Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism Program Support Notes by: Andrew Clarke BA Dip Teaching Produced by: VEA Pty Ltd Commissioning Editor: Sandra Frerichs B.Ed, M.Ed. Executive Producers: Edwina Baden-Powell B.A, CVP. Sandra Frerichs B.Ed, M.Ed.

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Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.

Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

For Teachers Introduction This program examines the Rotorua tourism industry and its economic, social and environmental impacts, and looks at what is being done, and what needs to be done, to ensure the industry remains sustainable for the long term. It features a range of local interviewees, including Oscar Nathan, General Manager of Rotorua Marketing and a range of operators, managers and owners of significant local tourism businesses, including YHA, Waimangu Volcanic Valley, Volcanic Air Safaris, The Buried Village, Mitai Maori Village, Te Puia Cultural Centre and River Rats Raft and Kayak. It is an essential resource for senior students of Geography and Tourism, and also provides a comprehensive case study of an industry for students of Economics, Social Studies and allied disciplines.

Timeline 00:00:00 00:01:03 00:05:46 00:10:39 00:16:28 00:22:45 00:23:45

Introduction Sustainable Tourism: Tourism Development in Rotorua Tourism Development and Economic Sustainability Tourism Development and Socio-Cultural Sustainability Tourism Development and Environmental Sustainability Credits End program

Related Titles Factors Affecting Global Tourism Growth and Niche Markets in Tourism

Recommended Resources  http://www.rotoruanz.com/downloads/pdfs/SustainableDLE_09.pdf  http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/developing-nz-tourism/developing-the-tourism-industry/māoritourism/  http://www.tourismnewzealand.com/media/127126/tourism%20centenary.pdf  http://www.rotoruanz.com/  http://www.stats.govt.nz/  http://www.mitai.co.nz/

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Student Worksheet Initiate Prior Learning 1. Suggest a possible definition for the term sustainable. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

2. How can the concept of sustainability be applied to the process of tourism development? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ ** Questions 3 – 5 require pre-knowledge of Rotorua, New Zealand. If students are unfamiliar with Rotorua, research may need to be conducted to gain a basic knowledge of the subject. . ** 3. Construct a table to record various positive and negative impacts associated with the process of tourism development in Rotorua. 4. List a range of attractions that are available for tourists to enjoy as visitors to Rotorua. Classify these attractions if you can. 5. Predict the following: a) The percentage of people from Rotorua who are employed in tourism development. _________________________________________________________________________________

b) The emerging tourist markets for Rotorua _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

c) The amount of money invested in tourism development by the New Zealand Government each year. _________________________________________________________________________________

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Active Viewing Guide Answer the following questions during or after your viewing of each chapter of the program. Tourism development in Rotorua 1. According to Oscar Nathan, how many people are employed in the tourism industry in Rotorua? _________________________________________________________________________________

2. Oscar Nathan refers to direct and indirect benefits. Employment can also be classified in this way. Give an example of direct employment and indirect employment associated with tourism development. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Record Harvey Jones’s definition for the terms manaakitanga and kaitiakitanga. How do you think these terms can be applied to a tourist visiting Rotorua? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

4. a) Record the significant events associated with the following dates in the table below.

1886

1908

1939 – 1945

1950s

1963

1960s – 1970s

1980s

1990s

2000

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

b) Use these key terms to construct a timeline for tourism development from 1886 to the present day. Use the space provided below.

Tourism development and economic sustainability 5. Oscar Nathan provided data to illustrate the importance of tourism development at a local scale when he referred to the level of employment in Rotorua. Compare this with the importance of tourism development at the national scale in terms of employment and the contribution to GDP. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

6. Record examples of market diversification of attractions as referred to in the video. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 6 © VEA Group Pty Ltd 2012 Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website or ClickView for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.

Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

7. Record the markets that have declined over time (in terms of visitor numbers to Rotorua). Record the markets that have grown. Suggest as many reasons as you can to explain why markets grow or decline. Predict how emerging markets may impact on future tourism development. (12 lines) _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

Tourism development and socio-cultural sustainability 8. According to Hayley Bloor, how does tourism development have a positive impact on Maori culture? _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

9. Evaluate to what extent tourists receive an authentic experience of Maori culture when they visit Rotorua. Discuss as a small group or a class whether authenticity is achieved. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 7 © VEA Group Pty Ltd 2012 Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website or ClickView for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.

Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

10. Record the factors that can lead to resentment of tourists. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

Tourism development and environmental sustainability 11. How valid are the marketing slogans ‘clean and green’ and ‘100% Pure?’ Justify your assessment. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Suggest how a tourist’s perception of Rotorua may be incorrectly influenced by marketing campaigns. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

13. Assess the effectiveness of the diversion scheme to improve the water quality around Rotorua. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

14. Do you agree with the decision to limit public access to the geothermal resource to ensure that the geysers put on a show for tourists? Justify your position. _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Extension Activities 1. Conduct research to record an extensive list of examples of attractions found in Rotorua. Ensure that you record a diverse range of attractions. Support your list with specific data. This may include, for example, the number of visitors per year or the number of people employed by the attraction. 2. The video referred to Mitai, Tamaki Tours and Te Puia as Maori attractions operating in Rotorua. Undertake research to record other examples. Profile any one of these attractions with supporting data to illustrate its role in tourism development. 3. Create a new marketing campaign to promote Rotorua as a tourism destination. 4. Investigate the process of eutrophication. Construct a flow diagram to illustrate how this process develops. 5. Go to http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0708E/T0708E04.htm to discover more about Murphy’s Model. Evaluate how useful this model is. Justify your evaluation. 6. Complete a summary of the issue of sustainability by: a) Reviewing the positive and negative impacts associated with tourism development in Rotorua. b) Considering the impacts across the three dimensions (economic, socio-cultural and environmental)

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Suggested Student Responses Initiate Prior Learning 1. Suggest a possible definition for the term sustainable. Answers will vary but it is likely that students will include reference to the rate of resource usage ensuring that the resource is available in the future. 2. How can the concept of sustainability be applied to the process of tourism development? Students are likely to focus on the idea that the negative impacts associated with tourism development are managed to ensure that tourism development continues in the future. ** Questions 3 – 5 require pre-knowledge of Rotorua, New Zealand. If students are unfamiliar with Rotorua, research may need to be conducted to gain a basic understanding of the subject. ** 3. Construct a table to record various positive and negative impacts associated with the process of tourism development in Rotorua. Answers will vary. It is likely that students will refer to employment opportunities, economic input, and protection of the environment. It is important that negative impacts are also included. This may include poorly paid jobs, commercialization of attractions, and environmental pressure due to the popularity of attractions. Better answers will have a negative and positive balance and will also consider economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. 4. List a range of attractions that are available for tourists to enjoy as visitors to Rotorua. Classify these attractions if you can. The list may include Tamaki Tours, Skyline Skyrides (luge), Agrodome, Rainbow Springs, Pohutu Geyser, Whakarewarewa, and Zorb etc. These attractions can be classified in a number of ways. They could be grouped as natural and cultural attractions. Students could classify as adventure tourism, eco-tourism, Maori tourism etc 5. Predict the following: a) The percentage of people from Rotorua who are employed in tourism development. The correct answers is one in five i.e. 20% b) The emerging tourist markets for Rotorua China and Indonesia are referred to in the program. Other answers are valid such as India. c) The amount of money invested in tourism development by the New Zealand government each year. NZ$ 469 million

11 © VEA Group Pty Ltd 2012 Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website or ClickView for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.

Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Active Viewing Guide Answer the following questions during or after your viewing of each chapter of the program. Tourism development in Rotorua 1. According to Oscar Nathan, how many people are employed in the tourism industry in Rotorua? One in five. 2. Oscar Nathan refers to direct and indirect benefits. Employment can also be classified in this way. Give an example of direct employment and indirect employment associated with tourism development. An example of direct employment would be a tour guide. An example of indirect employment would be a food producer (whose product is consumed by many people including tourists). 3. Record Harvey Jones’s definition for the terms manaakitanga and kaitiakitanga. How do you think these terms can be applied to a tourist visiting Rotorua? Manaakitanga is defined as sharing. Kaitiakitanga is defined as protecting or looking after. These terms could be applied to a visiting tourist as the highlights of Rotorua are shared with them. At the same time it is essential that the tourist is looked after. Essential also, is the looking after or management of the resources precious to the tourism industry. 4. a) Record the significant events associated with the following dates in the table below. 1886 1908 1939 – 1945 1950s 1963 1960s – 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000

Mt Taprawera erupts, destroying the Pink and White Terraces Political investment to fund the Great South Seas Spa WW2 Large number of motels constructed The Maori Arts and Crafts Institute opened and Maori culture began to be promoted internationally. A large number of new attractions appear (Maori Arts and Crafts Institute, Rainbow Springs, Orchid Gardens, Aquatic Centre, Agrodome) Adventure Tourism appears e.g. Skyline Skyrides Improvements to the city centre (convention centre and information centre) Development of the airport and museum

b) Use these key terms to construct a timeline for tourism development from 1886 to the present day. Use the space provided below. Tourism development and economic sustainability 5. Oscar Nathan provided data to illustrate the importance of tourism development at a local scale when he referred to the level of employment in Rotorua. Compare this with the importance of tourism development at the national scale in terms of employment and the contribution to GDP. One in five are employed in tourism development in Rotorua. In NZ the rate is one in ten. Tourism development contributes 9% of GDP. 6. Record examples of market diversification of attractions as referred to in the video. Rotorua was dependent upon one single attraction (the Pink and White Terraces). Over time, Rotorua has developed other attraction such as the thermal pools, Maori culture and adventure tourism.

