Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300

Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300: A Descriptive, Illustrated Analysis of the Style as it Pertains to Castle and Church Architecture

By

Herbert Schutz

Romanesque Architecture and its Artistry in Central Europe, 900-1300: A Descriptive, Illustrated Analysis of the Style as it Pertains to Castle and Church Architecture, by Herbert Schutz This book first published 2011 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2011 by Herbert Schutz All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-2658-8, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-2658-7

To Barbara

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Illustrations ..................................................................................... ix List of Maps........................................................................................... xxxv Acknowledgements ............................................................................. xxxvii Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One................................................................................................. 7 Romanesque Architecture: A Descriptive Analysis of the Style Fortresses of Man: Palaces and Castles a. Palaces b. Castles Chapter Two .............................................................................................. 97 Sermons in Stone: Ornamentation on the Exterior of Cathedrals, Basilicas and Parish Churches a. The architectural heritage b. Towers and facades – medieval skylines c. Ornamental friezes on apses and naves d. Ornamented portals e. Ornamented colonnades Chapter Three .......................................................................................... 277 Sermons in Stone: Ornamentation in the Interior of Churches a. Columns and capitals b. Reliefs c. Screens d. Stone fonts e. Interior Statuary f. Crypts Chapter Four ............................................................................................ 345 Wall Painting Chapter Five ............................................................................................ 367 Stained Glass

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Chapter Six .............................................................................................. 381 Basilicas: The Mighty Fortresses of God as Monumental Representations of the Imperium Christianum Conclusion............................................................................................... 433 Notes........................................................................................................ 441 Bibliography ............................................................................................ 453 Index........................................................................................................ 459

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Colour Plates Chapter One Plate 1.1 Burg Rodenegg, Tyrol. Iwein, with the lion painted on his shield. Detail of the battle scene between Iwein and Askalon from Hartmann von Aue's Iwein. Iwein and Askalon approach. (Photo courtesy of Prof. Volker Schupp, Freiburg). Plate 1.2 Burg Rodenegg, Tyrol. Iwein and Askalon approach preceding the battle. Scene from Hartmann von Aue's Iwein. (Photo courtesy of Prof. Volker Schupp, Freiburg). Plate 1.3 Burg Rodenegg, Tyrol. Battle scenes between Iwein and Askalon from Hartmann von Aue's Iwein. Iwein splits Askalon's helmet. (Photo courtesy of Prof. Volker Schupp, Freiburg). Plate 1.4 Burg Rodenegg, Tyrol. Lunete hands Iwein the disguising ring. Scene from Hartmann von Aue's Iwein. (Photo courtesy of Prof. Volker Schupp, Freiburg).

Chapter Two Plate 2.1 Sélestat. Entrance through the narthex with painted tympanum. Plate 2.2 Freiberg, Saxony. Golden Portal. Main entrance to the church dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Plate 2.3 Freiburg cathedral, entrance hall, south western corner with the statue of St. Margaret of Antioch. (Courtesy Mr. D. Wittke, Freiburg) Plate 2.4 Freiburg cathedral, entrance hall, south western corner with the statue St. Catherine of Alexandria. (Courtesy Mr. D. Wittke, Freiburg) Plate 2.5 Freiburg cathedral, Voluptas. (Courtesy Mr. D. Wittke, Freiburg) Plate.2.6 Freiburg cathedral, tympanum. Christ seated in judgment, Crucifixion with the separation of saints from sinners, opening of the graves, Nativity and Captivity of Christ, suicide of Judas. Plate 2.7 Schwarzrheindorf. Carved capital from the dwarf gallery.

Chapter Three Plate 3.1 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. A capital of the choir with its 19th century coloration. Plate 3.2 Halberstadt, choir screen with fading coloration of the Apostle Phillip. Plate 3.3 Naumburg cathedral, eastern rood screen with painted, arcaded frieze. (Courtesy Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski).

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Plate 3.4 Naumburg cathedral, western rood screen with scenes of the Passion. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski) Plate 3.5 Naumburg cathedral, John of the crucifixion group from the western rood screen.(Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski) Plate 3.6 Naumburg cathedral, Mary of the crucifixion group from the western rood screen. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski). Plate 3.7 Naumburg cathedral, detail of the passion scene, southern frieze of the western rood screen. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski). Plate 3.8 Naumburg cathedral, polychrome founder figures on opposite walls, Uta and Eckehard. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski) Plate 3.9 Naumburg cathedral, Hermann and Reglindis. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski) Plate 3.10 Naumburg cathedral, the countess Gerburg. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski) Plate 3.11 Naumburg cathedral, count Dietmar. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski)

Chapter Four Plate 4.1 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. Painted wall panels of the interior, flanking the apse. Plate 4.2 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. Painted wall panels of the nave. Plate 4.3 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. North wall, Christ performs healing miracles. Plate 4.4 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. North wall, Christ calms the storm. Plate 4.5 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. South wall, Christ performs healing miracles. Plate 4.6 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. South wall, Christ raises Lazarus from the dead. Plate 4.7 Reichenau, St. George, Oberzell. Christ enters a room. Plate 4.8 Fulda, St. Andreas, ceiling and wall paintings in the crypt. Photo with the permission of the restorer, Christine Kenner. Plate 4.9 Kloster Gröningen, Benedictine monastery church. Interior with polychrome stucco figures on the choir loft. Copy.

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Plates 4.10a,b,c,d Kloster Gröningen, painted capitals with antithetical bird and stylized animal motifs. Plate 4.11 Walderbach, Cistercian monastery church, painted ribs of the vault. Plate 4.12 Müstair, convent church dedicated to John the Baptist. Mural depicting the martyrdom of the apostles Peter and Paul. (Courtesy Stiftung Pro Kloster St. Johann in Müstair, Switzerland). Plate 4.13 Müstair, the martyrdom of St. Stephen. (Courtesy Stiftung Pro Kloster St. Johann in Müstair, Switzerland). Plate 4.14 Müstair, The removal of St. Stephen's body on a stretcher, towards the open sarcophagus.(Courtesy, Stiftung Pro Kloster St. Johann in Müstair, Switzerland). Plate 4.15 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Painted wooden ceiling. (Courtesy, Jens Kotlenga, St. Michaelsgemeinde, Hildesheim). Plate 4.16 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Detailed sections of the painted ceiling: Adam and Eve. Reclining Jesse. (Courtesy, Jens Kotlenga, St. Michaelsgemeinde, Hildesheim). Plate 4.17 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. A modern replacement image of Christ enthroned in Majesty. (Courtesy, Jens Kotlenga, St. Michaelsgemeinde, Hildesheim). Plate 4.18 Braunschweig cathedral. The painted vaults of choir, crossing and southern transept. (Courtesy Kunstverlag-Peda.de). Plate 4.19 Braunschweig cathedral. Apse with enthroned Christ in the mandorla flanked by the Tetramorphs. Fresco-secco, Johannes Wale (Gallicus),1240-50. (Courtesy Kunstverlag-Peda.de). Plate 4.20 Braunschweig cathedral. Detail of the choir vault. The Root of Jesse. (Courtesy Foto Marburg). Plate 4.21 Braunschweig cathedral, choir walls with bands of narrative telling episodes from the life of John the Baptist. Plate 4.22 Braunschweig cathedral, choir walls with bands of narrative telling episodes from the life of St. Blasius. Plate 4.23 Braunschweig cathedral. The painted vault of the crossing. New Testament scenes within the walls of the “Heavenly Jerusalem”. Detail. Fresco-secco, Johannes Wale, 1240-50. (Courtesy Foto Marburg). Plate 4.24. Braunschweig cathedral. The painted vault of the southern transept showing Mary and Christ with the Elders of the Apocalypse, cherubim and seraphim. Plate 4.25 Braunschweig cathedral, southern transept wall, with representation of an immersion baptism. Plate 4.26 Braunschweig cathedral, southern transept wall with a representation of the Resurrection. Plate 4.27 Braunschweig cathedral, southern transept arm, with representation of aspects of the legend of the recovery of the Cross: the conflict between the Byzantine emperor Heraclius and the Persian Chosroes. Below, an arcade with standing apostles holding text bands with articles of the Creed. (Courtesy Foto Marburg).

