RUMAN I A AS A DEVELOPMENT M ODEL BV Amalendu
the
many disastrous
perspective
in
of
happened
what
has
framework
of
pawns" every
This
weaken
as
it
both
veny
is
and
ueak seen,
but
Among the
have -
seen
great
the
system.
as their the
and
is
care
it
side. not
has
leaders,
we note
in
anything uo, to
rele-
other
to woulcl
worcls
expertise
rf
taken
thnee
been
Tn addition
even
and
has
and
per-
in -
is
good
if
it
attribute
political
to
clearly
more
as
which
and neaction
up
wr-itten
been
within
no reference
action
a considerable
othen it
been
relevant.
writing
Europe
balance-of-power
has
ideological
reference
countries
there
the
in
Eastei.n
these its
Most
a strategic
constructed
of
of
of
of
been
strateqically
up,
of
that
oower
on the is
terms
the
interpreted.
a oart
countries
within
developed
intelfecl-ual,
fname
Eastern
First,
it
wr^itten
anything
the
Oslo
V/ar is
Cold
ooiitically
as
has
insofar
the
clear:ry
if
say
been
urong
in
only
has
camps
ceiving
this
to
or? strengthen
insofar
fact
fnamewonk
not but
-
the
the
been
interpr"eted
with
or
of
has
conflict,
evaluated
is
Furope
been
between,
and
"masses"
not
has
Moscow,
move from,
this,
Eastern
An analytical
vance.
consequences
East-west
from
understood
the
which
the
game played
into
Oslo of
fntroduetion
One of
The
Guha
fntennational Peace Resear"ch Institute, Tlniversity in Conflict and Peace Researoh-
Chair
I.
B.
what is
it
is
in
it
to
casualties
important
perspectives
east-west
conflict
imperialism
had
of
Europe:
the extent
north-south to
Eastern youngel:
which Europe
western is
generation.
made the
border
F,rnnna:n
^nr'-tnies evull
element
of
the
armost
in
the
European forgotter
The Russian soviet
remained
union oDen to
today, Revolution
a barrien, penetnation:
in
penetrated
panticularry of but
Eurooe.
Octoben the
by 19I7
Ea.stern
fragmented
-l
+LllclltDcfveot -r1 ' ,re s -
-
ofttulLB
of
war.
rhat it
Yet
tencls
may continue
as
have
cultural
i sim- and
FFr traces
ieft
pert
and
pdrcel
jt
ever
mrrch they
of
orr the
Henr-e - ttri s nhenomenon also
in
Seeond,
Loday
is
afso
countries,
ments
of
tries
aside
those
understand
the
similar
so-called
Third
World
of
continent),
it
Europe
Latin America ^3, yeays ago,
what
lisht
fhe
and
opl.side
\^/as not
something
verrient
distance.
the is
were
vital rz€fy
not
Soutl-r and
dnni.qfon
of
unfortunate
but
forrnd
as the
large
in
African
obtain
conditions
what
is
found
todav.
Third
located
lay
Wonld
at
in Onl-v
\nJestern EurODe
abstract,
scgcolln-
that
that
from
capitaliSt
cal
1-heir
conditjons
to
referred
it-
Eur^opean
As i,an ccuntries
Southeast
today
is
to
histOni
Leaving
fer.ent
, how--
Dresent.
understand
dif
who were
natural
ofFered
today.
to
as
those
speciaL
veny
imperial-
Easlcr'n
south, to
it
the
structure
neonle
-
fon
that
thc
quite
(because
Ilaster.n
onlv
to
a
opoosed
rrot
forgotten
aften
such
neonle
ideoLogjcallv
corrditions
the
on that in
largely
particularly
pooul a1-icrs
to
ondelt
and
S tfU C -
communication
r,egard
w est
i 6nepi al i S t
death:
of
imnortant
is
An
funther
was by
as
minds
been
.
it
afte:r
who came to
have
but
a l ife
imperialism,
and
might
reasons,
as
be destroyed,
to
bi s L--:-..-D ow ers
I'rro1:1161
rnd
T r .:n n o
can
kind
hrz the Lrts ty
s
(v uj?i l ''frol jn,l r (m :n r z 'l l l 9U '!116+
DaT . t i C r t l a n l v
-fure
e x nUlvrLsu l o i + ed
and qlru
it
-
a con-
jt j s e'qriall.7 conveni ently Thtr,7, and most important: f o:.gotterr 'i haL the processes Europe after that took place ilr Eastern VJorld V/ar lI
are
There
to
ar.'e many ways
fact
fhat
masses for
re1ated
they
irr most
in
vrhich
to
in
of
countries
these
just
l-os L p,ersDec*i ives
resulted
these
regarcl
probiemsl
improvement
considerable
means thev
must
-Lo.
ref erred but the
for have
the
relevance
Lrs today.
Tn sho::-b: we have entire
ivorld
problem'r.
in
drama We have
lrrarle lls,lisresard
its
lutj-on
subsequent
enter
oun
Eastern
and
bad,
for"
a concentrated
of
to
as
developments, learning.
of
in
exDosure
the
form,
had
the
'rNorth-South
consciousness
which
has
We ]ia.ve seelr the
efemenL::
its
consequence,
and
but
we have
The highly
countries
days
as
false
s:'.srrificance.
European
fror:n the
to
r"eferred
under.develooment
body
made by
in
prey
fallen
with
with
Europe,
commonly
irnper.ialism
it
two
the
this to
failed
revo-
to
let
experiences
relevant connection, lriestern
(-,r:
fon
imperialism
good to
-J
the
problems
not
been
contemporary
of
neglected;
but
systematically
for
bv
i- nd: r r
imrr er ialis m
process
of
afford
real
to
onoving countnies European of
the
their
European
coopenation,
other
theory.
Finst,
we require
Europe
be f oz,e these
sway of
woul-d have destructive
in
i mmp rl i :fa
nncf- T^7r F
Second, ^>li + " -Lud.L-t\Jll +i^-
countries tries,
and
Eunope
before
graphical
the
its
from
information
material
tel
but
also
in
n nLly vrL
about
we need
ter ms
of
the
ment
pnoblems.
that
also
it
Dossihle
these rr
countries
ahorrt uuvu
goods,
L
st ill-
the
in
also
the
rrnder"rl przol urluLr u Ev9 a vytl l sr r L r-rnment
that
the
in
darrel nni--n g
same r--.-
coun-
these in
Eastern A
cluster.
today
county,ies not
countries not
include located
in
terms
of
consumption that
r.nmmonl
rr
too
only
structure.
world
of reflect fn
short,
.r.rn.ei rzorl
of vr
e vl r u L r vu u
^ ,
imperialism.
data
on trow much Eastenn
vaniabfes
commonly
used
today
In,
come?
say,
achieved,
countr"ies
European
period, a 30-years trrevolutionary", may be described as to
fhe LrrL
variables
,eq
L L Ve .
countries
increased
the
froin
from
deueLoptng
are
but
oF v-
so
was
itseif
were
data
European
as
war
really m,an\/ [tqrry
under
Such data
data
any
should
all-
and
data,
were
within
countries such
of
when the'/
socialist
Eastez.n
thr:
types
-l perspec aa €r rar se ^^n- n^^+' -^
with
and
Eastern
recent
The variables
non-material of
n r r vo Lt
pre-aar
perspective
in
that
be located
see
countries
\ror\\/ y VCI
the
rvoul-d do,
development,
and
i no
Third,
could
whene
about
position -l
war
:e d>
to
needed.
three
countries
we need
show that
center.
socio-economic
the
to
having
these
this
presentation
a cluster
far
For
we have
wonld
qnF:kr'nooyucl^litBt
forever
development
since
A ni ,,nve gl ,JOUrcl
vur)
today.
the
war,
imthe
of
maldeveloped.
