Role of Methanol and Yeast in Improving Growth, Yield, Nutritive Value and Antioxidants of Soybean

World Applied Sciences Journal 26 (1): 06-14, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.01.13476 Role of Methano...
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World Applied Sciences Journal 26 (1): 06-14, 2013 ISSN 1818-4952 © IDOSI Publications, 2013 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2013.26.01.13476

Role of Methanol and Yeast in Improving Growth, Yield, Nutritive Value and Antioxidants of Soybean Mona G. Dawood, Safaa R. El-Lethy and Mervat Sh. Sadak Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, P.O. Box 12622 Submitted: Sep 6, 2013;

Accepted: Nov 7, 2013;

Published: Nov 10, 2013

Abstract: All over the world, using natural and safety environmental substances is lofty target to improve quality and quantity of plants. Pot experiments were conducted during summer seasons (2011 and 2012) at the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt to evaluate the effect of exogenous application of methanol at 10, 15, 20 and 25% and bread yeast extract at 1, 2, 3 and 4% on the growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield, yield attributes, nutritive value, antioxidant activity and fatty acids composition of soybean (Glycine max L. cv. Giza 111). The highest significant increase in plant dry weight was recorded at treatment 4% yeast extract being 82.8% over control, whereas, the least increase was 31.7% over control resulted at treatment 25% methanol. Total photosynthetic pigments was significantly increased at 4% yeast extract by 115.3% over control followed by 3% yeast extract and 20% methanol that enhanced the total photosynthetic pigments by the same degree (77.9%). The highest significant increases in yield and yield attributes resulted at treatments 3 and 4 % yeast extract, since, seeds weight /plant was increased by 90.7 and 106.7%, respectively over control. Meanwhile, increasing in seeds weight/plant was 78.7% over control at treatment 20% methanol. Either methanol treatments or yeast extracts increased oil, protein and carbohydrate, phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activity of the yielded seeds, meanwhile, tannins were decreased. Yeast extracts and methanol treatments at all levels caused marked decreases in total saturated fatty acids accompanied by marked increases in total unsaturated fatty acids. The essential fatty acids (Linoleic acid C 18:2 + Linolenic acid C18:3) were increased by all applied treatments except at 25% methanol. It is worthy to mention that, the enhancement effects of yeast extracts were more pronounced than methanol treatments on soybean growth and yield. Key words: Antioxidant

Glycine max L.

Methanol

INTRODUCTION

Oil quality

Yeast

Seed yield

acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid [3]. Soybean and their products are nutritionally rich foodstuff containing various amounts of phytochemicals (phenolic compounds, flavonoids, isoflavones, tannins, phenolic acids, saponins, phytic acid, phytosterols) that show antioxidant activity and radical scavenging properties [4,5]. In recent years, the world focused his attention to minimize the environmental pollution by reducing the use of synthetic fertilizers and chemicals in crops production. Therefore, several researchers tend to use environmentally safe organic substances and costless to encourage the productivity and quality of plant. Exogenous application of short chain alcohols such as methanol enhanced plant biomass and yield of different C 3 crop species. Soybean belongs to C3 plants which use

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) is one of the most important sources of protein and world’s edible vegetable oils. Dry seeds contain 36% protein, 19% oil, 35% carbohydrate (17% of which dietary fiber), 5% minerals and several other components including vitamins [1, 2]. Soybean oil is one of the common vegetable oils containing a significant amount of unsaturated fatty acids: á-linolenic acid (omega-3 acid); linoleic acid (omega-6 acid) and oleic acid (omega-9 acid). As a great source of essential fatty acids, especially linoleic and linolenic acids, soybean oil has beneficial effects on human nutrition and health. Moreover, soybean oil contains small amount of saturated fatty acids: myristic

Corresponding Author: Mona G. Dawood, Botany Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt, P.O. Box 12622.