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Plate 4.28 Braunschweig cathedral. Figure of a bishop painted on a pillar of the choir. Plate 4.29 Braunschweig cathedral. Figure of a duke painted on a pillar of the nave. (19th century?) Plate 4.30 Avolsheim, church of St. Ulrich, Alsace. Painted dome showing Christ in Majesty. Plate 4.31 Schwarzrheindorf, the paintings of the double chapel with the prophesies of Ezekiel providing the textual basis for the painting. Plate 4.32 Schwarzrheindorf, the double chapel. Plate 4.33 Schwarzrheindorf. Expulsion of the money lenders. Plate 4.34 Schwarzrheindorf, scene from Ezekiel, 43/44, where he sees the God of Israel. Plate 4.35 Schwarzrheindorf, pictorial references to passages in Ezekiel. Plate 4.36 Schwarzrheindorf. Image of a king. Plate 4.37 Schwarzrheindorf. Christ on Mount Tabor. Plate 4.38 Schwarzrheindorf. Christ on Mount Tabor accompanied by the apostles Peter, James and John.

Chapter Five Plate 5.1 Face of Christ, from Wissembourg. Oldest preserved representative window in France, c.1030-70. Strasbourg. (With permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum). Plate 5.2 Augsburg cathedral, stained glass window. The prophet Hosea. c.1180, Augsburg, Diozösanmuseum. (Courtesy, Kunstverlag Josef Fink). Plate 5.3 Augsburg cathedral, stained glass window. The prophet Daniel. c.1180. Augsburg, Diozösanmuseum. (Courtesy, Kunstverlag Josef Fink). Plate 5.4 Augsburg cathedral, stained glass window. King David. c.1180. Augsburg, Diozösanmuseum. (Courtesy Kunstverlag Josef Fink). Plate 5.5 Strasbourg cathedral, two Old Testament kings – David and Solomon. (With permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum). Plate 5.6 Strasbourg cathedral, clerestory windows. Plate 5.7 Strasbourg cathedral, stained glass, enthroned king or emperor, accompanied by two Dignitaries, c.1200, from an unknown location in the Romanesque cathedral. Strasbourg. (With permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum). Plate 5.8 Window, Virgin Mary and Child from St. Jakob. Zürich. (Courtesy Schweizerisches Landesmuseum). Plate 5.9 Window, St. Nicolas. Bregenz. (Courtesy Vorarlbergisches Landesmuseum). Plate 5.10 Cologne, St. Kunibert, upper tier windows of the apse with scenes from the life of St. Clement, the Tree of Jesse, the life of St. Kunibert. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.11 Cologne, St. Kunibert, window showing the life of St. Kunibert. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.12 Cologne, St. Kunibert, lower tier window portraying St. Cordula. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert).

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Plate 5.13 Cologne, St. Kunibert, lower tier window depicting a flamboyant abstraction. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.14 Cologne, St. Kunibert, window of the northern transept arm representing St. Cecilia. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.15 Cologne, St. Kunibert, window of the northern transept arm representing St. Catherine of Alexandria. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.16 Cologne, St. Kunibert, window of the southern transept arm depicting the Virgin Mary and Child. (With permission of the Katholische Pfarrbüro St. Kunibert). Plate 5.17 Marburg, church of St. Elisabeth, stained glass choir windows. The Creation. Plate 5.18 Marburg, church of St. Elisabeth, Christological scenes starting with the Nativity (r.) and the charitable deeds of Elisabeth (l.). Plate 5.19 Marburg, church of St. Elisabeth, windows showing Christ and the Virgin Mary placing crowns on St. Francis (in blue) and St. Elizabeth. Plate 5.20 Naumburg cathedral. Two bishops at the bottom, St. Andrew, St. John, center left, paired with Fortitudo and another virtue in the other window. One of several windows of the western choir using original fragments, depicting apostles and allegorical figures, such as Fortitude or Patience, triumphing over adversaries or vices, within medallions. (Permission, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg). Plate 5.21 Naumburg cathedral, St. Sebastian. A northern window of the early 13th century in the western choir. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski). Plate 5.22 Cologne cathedral, stained glass windows of the choir, with complementary scenes taken from the two testaments. Plate 5.23 Cologne cathedral, the Albertus Magnus window in St. Stephen's chapel, with sequential Christological scenes. A large St. George triumphs over the dragon. The Annunciation. Plate 5.24 Cologne cathedral, the Albertus Magnus window. The Annunciation to the Shepherds. The Nativity. Plate 5.25 Cologne cathedral, the Albertus Magnus window. The Three Kings before Herod. The Three Kings presenting their gifts to the infant Jesus and Mary. Plate 5.26 Freiburg cathedral. Some of the stained glass windows of the nave, indicating the occupations through their identifying implements – the tailors. Plate 5.27 Freiburg cathedral. Some of the stained glass windows of the nave, indicating the occupations through their identifying implements – the bakers. Plate 5.28 Freiburg cathedral. Some of the stained glass windows of the nave, indicating the occupations through their identifying implements – shoe and boot makers.

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Plate 5.29 Freiburg cathedral. Some of the stained glass windows of the nave, indicating the occupations through their identifying implements – iron workers. Plate 5.30 Freiburg cathedral. A stained glass window of the southern aisle , indicating the occupations – a miner working underground. (Courtesy of Mr. D. Wittke, Freiburg). Plate 5.31 Freiburg cathedral. A stained glass window of the southern aisle, indicating the occupations – two miners working underground. (Courtesy of Mr. D. Wittke, Freiburg).

Chapter Six Plate 6.1 Quedlinburg cathedral. Interior of the nave towards the high altar. (Courtesy Foto Marburg) Plate 6.2 Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol. Nave seen from the east. Plate 6.3 Strasbourg cathedral. Romanesque crossing. Plate 6.4 Speyer cathedral. Nave towards the east. Plate 6.5 Speyer cathedral. A bay of the nave. Plate 6.6 Limburg an der Lahn. Interior of the cathedral showing the crossing. Plate 6.7 Limburg an der Lahn. Interior of the cathedral showing the dome over the crossing. Plate 6.8 Limburg an der Lahn. Interior of the cathedral showing the northern transept. Plate 6.9 Limburg an der Lahn. Interior of the cathedral showing the southern transept.

Monochrome Figures Chapter One Fig.1.1 Romanesque house in Gelnhausen, c.1180. Fig.1.2 Romanesque House of the Three Kings, Trier, 13th century. Fig. 1.3 Palace, restored 1873/79. Goslar. Fig.1.4 Palace chapel of St. Ulrich, Goslar. Fig.1.5 Portal to the church of Sts. Simeon and Jude. Former palace church. Goslar. Fig.1.6 Monster column in the entrance to Sts. Simeon and Jude. Goslar. Fig.1.7 Pfalz Dankwarderode, res tored 1887. Braunschweig. Fig.1.8 Gelnhausen, Pfalz, entrance hall with the view to the courtyard. Fig.1.9 Gelnhausen, courtyard view of the entrance hall with bossed stone construction and superimposed chapel. Fig.1.10 Gelnhausen, lintel fragment with superimposed lion and ram motif. Of unknown location, now stored in the entrance hall. Fig.1.11 Gelnhausen, Staufen eagle capital from the gate hall exterior. Fig.1.12 Gelnhausen, the remains of the palace chapel above the entrance. Fig.1.13 Gelnhausen, ornamented arcades of the staterooms. Fig.1.14 Gelnhausen, ornamented capital of the arcade.

