sway of

woul-d have destructive

in

i mmp rl i :fa

nncf- T^7r F

Second, ^>li + " -Lud.L-t\Jll +i^-

countries tries,

and

Eunope

before

graphical

the

its

from

information

material

tel

but

also

in

n nLly vrL

about

we need

ter ms

of

the

ment

pnoblems.

that

also

it

Dossihle

these rr

countries

ahorrt uuvu

goods,

L

st ill-

the

in

also

the

rrnder"rl przol urluLr u Ev9 a vytl l sr r L r-rnment

that

the

in

darrel nni--n g

same r--.-

coun-

these in

Eastern A

cluster.

today

county,ies not

countries not

include located

in

terms

of

consumption that

r.nmmonl

rr

too

only

structure.

world

of reflect fn

short,

.r.rn.ei rzorl

of vr

e vl r u L r vu u

^ ,

imperialism.

data

on trow much Eastenn

vaniabfes

commonly

used

today

In,

come?

say,

achieved,

countr"ies

European

period, a 30-years trrevolutionary", may be described as to

fhe LrrL

variables

,eq

L L Ve .

countries

increased

the

froin

from

deueLoptng

are

but

oF v-

so

was

itseif

were

data

European

as

war

really m,an\/ [tqrry

under

Such data

data

any

should

all-

and

data,

were

within

countries such

of

when the'/

socialist

Eastez.n

thr:

types

-l perspec aa €r rar se ^^n- n^^+' -^

with

and

Eastern

recent

The variables

non-material of

n r r vo Lt

pre-aar

perspective

in

that

be located

see

countries

\ror\\/ y VCI

the

rvoul-d do,

development,

and

i no

Third,

could

whene

about

position -l

war

:e d>

to

needed.

three

countries

we need

show that

center.

socio-economic

the

to

having

these

this

presentation

a cluster

far

For

we have

wonld

qnF:kr'nooyucl^litBt

forever

development

since

A ni ,,nve gl ,JOUrcl

vur)

today.

the

war,

imthe

of

maldeveloped.

r .,n,,'l

show that

^ t- ie n tir r p - lr z ADJ uuLr

I

of

nonjnr l

we must

the

comes to

maioritv

are

the

largely

before

part

the

world

started,

and

we cannot

old-fashioned

both

about

self-sustained

tragic:

we afford

we need

processes

that

in

and

a

when it

can

of

this

information

be from

doubly

srudied

been

underdeveloped

enter

perspectives

other

imperialism, to

masses

sake

about

f6

have

Europe

not

countries

is

nor

Eastern have

experience

naruow

Fon the

War.

they to

This

the

the

in

tr.rzino

today,

in

some thinking

as

of

wonld

the

To do

the

relevance

important

any

neighbors Cold

West

nn uvur r r n t r i e q

,

conditions

of

the

in

development.

lose

the

socialism

to

discuss

including ;ust

develop-

processes how far

is

-4

Obtaining

these the

ge of

it

meets

the

countries

it

is

tc

Eastern

Then, that

studied,

European

mor e

or

other

circumstances

najor

theoretical

or

which took

extent

the

to

to

to

learn

case

that

we afso

extent

a comparatiue

tative

developing

generation

gap.

cclmnir' i qons

on al l

both

lunks

type

the

and

under three a take

:- e: -. c; Lie ,

take

place

Rumania

is

novi,

problem:

a fourth of

that

development

be avoided

development far

outside

if

the

not

only

process

paper

Rumania

in

South

and

a diachz,onic

it

Rumania will

is

l93B

its

studying

one

own European

on the

other

hali

and

a trjangular with

sone

Southeast

Asia,

socio-economic

in

1968,

be a study

ver.tical

by

do we

Europe.

this

of

with

Hence,

he jng

of

of

and

l93B

f on

-.-r:.:;

mech= l'i sn-

nevJ perspectives

do in

study

Rumaniain

about

gain

to

1968,

infer

Pumania,

-:.

now be clear:

relevance

countries

in

one

ir.i-h

be where

they

should

we shall

ment i

of

other.

i

be of

thereby

what

study

could Co,-tr^ tr r

for

ior

-=

that

of

this

can

something

want

or

consequences

articfe

seems to

America

0f

cc:t:l::.-.1

LDCs wi}l a1l

can

whatl4rlmed

factors

hence

what

want

Latin

that

\--.;.'-==:...:csible

a development

applauded

this

Connr"etelv :

der"relooing

studies

l:,-stl

thus

why did

And behind

less

and

and

hu =!q e u^D:cr r q e

al s,t be possible

it

We are

these

are

30 years

ol

Europe

.'

!y

reasons.

'..;l:at exl,ent

lo

same development

would

The purpose

of

P I a o l f *'l L

country

similar

Why was

be apo-L i ed clsewhere

borders;

do

ran-

the

particular

where

was the

practical

will

as well?

anyhow?

try

this

been

Rumani a si:u-.i

f or

the

extent

place,

one

f t i h r z f( \ut 1l tta1l l p S n i aL?u t

purely

pz'oblems:

so that

wer e

f s to

less

what

beyond

because

j-es today?

vrould

anyhowr

for

having

a theor1'.

of

countr

what

it

seems within

countr.ies.

developing

to

do

-

recentty

other"s

was possible

, to

we shall

for

that

problem

what

and

of

certainty

data

Rrrm:ni,a

partly

be hoped

the

place

Fr r nano

now;

be

of

Here

criterion

are

ea: j ly

most

types

possible. F; 1 c t onn

in

COrrntr.v

three

in

f

l r vtt

reDresenand deueLopment

i.e.

across

tine

and

hOrizontal r r vr

arsess-

.

Lqr.

one

space

wjth

l'1ore napt i err I anl v. q

I l V!

pU!

L i U U !q ,

-y

we shall Rumania in

focus in

terms

aimost Lent

of all

to

the

the

on

(a)

year

1938

capitalist the

countries

prevailing

r,rhether

the

pnior

economic of

the

economic

to

economic hlorld

progness world) structure

structr-rre War II for

really and

and

were levet

as

aLmost of

of

year,

the(peak

Rumania,

level-

fon equiua-

most

of

the

)

-5

above or

Thind

Wonld

( b ) what

(c)

until

recently

and

be the

2.

For

the

Genez,al our

which

general

ture

in

of

military

respond

th o LrrE

countries the

the

period

study

I96B

in

historical

perspectives.

These

4 and

5,

LeueL :

,

socio-economic

under

specific

2 ) 3,

1968,

Rumanianclevelopmr:nt

post-liberation

deu eLopment

and

r,'e hal'e

Sout:.-east

i-s,a, ia:a

countrres

;93E.

witn

and topics

four

nespect'ively.