r .,n,,'l
show that
^ t- ie n tir r p - lr z ADJ uuLr
I
of
nonjnr l
we must
the
comes to
maioritv
are
the
largely
before
part
the
world
started,
and
we cannot
old-fashioned
both
about
self-sustained
tragic:
we afford
we need
processes
that
in
and
a
when it
can
of
this
information
be from
doubly
srudied
been
underdeveloped
enter
perspectives
other
imperialism, to
masses
sake
about
f6
have
Europe
not
countries
is
nor
Eastern have
experience
naruow
Fon the
War.
they to
This
the
the
in
tr.rzino
today,
in
some thinking
as
of
wonld
the
To do
the
relevance
important
any
neighbors Cold
West
nn uvur r r n t r i e q
,
conditions
of
the
in
development.
lose
the
socialism
to
discuss
including ;ust
develop-
processes how far
is
-4
Obtaining
these the
ge of
it
meets
the
countries
it
is
tc
Eastern
Then, that
studied,
European
mor e
or
other
circumstances
najor
theoretical
or
which took
extent
the
to
to
to
learn
case
that
we afso
extent
a comparatiue
tative
developing
generation
gap.
cclmnir' i qons
on al l
both
lunks
type
the
and
under three a take
:- e: -. c; Lie ,
take
place
Rumania
is
novi,
problem:
a fourth of
that
development
be avoided
development far
outside
if
the
not
only
process
paper
Rumania
in
South
and
a diachz,onic
it
Rumania will
is
l93B
its
studying
one
own European
on the
other
hali
and
a trjangular with
sone
Southeast
Asia,
socio-economic
in
1968,
be a study
ver.tical
by
do we
Europe.
this
of
with
Hence,
he jng
of
of
and
l93B
f on
-.-r:.:;
mech= l'i sn-
nevJ perspectives
do in
study
Rumaniain
about
gain
to
1968,
infer
Pumania,
-:.
now be clear:
relevance
countries
in
one
ir.i-h
be where
they
should
we shall
ment i
of
other.
i
be of
thereby
what
study
could Co,-tr^ tr r
for
ior
-=
that
of
this
can
something
want
or
consequences
articfe
seems to
America
0f
cc:t:l::.-.1
LDCs wi}l a1l
can
whatl4rlmed
factors
hence
what
want
Latin
that
\--.;.'-==:...:csible
a development
applauded
this
Connr"etelv :
der"relooing
studies
l:,-stl
thus
why did
And behind
less
and
and
hu =!q e u^D:cr r q e
al s,t be possible
it
We are
these
are
30 years
ol
Europe
.'
!y
reasons.
'..;l:at exl,ent
lo
same development
would
The purpose
of
P I a o l f *'l L
country
similar
Why was
be apo-L i ed clsewhere
borders;
do
ran-
the
particular
where
was the
practical
will
as well?
anyhow?
try
this
been
Rumani a si:u-.i
f or
the
extent
place,
one
f t i h r z f( \ut 1l tta1l l p S n i aL?u t
purely
pz'oblems:
so that
wer e
f s to
less
what
beyond
because
j-es today?
vrould
anyhowr
for
having
a theor1'.
of
countr
what
it
seems within
countr.ies.
developing
to
do
-
recentty
other"s
was possible
, to
we shall
for
that
problem
what
and
of
certainty
data
Rrrm:ni,a
partly
be hoped
the
place
Fr r nano
now;
be
of
Here
criterion
are
ea: j ly
most
types
possible. F; 1 c t onn
in
COrrntr.v
three
in
f
l r vtt
reDresenand deueLopment
i.e.
across
tine
and
hOrizontal r r vr
arsess-
.
Lqr.
one
space
wjth
l'1ore napt i err I anl v. q
I l V!
pU!
L i U U !q ,
-y
we shall Rumania in
focus in
terms
aimost Lent
of all
to
the
the
on
(a)
year
1938
capitalist the
countries
prevailing
r,rhether
the
pnior
economic of
the
economic
to
economic hlorld
progness world) structure
structr-rre War II for
really and
and
were levet
as
aLmost of
of
year,
the(peak
Rumania,
level-
fon equiua-
most
of
the
)
-5
above or
Thind
Wonld
( b ) what
(c)
until
recently
and
be the
2.
For
the
Genez,al our
which
general
ture
in
of
military
respond
th o LrrE
countries the
the
period
study
I96B
in
historical
perspectives.
These
4 and
5,
LeueL :
,
socio-economic
under
specific
2 ) 3,
1968,
Rumanianclevelopmr:nt
post-liberation
deu eLopment
and
r,'e hal'e
Sout:.-east
i-s,a, ia:a
countrres
;93E.
witn
and topics
four
nespect'ively.
1938
Rumania
of
heoinn"ls5allrrrilB
are
L7
Latin
in
of
the
had
bec ause
thein
power
state
to
exclude
in
elite
alliance
wtrich
is
African
on struc-
social
prevailing
that
bourseois-feudal
-
America The
available.
resembles
We have
study
that
head
taken and
i96B
in either
the
at
our
to
the
sections
stuc,,'
statenower. fnom
the
jn
continents
whether
during
and
statisti:al
elite
Iatine 1968
and
these
Rumania
of
(d)
of
two
eompar.i s on
comparative
South
years
limits
of
above
and
to
conditions subjects
L2 in
At
appty
Eeonomic sty,ucture LDCs 1968
2. r .
nL
about,
Rumania
within
socio-economic will
by also
onwards,
thirty
brought
applied
the
of
characterizes
how was it
measures
countries
or
manipuof
countries
development
levels
R rrmanie ^\ulldlrrcl
en
do not
cor-
Rumania-l938, +Ltla-) r--'-
^c
ua
^-ntrrnrz-
ucirLur
y,
hlrd(l ad
a o r ''i dH|
L
cul-tural
:1\,
: r ' nondino
oven no nlr lat ion
be said
for
(a
tion
most
relative
surpassing at
least
Even
in
the
the
Doreen ma nf
late
r i6n- aSSed
from
of
rural
to
industrial but
to
TrrrfD his
todarz
iS
an qtL
!J
a
the
trLypE zn e
areas,
Tho
flr\/uf
into
low
t
theif
trOr r
and
The occupational
is
to
highen
a "progressiverr
productivity
it
is
to
develop-
the
buusrr een
rural
Rumania
according
l tl u l t, 'w,1--;^1-
agricultural
from
sectors, of
hrrqvL arre
Ievel.
for
reason m arz rrrq-y
dniven
utiliza-
in
Europe;
noTr;' p u yu !q L Ivl l l F+ -i ^^
rll
being
is
service
*^ 1 - ;- 1
in
i ncfease
growth
consumption
of
a l so
Overpopula-
resource
predominated
rr " eu5lvrr gion
r tl u fL u JL
occupations nf uJ_
the
Lou pnod.uetiuitr",2)
unban
and
thiS
in
development,
oceupattons
improve
or
can
population
productive
overpopulat'ion
af eaS
d -i l e ! u r rm l t l l qm a
industriaf
it
and
which
today.
by
south-central countries I'whatever the historical-
Warniner,
nr es ent
countries
characterized
gncwth
1930s,
st:ndAf.d--'
l g l v y v u l ro L u r' v v l L f g
is
balance
to
Errnonean
developing
resource
nelated
nF
the
term)
the
tion
and
of
tr
Of
l aCk
urban shift productive
phenomenon one
a regressive
j+ .frLy
structural
rb
>L*--
violence
-f
,_r_.._
r
which
stiII
nr.edominates _v' --
in
the
-7
Table
1.