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Fig.1.15 Gelnhausen, ornamental details of the arcaded façade Fig.1.16 Gelnhausen, arcaded façade of the state rooms with a warning mask. Fig.1.17 Gelnhausen, detail of the warning mask. Fig.1.18 View of the spires of St. Mary through the large arch of the arcaded façade. Fig.1.19 Gelnhausen, the remains of the large fireplace of the great hall. Fig.1.20 Gelnhausen, the large fireplace and flanking ornamental panels. Fig.1.21 Gelnhausen, detail of one of the ornamented flanking fire place panels. Fig.1.22 View of Wimpfen above the Neckar valley. The Pfalz occupied the space between the square 'Red' tower on the left and the pointed 'Blue' tower off center. Fig.1.23 Wimpfen, the bossed stonework of the 'Red' tower. Fig.1.24 Wimpfen, the bossed stonework of the 'Blue' tower. Fig.1.25 Wimpfen, view of the arcaded exterior façade. Fig.1.26 Wimpfen, view of the arcaded interior façade. Fig.1.27 Wimpfen, the chapel adjoining the palace. Fig.1.28 Model of the 11th century Salian castle overlooking Nürnberg. (With permission, Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen, Munich). Fig.1.9 Model of the 12th century castle overlooking Nürnberg. (With permission, Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen, Munich). Fig.1.30 Nürnberg, shield wall with guard tower, separating the imperial residence from that of the burggrave. Fig.1.31 Nürnberg, the Romanesque tower, c.1170, contains the double chapel. Fig.1.32 Column and capital of the lower chapel. (With permission, Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen, Munich). Fig.1.33 Details of the upper chapel. (With permission, Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen, Munich). Fig.1.34 Columns and arched vaults of the upper chapel. (With permission, Bayerische Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen, Munich). Fig.1.35 Pressed clay reliefs of a lion, possibly from the former Pfalz at Ulm. Ulm, Museum. Fig.1.36 Pressed clay relief of a griffon, possibly from the former Pfalz at Ulm. Ulm, Museum. Fig.1.37 A model of the Husterknup, a motte dated to the late 10th century. (Courtesy, Bonn, Rheinisches Landesmuseum). Fig.1.38 Model of a Saxon fortified refuge, mid 10th century. (Courtesy, Hanover, Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum). Fig.1.39 The Wartburg above Eisenach in Thuringia. Fig.1.40 Wartburg interior courtyard with arcaded façade of the Palas. Late 12th century. Fig.1.41 Wartburg, detailed view of a double capital of the façade of the Palas. Fig.1.42 Wartburg lapidarium. Pairs of antithetical birds in confronting pairs. 12th century. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.43 Wartburg, lapidarium. Antithetical bird capital. 12th century. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach).

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Fig.1.44 Wartburg, lapidarium. Antithetical bird capital. 12th century. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.45 Wartburg lapidarium. Capital with gnomes. 12th century. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.46 Wartburg lapidarium. Capital with charging knights. 12th century. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.47 Wartburg, great hall, animated eagle dosseret. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.48 Wartburg, great hall, animated lion base. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.49 Wartburg, damaged tympanum, showing a griffon devouring a knight. (With permission, Wartburg Stiftung Eisenach). Fig.1.50 Burg Querfurt, round keep erected in 1070 over a Carolingian base. Fig.1.51 Burg Querfurt, square keep, 12th-13th century construction. Fig.1.52 Burg Querfurt, modified moat to accommodate canons, 15th-16th century. Fig.1.53 Burg Querfurt. Chapel in the shape of a Latin cross on the castle grounds. Fig.1.54 Rudelsburg on the river Saale, built 1172. Fig.1.55 Rudelsburg, parapet and half tower. Fig.1.56 Eckardsburg, first mentioned in 998. Fig.1.57 Burg Veldenstein, Franconian Jura, late 13th century. Fig.1.58 Burg Weißenstein, Bavarian Forest, c.1100. Fig.1.59 Burg Aggstein overlooking the Danube, Austria. Mid 12th century. Fig.1.60 Burg Dürnstein, c.1157, near Krems, Austria. Fig.1.61 Rosenburg, near Horn, Austria. 12th century. Fig. 1. 62 Burg Heidenreichstein, Austria. Fig. 1. 63 Burg Heidenreichstein, Austria. Fig.1.64 Burg Heidenreichstein, Austria, second draw bridge and gate. Fig.1.65 Burg Heidenreichstein, inner courtyard. Fig.1.66 Burg Rapottenstein, Austria. Built late 12th century. Fig.1.67 Hohensalzburg, Austria. Begun late 11th century. Fig.1.68 Burghausen. Celtic beginnings, extant core late 13th century. Fig.1.69 Burg Rötteln, first mentioned 1259, multiple gateway. Fig.1.70 Burg Rötteln, Romanesque complex. Fig.1.71 Burg Rötteln, draw bridge and gate leading to the Romanesque keep. Fig.1.72 Burg Rötteln, view from the Romanesque keep overlooking Lörrach. Fig.1.73 Burg Berneck, Black Forest. C.1200. Fig.1.74 Burg Kaysersberg, Alsace. Built c.1227. Fig.1.75 Ortenburg, protective ring wall. Alsace. Late 12th century. Fig.1.76 Burg Groß-Rappoltstein, Alsace. Late 11th to early 13th centuries. Fig.1.77 Burg Groß-Rappoltstein, great hall of the Palas, early 13th century. Fig.1.78 Lützelburg, near Ottrott, Alsace. 13th century. Fig.1.79 Lützelburg, near Saverne, Alsace. Fig.1.80 Lützelburg. Restored, Neo-Romanesque Palas with Romanesque ornamentation. Fig.1.81 Lützelburg. Restored entrance. Fig.1.82 Lützelburg. Restored Romanesque window with ornamentation.