1938

Rumania

of

heoinn"ls5allrrrilB

are

L7

Latin

in

of

the

had

bec ause

thein

power

state

to

exclude

in

elite

alliance

wtrich

is

African

on struc-

social

prevailing

that

bourseois-feudal

-

America The

available.

resembles

We have

study

that

head

taken and

i96B

in either

the

at

our

to

the

sections

stuc,,'

statenower. fnom

the

jn

continents

whether

during

and

statisti:al

elite

Iatine 1968

and

these

Rumania

of

(d)

of

two

eompar.i s on

comparative

South

years

limits

of

above

and

to

conditions subjects

L2 in

At

appty

Eeonomic sty,ucture LDCs 1968

2. r .

nL

about,

Rumania

within

socio-economic will

by also

onwards,

thirty

brought

applied

the

of

characterizes

how was it

measures

countries

or

manipuof

countries

development

levels

R rrmanie ^\ulldlrrcl

en

do not

cor-

Rumania-l938, +Ltla-) r--'-

^c

ua

^-ntrrnrz-

ucirLur

y,

hlrd(l ad

a o r ''i dH|

L

cul-tural

:1\,

: r ' nondino

oven no nlr lat ion

be said

for

(a

tion

most

relative

surpassing at

least

Even

in

the

the

Doreen ma nf

late

r i6n- aSSed

from

of

rural

to

industrial but

to

TrrrfD his

todarz

iS

an qtL

!J

a

the

trLypE zn e

areas,

Tho

flr\/uf

into

low

t

theif

trOr r

and

The occupational

is

to

highen

a "progressiverr

productivity

it

is

to

develop-

the

buusrr een

rural

Rumania

according

l tl u l t, 'w,1--;^1-

agricultural

from

sectors, of

hrrqvL arre

Ievel.

for

reason m arz rrrq-y

dniven

utiliza-

in

Europe;

noTr;' p u yu !q L Ivl l l F+ -i ^^

rll

being

is

service

*^ 1 - ;- 1

in

i ncfease

growth

consumption

of

a l so

Overpopula-

resource

predominated

rr " eu5lvrr gion

r tl u fL u JL

occupations nf uJ_

the

Lou pnod.uetiuitr",2)

unban

and

thiS

in

development,

oceupattons

improve

or

can

population

productive

overpopulat'ion

af eaS

d -i l e ! u r rm l t l l qm a

industriaf

it

and

which

today.

by

south-central countries I'whatever the historical-

Warniner,

nr es ent

countries

characterized

gncwth

1930s,

st:ndAf.d--'

l g l v y v u l ro L u r' v v l L f g

is

balance

to

Errnonean

developing

resource

nelated

nF

the

term)

the

tion

and

of

tr

Of

l aCk

urban shift productive

phenomenon one

a regressive

j+ .frLy

structural

rb

>L*--

violence

-f

,_r_.._

r

which

stiII

nr.edominates _v' --

in

the

-7

Table

1.

Some soeio-economic and Asian and Latin

Domains

Y O L LT L CA

Economie

f ium anLa

L

similanities between Ameriean LDCs- 1968 Asian

14, 56

rz qrzcf am

M r r l f i - n, enf

m-r

Ao r -' :r ^*i:n - _ _ ---o

Asneni

hr r

F_a_a_nomy lt

sector Door nnedominar.: Yh o ino

extnaction

nFTF.

and

refin-rs

-'+

nei

qentor.

an

builtut rn

r"ri th

-

th e

s hhor rvvr e

ii e ar.: n r : i +i r - ; : r - --

u,

em enoino -"'-' t_"b

T-,-i

rstr.ial stil1 sector r; and semi;co -Drocessing :-^-i:t g: generaliy dt ;:C ':" :- ^- t'nO-

More commellcial relations and turnovers i.:i:i the economically s-rcrqpr -

lll

dl .i 1- at^neh'r n

exception of a few oil, cclnner - harrx i te and t in countries, rich predominant in the national economy

Industrial - the onlv ""-J

t hen

qtr nl - aoy b L U l l l

Ly

l '1 t.an\/

o t h e rs

n:J- r r na

- in r lr r q tn r r

and Latin Ameriean LDCs-l968

-i L f - n:ntr y q! r

tl f rMrrur

with monanchical (6) dictatonsh'in

Runania-L93B

Y

l)

-

ilcr... :::.lercia1 relations 1:. - ::/.: ::: ard inport :'rl:...:e.s l.iith the econo:,ic n€:rc:ol-e s arid Western o.^-

i .- L - ,.- - A q f a t i o n

.:o'/.'er ler-

and milita'v

qt:O C "

l

m anv nole

r.rr r and -(r7l r)a l f r ": nr - p

T, : nn' l

nnr l

netro-

\*nr r n < g e o l s l -*-

e,

known as t'boier", comoris less than Leo of "b r' -.--- i ng the whole population, was the dominant class

Landlord bourgeoisie l-atifundistas in Latin America and zamindars in fndo-Pak-Bangladesh subcontinent with new emengi no

-l

I :nri

nrrJ

hnrrnor.ni

ei e -

comprising between 0. 5eo and l9o, con-trols most social, economic and political power Structural previolence dominant and acute with the aDnraoximate struc-

With a few exceptions tike Venezuela, Tran, Argentina

ftr n:l

nnmnnci

el11t e

/ -o ) SUI

n ic h ) mo s t o f t h e c o u n t n i e s lra v e s o c ia l e lit e s v ar y i n g f ro m 0 . 5 t o 3 e o , s o c ia l

l - .'n-

ha- i --.

I lCl

enCy

level about lSeo and the rest of about 83% belonging to the below subsubsistence categony

\^ )Domi-nance of French in the north)

Cu L tunaLB (German ntt

1 .J- r r na

elites, walk of cul-ture

:m n

hc

tha

r r nl r :n

in almost every life: National suf f ered much 9 )

(ni

arrf

I

.and

:oni nrrl

+r^rann\t

larrol

trrnel 'l

r

rr

dnnrrn vuy 5!

within the range of l0-lSea, and the rest being thrown below the subsistance leve I Dominance of Spanish, British and French, and later Amenican culture among the social and elite - in the intefligentsia no

qnenf

i rze

which still pendencies

f nrmcn

ncrl

on' i

p q-

nemain as dethough there are

al- so tr ends of r ebir th national cultur e.

of

-B

2 .2 .

Population

structuy,e

A cornparative and

study

1968

for

l. 0t+eo to 1968.

shows

in

is

comparison

the

in

highest in

in

strong

the

Asia

case

of

had

Rumania

of

in

the

of

30 years

Asian

1968.