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World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1): 06-14, 2013

the Calvin-Benson cycle to fix CO2 to ribulose-1, 5biphosphate and eventually producing two molecules of 3-phospholyceric acid. When the concentration of CO2 in the leaves decreased, rubisco enzyme (key enzyme that catalyze carbon fixation) may grab oxygen instead of CO2 causing respiration to occur instead of photosynthesis and decreasing the production of sugars from photosynthesis. This process reduced the efficiency of photosynthesis and photosynthetic output by 25% in C3 plants [6]. Methanol molecule is smaller than carbon dioxide one, so easily absorbed by plant and converted to formaldehyde by methanol oxidase then to format (Methanoeic acid). The format is converted to CO2 by format dehydrogenase and increased CO2 interacelular and CO2 assimilation [7]. The major source of endogenous methanol in plant tissues is cellular pectin demethylation [8]. When a proportion of methanol reaches to leaf surfaces, it is consumed by methylotrophic bacteria that lives on most plant leaves. These bacteria are capable to grow on methanol and generate plant growth regulators such as auxin and cytokinin [9]. Furthermore, these bacteria are associated with nitrogen metabolism in plants through production of bacterial urea [10]. Methanol acts as C source for C3 plants that rapidly metabolized to CO2 in plant tissue and increased available CO2 concentration [7, 11]; causes the photorespiration to be shifted from catabolism to anabolism [12]. McGiffen and Manthey [13] claimed that methanol application decreased photorespiration rate, stimulated serine biosynthesis, increased carbon assimilation processes and improved the efficiency of water use in C3 plants. Several studies have been shown that foliar application of methanol increased plant biomass and yield [14, 15, 16]. In addition, the possibility of using natural and safety substances which are rich sources of phytohormones in order to improve plant growth and productivity has gained a great attention nowadays. Yeasts act as natural safety biofertilizer and rich source of phytohormones (especially cytokinins), sugar, vitamins, enzymes, amino acids and minerals [17, 18]. It was reported that yeast has stimulatory effects on cell division and enlargement, synthesis of protein and nucleic acid as well as chlorophyll formation [17]. The enhancement effect of yeast might be attributed to its stimulating effect on enzyme activity, production of some phytohormones, improving the uptake of nutrients and convert insoluble form of phosphorous into soluble one to enhance phosphorous availability to plants, all of which increased vegetative growth of plant [5]. It also releases CO2 which reflected in improving net photosynthesis [19]. Improving

growth and productivity of different plant species by application of yeast extract were recorded by Abaas [5], Khalil and Ismael [19], Mekki and Ahmed [20], Sarhan et al. [21] and Abou El-Yazied and Mady [22]. This investigation aimed to study the effect of exogenous application of methanol at 10, 15, 20, 25 % and yeast extract at 1, 2, 3, 4% on the growth, yield, yield attributes as well as nutritive value and antioxidant of soybean plant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimental Procedure: Two pot experiments were conducted during summer seasons (2011 and 2012) at the greenhouse of the National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. Soybean seeds (Glycine max L. cv. Giza 111) were obtained from Oilseed Department, Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Soybean seeds were selected for uniformity by choosing those of equal size and with the same color. The selected seeds were washed with distilled water, sterilized with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for about 2 min. and thoroughly washed again with distilled water. Five uniform air dried soybean seeds were sown along a centre row in each pot at 30-mm depth and each pot was filled with about 7 kg clay soils. To reduce compaction and improve drainage, the soil was mixed with yellow sand in a proportion of 3:1(v/v). At sowing, a granular commercial rhizobia was incorporated into the top 30-mm of the soil in each pot with the seeds. The recommended doses of N, P and K fertilizers were mixed thoroughly into the soil of each pot immediately before sowing. The seedlings were thinned at 30 days after sowing (DAS) to leave two seedlings per pot. Preparation of Yeast Extract: Commercial baking yeast was dissolved in water followed by adding sugar at ratio 1:1 and kept overnight for activation and reproduction of yeast. Treatments: Methanol at 10, 15, 20 and 25% and bread yeast extract at 1, 2, 3 and 4% were applied twice as foliar spray during vegetative growth at 45 and 60 DAS. Each experiment comprised 9 treatments with 10 replicates in a complete randomized design. Data Recorded: Plant samples were taken at 2 weeks after the second spraying treatment-at beginning of flowering stage to determine some growth parameters (plant height; number of branches and leaves/plant, as well as, dry weight/plant) and photosynthetic pigments (in fresh 7

World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1): 06-14, 2013

sample of leaves). At harvest time, number of pods/ plant, weight of pods/ plant, weight of seeds/ plant, number of seeds/pod and seed index were determined. Air dried seeds were ground into a fine powder and kept in desiccators for chemical analysis.

parameters, meanwhile non-significant increases in growth parameters were at treatments 10 and 25% methanol. The minimum increase in soybean plant dry weight resulted from 25% methanol was 31.7% over control. The enhancement of growth parameters of soybean plant treated by yeast extracts was more pronounced than those treated by methanol treatments.