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Fig.1.83 Ornamental window treatment, from Burg Schweinberg. (Courtesy, Karlsruhe, Badisches Landesmuseum). Fig.1.84 Hohenrechberg with Hohenstaufen in the distance. Fig.1.85 Burg Lichtenberg. Fig.1.86 Burg Lichtenberg, inner courtyard. Fig.1.87 Burg Reichenberg in northern Württemberg. Built c.1230. Fig.1.88 Burg Wildenberg, multiple gateway. Built before 1200. Fig.1.89 Burg Wildenberg, great hall with fireplace, mentioned in Eschenbach's Parzival. Fig.1.90 Burg Wildenberg, great hall with openwork windows Fig.1.91 Burg Wildenberg, detail of remaining Romanesque openwork Fig.1.92 Burg Wildenberg, great hall with Parzival inscriptions beside doorway. Fig.1.93 Burg Prozelten, also called Henneburg. Bastions and defensive perimeter. Fig.1.94 Burg Prozelten, ruined inner spaces. Fig.1.95 Burg Münzenberg, from the south, its twin keeps and Palas are visible from a great distance. Begun between 1150 and 1174. Fig.1.96 Burg Münzenberg. Second inner gate, positioned to break a charge. Fig.1.97 Burg Münzenberg. Arcaded wall of the Romanesque great hall of the Palas. Fig.1.98 Burg Münzenberg. Ornate doorway, arcade of the exterior wall. Fig.1.99 Burg Münzenberg. Ornate doorway, arcade and windows of the great hall. Fig.1.100 Burg Münzenberg. Arcaded windows and doorway. Fig.1.101 Burg Münzenberg. Chimney of the Romanesque great hall. Fig.1.102 Burg Münzenberg. Chimney with flanking windows of the great hall. Fig.1.103 Burg Runkel and bridge crossing the river Lahn. From the south. Hohenstaufen period. Mentioned 1159. Fig.1.104 Burg Runkel from the south-east. Fig.1.105 Castles along the Rhine. Ruine Ehrenfels, 12th century. Fig.1.106 Castles along the Rhine. Ruine Fürstenberg, c.1220. Fig.1.107 Castles along the Rhine. Burg Sooneck. Fig.1.108 Castles along the Rhine. Burg Gutenfels, c.1200. Fig.1.109 Castles along the Rhine. Burg Hohneck, end of 13th, early 14th century. Fig.1.110 Castles along the Rhine. Ruine Reichenberg, c.1300. Fig.1.111 Castles along the Rhine – "The hostile brothers" Burg Sterremberg, documented 1190. Fig.1 112. Castles along the Rhine – "The hostile brothers" Burg Liebenstein, end of 13th century. Fig.1.113 Castles along the Rhine. The Schönburg, overlooking the town of Oberwesel. Fig.1 114 Castles along the Rhine. The Schönburg within the curtain wall. Fig.1.115 Castles along the Rhine. The Marksburg, built before 1200. Fig.1.116 Castles along the Rhine. The Marksburg, the view of the inner courtyard. Fig.1.117 Castle at Vianden, Luxemburg. Fig.1.118 Vianden. Window arcades of the great hall. Fig.1.119 Vianden. Exterior view of the arcaded windows of the great hall. Fig.1.120 Vianden. Interior views of the arcaded windows of the great hall.

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Fig.1.121 Vianden. Ornamented entrance to the great hall. Fig.1.122 Vianden. Cupola of the chapel interior. Fig.1.123 Vianden. Upper level of the double chapel. Fig.1.124 Kobern on the river Moselle. Oberburg and chapel dedicated to St. Matthias. Fig.1.125 Kobern, Oberburg. Chapel interior. Early13th century. Fig.1.126. Grosskomburg. A fortified monastery overlooking Schwäbisch Hall.

Chapter Two Fig.2.1 Roman brickwork, interior of Trier cathedral. Fig.2.2 Cologne, St. Pantaleon; Fig.2.3 Mainz cathedral from the east. Fig.2.4 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Fig.2.5 Gernrode, St. Cyriakus. Fig.2.6 Sulzburg, St. Cyriakus. Three-aisled convent church. Fig.2.7 Sulzburg, St. Cyriakus. Gothic conversion of the nave. Fig.2.8 Reichenau, Oberzell, St. George. Fig.2.9 Reichenau, Mittelzell, St. Maria. Romanesque tower. Fig.2.10 Reichenau, Mittelzell, nave and transepts seen from the south. Fig.2.11 Walbeck, church ruin of Sts. Mary and Pankratius. Fig.2.12 Walbeck, view into the nave and the crossing. Fig.2.13 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, eastern group of towers. Fig.2.14 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, western group of towers. Fig.2.15 Gandersheim, convent church, westwork. Fig.2.16 Gandersheim, detail of the stone surface articulation. Fig.2.17 Essen cathedral, westwork. Figs.2.18/19 Essen cathedral, atrium. Fig.2.20 Essen-Werden, St. Liudger. Fig.2.21 Soest, St. Patroclus. Fig.2.22 Paderborn cathedral. Fig.2.23 Freckenhorst, St. Bonifazius; Fig.2.24 Münster cathedral. Fig.2.25 Osnabrück cathedral. Fig.2.26 Osnabrück cathedral with view of the octagon with folded roof over the crossing. Fig.2.27 Minden cathedral. Fig.2.28 Havelberg cathedral. Fig.2.29 Bremen cathedral. Fig.2.30 Bremen, cathedral westwork. Fig.2.31 Bremen cathedral. Detail of the westwork. Fig.2.32 Ratzeburg cathedral. View from the south. Fig.2.33 Ratzeburg cathedral, View from the north. Fig.2.34 Lübeck cathedral. Fig.2.35 Lübeck cathedral, westwork Fig.2.36 Lübeck, St. Mary's. Fig.2.37 Gandersheim, Westwork.

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Fig.2.38 Gernrode, St. Cyriakus with later addition of the apse. Fig.2.39 Hildesheim cathedral, St. Mary. Fig.2.40 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. Fig.2.41 Braunschweig cathedral. Fig.2.42 Quedlinburg, cathedral. Fig.2.43 Königslutter, imperial funerary church. Fig.2.44 Drübeck, convent church, westwork. Fig.2.45 Magdeburg, Premonstratensian church dedicated to Our Lady. Fig.2.46 Naumburg cathedral, eastern choir and towers. Fig.2.47 Bad Hersfeld, monastery ruin, showing compacted rubble within the walls. Fig.2.48 Bad Hersfeld, bell-tower. Fig.2.49 Bamberg cathedral. Fig.2.50 Bamberg cathedral, detailed views of the eastern towers. Fig.2.51 Bamberg cathedral, detailed view of the western towers. Fig.2.52 Bamberg cathedral, eastern apse. Fig.2.53 Bamberg cathedral, detail of eastern apse. Fig.2.54 Würzburg cathedral, westwork (above). Fig.2.55 Würzburg cathedral, eastern choir (below). Figs.2.56/57/58 Hirsau, sole surviving tower of the monastery church. Fig.2.59 Octagonal convent church at Ottmarsheim, Alsace. Fig.2.60 Chapel of St. Mary in the fortress overlooking Würzburg. Fig.2.61 Carolingian chapel in Altötting, southeastern Bavaria. Fig.2.62 Murbach, Alsace, the surviving eastwork with choir and flanking towers. Fig.2.63 Murbach, eastwork and its tectonic features. Fig.2.64 Murbach, articulation of the eastern façade. Fig.2.65 Murbach, ornamental features and animating details of the gable. Fig.2.66 Murbach, linear ornamentation with real and suggested columns. Fig.2.67 Murbach, detail of the simulated columns. Fig.2.68 Murbach, detail of the column bases. Fig.2.69 Sélestat, Alsace. The twin towers. Fig.2.70 Sélestat. Details of the towers. Fig.2.71 Sélestat. Western façade with entrance Fig.2.72 Sélestat. Detail of a window flanking the entrance. Fig.2.73 Marmoutier, Alsace. Western façade. Fig.2.74 Marmoutier. Western entrance hall. Fig.2.75 Marmoutier. Ornamental detail on the western façade. Fig.2.76 Marmoutier. Ornamental detail on the windows of the northern wall. Fig.2.77 Limburg an der Haardt, monastery ruin. Fig.2.78 Limburg an der Haardt, choir and transept. Fig.2.79 Limburg an der Haardt. Northern interior transepts and apses. Fig.2.80 Limburg an der Haardt. Juncture of the northern transept and side aisle. Fig.2.81 Speyer cathedral. Westwork 19th century. Fig.2.82 Western towers and nave from the south. Fig.2.83 Speyer cathedral, largely original east end. Fig.2.84 Speyer cathedral, southeastern transept, containing the double chapel. Fig.2.85 Speyer, dwarf gallery and window of the eastern apse.