Excepting

reduced

Bolivia

and

in

1-he Latin

of

in

lJruguay

nations tries, Fig.

it and

2).

nutnition

is

barefy This and

American in

below

the

rate

fnom

the

one

year)

1968,

l.a6B,

42 vears

life nations,

even

unfortunately,

50 years,

with

the

3t

years

reaches

of

life

expectancy

proper

medical

in

in

within

is

is

case

than montali-

years. more

of

in

majority

than

the the

Burma

attnibutable

to Fie.

level Asian

a few

of

facilities.

highest

a peniod

in

exception the

Argen-

which,

the

reaching

But,

of

infant

66-71

exDectancy

and

expectancy

as

to

countries

4.9eo, more

Life

but

in

3.7t

rg3B,

to

annual

r.sian

case

in

in

strict

cf

average

highest

same level in

rate

was the

-

to

gr.ovrth,

v"'ith

1968.

fower lack

the

Hondunas,

birth

by

countries

incneased

50 years 65-72

at

being

had

of

greatly

was almost

has

age

ceath

the

ir,

in

developing

concentrated

lhe

Bangfadesh

Rumania

the

populaticn

America

lowest the

193 B than

r::1,rcj,r:-tion

that

from

-

Amerj-cai-. cc,rni,ries

Latin

inclLrding

developing it

the

in

r.-qher.

nation.

than

in

befor,r the

been

1938

of

3.3so;

Pakistan

the

Latin

simultaneously ,

mortality

however,

b)

a r'orced

the

Venezuela

with

Rumania's

(i.e.

a ) the

much higher

being

(rvhile

Ig3B

for

rate

in

ar.? being

Rumanian in

gnowth

the

Rumania

and

Rumania

rvas higher

efforts

1967 , fcr

of

of

rate

in

1968;

grovrth

l-4eo.

witn

double ty

laws

was generally

Thailand

birth

reasons:

with

population

1960-68

tina

the

two

a numerically of

variation

growth

clue to

anti-abortion create

statistics

contrast,officiaf

it )

l-938

vital

an upward

Such population

reduce

-

the

r r3eo, arthough

countr.ies,in

rate

of

coun-

(see mal1 shows

TA

Fig. 5. Per capitaproductionand coorumptionrituation(in tcrrnrof GDP).

+ ARG

. P4luru + cHl t [{D( + CO3

PHI+

ttA + + eO!

cu*lfi'srr

6 1 .5 .^ ^ PER+ .1

'ii.*-.Ii.?o

-tn ..9 l+6 1+1

+ RU| { .3 8 S[l-

8r101112 Prr crpifa consumPlion ,t.rruiln dt unlh1100D -

ts

Fig. 6. Correlation of agriculture & industry (including building and construction).

9

I 7

.bo -o 5

4

3

+ IRA + M tX * ARG* 8ot-

'l'kEi'[1]!*,..,

2 9 t{ \' +

+ - SRl + 8 UR

+ p AK + tNA

i NiP

Agriculture Mcarurcmcnl unitr l07c

8c

F is . I Average annual birth and death rate situation, 5

Ecu** rtt}[,../noNo

+ GU A +THA + B OL C OS + + M EX + P AR/ p ER BR A+ + C OL + PA N V EN +

o 'o r

+ MA L + CHI

L 6

+ RUM-38 + PHI + URU ARG + + RUM.68

Deathrate

Melguremenlunil: I year :

-

8D

Fig 2. Infant mortality & Life expectancysituation (in years)

80

+ RUM.68

uRu++f'lilcos

x ()

IRQ + + MEX

U

8. lll

X

0)

= J

60

PAN++ sRt anlyrcu E L+ 5 pnn+ C O L ++ ri l , T HA + L n l

* y51+ GUA + P H I + P AK +. NIC

+ R U M .3 8 + IN D

10

30

50

lnfantMortality M e a s u r o m e nul n it' 1 0

1%

for l i fe expecl ancy for i nfant morl al i ty

E6

Fig. 3. Total and pcr capita annual ratc of GDP growth, 12 tt

lo - )' So

o cn 48 q

u

o-

6t

9L5 1 + MtX + IRQ + vtN + BOL

6

+ HOND+PAK * SRI

(

PHI + + COt/PtR PARi8RA+

I

INA . 2 1 + URU

Mcuu[menlunl| lfr e -

-9

the

binth

distinctive

eompared

LDCs in

to

three-dimensionalable

countniest

still

worse

2.3.1

.

ft the

in

of

Ur.uguay, rate

is

fn

This

was even

case the

of

though Irz

But

overall,

the

emerge

from

century

2.3.2.

]ower

-

1968

shows

1938, in

a

a remar-kdevelop-

the

nemains

m r t r v J^r e

of

GDP, wa-

the

and

nat.:ra.

Gz,oss Domestic

was

thr-s

Again,

developing contri-

ir.ias a nodest

de'.'elcoing

::e

of

rndustry

share

5.9eo in

nations (see

growth

leve1

Pnoduct/Gr.oss

(see

in

fran

Fig.

3).

a Iowen

growtl-r

i ceri muclr , ar,d c()ntributecl

gnowth

almost

of

case

experienced

a ' s o c ia lis t

needs

the

concernerl

sacrif

below-subsistence

to

.'l:".::._::

looul.-iric-;n

sector

economic

education

ci

countries

mas ses

basic

cn_..' C . ?)..

lo:

tops

which

l-owes:-tr1-ac:,j.{sian

and

bu ild in g

the

.ran,

l-1.Beo.

of

capita gnowth in economic f f , v:hile it was even negat ive

agricultural

higher

rate

per

and tlruquay,

tO

vritl

develop-

economic

a:.d :'.' I1.5eo that

nost

the

of

qrowth

asr:c.j':,jfe's

than

-the develooine

and assure

sanitation,

in

a few,

decade

r.a':e ci

growth-r;rte

her: agrarian

mate ri:'l

in

but

of

annua-

the

of

double

Rumania.r s tregl-ected rate

that

years

tenms

seconC

bottom

these

fi-,donesra

highest

Rumania

1968

exception

growth

2I .,I9o, while

just

and Duning

of

1938,

the

the

this

2.6eo.

in

against

countries;

at

5+ times

with

Runrania,

of

an average

stands

Burma.

4).

in

developing

gneatly

Fig.

to. Rumania

Rumania

the

2.tJeo the

by

the

which

study

with

1960-68,

buted

under

rates

the

sustained

about

countny,

again

in

grouth

surpassed

list

and

tnends

1968.

Rumania

thus

both

situation,

yeans

the

ment,

in

Eeonomic

During

1968

nate

presentation

decrease

ing

and death

of

in d u s t ria l

rate of

enabled the

food,

g|eo of

first

base. her half

to of

this

accommodation, her

SociaL

population.

produet

fn Per capita GDP statistic s , A rg e n t in a a n d V e n e z u e la (1 9 6 8 ) s u r p a ss Rumania by $rsr and $ z t + 0 : re s p e c t iv e ly . rn t h e f ir. s t c a s e js due to higher wh e a t p ro d u c t io n this a n d liv e s t o c k g ro wt h ; i n the second case, due to h ig h e r o il re v e n u e s . B u t in c o mp a r i s o n with

1938,

GNP fo ur cap ita

Rumaniats total

times

in

1968.

GDP was below

G NP in c re a s e d L lh ile

f iv e

t in e s

and per

capita

mo s t o f t h e A s ia n c o u n t rie s f p er $ZSO (lo we s t b e in g B u r-ma wit h $ 7 0 ) a n d t h e

- 10 relatively

v;ell-placed

Rumania's

per

better

against

as

Latin

T hough

by

in

seems to

these

elites

and

play

of

of

a few

in

the

dor.jnatel

1967,

than than

that

of

About

ments

of

the

that

although

Latin

Anerican

and the

the

39eo to and

the

oroduction

increased

by

was down to share of

the

of

Asian

rran

and

between

countries, because

The

copper

than

the

shown

above subsistence

and

seven

which,

profit

and

times of

reinvest-

however,

s out

of

was

whire

picture

investments

and

This

(s539),

better

gradually

them.

in

oi1,

as

and the

of

as

against

armost

1/lOth

countries,

with

extractive

industry,

exception as

the of

chile

extnactive

countries

case),

drilling

share

in

Rumanian

l/3rd

in

1/Sth

the

exceptions

in

Latin

(accounting industry)

rg38. the of

The

economy rraq much)

American fon

in

lg6B economy

contributed in

with

contnibuted

and

economy

was

developed

petroleum

in

between

in

this

whose

agriculture

1g38,

developing

industry

which

in

relatively

in

substantiatly)

l/3rd

mining

the Asian

lg3B, (to

Product

1968,

nanged

to

country

avairable

Rumania

share

developing

r/6th

Malaysia,

developed

being

rn

Domestic

1/5th

with of

not

rraq.