Some soeio-economic and Asian and Latin
Domains
Y O L LT L CA
Economie
f ium anLa
L
similanities between Ameriean LDCs- 1968 Asian
14, 56
rz qrzcf am
M r r l f i - n, enf
m-r
Ao r -' :r ^*i:n - _ _ ---o
Asneni
hr r
F_a_a_nomy lt
sector Door nnedominar.: Yh o ino
extnaction
nFTF.
and
refin-rs
-'+
nei
qentor.
an
builtut rn
r"ri th
-
th e
s hhor rvvr e
ii e ar.: n r : i +i r - ; : r - --
u,
em enoino -"'-' t_"b
T-,-i
rstr.ial stil1 sector r; and semi;co -Drocessing :-^-i:t g: generaliy dt ;:C ':" :- ^- t'nO-
More commellcial relations and turnovers i.:i:i the economically s-rcrqpr -
lll
dl .i 1- at^neh'r n
exception of a few oil, cclnner - harrx i te and t in countries, rich predominant in the national economy
Industrial - the onlv ""-J
t hen
qtr nl - aoy b L U l l l
Ly
l '1 t.an\/
o t h e rs
n:J- r r na
- in r lr r q tn r r
and Latin Ameriean LDCs-l968
-i L f - n:ntr y q! r
tl f rMrrur
with monanchical (6) dictatonsh'in
Runania-L93B
Y
l)
-
ilcr... :::.lercia1 relations 1:. - ::/.: ::: ard inport :'rl:...:e.s l.iith the econo:,ic n€:rc:ol-e s arid Western o.^-
i .- L - ,.- - A q f a t i o n
.:o'/.'er ler-
and milita'v
qt:O C "
l
m anv nole
r.rr r and -(r7l r)a l f r ": nr - p
T, : nn' l
nnr l
netro-
\*nr r n < g e o l s l -*-
e,
known as t'boier", comoris less than Leo of "b r' -.--- i ng the whole population, was the dominant class
Landlord bourgeoisie l-atifundistas in Latin America and zamindars in fndo-Pak-Bangladesh subcontinent with new emengi no
-l
I :nri
nrrJ
hnrrnor.ni
ei e -
comprising between 0. 5eo and l9o, con-trols most social, economic and political power Structural previolence dominant and acute with the aDnraoximate struc-
With a few exceptions tike Venezuela, Tran, Argentina
ftr n:l
nnmnnci
el11t e
/ -o ) SUI
n ic h ) mo s t o f t h e c o u n t n i e s lra v e s o c ia l e lit e s v ar y i n g f ro m 0 . 5 t o 3 e o , s o c ia l
l - .'n-
ha- i --.
I lCl
enCy
level about lSeo and the rest of about 83% belonging to the below subsubsistence categony
\^ )Domi-nance of French in the north)
Cu L tunaLB (German ntt
1 .J- r r na
elites, walk of cul-ture
:m n
hc
tha
r r nl r :n
in almost every life: National suf f ered much 9 )
(ni
arrf
I
.and
:oni nrrl
+r^rann\t
larrol
trrnel 'l
r
rr
dnnrrn vuy 5!
within the range of l0-lSea, and the rest being thrown below the subsistance leve I Dominance of Spanish, British and French, and later Amenican culture among the social and elite - in the intefligentsia no
qnenf
i rze
which still pendencies
f nrmcn
ncrl
on' i
p q-
nemain as dethough there are
al- so tr ends of r ebir th national cultur e.
of
-B
2 .2 .
Population
structuy,e
A cornparative and
study
1968
for
l. 0t+eo to 1968.
shows
in
is
comparison
the
in
highest in
in
strong
the
Asia
case
of
had
Rumania
of
in
the
of
30 years
Asian
1968.
Excepting
reduced
Bolivia
and
in
1-he Latin
of
in
lJruguay
nations tries, Fig.
it and
2).
nutnition
is
barefy This and
American in
below
the
rate
fnom
the
one
year)
1968,
l.a6B,
42 vears
life nations,
even
unfortunately,
50 years,
with
the
3t
years
reaches
of
life
expectancy
proper
medical
in
in
within
is
is
case
than montali-
years. more
of
in
majority
than
the the
Burma
attnibutable
to Fie.
level Asian
a few
of
facilities.
highest
a peniod
in
exception the
Argen-
which,
the
reaching
But,
of
infant
66-71
exDectancy
and
expectancy
as
to
countries
4.9eo, more
Life
but
in
3.7t
rg3B,
to
annual
r.sian
case
in
in
strict
cf
average
highest
same level in
rate
was the
-
to
gr.ovrth,
v"'ith
1968.
fower lack
the
Hondunas,
birth
by
countries
incneased
50 years 65-72
at
being
had
of
greatly
was almost
has
age
ceath
the
ir,
in
developing
concentrated
lhe
Bangfadesh
Rumania
the
populaticn
America
lowest the
193 B than
r::1,rcj,r:-tion
that
from
-
Amerj-cai-. cc,rni,ries
Latin
inclLrding
developing it
the
in
r.-qher.
nation.
than
in
befor,r the
been
1938
of
3.3so;
Pakistan
the
Latin
simultaneously ,
mortality
however,
b)
a r'orced
the
Venezuela
with
Rumania's
(i.e.
a ) the
much higher
being
(rvhile
Ig3B
for
rate
in
ar.? being
Rumanian in
gnowth
the
Rumania
and
Rumania
rvas higher
efforts
1967 , fcr
of
of
rate
in
1968;
grovrth
l-4eo.
witn
double ty
laws
was generally
Thailand
birth
reasons:
with
population
1960-68
tina
the
two
a numerically of
variation
growth
clue to
anti-abortion create
statistics
contrast,officiaf
it )
l-938
vital
an upward
Such population
reduce
-
the
r r3eo, arthough
countr.ies,in
rate
of
coun-
(see mal1 shows
TA
Fig. 5. Per capitaproductionand coorumptionrituation(in tcrrnrof GDP).
+ ARG
. P4luru + cHl t [{D( + CO3
PHI+
ttA + + eO!
cu*lfi'srr
6 1 .5 .^ ^ PER+ .1
'ii.*-.Ii.?o
-tn ..9 l+6 1+1
+ RU| { .3 8 S[l-
8r101112 Prr crpifa consumPlion ,t.rruiln dt unlh1100D -
ts
Fig. 6. Correlation of agriculture & industry (including building and construction).
9
I 7
.bo -o 5
4
3
+ IRA + M tX * ARG* 8ot-
'l'kEi'[1]!*,..,
2 9 t{ \' +
+ - SRl + 8 UR
+ p AK + tNA
i NiP
Agriculture Mcarurcmcnl unitr l07c
8c
F is . I Average annual birth and death rate situation, 5
Ecu** rtt}[,../noNo
+ GU A +THA + B OL C OS + + M EX + P AR/ p ER BR A+ + C OL + PA N V EN +
o 'o r
+ MA L + CHI
L 6
+ RUM-38 + PHI + URU ARG + + RUM.68
Deathrate
Melguremenlunil: I year :
-
8D
Fig 2. Infant mortality & Life expectancysituation (in years)
80
+ RUM.68
uRu++f'lilcos
x ()
IRQ + + MEX
U
8. lll
X
0)
= J
60
PAN++ sRt anlyrcu E L+ 5 pnn+ C O L ++ ri l , T HA + L n l
* y51+ GUA + P H I + P AK +. NIC
+ R U M .3 8 + IN D
10
30
50
lnfantMortality M e a s u r o m e nul n it' 1 0
1%
for l i fe expecl ancy for i nfant morl al i ty
E6
Fig. 3. Total and pcr capita annual ratc of GDP growth, 12 tt
lo - )' So
o cn 48 q
u
o-
6t
9L5 1 + MtX + IRQ + vtN + BOL
6
+ HOND+PAK * SRI
(
PHI + + COt/PtR PARi8RA+
I
INA . 2 1 + URU
Mcuu[menlunl| lfr e -
-9
the
binth
distinctive
eompared
LDCs in
to
three-dimensionalable
countniest
still
worse
2.3.1
.
ft the
in
of
Ur.uguay, rate
is
fn
This
was even
case the
of
though Irz
But
overall,
the
emerge
from
century
2.3.2.