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Fig.2.86 Speyer, completed ornamented window at the upper level of the southeastern transept. Fig.2.87 Speyer, unfinished ornamentation on the upper western side of the northeastern transept. Fig.2.88 Speyer cathedral, the lower chapel. Fig.2.89 Speyer cathedral, view up into the upper chapel. Fig.2.90 Worms cathedral. Eastern façade and eastern towers. Fig.2.91 Worms cathedral, animal sculptures of the eastern façade. Fig.2.92 Worms cathedral. Eastern group of towers and octagonal tower over the crossing. Figs.2.93/94 Worms cathedral, northern portal. Fig.2.95 Worms cathedral, westwork. Fig.2.96 Worms cathedral. Towers, octagonal crossing tower, roofs and dwarf galleries. Fig.2.97 Worms cathedral, ornamental details of the westwork. Fig.2.98 Worms synagogue. Fig.2.99 Worms synagogue, descent to the bath, mikva. Fig.2.100 Worms synagogue, two aisled interior. Fig.2.101 Mainz cathedral, northern portal. Christ seated in Majesty. Fig.2.102 Mainz cathedral, northern portal. Recessed masks, a lion and foliage capital. Fig.2.103 Mainz cathedral, eastern towers. Fig.2.104 Mainz cathedral, dwarf galleries of the eastern choir. Fig.2.105 Mainz cathedral, northern view of the nave. Fig.2.106 Mainz cathedral, western assembly of towers. Fig.2.107 Mainz cathedral, southeastern portal. Lions tearing a ram. Griffon and foliage capital. Fig.2.108 Mainz cathedral, southeastern portal. Man and lion motif, foliage capitals Fig.2.109 Gelnhausen, church of St. Mary. Crossing tower. Fig.2.110 Gelnhausen, western tower. Fig.2.111 Gelnhausen, transept towers and apse. Fig.2.112 Limburg an der Lahn, cathedral, westwork. Fig.2.113 The towers of Limburg cathedral as seen from the north. Fig.2.114 The towers of Limburg cathedral as seen from the east. Fig.2.115 Trier cathedral, westwork. Fig.2.116 Maria Laach, Benedictine abbey church. Western approach with portico entrance. Fig.2.117 Maria Laach, the towers of the abbey church seen from the northeast. Fig.2.118 Maria Laach, seen from the northwest. Fig.2.119 Maria Laach, the eastern group of towers. Fig.2.120 Maria Laach, the western group of towers. Fig.2.121 Bonn cathedral, towers and conches. Fig.2.122 Bonn cathedral, the crossing with dwarf galleries and conches. Fig.2 123 Cologne, Groß St. Martin. Fig.2.124 Cologne, St. Maria im Kapitol.

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Fig.2.125 Cologne, St. Gereon, the eastern grouping of towers flanking the apse. Fig.2.126 Cologne, St. Gereon, the decagon Fig.2.127 Cologne, St. Aposteln, with its conches and decagonal tower over the crossing. Fig.2.128 Cologne, St. Aposteln, with its eastern assembly of architectural forms. Fig.2.129 Neuß, St. Quirinus, with Rhenish characteristics surmounted by an octagonal dome. Fig.2.130 Neuß, St. Quirinus, westwork with decorative idiosyncrasies. Fig.2.131 Neuß, St. Quirinus, "flamboyant" Romanesque animates the westwork. Fig.2.132 Brauweiler, Benedictine abbey church, 11th century, towers of the westwork. Fig.2.133 Guntersblum, church steeples reflecting a regional style of domed towers. Fig.2.134 Worms, church dedicated to St. Paul, with similar domed towers. Fig.2.135 Marburg, church of St. Elisabeth, first entirely Gothic church in Germany. Fig.2.136 Freiburg, cathedral, seen from the east. Fig.2.137 Brauweiler, relief of one of two cherubim flanking the entrance inside the Paradise. Fig.2.138 Brauweiler, relief of one of two apostles housed in the lapidarium Figs.2.139/140/141 Brauweiler, reliefs of Christ with two flanking cherubim formerly on the northeast tower. Fig.2.142 Brauweiler, original location of Christ and two flanking cherubim. Fig.2.143 Brauweiler, replicas of the Zodiac reliefs. Fig.2.144 Königslutter. The apses. Fig.2.145 Königslutter. Ornamental apsidal frieze with hunting motifs. Fig.2.146 Königslutter. Detail of a stag and a grotesque. Fig.2.147 Königslutter. Beginning of the hunting frieze. A hunter blows his horn. Fig.2.148 Königslutter. A dog mauls a boar. Fig.2.149 Königslutter. A hunter caries a ferocious rabbit. Fig.2.150 Königslutter. Two 'killer' rabbits bind a hunter's hands, knees and ankles. Fig.2.151 Schöngrabern, Austria. Figural detail of the apse exterior, a Biblia Pauperum and sermon in stone. Adam and Eve and the Tree of Knowledge. Fig.2.152 Schöngrabern, Austria. Cain and Abel present their offering to God. Fig.2.153 Schöngrabern, Austria. Figural detail of the apse exterior. Fig.2.154 Schöngrabern. Adam reaches for the apple as a demon urges him on, while Eve has the snake wrapped around her right arm. Fig.2.155 Schöngrabern. Cain and Abel present their offering. A demon 'has Cain's ear.' Fig.2.156 Schöngrabern. Figural detail of the apse exterior. Man rides lion motif. Fig.2.157 Schöngrabern. Men fighting a bear. Fig.2.158 Schöngrabern. Man with dogs attacks a lion. Fig.2.159 Basel cathedral. Ornamental friezes on the exterior of the apse. Fig.2.160 Basel cathedral. Narrative bestiary ornamentation. Fig.2.161 Basel cathedral, Apse. Ornamental motifs. Tools and their uses. Fig.2.162 Basel cathedral, Apse. Ornamental motifs. Hunting with dogs.

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Fig.2.163 Basel cathedral. Ornamental motifs. Huntsmen with dogs. Fig.2.164 Basel cathedral. Ornamental mytho-poetic narrative frieze. Fig.2.165 Rosheim, Alsace. Church dedicated to Sts. Peter and Paul. Tetramorph reliefs of John and Luke on the exterior of the apse. Fig.2.166 Rosheim. Tetramorph relief. The lion of Mark. Fig.2.167 Murrhardt, Benedictine abbey church. Ornamental detail on apse. Fig.2.168 Murrhardt, Benedictine abbey church. Ornamental detail on portal. Fig.2.169 Faurndau. Collegiate church. Fig.2.170 Faurndau. Ornamental friezes on the exterior. Fig.2.171 Faurndau. Gable ornamented with masks. Fig.2.172 Faurndau. One of two male figures from the gable. Figs.2.173/174 Schwäbisch Gmünd, church of St. John the Baptist. Ornamental friezes along the nave exterior. Restored work among the original. Fig.2.175 Schwäbisch Gmünd. Ornamental frieze on the western gable. Fig.2.176 Schwäbisch Gmünd. Ornamental detail on the western façade, a knight charging a dragon. Fig.2.177 Zürich minster. Ornamental capitals of the main portal – king playing a viol flanked by lions. Fig.2.178 Zürich. Ornamental friezes, flamboyant capitals with eagles. Fig.2.179 Zürich. Flamboyant foliage capitals with lions. Fig.2.180 Andlau, Alsace. Abbey church with heroic and Biblical narrative friezes. Scene from the Thidrekssaga. Fig.2.181 Andlau. A hunter and his dog. A butcher preparing to kill a calf. Fig.2.182 Andlau. Hunting scene. Fig.2.183 Andlau. Food and wine being carried to three people seated at a table. Fig.2.184 Andlau. Dishonest wine merchant. Mermaid on a dolphin.Two fighters. Fig.2.185 Andlau. Hand to hand combat. Fig.2.186 Andlau. Two lions kill a pig. Knights jousting. Mermaid on a dolphin. Fig.2.187 Andlau. Jousting knights. A rare motif for external friezes. Fig.2.188 Speyer cathedral. Completed and unfinished ornamental friezes above and below the dwarf gallery and on the upper windows of the southern façade of the eastern transept. Figs.2.189/190 Speyer cathedral. Close-ups of the upper friezes and windows of the eastern transept. Fig.2.191 Maria Laach. Ornamental frieze of the portico entrance. Masks and mythical creatures. Fig.2.192 Maria Laach. Ornamental frieze of the portico entrance. Bear attacking a goat. Fig.2.193 Maria Laach. Ornamental frieze of the portico entrance. Hybrid creatures fighting. Fig.2.194 Quedlinburg cathedral. Ornamental frieze along the roofline of the nave. Fig.2.195 Quedlinburg cathedral. Ornamental frieze along the roofline of the nave, enlarged Fig.2.196 Paderborn cathedral. Entrance through the Paradise. Fig.2.197 Paderborn cathedral. Paradise with statuary flanking the doorway on the left.