22eo.

(where

and

and

activity

contributed

industry

l-ocal

the

of

and uruguay

an agricuftural

poorly

data

of

Gnoss

the

the

$527.

Rumania,rjas

their

industrial

1968

exception

in

borCerline

c onponations

primarily

in

(ttre

of

less

far

of

seetors

superior

1969

ir,

tothe

repatniate

st-i1l

of

cl::te

comparatively

due

transnational

hands

,Dopulation

($700)

the is

public

the

colombia

nations

Economg by

Rumania,

of

the

figure

1-:e 4=? fei,...'een ::he privileeed

1933 ),

Venezuel-a

systematically

2.4 .

BOet cf

However,

American

the

be

burk

is

corsumption

of

this

The great in

the

GDp'r dimension.

countnies

so.

than

not

to

i."7erre1i."'ins ci

shourd

corporations;

capita

rndia.

not

one

capita

"per

was much

better

multinational

r:.uc:_ il_:er.

twice

Latin

is

)eiiq

that

the

$700,

abl_e)

slightly

But

concentrated

product

lrnaii;

pen

s).

below

non-avaif

and

devel-oping

it

is

countries of

m ore

fact

countries

being

nations

uS-dominated

statistics.

thal-

but

fouf

gross

(as

rower

Fig.

countries the

developrng

fn

nations

(see

case

distributable the

Asian

be rosy,

GDP in

in

the

the

the

American

GNP (GDP data

c:apita

Amenican

mesmerised

Latin

62eo

lg6g.

Agri-

tpff

Fig. 4. Growth rates in agriculture & industry.

. Mll r IAK

+ IND

+ AR G + CHI

- lt culture Ro r^ n a

cnon- l-

Fig .

6).

Since

i r r ol

rr

industry

we shal1

In

66et in

contnibuted

area

of

unlIe

these

country,

the

and

7 oa and

onl y

(for

detai l s-

mai-n economic

branches,

only

agricultural

land

out

42.5eo arable

tand

under

rlerrol

nn

:

fertile

nelation

land.

Then

rotary

snyaA\/F7r q

and

silage

arable

area

of

considerably:

2 times

for.

notaf

sunflower production

other

cnops

-

.) r r v!

eonstitute

oil but

exports this

On the

does

other

distnibuted

r - ' :.,o

hand,

Higher

brz a hisher

sectors

of of

economy

a tnuly

in

by

c o m b in e s

-

' l otaI

case of

fand

agr f -

had in-

wh e a t , I l- times

heets - and were

an

qiving

ttrus

B y 1 9 6 8 it

the

beans,

and

barley

for

transformation

avoids

'.i sher"

(due

market balanced rate

of

real with

may in

like

npr.

pw nopt s

for

situation

have and

the

elite)

and

growth.

weli-

stnonger level,

consumption

distributabl-e

may welI

the

and

a well-provisioned

(fl ffe \uu!

L

Pv!

economic

reality

Arabia,

SaUdi

r.:n-i ta uqyILu

/ur

expont

for

items

accumul-ation

economy.

:nrl d-tu

does

deoeLopment,

'rluxury"

pnoduction

proportionatelyr

healthy

to

a eountry

efforts

nnrlnfpiss

116l rrme

-^u!

of

eeonomie

of

forcing

uILF

li!r1

impori

and

nnndrro'in-

a country

matched

1938.

parametez,

show their

and

absent)

susarl

erport

importrr

internal

economy.

q=

llaVE

not

r 'o m }r r 'n e s

Lv!

rrrv

pen tractor.

reduced

the

0if

) and

mechanical

spreaders,

exceptions

economy

lltoy

(mechanical

2) .

nnomotion. fr a aqV Ir

and

feudal

tractors

mntcrr.

,

for.

only

been

Table

a self-reliant

t

4049

only

fertiliser

times

\zpFrtq

v".

5 t ime s

and pez, capita

necessaz,iLy

meter

the

have

( see

uolume

ancl i mnont

to

oes - l0

er.

to

by prim-itive, characterised ner 'rp.i_ar desnite extensive

unit-ha

about

:f

was mostly

l93B

was v e n y lo w in

seeds;

whose

Higher

physical

2493

i n

completely

were

etc.

cr e a sed

T nlI p e qIr

of

r-onhincs

naiz.e

-

plants,

had

chemi-cal

r lr r s t er s

production

since

Rumania

Romania

hoox,

cu ltur al

not

in

was also Agriculture 'l tnnl s and ow nnoductivitv

seeders,

for

i nrl rr qf nrz

I rrmhan

euda1.

nr.imitirze

for

q

r \yr av o\a n e r r ^ 1 r yL

The agrarian semi-f

her

a

'l

culti-

under

of 151400 acres were Then only a meagre portion . a7 .3qo of the land was forested .'---i , which helped - -+--i ^rvlr,

the

of

vation.

L

see

branches.

two

but

N Ton,r I

venezuela

the

63.zeo potential

had

nf

ano

are

agriculture

onlv

Rumania

of

qo

n:

and

discuss

1938

total

r' n

p..)n^m\7

f he

constitute

to

all-

the

para-

-1 2 Table

Production and gieLds o f s o me s e Lected crops, 1938 (auerage of 19 3 4 -1 9 3 8 ) a n d 1968 (auerage 1"966-1970)

2

Tot:l nr"odrrc'u:ion (in thousands tons)

l a

nAF P--

(in

1968

1938

Crc r n q

Y 1A

Rumania of

hArr1.:n

o rrin t a ls )

1933

1968

Wheat

2629.9

L2725.6

10.3

t6 .9

Maize

4(i55.5

1237 .6

10.4

ll.J

601.8

532.1

7 .2

Barley

Sunflower

-^^A^ JUCU

S t ro : n

S

haot

tlie

in d ustries

ll+.0

392.5

3 B lB . 5

I53. s

209.1

about

w€ lack

or

that

Due to

key

industries

lack

of

develooins

corrnti.v.

in

inr ir r et z . ips

valley

region

Dutch-Sheil

and

Caltex

Resila ,

were

the

two

main

in

1938

had

no

cides,

tyres,

vehr'cles-

had

orcduc1- ivity

r adio

scale is

Ce,,'el::

s:ean scfq-

or

rrg

ro

r 'i a l d o d

countries. was given

oriority

hiohen

Among the

drilling

chemical

elect::ical

immediate-

monopolists

and

Ploiegti, the corrntry.

of

fertil-izers, Iocomotives,

v!uv

s!

ru

tho

production

foreign

"f\i qeJ-q- electric ,

nr

neturns.