]ower
-
1968
shows
1938, in
a
a remar-kdevelop-
the
nemains
m r t r v J^r e
of
GDP, wa-
the
and
nat.:ra.
Gz,oss Domestic
was
thr-s
Again,
developing contri-
ir.ias a nodest
de'.'elcoing
::e
of
rndustry
share
5.9eo in
nations (see
growth
leve1
Pnoduct/Gr.oss
(see
in
fran
Fig.
3).
a Iowen
growtl-r
i ceri muclr , ar,d c()ntributecl
gnowth
almost
of
case
experienced
a ' s o c ia lis t
needs
the
concernerl
sacrif
below-subsistence
to
.'l:".::._::
looul.-iric-;n
sector
economic
education
ci
countries
mas ses
basic
cn_..' C . ?)..
lo:
tops
which
l-owes:-tr1-ac:,j.{sian
and
bu ild in g
the
.ran,
l-1.Beo.
of
capita gnowth in economic f f , v:hile it was even negat ive
agricultural
higher
rate
per
and tlruquay,
tO
vritl
develop-
economic
a:.d :'.' I1.5eo that
nost
the
of
qrowth
asr:c.j':,jfe's
than
-the develooine
and assure
sanitation,
in
a few,
decade
r.a':e ci
growth-r;rte
her: agrarian
mate ri:'l
in
but
of
annua-
the
of
double
Rumania.r s tregl-ected rate
that
years
tenms
seconC
bottom
these
fi-,donesra
highest
Rumania
1968
exception
growth
2I .,I9o, while
just
and Duning
of
1938,
the
the
this
2.6eo.
in
against
countries;
at
5+ times
with
Runrania,
of
an average
stands
Burma.
4).
in
developing
gneatly
Fig.
to. Rumania
Rumania
the
2.tJeo the
by
the
which
study
with
1960-68,
buted
under
rates
the
sustained
about
countny,
again
in
grouth
surpassed
list
and
tnends
1968.
Rumania
thus
both
situation,
yeans
the
ment,
in
Eeonomic
During
1968
nate
presentation
decrease
ing
and death
of
in d u s t ria l
rate of
enabled the
food,
g|eo of
first
base. her half
to of
this
accommodation, her
SociaL
population.
produet
fn Per capita GDP statistic s , A rg e n t in a a n d V e n e z u e la (1 9 6 8 ) s u r p a ss Rumania by $rsr and $ z t + 0 : re s p e c t iv e ly . rn t h e f ir. s t c a s e js due to higher wh e a t p ro d u c t io n this a n d liv e s t o c k g ro wt h ; i n the second case, due to h ig h e r o il re v e n u e s . B u t in c o mp a r i s o n with
1938,
GNP fo ur cap ita
Rumaniats total
times
in
1968.
GDP was below
G NP in c re a s e d L lh ile
f iv e
t in e s
and per
capita
mo s t o f t h e A s ia n c o u n t rie s f p er $ZSO (lo we s t b e in g B u r-ma wit h $ 7 0 ) a n d t h e
- 10 relatively
v;ell-placed
Rumania's
per
better
against
as
Latin
T hough
by
in
seems to
these
elites
and
play
of
of
a few
in
the
dor.jnatel
1967,
than than
that
of
About
ments
of
the
that
although
Latin
Anerican
and the
the
39eo to and
the
oroduction
increased
by
was down to share of
the
of
Asian
rran
and
between
countries, because
The
copper
than
the
shown
above subsistence
and
seven
which,
profit
and
times of
reinvest-
however,
s out
of
was
whire
picture
investments
and
This
(s539),
better
gradually
them.
in
oi1,
as
and the
of
as
against
armost
1/lOth
countries,
with
extractive
industry,
exception as
the of
chile
extnactive
countries
case),
drilling
share
in
Rumanian
l/3rd
in
1/Sth
the
exceptions
in
Latin
(accounting industry)
rg38. the of
The
economy rraq much)
American fon
in
lg6B economy
contributed in
with
contnibuted
and
economy
was
developed
petroleum
in
between
in
this
whose
agriculture
1g38,
developing
industry
which
in
relatively
in
substantiatly)
l/3rd
mining
the Asian
lg3B, (to
Product
1968,
nanged
to
country
avairable
Rumania
share
developing
r/6th
Malaysia,
developed
being
rn
Domestic
1/5th
with of
not
rraq.
22eo.
(where
and
and
activity
contributed
industry
l-ocal
the
of
and uruguay
an agricuftural
poorly
data
of
Gnoss
the
the
$527.
Rumania,rjas
their
industrial
1968
exception
in
borCerline
c onponations
primarily
in
(ttre
of
less
far
of
seetors
superior
1969
ir,
tothe
repatniate
st-i1l
of
cl::te
comparatively
due
transnational
hands
,Dopulation
($700)
the is
public
the
colombia
nations
Economg by
Rumania,
of
the
figure
1-:e 4=? fei,...'een ::he privileeed
1933 ),
Venezuel-a
systematically
2.4 .
BOet cf
However,
American
the
be
burk
is
corsumption
of
this
The great in
the
GDp'r dimension.
countnies
so.
than
not
to
i."7erre1i."'ins ci
shourd
corporations;
capita
rndia.
not
one
capita
"per
was much
better
multinational
r:.uc:_ il_:er.
twice
Latin
is
)eiiq
that
the
$700,
abl_e)
slightly
But
concentrated
product
lrnaii;
pen
s).
below
non-avaif
and
devel-oping
it
is
countries of
m ore
fact
countries
being
nations
uS-dominated
statistics.
thal-
but
fouf
gross
(as
rower
Fig.
countries the
developrng
fn
nations
(see
case
distributable the
Asian
be rosy,
GDP in
in
the
the
the
American
GNP (GDP data
c:apita
Amenican
mesmerised
Latin
62eo
lg6g.
Agri-
tpff
Fig. 4. Growth rates in agriculture & industry.
. Mll r IAK
+ IND
+ AR G + CHI
- lt culture Ro r^ n a
cnon- l-
Fig .
6).
Since
i r r ol
rr
industry
we shal1
In
66et in
contnibuted
area
of
unlIe
these
country,
the
and
7 oa and
onl y
(for
detai l s-
mai-n economic
branches,
only
agricultural
land
out
42.5eo arable
tand
under
rlerrol
nn
:
fertile
nelation
land.
Then
rotary
snyaA\/F7r q
and
silage
arable
area
of
considerably:
2 times
for.
notaf
sunflower production
other
cnops
-
.) r r v!
eonstitute
oil but
exports this
On the
does
other
distnibuted
r - ' :.,o
hand,
Higher
brz a hisher
sectors
of of
economy
a tnuly
in
by
c o m b in e s
-
' l otaI
case of
fand
agr f -
had in-
wh e a t , I l- times
heets - and were
an
qiving
ttrus
B y 1 9 6 8 it
the
beans,
and
barley
for
transformation
avoids
'.i sher"
(due
market balanced rate
of
real with
may in
like
npr.
pw nopt s
for
situation
have and
the
elite)
and
growth.
weli-
stnonger level,
consumption
distributabl-e
may welI
the
and
a well-provisioned
(fl ffe \uu!
L
Pv!
economic
reality
Arabia,
SaUdi
r.:n-i ta uqyILu
/ur
expont
for
items
accumul-ation
economy.
:nrl d-tu
does
deoeLopment,
'rluxury"
pnoduction
proportionatelyr
healthy
to
a eountry
efforts
nnrlnfpiss
116l rrme
-^u!
of
eeonomie
of
forcing
uILF
li!r1
impori
and
nnndrro'in-
a country
matched
1938.
parametez,
show their
and
absent)
susarl
erport
importrr
internal
economy.
q=
llaVE
not
r 'o m }r r 'n e s
Lv!
rrrv
pen tractor.
reduced
the
0if
) and
mechanical
spreaders,
exceptions
economy
lltoy
(mechanical
2) .
nnomotion. fr a aqV Ir
and
feudal
tractors
mntcrr.