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Fig.2.198 Paderborn cathedral. Paradise with statuary flanking the doorway on the right. Fig.2.199 Paderborn Paradise. Ornamental frieze beneath the statuary on the left. Fig.2.200 Paderborn Paradise. Ornamental frieze beneath the statuary on the right. Fig.2.201 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior. Narrative frieze showing a Nativity. Fig.2.202 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior. Narrative frieze. Paul's conversion on the road to Damascus. Fig.2.203 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior. One of several grotesques. Fig.2.204 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior. The relief of a master builder. Fig.2.205 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior illustrating men engaged in forestry. Figs.206/207 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior illustrating men engaged in farming. Fig.2.208 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior illustrating men engaged in viticulture. Figs.2.209/210 Münster cathedral. Paradise interior depicting musicians and their instruments. Fig.2.211 Münster cathedral. Paradise. A hunter on horseback. Fig.2.212 Münster cathedral. Paradise. A dog has a dragon by the tail.. Fig.2.213 Wimpfen im Neckartal. Unadorned portal. Fig.2.214 Avolsheim, Alsace. Dompeter, old southern entrance. Fig.2.215 Murbach, Alsace. Entrance leading into the western transept. Fig.2.216 Murbach. Tympanum with confronting lion motif. Fig.2.217 Feuchtwangen.Entrance to the collegiate church. Fig.2.218 Hammersleben. One of two tympani. With confronting lion motif. Fig.2.219 Hammersleben.Tympanum with confronting dragon motif with vines sprouting from their mouths. Fig.2.220 Hildesheim. Tympanum at St. Godehard with tree of life motif. Fig.2.221 Schwäbisch Gmünd. Tympanum of the southern portal. Fig.2.222 Gurk cathedral, Austria. Samson kills the lion. Fig.2.223 Kaysersberg, Alsace. Entrance to the parish church. Coronation of the Virgin. Fig.2.224 Kaysersberg. Entrance with foliage and eagle capitals on the left. Fig.2.225 Kaysersberg, entrance capital with heads and fishtailed human torsos on the right. Fig.2.226 Andlau, Alsace. Friezes within the entrance hall. Christ, Peter and Paul. Fig.2.227 Sigolsheim, Alsace. Tympanum with majestas and lintel reliefs of the tetramorphs. Fig.2.228 Sélestat, Alsace. Side entrance showing the Flight to Egypt. Fig.2.229 Andlau. Entrance hall. Door frieze showing the Creation of Eve. Fig.2.230 Andlau. Entrance hall. Door frieze showing the expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Fig.2.231 Andlau. Vertical friezes with conversing figures flanked by ornamented doorposts. Figs.2.232/233/234 Andlau. Vertical frieze terminals with ornamented doorposts. Fig.2.235 Neuwiler-Lès-Saverne, Alsace, the side entrance.

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Fig.2.236 Neuwiler-Lès-Saverne, Side entrance, stepped back columns and console. Fig.2.237 Marmoutier, Alsace. Main portal with cushion capitals. Fig.2.238 Marmoutier. Ornamentation of a cushion capital. Fig.2.239 Lautenbach, Alsace. Vaulted entrance hall with columns and friezes. Fig.2.240 Lautenbach. Detail of the vaulted entrance hall. Fig.2.241 Lautenbach. Ornamental frieze within the entrance hall. Figs.2.242/243/244/245 Lautenbach. Details of the figural friezes within the entrance hall. Fig.2.246 Königslutter. Main entrance with guarding lions. Fig.2.247 Königslutter. Lion clutching a bearded man. Fig.2.248 Königslutter. Lion crushing a goat. Fig.2.249 Paulinzella. First stepped tympanum in Germany. Fig.2.250 Paulinzella. Ornamented capitals of the tympanum. Fig.2.251 Freiberg, Saxony. Recessed colonnade and statuary on left side of the portal Fig.2.252 Freiberg, Saxony. Colonnade and statuary on the right side of the portal. Fig.2.253 Bamberg cathedral, southeastern portal with replicas of the Emperor Henry II and the Empress Kunigunde. Fig.2.254 Bamberg, replicas of the emperor with scepter and orb and the empress holding a church. Fig.2.255 Bamberg cathedral. Northeastern portal with an enthroned Virgin Mary. Fig.2.256 Bamberg cathedral, northern portal with replicas of Ecclesia and Synagoga flanking the archivolts. Fig.2.257 Bamberg cathedral, interior placement of the original Ecclesia. Fig.2.258 Bamberg cathedral, interior placement of the original Synagoga. Fig.2.259 Bamberg cathedral, details of the northern portal. Christ in Majesty judges saved and sinners. Fig.2.260 Bamberg. Left side of the northern portal with superimposed columns and figures. Fig.2.261 Bamberg. Right side of the northern portal with superimposed columns and figures. Fig.2.262 Regensburg, Schottenkirche, northern wall articulation with main entrance. Fig.2.263 Regensburg, Schottenkirche, recessed northern portal. Fig.2.264 Regensburg, Schottenkirche, architrave with three haloed figures in the tympanum. Fig.2.265 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Surface ornamentation on the left of the portal. Fig.2.266 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Caryatids, upper left. Fig.2.267 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Arcade with groupings of figures. Fig.2.268 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Overview to the right of the portal. Fig.2.269 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Caryatids, upper right. Fig.2.270 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Arcade with seated figure flanked by demonic creatures.

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Fig.2.271 Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Vegetative treatment of columns flanking the portal. Figs.2.272/273. Regensburg, Schottenkirche. Vegetative and anthropomorphic motifs. Fig.2.274 Straubing, entrance to the funerary church of St. Peter. Fighting creatures. Fig.2.275 Straubing, St. Peter. Tympanum. Knight trying to free a man from a dragon with space filling tail. Fig.2.276 Straubing, St. Peter. Ornamental frieze with animal capital left of the portal. Fig.2.277 Vienna. St. Stephen's cathedral. Ornamental detail to the left of the main entrance.. Fig.2.278 Basel cathedral. The northern Gallus portal. Fig.2.279 Basel cathedral. Figural detail with Mathew and John and their symbols on the left. Fig.2.280 Basel cathedral. Figural detail with Marc and Luke and their symbols on the right. Fig.2.281 Basel. Gallus portal. Details surrounding the archivolts. Canopy with John the Baptist. Fig.2.282 Basel Gallus portal. Canopy with John the Evangelist. Fig.2.283 Basel. Gallus portal. Angel announces the Resurrection. Fig.2.284 Gallus portal, left. Ornamental detail on the recessed columns and capitals. Fig.2.285 Basel. Gallus portal, right. Ornamental detail on the recessed columns and capitals. Fig.2.286 Basel. Gallus portal. Christ sitting in judgment. Lintel frieze, wise and foolish virgins. Fig.2.287 Basel. Gallus portal. Detail of a canopied niche. Fig.2.288 Basel. Gallus portal. Lion capital. Fig.2.289 Strasbourg cathedral. Southern façade of the eastern transept with twin portals with the tympani showing the Death of the Virgin Mary and her coronation as Queen of Heaven. Flanking figures of Ecclesia (r.) and Synagoga (l.). Fig.2.290 Strasbourg cathedral. Death of the Virgin Mary. Figs.2.291/292 Original figures of Ecclesia and Synagoga from the cathedral. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.2.293 Detail of the original Synagoga from the cathedral. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.2.294 Freiburg cathedral. Measures dating between 1270 and 1320 carved into the entrance pillars – volume measure for wood. Fig.2.295 Freiburg cathedral. Measures dating between 1270 and 1320 carved into the entrance pillars – loaves of bread. Fig.2.296 Trier, entrance to St. Mary's with archivolts, tympanum and flanking figures in the entrance. Prejudicial grouping - Ecclesia across from Synagoga, St. Peter across from the Tempter, and Adam across from Eve. Fig.2.297 Gelnhausen, a side portal of St. Mary's.