and

share;

centers

for

similar

a:i'-rratiorr

only.

industrial

:^.iere no

p6lin.r -nvestrent ^cr.te;rtrated on

the

biggest

i:i.ere

,

oil

the

I

l-evel.

around

industry

tractors,

hicve'les-

}ator

the

r^rhich

capi La-r was centered

Rumania

L7qo, and

entr,enrenFrrriq.rl'.rlrc,

I iohf

Prahova

consumers

econonyr

the in

industries

shOw exactly

I and

This

some of in

tO

f re e

of

production

Rumania.

sector

basic

n r"o Fita hle

the

state

Pr..'vate

Foneign

in

prevailing

still

data

on a med ium

industry

s t ru c t u n e

,

Producers

I96B-6,q

and

drilling

stee]

ion. 6eo and

the

of

i cient

suff

about

1/Sth

and

1938 had the

Rumania o f

only

petroleum

ircn

basic

in

8.7

HOweven:

industry

and

lv

127.5

in

193 8 were

in

Excepting

to

48.4

Drieva i I i no nr.ndrr r.t i nn rlelat

goods

to

93.1

D

enf ov.nv.i coq

in

77 .2

RepubLic of the Socialist of StatisticaL Pocketbook Rumania, BuclLarest of Central Statistics, Directorate 1971 pp. 204-207 . '

Sourc e :

the

6.4

2873.5

]317 . B

Potat oe s

AII

83.7

204.4

Bean s

I9.l

q?

washine

and

pestimotor machines

.LJ

-

refrigerators,

sewing

industries and

fon

building

iron

machjnes,

and

steel,

materials.

was half,

gas

nor

petroleum

Her

and methane

etc.,

crude

for

machine-building

processing,

petroleum

production

fess

chemicals jn

production

than

1938

present

2o,oof

level-.

2.5.

Accumulati.on

A higher rate

rate

result

of

social

strata

the

The Govt. study

f inaf

at

only The

highest

shane

of

lowest

Indonesia

of

3) .

of

1970,

30eo of

mately

3Beo in

Due to

lack

the

of

policies

resources;

and

Indiuidual Rumania

of

193B,

of

population

the

from

fixed

the

sub-nutnition

and

in

highest

a highen stant

social

product

from

25eo of

was the (23e0) ,

economic the

Rumania

is

and

between

of

it

state

expenditure

rate

in

untiei:

the

cf

Thailand

nanged

the

all

and Mexico

formation in

the

equity .

Malaysia

capital

to

countries

positicn

it

and

fndonesia

fowest

countnies

LTeo and gr.owth fn

GDp.

and

the

approxi-

Japan.

geological

surveys,

natural be directed and

known

feit

equally

about

Their

discovering development

effect

these

is

po-er,trals.

towards

proportionate

of

little

nesource

development

as

was concentrated

indeed

the

of

new will

be

by the

countries.

consumption

wealth the

gross

parts

all

country

consumption

and

of

of

weak

should

a planned

in

very

gqo) and

must

make the

common people

In

case

adequate

investment

2.6.

the

in

cases

(90e")

countrie,s'

to

equalit;'

for

capital

the

developing

necessary

of

private

the

But

accumulation was

a society

final

(only

a majority

20eo ( see Tabl-e

it

the

the

Indonesia

distribution

of

the

a highen

assutres

egalitarian

expendit':ne

to

Again,

investment

corner

L7eol in

6eo, due

(59e").

in

create

below

Venezuela

while

every

consumption

in

in

and

Again,

in

helps

is

secton.

growth.

growth

here

stands

the

accumulation

of

economic

of

inoesrmenr

and

in

the

in

the

was living point level.

of

present-day hands

at

view The

below of

pen

of

developing a few

the

calonie capita

elites.

subsistence and

protein

consumption

nations, The majority level; intake, level

of

at

'IADIC

lnr

Anterican of Gz ' o s s Domestic Pxoduct in Rumania and some Asian and Latin UtLLization (Pattern (in eecumuLatton erpenditure and of percentage). 1 'in 1968 countries

J

u tl lr | 1 r \

rntnrr

Asta (0)

P riv a t e

.r n ncl l mD Taon

F.umania- I9 3 B

t not a I ndone s ia

fr a n fr a q rr-t l 'l d _ 1d--.^ . .y : 5 a d^

Nepal Pakistan i"-frr

I rnnlnPq 'YY-"-"

Sr ilanka Tha i land Latin 6' '

TJOIIVI-a

tsr az i l . , ir

LlE

uO-L OlllDlcl

Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala "iondura s )1exico \i -i .-:n :-rr:

Panama Paraguay Peru Jruguay . cl tc..u crd -,, < 1) r aln

l: -

r]-jtri

^t

I

Lj

/

li

WorLd" Econom.ie Suruey,

rA

16 .2 llt

t? )a

lq

t:.

16.3 19.7 rn

q

r 1 .7 1' 7

il

15.6 tR ' 1

20.3 15.6 20.9 11.7 18.0 30.0

5B New York,

a 2

18. B 17.0 17.1

70 U.l'J.0.,

?

18 .3

1a

1!69-i970,

q

B.B tB.9

68 77 13 7L 75 70 14 BO BI 75 76 75 67 BO 70

T? 10 11 I2 7 I3 1q 9 B 9 6 11 13 B 11 13 13

i n:

15 20.4 7 .6

3' 73 7B 93 63 44 5I B3 B2 72 74 65

America

Anoonl-

] l.

\J,'

',

4 f9 9 7 13 24 1B 3 7 9 t3 g

Bur m a

fonmation G r o s s f i x e d n:nit.rl ( a v e r a g e of 1966-1968 )

(' )\

(1)

?i.E=ffia 1 I B d . r r _ L b L cr r

c o n s u mp t io n

1971,

pp.

l-89-190'

208-2r0.

I

F

ff IJ

-

some essential

f ood

milk

and milk

eggs

-

prcduct

67 pieces,

17, B kg

2.7 .

and

and

has,

to

product

tirese

ion;

or

it

has

failed

ever,

temporaril.7.

it

is

at

dialectical d ictions, itg

internally

reforming

methodsrin

hopes

are

society,

firstly, goals

upon

on the

for of

looked

survival

solving

and

f inalty

its

own socio-econornic

health

distribution e ou al

rn

i t iz )-

, end

--J

onder

Rumania Asian

to of

and

and

sanitary

(d)

the

1938

facilities

of

grains,

but

and

1eve1,

The developfronts: the

with

social

housir,g. clothing, '1-o jisccver within

food,

seccndiy

a nevr ideolog.; a social-

contra-

on two

-

through

of

barance

and

cevelopnent

,,,'ith equity,

of

social

comparable

as

nations: price

we shall

to

of

life the

examine

(c) the

crritural

tnat

to

behavior;

rendered

anc

develoting (a)

the

the

level

people;

and

of

of

food

medical

finally

education.

afflicted

because

ensure

1968

(b)

consumption.

nutrition

educaticn;

American

of

huinan needs

ancl any

structures,

fighting

subsistence

standard

and

level;

level

is

of

acceptance

revorutionq

sociaf

fr.om

eedom .

ff

Latin

of

I{ow-

neeCs.