,
for.
only
been
Table
a self-reliant
t
4049
only
fertiliser
times
\zpFrtq
v".
5 t ime s
and pez, capita
necessaz,iLy
meter
the
have
( see
uolume
ancl i mnont
to
oes - l0
er.
to
by prim-itive, characterised ner 'rp.i_ar desnite extensive
unit-ha
about
:f
was mostly
l93B
was v e n y lo w in
seeds;
whose
Higher
physical
2493
i n
completely
were
etc.
cr e a sed
T nlI p e qIr
of
r-onhincs
naiz.e
-
plants,
had
chemi-cal
r lr r s t er s
production
since
Rumania
Romania
hoox,
cu ltur al
not
in
was also Agriculture 'l tnnl s and ow nnoductivitv
seeders,
for
i nrl rr qf nrz
I rrmhan
euda1.
nr.imitirze
for
q
r \yr av o\a n e r r ^ 1 r yL
The agrarian semi-f
her
a
'l
culti-
under
of 151400 acres were Then only a meagre portion . a7 .3qo of the land was forested .'---i , which helped - -+--i ^rvlr,
the
of
vation.
L
see
branches.
two
but
N Ton,r I
venezuela
the
63.zeo potential
had
nf
ano
are
agriculture
onlv
Rumania
of
qo
n:
and
discuss
1938
total
r' n
p..)n^m\7
f he
constitute
to
all-
the
para-
-1 2 Table
Production and gieLds o f s o me s e Lected crops, 1938 (auerage of 19 3 4 -1 9 3 8 ) a n d 1968 (auerage 1"966-1970)
2
Tot:l nr"odrrc'u:ion (in thousands tons)
l a
nAF P--
(in
1968
1938
Crc r n q
Y 1A
Rumania of
hArr1.:n
o rrin t a ls )
1933
1968
Wheat
2629.9
L2725.6
10.3
t6 .9
Maize
4(i55.5
1237 .6
10.4
ll.J
601.8
532.1
7 .2
Barley
Sunflower
-^^A^ JUCU
S t ro : n
S
haot
tlie
in d ustries
ll+.0
392.5
3 B lB . 5
I53. s
209.1
about
w€ lack
or
that
Due to
key
industries
lack
of
develooins
corrnti.v.
in
inr ir r et z . ips
valley
region
Dutch-Sheil
and
Caltex
Resila ,
were
the
two
main
in
1938
had
no
cides,
tyres,
vehr'cles-
had
orcduc1- ivity
r adio
scale is
Ce,,'el::
s:ean scfq-
or
rrg
ro
r 'i a l d o d
countries. was given
oriority
hiohen
Among the
drilling
chemical
elect::ical
immediate-
monopolists
and
Ploiegti, the corrntry.
of
fertil-izers, Iocomotives,
v!uv
s!
ru
tho
production
foreign
"f\i qeJ-q- electric ,
nr
neturns.
and
share;
centers
for
similar
a:i'-rratiorr
only.
industrial
:^.iere no
p6lin.r -nvestrent ^cr.te;rtrated on
the
biggest
i:i.ere
,
oil
the
I
l-evel.
around
industry
tractors,
hicve'les-
}ator
the
r^rhich
capi La-r was centered
Rumania
L7qo, and
entr,enrenFrrriq.rl'.rlrc,
I iohf
Prahova
consumers
econonyr
the in
industries
shOw exactly
I and
This
some of in
tO
f re e
of
production
Rumania.
sector
basic
n r"o Fita hle
the
state
Pr..'vate
Foneign
in
prevailing
still
data
on a med ium
industry
s t ru c t u n e
,
Producers
I96B-6,q
and
drilling
stee]
ion. 6eo and
the
of
i cient
suff
about
1/Sth
and
1938 had the
Rumania o f
only
petroleum
ircn
basic
in
8.7
HOweven:
industry
and
lv
127.5
in
193 8 were
in
Excepting
to
48.4
Drieva i I i no nr.ndrr r.t i nn rlelat
goods
to
93.1
D
enf ov.nv.i coq
in
77 .2
RepubLic of the Socialist of StatisticaL Pocketbook Rumania, BuclLarest of Central Statistics, Directorate 1971 pp. 204-207 . '
Sourc e :
the
6.4
2873.5
]317 . B
Potat oe s
AII
83.7
204.4
Bean s
I9.l
q?
washine
and
pestimotor machines
.LJ
-
refrigerators,
sewing
industries and
fon
building
iron
machjnes,
and
steel,
materials.
was half,
gas
nor
petroleum
Her
and methane
etc.,
crude
for
machine-building
processing,
petroleum
production
fess
chemicals jn
production
than
1938
present
2o,oof
level-.
2.5.
Accumulati.on
A higher rate
rate
result
of
social
strata
the
The Govt. study
f inaf
at
only The
highest
shane
of
lowest
Indonesia
of
3) .
of
1970,
30eo of
mately
3Beo in
Due to
lack
the
of
policies
resources;
and
Indiuidual Rumania
of
193B,
of
population
the
from
fixed
the
sub-nutnition
and
in
highest
a highen stant
social
product
from
25eo of
was the (23e0) ,
economic the
Rumania
is
and
between
of
it
state
expenditure
rate
in
untiei:
the
cf
Thailand
nanged
the
all
and Mexico
formation in
the
equity .
Malaysia
capital
to
countries
positicn
it
and
fndonesia
fowest
countnies
LTeo and gr.owth fn
GDp.
and
the
approxi-
Japan.
geological
surveys,
natural be directed and
known
feit
equally
about
Their
discovering development
effect
these
is
po-er,trals.
towards
proportionate
of
little
nesource
development
as
was concentrated
indeed
the
of
new will
be
by the
countries.
consumption
wealth the
gross
parts
all
country
consumption
and
of
of
weak
should
a planned
in
very
gqo) and
must
make the
common people
In
case
adequate
investment
2.6.
the
in
cases
(90e")
countrie,s'
to
equalit;'
for
capital
the
developing
necessary
of
private
the
But
accumulation was
a society
final
(only
a majority
20eo ( see Tabl-e
it
the
the
Indonesia
distribution
of
the
a highen
assutres
egalitarian
expendit':ne
to
Again,
investment
corner
L7eol in
6eo, due
(59e").
in
create
below
Venezuela
while
every
consumption
in
in
and
Again,
in
helps
is
secton.
growth.
growth
here
stands
the
accumulation
of
economic
of
inoesrmenr
and
in
the
in
the
was living point level.
of
present-day hands
at
view The
below of
pen
of
developing a few
the
calonie capita
elites.
subsistence and
protein
consumption
nations, The majority level; intake, level
of
at
'IADIC
lnr
Anterican of Gz ' o s s Domestic Pxoduct in Rumania and some Asian and Latin UtLLization (Pattern (in eecumuLatton erpenditure and of percentage). 1 'in 1968 countries
J
u tl lr | 1 r \
rntnrr
Asta (0)
P riv a t e
.r n ncl l mD Taon
F.umania- I9 3 B
t not a I ndone s ia
fr a n fr a q rr-t l 'l d _ 1d--.^ . .y : 5 a d^
Nepal Pakistan i"-frr
I rnnlnPq 'YY-"-"
Sr ilanka Tha i land Latin 6' '
TJOIIVI-a
tsr az i l . , ir
LlE
uO-L OlllDlcl
Costa Rica Ecuador El Salvador Guatemala "iondura s )1exico \i -i .-:n :-rr:
Panama Paraguay Peru Jruguay . cl tc..u crd -,, < 1) r aln
l: -
r]-jtri
^t
I
Lj
/
li
WorLd" Econom.ie Suruey,
rA
16 .2 llt
t? )a
lq
t:.
16.3 19.7 rn
q
r 1 .7 1' 7
il
15.6 tR ' 1
20.3 15.6 20.9 11.7 18.0 30.0
5B New York,
a 2
18. B 17.0 17.1
70 U.l'J.0.,
?