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Fig.2.298 Gelnhausen. Openwork ornament flanking the portal. Fig.2.299 Worms, St. Martin's. Fig.2.300 Worms, St. Martin's, deepest stepped back entrance in Germany. Fig.2.301 Worms, St. Martin's. Console stone flanking the door. Fig.2.302 Magdeburg cathedral, north portal with the Ascension of Mary in the tympanum with statuary representing the Wise and Foolish Virgins. Fig.2.303 Magdeburg cathedral, north portal, the beautiful, elated faces of the Wise Virgins. Fig.2.304 Magdeburg cathedral, north portal, the mournful faces of the Foolish Virgins. Fig.2.305 Freiburg cathedral dedicated to the Virgin Mary. Main entrance. Fig.2.306 Freiburg cathedral, tympanum and vault of the entrance hall. Fig.2.307 Freiburg cathedral, trumeau with Virgin Mary and Child standing on a console carved with the sleeping Jesse. Fig.2.308 Freiburg cathedral. Tympanum archivolts. Fig.2.309 Freiburg cathedral, archivolt statuary flanking the tympanum. Far left, Eve. Fig.2.310 Freiburg cathedral. Archivolt statuary flanking the tympanum. Far right, Adam. Fig.2.311 Freiburg cathedral. Statuary flanking the door. Ecclesia and the Three Kings. Fig.2.312 Freiburg cathedral. Statuary flanking the door. Synagoga and figures of the Annunciation. Fig.2.313 Freiburg cathedral, Ecclesia, the Church triumphant. Fig.2.314 Freiburg cathedral. Synagoga. Fig.2.315 Freiburg cathedral, three Foolish Virgins to the left of Synagoga. Fig.2.316 Freiburg cathedral, the Liberal Arts, allegorical figures along the southern wall of the entrance hall. Fig.2.317 Freiburg cathedral, the Wise Virgins along the northern wall of the entrance hall. Fig.2.318 Freiburg cathedral, Abraham, John the Baptist with his parents on his right, the Tempter. Fig.2.319 Freiburg cathedral. The tempter as Prince of the World, holding a golden apple, but with vermin crawling up his back. Fig.2.320 Freiburg cathedral, tympanum. Suicide of Judas. Fig.2.321 Freiburg cathedral, tympanum. Nativity. Purging of Christ. Opening of the graves, weighing of souls. Fig.2.322 Schwarzrheindorf. Benedictine convent church. Fig.2.323 Schwarzrheindorf. Dwarf galleries. Fig.2.324 Cloisters at Bonn. Fig.2.325 Cloisters at Würzburg. Fig.2.326 Cloisters at Aschaffenburg. Fig.2.327 Cloisters at Aschaffenburg. Overlapping colonnades. Fig.2.328 Cloisters at Aschaffenburg. Ornamented capital. Fig.2.329 Maria Laach, enclosed arcade of the portico. Fig.2.330 Regensburg cathedral, episcopal funerary chapel within the cloisters.

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Fig.2.331 Epfig, Alsace. Funerary chapel dedicated to St. Margaret. Fig.2.332 Epfig. Portico arcade. Fig.2.333 Königslutter. Two-aisled cloisters with dividing colonnade, ornamented columns. Fig.2.334 Königslutter, a capital. Fig.2.335 Königslutter, one of several consoles. Fig.2.336 Königslutter. Ornamented columns and capitals. Fig.2.337 Magdeburg, Premonstratensian cloisters. Fig.2.338 Magdeburg, Premonstratensian cloisters, bundled columns Figs.2.339/340 Magdeburg, Premonstratensian cloisters, ornamented columns and capitals. Fig.2.341 Zürich, cloisters of the minster. Details of capitals, columns and pillars. Fig.2.342 Zürich, cloisters. Human grotesques displaying simian behavior. Fig.2.343 Zürich, cloisters. Capital with varied themes. Fig.2.344 Maulbronn, Cistercian monastery. Fig.2.345 Maulbronn. Arcaded passage of the Paradise. Fig.2.346 Maulbronn. Lavatorium leading to the Refectorium. Fig.2.347 The Externsteine, stone relief amidst monastic cells, early 12th century. Fig.2.348 The Externsteine, Removal from the Cross.

Chapter Three Fig.3.1 Maastricht, entrance to Onze lieve Vrowekerk, a homage ceremony. Fig.3.2 Freiburg cathedral, entrance to the Romanesque chapel: narrative relief of a monk trying to teach the ABC to a wolf. Fig.3.3 Freiburg cathedral, entrance to the Romanesque chapel: narrative relief of Alexander's hubris. Fig.3.4 Freiburg cathedral, Romanesque relief of a knight fighting a griffon. Fig.3.5 Freiburg cathedral, Romanesque relief of centaurs fighting one another. Fig.3.6 Freiburg cathedral, Romanesque interior wall arcading in the nave. Fig.3.7 Freiburg cathedral, Romanesque capitals of the southern portal. Fig.3.8 Capital from Essen cathedral. Fig.3.9 Capital from Gandersheim. Fig.3.10 Capital from Trier. Fig.3.11 Capitals from the lapidarium at Maulbronn. Fig.3.12 Column from the convent of Ste. Odile, Alsace. Fig.3 13 Capital from the convent at Ste. Odile Fig.3.14 Gernrode, St. Cyriakus, capital with human faces. Fig.3.15 Eagle capital in the Premonstratensian church in Jerichow. Fig.3.16 Capital with shell motif in Premonstratensian church in Jerichow. Fig.3.17 Capitals from Brandenburg cathedral. Figs.3.18/19/20 Freising cathedral, crypt, monster column. Fig.3.21 Freising cathedral, crypt, capital of a column. Figs.3.22/23 Freising cathedral, crypt, capital, shaft and base of a column. Fig.3.24 Strasbourg cathedral, southern arm of the eastern transept. Four columns joined by horn-blowing angels, and evangelists. Fig.3.25 Strasbourg cathedral. Eastern transept. Detail of a horn-blowing angel.