cjl-cl_e"

leadershipt=

the

con1 ext

can

show the

consumption

Food

and

whicir

the

basic

its

-. ]ia s

liumania

cons,_ip,pf i6rr

"dogmatic

victory

hand,

at

the

or

a

,-rises

i,:a1

idelog

of solving still-existing rrcounter:-r'evolutionrr .

as

other

in

goods

:li stri-

proirer

.- e . g.

soc iet.., basic

society

1:l-ris ideolcgicai-

counrer.

of

trapped

its

the

evaluating

consumerst

cont inuou:

tc

problems

which it cannot escape i,ecause Itdeath of nevolution" with the attempts

iitr'es,

affiuent

of

ef f ect

A sociaiist

the

ideologically

problem

to

try

solved

k;g, i:nd

in

Western

the

solved

in

less

5 ,3

helpful

weIl-being.

through

or

i.q,

-2I r1

k,q, 130,c f 0)

Ig6B.

ccorli)rr1y is

and therefore passes which rramendment ef fortstt

more

-to 31,5 ir

but ion,

bankruptcy

-

sugar

,

increased

of

degree,

however,

litr.es

meat

standay'd

welfare

a certain

foIlov,ls:

respect-ively,

aspec.t

social

\ras as

118 ,5

eultuy,al

and

The distributional of

s -

130 pieces,

Social

degree

nroducts

Rttmania about

overpopulation because

of

of

B1eo of or

the

1938

was an undenfed

the

population.

comparative

agrarian

This

was not

underproduction

system.

A few

mai-

country:

of

of the

food

lA

-

t'boierrrnobility

appropriated

produce,

part

t re

j he vurrrE; no

r.est luuL

rl r-nal

which

of

deSt

nonulat io rL Y " y" -*-/

was

that

market.

The conmon

(boilded

malzefloun)

cheap

calorie

Southeastern

wine

Iurope,

adequate enl,ina

food

- anart

n.nrr'l atinn

Y -'.,^..5 -

problems of

daily

per

both

the

ltelns

standpoint supply

of

fainino

n^rm:}

''^ -"-_ 'b

well

as

heatth

countries

population

the

necessary

even

per

capita

theri:

f igures

food

better

in

than

?200

. inrr on :rr

lp :rl

-

r , r it h

per

f or

f nd ia

A\ / er lAoe

. Fy l and *',-

131?

of

for

in

day

and

by

cover

its

assure

1967;

short

fel]

main-

Asian

the

could

Malaysia

B6eo, and

n-rn jt.:

hen

and

7 -

protein

devel ooing

an

to

hou:ins

Fig.

the

Asian

levei

in.port s coul-d

Latin

assured

need =. JFrom the requirements, CaiIy

consumption

of

of

at. below-

in

calories

i orr and

granaries

necessary

only

study,

situation

the

shown

daily

minimum

J4eo of

and

The general

]Beo -

protein

B7eo and

were

the

apples,

social

protein

and

the

sourl

or

pears,

has

s rlvins

basic

exceeds

under

calorie-intake

the

capita

Indones ia ' s l-.ome product the

as

by

developing

I r-oe'l v

'r.r'l

"mamaligart

was living

consumotion

ns

open

and milk

the

of

1967

of

was

the

Of

devefon-'

much to

population

clothing

n y. o i g e f

on the

grapes,

was one

Rumania

and

wheat

garlic

or

market,

s i no

population

contribute

the

of

buy

like

fruits

levels.

general

clothing

fish

Rumania

most

consumption

normal

salted

would

Although

nrrpr.h:

nr esent-darr

to

rural

grain

intennal

on the

the

in

the

fresh

agricultural

Tho

affond

of

witt^'

home-made

intake.

not

food

Smoked porkfat,

milk. and

they

sell

(as

weak

so

the

avn n n J -

fOr

coul-d

nations)

would

they

i ned

of

most

l-5eo. B 5 eo of

only

the needs I for Iraq B6eo and B 5 eo1 respect ively. compar.atively

America

is

world.

Argentina

a:lor.io

and

and

nr.otein

con-

'v ! f , u . y " '1 , '"

crr-- -l-.'^ n

of the

the

aF

130' a

of

' Latin

calor.ie-r.equirement fn

Ecuador

(with

l9e"),

Hondunas study

fnn6l and

and in

respect

majority

of

the

subsistence

(87e" and have

fat

of

B2e").

cua^+-'+-'^^ I LIg>, (see

"L:-ra WiIIJL

yet,

Fie.

the

grains, Argentina k eeoins -r---O ---

7).

More

are 76e"), than

those

does

not

of

of in

(86e"

of

these

in

respect

the

existing

such

fact

and Uruguay their' -.--*I

of

Bolivia half

because benefit

above

pr.otein-need

self-sufficiency

attained

pcpulation.

the

84'o and

consumption;

food

above

OUt

9 are

here,

situations

of

structure,

VqullL

Level

worst

figures

distribution

reli ance

sidenable L uJrv

the

America,

n o c n o , - r - i ', r e I y .

studied

7 are

and

lAooz

and

Anerica

level

respective

under

qf:nlo

social

Latin

and

countries nf

133"r . ,

15 countries

l-evel.

and

and

self-

neach

the

export

a con-

oraTrr nclnrrlations L vWll yvPura

bel-ow

r6n

Fig. 7. Corrclation of pcr capita availability of cal'orie and protein (as rolatcd to physical need FAO/WHO reference standard).

16 t5 o

l,l

3o

u tr 12

+ R U M'68 COS+

r E '+MtX

+C H l

ll PAR +

r xl

^ + .r.:'.' + Y IN

t0 '9

6 7 6 5 8910llt 2l31115 1 6

protein McrturomenlunitrPofc.nl.gaof lhr nrd -lotb

-

-

t69 Fig. 8. Number of inhabitants per physician & pcr hospital bed.

C

o

€ bo o. c o -o J 55

+ HOND r GUA + tl,S + S RI + IRQ r tRA

+ 8Ol' + ttu + N IC + COL + B RA /CHI

+ Pt\uu.re1ur1mrx

cos +

+ PtR { Plll r VIN r URU * RUM.6S/ARG

I Maalcr.mcdlunit,

J Inhcbitrrtr per horpital bed

Phyrician- 1000 inhrbitantr l{orpit.l brd - 1000 inhrbi,rnli x ,

Ncta' wr htvr urc l"a vr||ll||

ih llfr.hticn lor brlrir e?afhl. plaaafinfit.

\b4

Fig. 9. Educational status: litcracy vs sccondary and tertiary education.

+ ARG

+ uxu + RUM.68

+ COS

+ PAR + COI/PAN ' + PH l

+ 8 UR + IHA + VtN + MEX

+ tCU

+ BRA

+ lOl GUA+

+ INO

+ IRA + PAK

Sccondrtylnd flrtiary educafion

Moatura|nanl tnilr litmcy, 109b s.cond tnd t.fl,.fy aductlion:lotb : Nollr Wr hrya urad lwo ylrirblaa In dlhantion for b.lr.f grrphi6 plrccrilanl.