Chemical Analysis: Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) of fresh leaves were determined according to Moran [23]. Seed oil content was determined using Soxhlet apparatus and petroleum ether (40-60°C) according to A.O.A.C. [24]. The resultant defatted meal is used for determination of proteins, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant activity. The protein contents were determined by microkjeldahl method according to Miller and Houghton [25]. Total carbohydrates were determined calorimetrically according to the method of Dubois et al. [26]. Phenolic compounds were determined by using Folin and Ciocalteu phenol reagent as described by Makkar et al. [27]. Tannins were determined using the modified vanillin hydrochloric acid (MV-HCl) as reported by Maxson and Rooney [28]. Total flavonoid contents were measured by the aluminum chloride colorimetric assay as described by Ordoñez et al. [29].The free radical scavenging activity was determined according to BrandWilliams et al. [30] using the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) reagent. Methyl esters of fatty acids were prepared from an aliquot of total lipid according to Harborne [31]. Identification and quantitative determination of fatty acid were performed using Gas Liquid Chromatography.

Photosynthetic Pigments: Data presented in Table 2 illustrate that all concentrations of yeast extract caused significant increases in chlorophyll a. Moreover, yeast extract at 2, 3 and 4% caused significant increases in chlorophyll a+b, carotenoids and total photosynthetic pigments whereas, non significant increases appeared due to 1% yeast extract. Regarding methanol effect, it is obvious that 15 and 20% methanol caused significant increases in all components of photosynthetic pigments; meanwhile, non significant increases were obtained due to 10 and 25% methanol. The highest significant increase in total photosynthetic pigments was recorded at 4% yeast extract by 115.3% over control followed by 3% yeast extract and 20% methanol that enhanced the total photosynthetic pigments by the same degree (77.9%). Yield and Yield Attributes: Data in Table 3 indicate that the yeast extracts were more effective in increasing yield and yield attributes than methanol treatments. The highest significant increases in yield and yield attributes resulted from 3 and 4 % yeast extract, since, seeds weight/plant was increased by 90.7 and 106.7%, respectively over control. Meanwhile, 20% methanol treatment resulted in significant increases in number of seeds/pod, weight of seeds/plant and seed index and the increasing in seeds weight/plant was 78.7% over control.

Statistical Analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using the least significant difference at 5% level of probability according to Snedecor and Cochran [32].

Nutritive Value of the Yielded Seeds: Special attention must be paid to the chemical composition of the yielded soybean seed to determine its nutritive value. Data presented in Table 4 demonstrate that either methanol treatments or yeast extracts significantly increased oil percentage. The highest significant value of oil percentage were 23.19 and 23.61% resulted from 3% and 4% yeast extract, respectively. Protein percentage was increased by either yeast extracts or methanol treatments. The highest significant value in protein was 41.51% at treatment 4% yeast extract. It was noted that either methanol or yeast treatments caused significant increases of carbohydrate content except at 10% and 25% methanol treatments that showed non-significant increases. The most promising treatments are 3 and 4% yeast extracts followed by 20% methanol treatment.

RESULTS Growth Parameters: Changes in some growth parameters (plant height, number of branches and leaves/plant as well as dry weight/plant) under exogenous application of methanol (10, 15, 20, 25%) and yeast extract (1, 2, 3, 4%) are given in Table 1. It is clear that different concentrations of yeast extract caused significant increases in growth parameters, except at 1% yeast extract caused non-significant increases in leaves number/plant. The highest increase in plant dry weight was recorded at 4% yeast extract by 82.81% over control. Methanol treatment at 20% caused significant increases in growth 8

World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1): 06-14, 2013 Table 1: Effect of exogenous application of methanol and yeast on some growth parameters at 75 days after sowing Treatments

Plant height (cm)

Branches number/plant

Leaves number/plant

Plant dry weight (g)

Control

57.05e

5.75d

12.15b

4.48d

Methanol 10%

60.83

de

6.40

cd

13.35

ab

5.98bcd

Methanol 15%

62.14

de

6.85

bcd

14.10

ab

6.41bc

Methanol 20%

64.35cd

7.70abc

14.90a

6.40bc

Methanol 25%

57.23e

7.00bcd

13.00ab

5.90cd

Yeast 1%

70.25bc

7.75abc

14.75ab

7.21abc

Yeast 2%

72.30ab

8.66a

15.49a

7.66ab

Yeast 3%

73.35ab

8.18ab

15.33a

7.67ab

Yeast 4%

78.60a

8.50a

15.00a

8.19a

Data are means of two seasons-Means followed by the same letter for each tested parameter are not significantly different by Duncan’s test (P < 0.05). Table 2: Effect of exogenous application of methanol and yeast on photosynthetic pigments (mg/g fresh weight) at 75 days after sowing Treatments