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Fig.3.26 Jerichow, ornamented candlestick column to rest the Easter light. Fig.3.27 Jerichow, base with saints in an arcade, topped with vegetation Fig.3.28 Jerichow, ornamented base with shell motif, vegetation and arcade. Fig.3.29 Magdeburg cathedral, column used as candlestick to rest the Easter light. Fig.3.30 Column base at Gandersheim. Fig.3.31 Column base at Trier. Fig.3.32 Column base at Oberstenfeld. Figs.3.33/34/35 Alpirsbach, bases in the monastery church. Fig.3.36 Eichstätt cathedral, column bases with dogs. A dog scratching itself. Fig.3.37 Eichstätt cathedral, column bases with dogs. A dog gnawing a bone. Figs.3.38/39 Oberstenfeld, capitals in the parish church. Fig.3.40 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, alternating pillars and columns with cushion capitals. Fig.3.41 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, progressing arcades in a transept. Fig.3.42 Paderborn, chapel of St. Bartholomew, ornamented cushion capital and dosseret. Fig.3.43 Paderborn, chapel of St. Bartholomew, ornamented cushion capital and dosseret. Fig.3.44 Drübeck, brick column and ornamented stone capital in the convent church. Fig.3.45 Drübeck, brick column and stone capital in the convent church. Fig.3.46 Drübeck, pilaster to support a former vault in the convent church. Fig.3.47 Drübeck, ornamented pilaster console in the convent church. Fig.3.48 Restored double colonnade from the cloister arcades at Eschau, Alsace. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.3.49 Reassembled fragments with inscriptions and Christological themes: Annunciation to Mary, from the cloister arcades at Eschau. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.3.50 Annunciation to the shepherds, from the cloister arcades at Eschau. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.3.51 Three Kings bearing gifts, from the cloister arcades at Eschau. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhausmuseum, Strasbourg) Fig.3.52 Rosheim, Alsace. Cushion capital with a wreath of haloed heads. Fig.3.53 Rosheim, Column with massive cushion capital and individualistic base. Fig.3.54 Neuwiler-Lès-Saverne, Alsace. One of several highly ornate capitals preserving a mythology in stone. Fig.3.55 St. Jean-Lès-Saverne, Alsace. Ornamented capital in the crossing. Fig.3.56 Basel cathedral interior. Pillar frieze with man fighting a dragon. Fig.3.57 Basel cathedral interior. Pillar frieze with sea creatures and human figures encoiled in vegetation and long-necked creatures. Figs.3.58/59 Basel cathedral, inner apse. Imaginative mythopoetic shapes on capitals. Figs.3.60/61/62/63 Basel cathedral, column capitals with motifs from the Thidrekssaga. Fig.3.64 Basel cathedral. Capital with classical theme, the Hubris of Alexander.

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Fig.3.65 Basel cathedral. Capital with classical theme, the love-death of Pyramus and Thisbe. Figs.3.66/67 Basel cathedral. Old Testament themes ─ Eve and the snake, Expulsion. Figs.3.68/69 Basel cathedral. Old Testament themes ─ Isaac's sacrifice, the Bosom of Abraham. Figs.3.70/71 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. The nave with pillars alternating with two columns. Figs.3.72/73/74/75 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. Capitals of the nave. Figs.3.76/77/78/79 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. Capitals of the nave. Figs.3.80/81/82 Hildesheim, St. Godehard. Capitals of the nave. Fig.3.83 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Ornamented cushion capitals. Fig.3.84 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Detail of an ornamented cushion capital. Fig.3.85 Hildesheim, St. Michael’s. Detail of an ornamented arch, painted red and white. Fig.3.86 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Alternating pillars and columns with block dosserets and cubic cushion capitals. Fig.3.87 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Plain and ornamented capitals with ornamented arches, c.1192. Fig.3.88 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Cushion capital showing Christ in the mandorla. Fig.3.89 Zürich, minster. Ornamental friezes as continuations from the portal, including local legends about Sts. Felix and Regula. Fig.3.90 Freiburg cathedral, relief of Samuel blessing David. Fig.3.91 St. Odile, Alsace, pillar reliefs depicting family events ─ Odilia receives the deed to her property. Fig.3.92 St. Odile, pillar relief shows two abbesses, the granddaughters of Odilia at the feet of the Virgin Mary and Child. Fig.3.93 Gernrode, St. Cyriakus. Replica of the Holy Grave. Fig.3.94 Erfurt cathedral, relief of the Virgin Mary and Child, flanked by figures. Fig.3.95 Erfurt cathedral, grave relief of the Count von Gleichen with his two wives. Fig.3.96 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, ornate choir screen in the eastern crossing. Fig.3.97 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, the colonettes of the choir screen. Fig.3.98 Hildesheim, St. Michael's, choir screen, chimerical creatures engaged in mischief. Fig.3.99 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Figural details of the obverse side of the choir screen. Fig.3.100 Hildesheim, St. Michael's. Obverse of the choir screen. The Virgin Mary flanked by apostles. Fig.3.101 Halberstadt, choir screen with the Virgin Mary flanked by the Apostles James the Elder, John, Philip, seated in the choir arcades on the southern side. Fig.3.102 Hamersleben, church of St. Pankratius. Section of choir screen with Christ, Peter and Paul. Fig.3.103 Bamberg cathedral, the northern of two choir screens showing prophets in trefoiled arcades.

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List of Illustrations

Fig.3.104 Bamberg cathedral, disputing Prophets Jonah and Daniel. Fig.3.105 Halberstadt cathedral. Rood beam with crucifixion group. Fig.3.106 Osnabrück cathedral. Rood cross. Fig.3.107 Mainz cathedral, fragments of the western rood screen. A group of the saved. (Courtesy, Bistum Mainz, Dommuseum.) Fig.3.108 Mainz cathedral, fragments of the western rood screen. A group of the damned. (Courtesy, Bistum Mainz, Dommuseum). Fig.3.109 Mainz cathedral, seated Christ flanked by male and female figures, from the western rood screen. (Courtesy, Bistum Mainz, Dommuseum). Fig.3.110 Mainz cathedral, boy's head, supposedly from the rood screen. (Courtesy, Bistum Mainz, Dommuseum). Fig.3.111 Naumburg cathedral, winding staircases, western rood screen seen from within the choir. (Courtesy, Vereinigte Domstifter zu Merseburg und Naumburg und des Kollegiatstifts Zeitz, Bildarchiv Naumburg: Fotograf: Matthias Rutkowski). Fig.3.112 Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen and rood cross.in the crossing. Fig.3.113 Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen. Fig.3.114 Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen, details of the left panel, opening of the graves. Fig.3.115 Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen, details of the central panels, the saved. Fig.3.116. Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen, details of the central panels, the damned. Fig.3.117 Gelnhausen, St. Mary’s, rood screen, details of the right panel, the Maw of Hell. Fig.3.118 Eichstätt, Kapuzinerkirche, replica of the Holy Sepulcher. Fig.3.119 Eichstätt, Kapuzinerkirche, entrance to the grave chamber of the Sepulcher Fig.3.120 Magdeburg cathedral, baptismal font of red porphyry. Fig.3.121 Freudenstadt, Stadtkirche, Romanesque baptismal font. Fig.3.122 Gernrode, St. Cyriakus, the baptismal font. Fig.3.123 St. Ulrich, priory, ornamented base used as baptismal font. Christ in Majesty, surrounded by the tetramorphs. Fig.3.124 St. Ulrich, priory, ornamented base used as baptismal font. Virgin Mary in a mandorla. Fig.3.125 Reassembled fragments of a baptismal font with Christological themes from Eschau, Alsace. (Permission, Musée de l'Oeuvre Notre Dame, Frauenhaus museum, Strasbourg). Fig.3.126 Freckenhorst, two-tiered baptismal font. Fig.3.127 Freckenhorst, baptismal font, showing Christ in Majesty. Fig.3.128 Freckenhorst, baptismal font, showing Christ's Harrowing of Hell. Fig.3.129 Freckenhorst, baptismal font, showing Christ's Resurrection, the opening of the graves as Satan is overcome and fettered to a column. Lions and masks form the lower tier. Fig.3.130 Magdeburg cathedral, statue of St. Mauritius. Fig.3.131 Magdeburg cathedral, statue of St. Catherine of Alexandria.