- 17 H ea lth'

Tnsufficient

a v a ila b ilit y

of

p ro p e r? me d ic a l a n d s a n i t a n y accompanied b y p o o r p h a rma c e u t ic a l p ro d u c t s a n d l a c k of necessany medicines, is a ma jo n c o n c e rn in t h e d e v e ro p ing co u n tnies. rn the case o f a v a ila b irit y o f p h y s ic ia n s , nurses, an cl hospital beds, Lati n A me ric a n d e v e lo p in g c o u n t n ie s in 1 g 6 6 w er e much betten off th a n t h e in c o n t e mp o lra ry A s ia n c o u n t e rp a r t s , an d wonse than Rumania o f 1 9 3 8 . A s a n e x t re me c o n t ra s r we c a n ci te examples of Nepal, T n d o n e s ia , a n d A f g h a n is t a n rwh e re there wa s one physician pen 4 1 r2 0 0 , 2 9 , 5 0 0 a n d 2 1 r4 0 0 in h a b it a n t s , r esp ectively; one nurse p e r B 5 rB 0 0 , g r6 0 0 a n d 3 3 r1 0 0 in h a b i t a n t s , an d one hospital bed per 6 rg 5 0 r rr4 s 0 a n d 5 r8 1 0 p e rs o n s in 1 9 6 6 a s compared ivith A ngent in a , wit h o n e p h y s ic ia n p e r 1 3 0 in ha b i * ta n ts; one nurse fon r2 0 , a n d o n e h o s p it a l b e d f o r 1 6 0 Den s o n s b e n e fits,

in

the

same vear.

Rumania

of

This (see

1966

health

1938.

Thene

wel?e only

n l a ce s

f on

f nt a' l

and

a

few maternity in h a bitants, nu m ber of

sanitation

doctors,

public

socialist

there number (the

beds

of

total

Bunm a,

have lag have

.'

behind onlv

the

in

sanatoria

f hpr"c

were

2.2 beds per

sti11

ve r y

l-r000

- the

total

and

nnm n: r . : hl sv!v

a

Costa

tO

tLhl r qaL t

")

Of vI

676

times

in

devel

Bnazil,

Thir.d

onecl

eOUntf

Asian

developing

nf vr

Afgiranistan I iterate rr

of ieS

Colombia,

persons.

u r vu fj ,

World.

9\

Peru

countnies:

r^\

fevelfl'

nates

Panaguay,

A menican

tc,tat

1938

literacy

u u vu r vyg u

I96

inhabitants the

the

have

tLhtl ue

of

(the

Panama,

99^- r.esnectr'rre'lv,

Rica

Thailand,

Snilanka,

Latin

per

a half

attention

Rumania

inhabitants

doctor

and

active

In

predominates

Uruguay,

50eo literate

neceived

l-r000

one

thnee

-

Nicaragua,

\en and

T.B.

m li -'l**,I_ ,i .n, n , q:

planning.

per

beds

evtrlyur

Mexico,

mor:e than

sanitation

economic

29,959

6

I J5 . 6 o

and

Rumania

p e n l-r9 0 0 in h a b it a n t s

was 1681115)and

Philippines,

Ecuador,

and

Illitenacy

Q no. -

9 rf o

beds

in

We s t e rn c o u n t rie s .

hospital

Argentina,

rh n"a

the

health

being

Education. Only

hospital

poon

l9 3 B Ru ma n ia h a d o n ly

Rumaniafs

wet?e 7.7

of

p e n s io n e rs , exclu d in g b e in g o n ly B r2 3 4 i n l -2) ' year.* Mo s t o f t h e p h a rma c e u t ic a l p ro d u c t s

:) ,.p - r ^ r :? n. -1' r-,:ak w er e imported fron

in

331763

and one ph y s ic ia n

the

However,

was misenably

nc r v }r.nr s *rsl - ^ a o tril- g n

homes.

s jtq41. loh

the

to

B.)

Fie.

Public

coyaresnondc

also

and

Venezuela countries

and

inhabitants.

Nepal In

jiirteracy

e r ad "t- ct,i {l i cf

h a s a c h : -e v e d t re me n d o u s e p ro g r e s s

ir^ !an k a

p rima ry

4 J ,,\ o f th e aditit ^oopulatj.on h a s c o mp le t e d f o rma l a n,L '15i1 h a s conpleted secor:.da ry 1 e v e 1 e d u c a t io n . is

1;; af

ile p a l- , vrhere only

th e

a d " rrlt p o p u la t io n

eclucation, and secr;n c la ry s c h o o l The Ph ilip p in e s , mi cr osccp j.c minority. p ri m ar y

l r etw ee n ";,*4'l of I l g ,9 sho ws the

conelation

e du ca 'lj"o n combined in A.rgentina

po p u la t io n

ttre adult the

of

The bottom c o mp ris e

Co s t a Ric a ,

1evel

t e rt la ry

19 6 0 s in wh ic h

Ru ma n ia is

a

a n d P e ru h a v e

a n d s e c o n d a ry

lit e ra c y

case

h a s c o mp le t e d

g ra d u a t e s

wit h

e Cu c a t i o n

e d u c a t i. o n .

a n d t e rt ia ry

b e t t e re d

by

and Uruguay.

T h e s t m c t u re o f e d u ca ti o n i n most of the countr ies under study or iented tov,' ar ds techni c al , b e i n g l nsufficiently -is s t i l - l - effe e ti ve , m e di c a - l .e a g ;ro n o mi ca l , a n d n atur al science sub j ects . T n . o v e r h al f o f th e 2 9 co u n tr ies discussed her e, mor e than 50% o f t h e g r a du a te s o r stu d e n i s ar e enr olled in fine ar ts, hum anitl es , la v r , s o e i a l sci e n ce s o r p e d agogy . The per centage of gr aCuates a n d s t u d e n ts e n ro l l e d i n g l g :lgeeli4g, medical scienee, natqr al s c i e r - J c ga nd a g ri cu l tu re ., re s .pectively, J- ies below 2O",1,with the e x c e p t i o n o f C h i l e , 3 o l o mb i a, Ecuadcr , a::C Per up betoir 23' i with the urJ . u

ex v A\ / \ .c |r eir l,

H , rra d rrra e IIUI I UUJ . qO t

nf

i o rr

ua v r :

.ilhr

j"l

LlJAIJalJlUt

nr i

f i rro L-

- *,,.

n -' l v *

an j .

:ei O-,+

T' n.:a- :r - -!