18 .3
1a
1!69-i970,
q
B.B tB.9
68 77 13 7L 75 70 14 BO BI 75 76 75 67 BO 70
T? 10 11 I2 7 I3 1q 9 B 9 6 11 13 B 11 13 13
i n:
15 20.4 7 .6
3' 73 7B 93 63 44 5I B3 B2 72 74 65
America
Anoonl-
] l.
\J,'
',
4 f9 9 7 13 24 1B 3 7 9 t3 g
Bur m a
fonmation G r o s s f i x e d n:nit.rl ( a v e r a g e of 1966-1968 )
(' )\
(1)
?i.E=ffia 1 I B d . r r _ L b L cr r
c o n s u mp t io n
1971,
pp.
l-89-190'
208-2r0.
I
F
ff IJ
-
some essential
f ood
milk
and milk
eggs
-
prcduct
67 pieces,
17, B kg
2.7 .
and
and
has,
to
product
tirese
ion;
or
it
has
failed
ever,
temporaril.7.
it
is
at
dialectical d ictions, itg
internally
reforming
methodsrin
hopes
are
society,
firstly, goals
upon
on the
for of
looked
survival
solving
and
f inalty
its
own socio-econornic
health
distribution e ou al
rn
i t iz )-
, end
--J
onder
Rumania Asian
to of
and
and
sanitary
(d)
the
1938
facilities
of
grains,
but
and
1eve1,
The developfronts: the
with
social
housir,g. clothing, '1-o jisccver within
food,
seccndiy
a nevr ideolog.; a social-
contra-
on two
-
through
of
barance
and
cevelopnent
,,,'ith equity,
of
social
comparable
as
nations: price
we shall
to
of
life the
examine
(c) the
crritural
tnat
to
behavior;
rendered
anc
develoting (a)
the
the
level
people;
and
of
of
food
medical
finally
education.
afflicted
because
ensure
1968
(b)
consumption.
nutrition
educaticn;
American
of
huinan needs
ancl any
structures,
fighting
subsistence
standard
and
level;
level
is
of
acceptance
revorutionq
sociaf
fr.om
eedom .
ff
Latin
of
I{ow-
neeCs.
cjl-cl_e"
leadershipt=
the
con1 ext
can
show the
consumption
Food
and
whicir
the
basic
its
-. ]ia s
liumania
cons,_ip,pf i6rr
"dogmatic
victory
hand,
at
the
or
a
,-rises
i,:a1
idelog
of solving still-existing rrcounter:-r'evolutionrr .
as
other
in
goods
:li stri-
proirer
.- e . g.
soc iet.., basic
society
1:l-ris ideolcgicai-
counrer.
of
trapped
its
the
evaluating
consumerst
cont inuou:
tc
problems
which it cannot escape i,ecause Itdeath of nevolution" with the attempts
iitr'es,
affiuent
of
ef f ect
A sociaiist
the
ideologically
problem
to
try
solved
k;g, i:nd
in
Western
the
solved
in
less
5 ,3
helpful
weIl-being.
through
or
i.q,
-2I r1
k,q, 130,c f 0)
Ig6B.
ccorli)rr1y is
and therefore passes which rramendment ef fortstt
more
-to 31,5 ir
but ion,
bankruptcy
-
sugar
,
increased
of
degree,
however,
litr.es
meat
standay'd
welfare
a certain
foIlov,ls:
respect-ively,
aspec.t
social
\ras as
118 ,5
eultuy,al
and
The distributional of
s -
130 pieces,
Social
degree
nroducts
Rttmania about
overpopulation because
of
of
B1eo of or
the
1938
was an undenfed
the
population.
comparative
agrarian
This
was not
underproduction
system.
A few
mai-
country:
of
of the
food
lA
-
t'boierrrnobility
appropriated
produce,
part
t re
j he vurrrE; no
r.est luuL
rl r-nal
which
of
deSt
nonulat io rL Y " y" -*-/
was
that
market.
The conmon
(boilded
malzefloun)
cheap
calorie
Southeastern
wine
Iurope,
adequate enl,ina
food
- anart
n.nrr'l atinn
Y -'.,^..5 -
problems of
daily
per
both
the
ltelns
standpoint supply
of
fainino
n^rm:}
''^ -"-_ 'b
well
as
heatth
countries
population
the
necessary
even
per
capita
theri:
f igures
food
better
in
than
?200
. inrr on :rr
lp :rl
-
r , r it h
per
f or
f nd ia
A\ / er lAoe
. Fy l and *',-
131?
of
for
in
day
and
by
cover
its
assure
1967;
short
fel]
main-
Asian
the
could
Malaysia
B6eo, and
n-rn jt.:
hen
and
7 -
protein
devel ooing
an
to
hou:ins
Fig.
the
Asian
levei
in.port s coul-d
Latin
assured
need =. JFrom the requirements, CaiIy
consumption
of
of
at. below-
in
calories
i orr and
granaries
necessary
only
study,
situation
the
shown
daily
minimum
J4eo of
and
The general
]Beo -
protein
B7eo and
were
the
apples,
social
protein
and
the
sourl
or
pears,
has
s rlvins
basic
exceeds
under
calorie-intake
the
capita
Indones ia ' s l-.ome product the
as
by
developing
I r-oe'l v
'r.r'l
"mamaligart
was living
consumotion
ns
open
and milk
the
of
1967
of
was
the
Of
devefon-'
much to
population
clothing
n y. o i g e f
on the
grapes,
was one
Rumania
and
wheat
garlic
or
market,
s i no
population
contribute
the
of
buy
like
fruits
levels.
general
clothing
fish
Rumania
most
consumption
normal
salted
would
Although
nrrpr.h:
nr esent-darr
to
rural
grain
intennal
on the
the
in
the
fresh
agricultural
Tho
affond
of
witt^'
home-made
intake.
not
food
Smoked porkfat,
milk. and
they
sell
(as
weak
so
the
avn n n J -
fOr
coul-d
nations)
would
they
i ned
of
most
l-5eo. B 5 eo of
only
the needs I for Iraq B6eo and B 5 eo1 respect ively. compar.atively
America
is
world.
Argentina
a:lor.io
and
and
nr.otein
con-
'v ! f , u . y " '1 , '"
crr-- -l-.'^ n
of the
the
aF
130' a
of
' Latin
calor.ie-r.equirement fn
Ecuador
(with
l9e"),
Hondunas study
fnn6l and
and in
respect
majority
of
the
subsistence
(87e" and have
fat
of
B2e").
cua^+-'+-'^^ I LIg>, (see
"L:-ra WiIIJL
yet,
Fie.
the
grains, Argentina k eeoins -r---O ---
7).
More
are 76e"), than
those
does
not
of
of in
(86e"
of
these
in
respect
the
existing
such
fact
and Uruguay their' -.--*I
of
Bolivia half
because benefit
above
pr.otein-need
self-sufficiency
attained
pcpulation.
the
84'o and
consumption;
food
above
OUt
9 are
here,
situations
of
structure,
VqullL
Level
worst
figures
distribution
reli ance
sidenable L uJrv
the
America,
n o c n o , - r - i ', r e I y .
studied
7 are
and
lAooz
and
Anerica
level
respective
under
qf:nlo
social
Latin
and
countries nf
133"r . ,
15 countries
l-evel.
and
and
self-
neach
the
export
a con-
oraTrr nclnrrlations L vWll yvPura
bel-ow
r6n
Fig. 7. Corrclation of pcr capita availability of cal'orie and protein (as rolatcd to physical need FAO/WHO reference standard).
16 t5 o
l,l
3o
u tr 12
+ R U M'68 COS+
r E '+MtX
+C H l
ll PAR +
r xl
^ + .r.:'.' + Y IN
t0 '9
6 7 6 5 8910llt 2l31115 1 6
protein McrturomenlunitrPofc.nl.gaof lhr nrd -lotb
-
-
t69 Fig. 8. Number of inhabitants per physician & pcr hospital bed.