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Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

7. Record the markets that have declined over time (in terms of visitor numbers to Rotorua). Record the markets that have grown. Suggest as many reasons as you can to explain why markets grow or decline. Predict how emerging markets may impact on future tourism development. (12 lines) Declining markets include the UK and Europe. Growing markets include China and Indonesia. Markets grow and decline for a wide variety of reasons. These may include economic factors (recessions, exchange rates), political factors (visa requirements, instability), natural factors (climatic factors, natural disasters). Other factors include accessibility, marketing, technology. Answers will vary given the wide range of possibilities. Predicting the future impact should include supply and demand relationships. As the Chinese market grows, for example, we would expect their demand for certain activities will increase and Rotorua will respond by supply more of these activities. Tourism development and socio-cultural sustainability 8. According to Hayley Bloor, how does tourism development have a positive impact on Maori culture? She refers to pride and celebration of Maori culture. 9. Evaluate to what extent tourists receive an authentic experience of Maori culture when they visit Rotorua. Discuss as a small group or a class whether authenticity is achieved. Answers will vary and will largely depend on student’s perception and/or their own experiences. 10. Record the factors that can lead to resentment of tourists. Rapid growth, over-commercialization, plundering and abuse of resources, limited access to the benefits are all mentioned in the program. Tourism development and environmental sustainability 11. How valid are the marketing slogans ‘clean and green’ and ‘100% Pure?’ Justify your assessment. Answers will vary. 12. Suggest how a tourist’s perception of Rotorua may be incorrectly influenced by marketing campaigns. Reference is made to the heavy reliance on imagery from the South Island to promote NZ to overseas tourists. Tourists may also claim that NZ does not live up to its claim of being ‘100% Pure’ 13. Assess the effectiveness of the diversion scheme to improve the water quality around Rotorua. Water is now diverted away from Lake Rotoiti and down the Kaituna River. As such it would be logical for students to claim that the scheme is beneficial to Lake Rotoiti but at the cost of the water quality in the Kaituna. 14. Do you agree with the decision to limit public access to the geothermal resource to ensure that the geysers put on a show for tourist? Justify your position. Answers will vary but positions will need to be justified.

13 © VEA Group Pty Ltd 2012 Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website or ClickView for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.

Rotorua: A Case Study in Sustainable Tourism

Extension Activities 1. Conduct research to record an extensive list of examples of attractions found in Rotorua. Ensure that you record a diverse range of attractions. Support your list with specific data. This may include, for example, the number of visitors per year or the number of people employed by the attraction. Answers will vary. Students should be able to collect a large range of attractions to illustrate the diversified nature of tourism as it operates today. Specific data is useful to provide detail. 2. The video referred to Mitai, Tamaki Tours and Te Puia as Maori attractions operating in Rotorua. Undertake research to record other examples. Profile any one of these attractions with supporting data to illustrate its role in tourism development. Answers will vary. This provides an opportunity for students to profile a chosen case study. 3. Create a new marketing campaign to promote Rotorua as a tourism destination. Answers will vary. 4. Investigate the process of eutrophication. Construct a flow diagram to illustrate how this process develops. Students may provide a flow diagram of varying complexity. At the most basic level students should record: i) nitrogen and effluent released in to the waterway ii) algae bloom iii) algae death iv) increased bacteria due to death of algae v) oxygen depletion due to bacterial respiration vi) low concentration of oxygen results in death of fish and other organisms 5. Go to http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/T0708E/T0708E04.htm to discover more about Murphy’s Model. Evaluate how useful this model is. Justify your evaluation. Students may agree that it is useful as it shows changing perception and interaction on the basis of tourism numbers. Despite this, however, students may also note some limitations. Careful management may mean that the model is irrelevant. Destinations may also pass through the phases of the model at a slower or faster rate than suggested by the model. 6. Complete a summary of the issue of sustainability by: a) Reviewing the positive and negative impacts associated with tourism development in Rotorua. b) Considering the impacts across the three dimensions (economic, socio-cultural and environmental) Answers will vary but students should ensure that impacts can be categorized as either positive or negative. Better students will understand that there is a continuum that exits i.e. that impacts are not simply classed as positive but can be regarded as neutral through to extremely positive. Impacts can be categorized across the three dimensions (economic, socio-cultural and environmental). This exercise allows students to review all of the impacts referred to in the program (plus others from their own research) to compile a summary.

14 © VEA Group Pty Ltd 2012 Reproducing these support notes You may download and print one copy of these support notes from our website or ClickView for your reference. Further copying or printing must be reported to CAL as per the Copyright Act 1968.