- '. =+ ;:L

t

i - .'Ga

-- LAc - an+i .- al J- GU v-

.'El L ,

.

sociali s t P r i c e s. T h e d e ve l o p me nt gap betweer : the capltal:st, a n d t h e d e-re l o p i n g n a ti o n s is cor r tinously incr easi:r g instead of Pr lce fluctuations d"ue to uncontr cl l ed b e i n g r e i i u ce d o r w l p e d " o u t. and ind"ir ectly affecting in f l a t i o n i n th e We ste rn w o rld, dlr ectly t h e d e v e l - o p i n g n a ti o n s, h a s wor sened the pur chasing power of the a v e r c . l . g ec i ti ze n o f th e d e ve loping nations, wher e r eal incomes h av e during the rema,neo. either almost equal or have grown very little p e r l o o . 1 9 6t-1 9 6 9 . A mo n g th e developing Asian and latin Am er ica n e ffeet of pr iees dur ing th.e above per i od, n a t i o n s , t h e l n fl a ti o n a ry w a s t h e h i g h e st i n i h e ca se of Br azil ( 47' ,1) , fol- Iowed by Ch1le w i t h 2 6 l L a n c i n d o n e si ? .. (1 5 .4f") , India ( 6r 4' ) ( ,) , while the lowest w as ||) G u a t e m a . l aw i th 0 ,7 ;:. F .umania, however , follovr s a poliey a.:edstabilization, with c h a r a c "b e r l ze d "b y u i ri fo rm p ri ce fixation t h e m a l n t en a n ce o f p ::i ce s o f the basic consum ption objects at the per manent contr ol and l- o w e s t i e v e l , th ro u g h o u t th e countr y; g u l d a n c e o f th e p ri ce stru ctur e ( 1n r ar hich social value dominates actor s ) I and oecasional pr i c e o v e r t h e ma rke tl n g p ro fi t-ro otivated ad"justments through sl1ght

variations upward and" d.ownwa.rd,

according

-1e t o s a l a r y stru ctu re a n d consum ption tr ends. For this r eason, i t i s n o t p o ssi b l e fo r i n fl ation to infiltr ate into and afflict R u m a n i a rs e e o n o my. S i n ce the veveloping cointr ies have no def i n i t e p o l l cy o f p rl ce fi xa ti on and contr ol m echanism, because o f t h e 1 1 b e r a 1 n a tu re o f th e i r economies, they ar e easily susceptl bl e to the price fluetuations of the d.eveloped market economies, and are as yet incapable of assuring an economically secure life to their

people.

?

Economic

s1;ru3iure

goal

majonity

fon

and

hasty

and measures. and

I

-

let

regional

nf

damages

caused

L

voluntary

coll-ectivisation

vvquqr r

e:

nf

L

Peri.od

nost-l yvJu

Peasants in

consciousness

r1!

rq

by Wonld

-in +he

rlnn"ahtc

f

r

state

and transport

country)

b'1 :eriods.

caottalisn manu-

as mining,

services;

planned

proportionate

and

L vr

meAsrryles to llluqoul

J

War II

9o

and

r'benation

among the

its

vears:

land-hungryr

the as

al SO h,rrf ied q

and

secton

reDai-

aftermath,

juuro,

A ssociation, agranian

uv

later

without

economic as

well

by

intfOdUCtiOn

on compulsory creating

sufficient

conservative

relatively

cu.

fI

(L959-1965)

-

second

phase

of

state

capitalism

(or, in Rumarrian terminol ogy, of construction of technical and material basis of socialism) ont:on .,-"r ^rt son'i:l

l94B

since

following,

sectors

for

:ec:sions

developrnent;

anti-inflatorv qrr

economic

planning

central

of

the pro-

s'lbjeci:irr€:

implemented

the

of

sense

e of

lif

quicklv-ado::ed

chase

key

of

sense

enumerate

initial

such

:rLa: -r:',' cf

measunes

insunance

of

and

the

the

in

-:3s*tri'e

the

of

important

-

of

introduction

of

in

briefly

us

banking,

-:rinntinn

no:

the

National-isation

sectoral

of

imnnovement

(1948-1959)

facturing,

steps

implementation

0f

onwards,

Period -

some negative

commonner?s, negative

cedural-

L938-196 B

Rumania

^-^c^-

and

orientation

5--^

LeueL:

::--.-'*d

'.''l' 'i...]..=\'Icd'L-Lll'Bc'l!tj\'Ull>,J-LlCL-..Y>-c.-= -r'l -ratrj--

some positive

d.,,'e7.:cnent

ard

of

own wavq and means

nn-l itic',al of

t

building

c'rrl eu ! trrr"al

,

soeiaList

:nd qrrv

(based

on the

oA.)or'Fnhical qP

Svvair

stnuetuz,e

and

and

development

sDec'ific conditions

superstructure

economic of

the on

20

hat'nony through being Rumaniqn :;oi.L (the approach i.e. the frainework within of CMEA and \{arsaw Pact but

economic

relat

ec()nornic, -

and

ni ul

sat ion

relat

a1l

political

over

ive

basis

the

anC

external of

soc ial

equal

of

,

footings); and

mass organizations

=n, olLu

!

of

inCustrv,

cf

production,

with

creation

the

as well a s I'cooperat as

( now termed

ion

irrespect

on the

control

agreernents,

independent

cor.rntries

systems,

party

nnnrj uuuu 1rn*-'rrn. L lurr Pr

extension

estabfishing

with

of

funtherance

and

c,l

ions

strengthening

m>anl lrcalrJ

-

principle

on the

d'tuersities,

of

capaci-1,y

newer

completion

collectivi-

of

iv j-sat ion't )

in

agr^i-

culture.

Pev,tod (or

IiI

-

stage

of

fn

cratisation

the

between

oe\,'irl:;'ei

:..rtali:l

:..'.l',,"--'

l:

c'r/eF tne

of

and

onuards) ll

:.-)

2!00

the

h irIoD

are

P rrm=n i rG r\u tL tq rL

=

3.2.

Productt

Liberal

r lttz.inor r lt3 uuL

Jucu ^' r nqr tar l Pul

cost

cn

econonis-r-s

higher

in

Sometimes

the

this

a full lowt-:r and

of

}abor

of

raw

in

Less the

almost cost

The equivalent which

capital

to

forrns

tne

, the

basrs

I

nonf !s lr

that tn

socialist

combined

aDerage

areas,

towards

strategies

r r nr r y . _ui

eost

despite

contr.lbution

rural

development

conpl ain

the

and

ground

r :nj - on Ls l ynruq!

L

economy.

includes

economy

rl :c u!)f

because'i,he

employment

and

the

of

socic.L

policy,

production

of

communism.

of

econonl,)/ tl'.an

capitalist

material

necessjtated.

tr-ue

etc.

a transition

as

occasionally

employ'ment

of

socialist

and

forces

multilaterafly-developed

or

f u ha rrL

socialist

is

( -rrr.ough bureau-

ur.ban

labor,

bas i c steps

the

tre

tetween

serve

phase

ultimate

tl-ren,

r€-'rr?:l

all-nound to

..a:-oar3

-i::-.-'ra:'at'.s

anC physical

A.D.,

r-:':'.:

sa: t::. ) ;

rroCu:tion,

this

of

ar

1:..

contradici,rci -:,

of

by

entering

labor.

/]:a..:.'o..

institute:

int.'llectual

society

is

(i966

str.ucl-ural

technocra1-'

and

achjevement

tain

the

of

relaticns

These,

r iiC,:l :e

r - h ie r

or

elimination

is

eapitaLtsn

'

superst:ructural

-

'tmultilal-eralllr

vul

concretisation

and

state

rr -

..r a n tr rL-y

",,,6

-

of

:

the

:nnn-,r'in-

-

phase

third

tt,e with

Apart cost

this

of

capitalist

one.

has

to

main-

econcmic

ef f ic-iency

a higher

intensity

the

contributicn j-n a

production labor"

necessary

market

production

of

economy

of

L

Suggest Documents