C
o
€ bo o. c o -o J 55
+ HOND r GUA + tl,S + S RI + IRQ r tRA
+ 8Ol' + ttu + N IC + COL + B RA /CHI
+ Pt\uu.re1ur1mrx
cos +
+ PtR { Plll r VIN r URU * RUM.6S/ARG
I Maalcr.mcdlunit,
J Inhcbitrrtr per horpital bed
Phyrician- 1000 inhrbitantr l{orpit.l brd - 1000 inhrbi,rnli x ,
Ncta' wr htvr urc l"a vr||ll||
ih llfr.hticn lor brlrir e?afhl. plaaafinfit.
\b4
Fig. 9. Educational status: litcracy vs sccondary and tertiary education.
+ ARG
+ uxu + RUM.68
+ COS
+ PAR + COI/PAN ' + PH l
+ 8 UR + IHA + VtN + MEX
+ tCU
+ BRA
+ lOl GUA+
+ INO
+ IRA + PAK
Sccondrtylnd flrtiary educafion
Moatura|nanl tnilr litmcy, 109b s.cond tnd t.fl,.fy aductlion:lotb : Nollr Wr hrya urad lwo ylrirblaa In dlhantion for b.lr.f grrphi6 plrccrilanl.
- 17 H ea lth'
Tnsufficient
a v a ila b ilit y
of
p ro p e r? me d ic a l a n d s a n i t a n y accompanied b y p o o r p h a rma c e u t ic a l p ro d u c t s a n d l a c k of necessany medicines, is a ma jo n c o n c e rn in t h e d e v e ro p ing co u n tnies. rn the case o f a v a ila b irit y o f p h y s ic ia n s , nurses, an cl hospital beds, Lati n A me ric a n d e v e lo p in g c o u n t n ie s in 1 g 6 6 w er e much betten off th a n t h e in c o n t e mp o lra ry A s ia n c o u n t e rp a r t s , an d wonse than Rumania o f 1 9 3 8 . A s a n e x t re me c o n t ra s r we c a n ci te examples of Nepal, T n d o n e s ia , a n d A f g h a n is t a n rwh e re there wa s one physician pen 4 1 r2 0 0 , 2 9 , 5 0 0 a n d 2 1 r4 0 0 in h a b it a n t s , r esp ectively; one nurse p e r B 5 rB 0 0 , g r6 0 0 a n d 3 3 r1 0 0 in h a b i t a n t s , an d one hospital bed per 6 rg 5 0 r rr4 s 0 a n d 5 r8 1 0 p e rs o n s in 1 9 6 6 a s compared ivith A ngent in a , wit h o n e p h y s ic ia n p e r 1 3 0 in ha b i * ta n ts; one nurse fon r2 0 , a n d o n e h o s p it a l b e d f o r 1 6 0 Den s o n s b e n e fits,
in
the
same vear.
Rumania
of
This (see
1966
health
1938.
Thene
wel?e only
n l a ce s
f on
f nt a' l
and
a
few maternity in h a bitants, nu m ber of
sanitation
doctors,
public
socialist
there number (the
beds
of
total
Bunm a,
have lag have
.'
behind onlv
the
in
sanatoria
f hpr"c
were
2.2 beds per
sti11
ve r y
l-r000
- the
total
and
nnm n: r . : hl sv!v
a
Costa
tO
tLhl r qaL t
")
Of vI
676
times
in
devel
Bnazil,
Thir.d
onecl
eOUntf
Asian
developing
nf vr
Afgiranistan I iterate rr
of ieS
Colombia,
persons.
u r vu fj ,
World.
9\
Peru
countnies:
r^\
fevelfl'
nates
Panaguay,
A menican
tc,tat
1938
literacy
u u vu r vyg u
I96
inhabitants the
the
have
tLhtl ue
of
(the
Panama,
99^- r.esnectr'rre'lv,
Rica
Thailand,
Snilanka,
Latin
per
a half
attention
Rumania
inhabitants
doctor
and
active
In
predominates
Uruguay,
50eo literate
neceived
l-r000
one
thnee
-
Nicaragua,
\en and
T.B.
m li -'l**,I_ ,i .n, n , q:
planning.
per
beds
evtrlyur
Mexico,
mor:e than
sanitation
economic
29,959
6
I J5 . 6 o
and
Rumania
p e n l-r9 0 0 in h a b it a n t s
was 1681115)and
Philippines,
Ecuador,
and
Illitenacy
Q no. -
9 rf o
beds
in
We s t e rn c o u n t rie s .
hospital
Argentina,
rh n"a
the
health
being
Education. Only
hospital
poon
l9 3 B Ru ma n ia h a d o n ly
Rumaniafs
wet?e 7.7
of
p e n s io n e rs , exclu d in g b e in g o n ly B r2 3 4 i n l -2) ' year.* Mo s t o f t h e p h a rma c e u t ic a l p ro d u c t s
:) ,.p - r ^ r :? n. -1' r-,:ak w er e imported fron
in
331763
and one ph y s ic ia n
the
However,
was misenably
nc r v }r.nr s *rsl - ^ a o tril- g n
homes.
s jtq41. loh
the
to
B.)
Fie.
Public
coyaresnondc
also
and
Venezuela countries
and
inhabitants.
Nepal In
jiirteracy
e r ad "t- ct,i {l i cf
h a s a c h : -e v e d t re me n d o u s e p ro g r e s s
ir^ !an k a
p rima ry
4 J ,,\ o f th e aditit ^oopulatj.on h a s c o mp le t e d f o rma l a n,L '15i1 h a s conpleted secor:.da ry 1 e v e 1 e d u c a t io n . is
1;; af
ile p a l- , vrhere only
th e
a d " rrlt p o p u la t io n
eclucation, and secr;n c la ry s c h o o l The Ph ilip p in e s , mi cr osccp j.c minority. p ri m ar y
l r etw ee n ";,*4'l of I l g ,9 sho ws the
conelation
e du ca 'lj"o n combined in A.rgentina
po p u la t io n
ttre adult the
of
The bottom c o mp ris e
Co s t a Ric a ,
1evel
t e rt la ry
19 6 0 s in wh ic h
Ru ma n ia is
a
a n d P e ru h a v e
a n d s e c o n d a ry
lit e ra c y
case
h a s c o mp le t e d
g ra d u a t e s
wit h
e Cu c a t i o n
e d u c a t i. o n .
a n d t e rt ia ry
b e t t e re d
by
and Uruguay.
T h e s t m c t u re o f e d u ca ti o n i n most of the countr ies under study or iented tov,' ar ds techni c al , b e i n g l nsufficiently -is s t i l - l - effe e ti ve , m e di c a - l .e a g ;ro n o mi ca l , a n d n atur al science sub j ects . T n . o v e r h al f o f th e 2 9 co u n tr ies discussed her e, mor e than 50% o f t h e g r a du a te s o r stu d e n i s ar e enr olled in fine ar ts, hum anitl es , la v r , s o e i a l sci e n ce s o r p e d agogy . The per centage of gr aCuates a n d s t u d e n ts e n ro l l e d i n g l g :lgeeli4g, medical scienee, natqr al s c i e r - J c ga nd a g ri cu l tu re ., re s .pectively, J- ies below 2O",1,with the e x c e p t i o n o f C h i l e , 3 o l o mb i a, Ecuadcr , a::C Per up betoir 23' i with the urJ . u
ex v A\ / \ .c |r eir l,
H , rra d rrra e IIUI I UUJ . qO t
nf
i o rr
ua v r :
.ilhr
j"l
LlJAIJalJlUt
nr i
f i rro L-
- *,,.
n -' l v *
an j .
:ei O-,+
T' n.:a- :r - -!
- '. =+ ;:L
t
i - .'Ga
-- LAc - an+i .- al J- GU v-
.'El L ,
.
sociali s t P r i c e s. T h e d e ve l o p me nt gap betweer : the capltal:st, a n d t h e d e-re l o p i n g n a ti o n s is cor r tinously incr easi:r g instead of Pr lce fluctuations d"ue to uncontr cl l ed b e i n g r e i i u ce d o r w l p e d " o u t. and ind"ir ectly affecting in f l a t i o n i n th e We ste rn w o rld, dlr ectly t h e d e v e l - o p i n g n a ti o n s, h a s wor sened the pur chasing power of the a v e r c . l . g ec i ti ze n o f th e d e ve loping nations, wher e r eal incomes h av e during the rema,neo. either almost equal or have grown very little p e r l o o . 1 9 6t-1 9 6 9 . A mo n g th e developing Asian and latin Am er ica n e ffeet of pr iees dur ing th.e above per i od, n a t i o n s , t h e l n fl a ti o n a ry w a s t h e h i g h e st i n i h e ca se of Br azil ( 47' ,1) , fol- Iowed by Ch1le w i t h 2 6 l L a n c i n d o n e si ? .. (1 5 .4f") , India ( 6r 4' ) ( ,) , while the lowest w as ||) G u a t e m a . l aw i th 0 ,7 ;:. F .umania, however , follovr s a poliey a.:edstabilization, with c h a r a c "b e r l ze d "b y u i ri fo rm p ri ce fixation t h e m a l n t en a n ce o f p ::i ce s o f the basic consum ption objects at the per manent contr ol and l- o w e s t i e v e l , th ro u g h o u t th e countr y; g u l d a n c e o f th e p ri ce stru ctur e ( 1n r ar hich social value dominates actor s ) I and oecasional pr i c e o v e r t h e ma rke tl n g p ro fi t-ro otivated ad"justments through sl1ght
variations upward and" d.ownwa.rd,
according
-1e t o s a l a r y stru ctu re a n d consum ption tr ends. For this r eason, i t i s n o t p o ssi b l e fo r i n fl ation to infiltr ate into and afflict R u m a n i a rs e e o n o my. S i n ce the veveloping cointr ies have no def i n i t e p o l l cy o f p rl ce fi xa ti on and contr ol m echanism, because o f t h e 1 1 b e r a 1 n a tu re o f th e i r economies, they ar e easily susceptl bl e to the price fluetuations of the d.eveloped market economies, and are as yet incapable of assuring an economically secure life to their
people.
?
Economic
s1;ru3iure
goal
majonity
fon
and
hasty
and measures. and
I
-
let
regional
nf
damages
caused
L
voluntary
coll-ectivisation
vvquqr r
e:
nf
L
Peri.od
nost-l yvJu
Peasants in
consciousness
r1!
rq
by Wonld
-in +he
rlnn"ahtc
f
r
state
and transport
country)
b'1 :eriods.
caottalisn manu-
as mining,
services;
planned
proportionate
and
L vr
meAsrryles to llluqoul
J
War II
9o
and
r'benation
among the
its
vears:
land-hungryr
the as
al SO h,rrf ied q
and
secton
reDai-
aftermath,
juuro,
A ssociation, agranian
uv
later
without
economic as
well
by
intfOdUCtiOn
on compulsory creating
sufficient
conservative
relatively
cu.
fI
(L959-1965)
-
second
phase
of
state
capitalism
(or, in Rumarrian terminol ogy, of construction of technical and material basis of socialism) ont:on .,-"r ^rt son'i:l
l94B
since
following,
sectors
for
:ec:sions
developrnent;
anti-inflatorv qrr
economic
planning
central
of
the pro-
s'lbjeci:irr€:
implemented
the
of
sense
e of
lif
quicklv-ado::ed
chase
key
of
sense
enumerate
initial
such
:rLa: -r:',' cf
measunes
insunance
of
and
the
the
in
-:3s*tri'e
the
of
important
-
of
introduction
of
in
briefly
us
banking,
-:rinntinn
no:
the
National-isation
sectoral
of
imnnovement
(1948-1959)
facturing,
steps
implementation
0f
onwards,
Period -
some negative
commonner?s, negative
cedural-
L938-196 B
Rumania
^-^c^-
and
orientation
5--^
LeueL:
::--.-'*d
'.''l' 'i...]..=\'Icd'L-Lll'Bc'l!tj\'Ull>,J-LlCL-..Y>-c.-= -r'l -ratrj--
some positive
d.,,'e7.:cnent
ard
of
own wavq and means
nn-l itic',al of
t
building
c'rrl eu ! trrr"al
,
soeiaList
:nd qrrv
(based
on the
oA.)or'Fnhical qP
Svvair
stnuetuz,e
and
and
development
sDec'ific conditions
superstructure
economic of
the on
20
hat'nony through being Rumaniqn :;oi.L (the approach i.e. the frainework within of CMEA and \{arsaw Pact but
economic
relat
ec()nornic, -
and
ni ul
sat ion
relat
a1l
political
over
ive
basis
the
anC
external of
soc ial
equal
of
,
footings); and
mass organizations
=n, olLu
!
of
inCustrv,
cf
production,
with
creation
the
as well a s I'cooperat as
( now termed
ion
irrespect
on the
control
agreernents,
independent
cor.rntries
systems,
party
nnnrj uuuu 1rn*-'rrn. L lurr Pr
extension
estabfishing
with
of
funtherance
and
c,l
ions
strengthening
m>anl lrcalrJ
-
principle
on the
d'tuersities,
of
capaci-1,y
newer
completion
collectivi-
of
iv j-sat ion't )
in
agr^i-
culture.
Pev,tod (or
IiI
-
stage
of
fn
cratisation
the
between
oe\,'irl:;'ei
:..rtali:l
:..'.l',,"--'
l:
c'r/eF tne
of
and
onuards) ll
:.-)
2!00
the
h irIoD
are
P rrm=n i rG r\u tL tq rL
=
3.2.
Productt
Liberal
r lttz.inor r lt3 uuL
Jucu ^' r nqr tar l Pul
cost
cn
econonis-r-s
higher
in
Sometimes
the
this
a full lowt-:r and
of
}abor
of
raw
in
Less the
almost cost
The equivalent which
capital
to
forrns
tne
, the
basrs
I
nonf !s lr
that tn
socialist
combined
aDerage
areas,
towards
strategies
r r nr r y . _ui
eost
despite
contr.lbution
rural
development
conpl ain
the
and
ground
r :nj - on Ls l ynruq!
L
economy.
includes
economy
rl :c u!)f
because'i,he
employment
and
the
of
socic.L
policy,
production
of
communism.
of
econonl,)/ tl'.an
capitalist
material
necessjtated.
tr-ue
etc.
a transition
as
occasionally
employ'ment
of
socialist
and
forces
multilaterafly-developed
or
f u ha rrL
socialist
is
( -rrr.ough bureau-
ur.ban
labor,
bas i c steps
the
tre
tetween
serve
phase
ultimate
tl-ren,
r€-'rr?:l
all-nound to
..a:-oar3
-i::-.-'ra:'at'.s
anC physical
A.D.,
r-:':'.:
sa: t::. ) ;
rroCu:tion,
this
of
ar
1:..
contradici,rci -:,
of
by
entering
labor.
/]:a..:.'o..
institute:
int.'llectual
society
is
(i966
str.ucl-ural
technocra1-'
and
achjevement
tain
the
of
relaticns
These,
r iiC,:l :e
r - h ie r
or
elimination
is
eapitaLtsn
'
superst:ructural
-
'tmultilal-eralllr
vul
concretisation
and
state
rr -
..r a n tr rL-y
",,,6
-
of
:
the
:nnn-,r'in-
-
phase
third
tt,e with
Apart cost
this
of
capitalist
one.
has
to
main-
econcmic
ef f ic-iency
a higher
intensity
the
contributicn j-n a
production labor"
necessary
market
production
of
economy
of
L