Chlorophyll a

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll a + b

Carotenoids

Total photosynthetic pigments

Control

1.15e

1.02e

2.17d

0.52ef

2.68d

Methanol 10%

1.29de

0.83e

2.12d

0.37f

2.55d

Methanol 15%

1.96bc

1.43abc

3.40bc

0.79bcd

4.19bc

Methanol 20%

2.11b

1.70ab

3.81b

0.96ab

4.77b

Methanol 25%

1.34de

1.00e

2.35d

0.54ef

2.89d

Yeast 1%

1.67

cd

1.09

ce

2.77

cd

0.63

de

3.40cd

Yeast 2%

1.89

bc

1.41

bc

3.31

bc

0.77

cd

4.08bc

Yeast 3%

1.84

bc

1.05

e

3.94

ab

0.83

bc

4.77b

Yeast 4%

2.65

a

2.04

a

4.70

a

1.06

a

5.77a

Data are means of two seasons-Means followed by the same letter for each tested parameter are not significantly different by Duncan’s test (P < 0.05). Table 3: Effect of exogenous application of methanol and yeast on soybean yield and yield attributes Treatments

Pods number/plant

Pods weight/plant(g) 5.38

b

6.10

b

Seeds number/pod 1.39

d

1.42

cd

Seeds weight/plant(g)

Seed index(g)

Control

12.66

c

3.75

d

Methanol 10%

14.50

abc

13.02d

3.92

d

Methanol 15%

14.80abc

6.79b

1.59bcd

5.70c

14.88c 14.72c

Methanol 20%

16.02

abc

7.12

b

1.70

ab

6.70

b

14.91c

Methanol 25%

13.70

bc

5.98

b

1.69

abc

4.50

d

13.19d

Yeast 1%

14.38

abc

5.97

b

1.68

abc

6.35

bc

15.23bc

Yeast 2%

18.83

ab

6.73

b

1.96

a

6.80

b

16.25ab

Yeast 3%

18.50

ab

9.40

a

1.92

a

7.15

ab

17.08a

Yeast 4%

19.00

a

9.34

a

1.83

ab

7.75

a

17.54a

Data are means of two seasons-Means followed by the same letter for each tested parameter are not significantly different by Duncan’s test (P < 0.05). Table 4: Effect of exogenous application of methanol and yeast on the chemical composition and antioxidant of soybean seeds Treatments

Oil%

Protein %

Control

18.67e

37.55d

Carbohydrate % 30.30d

Total phenolic % 1.25e

Flavonoids(mg/g) 5.71c

Tannins (mg/100g) 19.33a

Antioxidant activity % 10.81g

Methanol 10%

20.41

cd

37.90

d

31.09

cd

1.33

de

6.21

bc

14.91

d

13.06e

Methanol 15%

21.02

c

38.44

d

32.43

b

1.41

cde

6.76

abc

15.78

d

14.49d

Methanol 20%

23.10

ab

40.23

ab

34.21

a

1.62

abc

7.30

abc

17.39

bc

14.92cd

Methanol 25%

19.77

d

37.72

d

30.36

d

1.79

a

6.10

bc

17.20

c

11.75f

Yeast 1%

20.74

cd

38.72

cd

31.76

bc

1.32

de

6.67

bc

17.60

bc

15.39c

Yeast 2%

22.22

b

40.03

bc

33.81

a

1.47

cde

6.51

bc

18.49

abc

17.69b

Yeast 3%

23.19ab

40.45ab

34.37a

1.51bcd

7.65ab

18.13abc

17.71b

Yeast 4%

23.61a

41.51a

34.81a

1.70ab

8.47a

18.63ab

18.38a

Data are means of two seasons-Means followed by the same letter for each tested parameter are not significantly different by Duncan’s test (P < 0.05).

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World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1): 06-14, 2013 Table 5: Effect of exogenous application of methanol and yeast on fatty acids composition of the yielded soybean oils Treatments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fatty acids %

Control

C16:0

15.20

Methanol 10% 12.27

Methanol 15% 13.87

Methanol 20% 11.05

Methanol 25 % 13.37

Yeast 1% 9.96

Yeast 2% 12.17

Yeast 3% 9.93

Yeast 4% 8.00

C18:0

5.05

4.75

4.62

5.46

5.07

4.40

5.90

3.14

4.42

C18:1

20.10

15.58

18.66

22.67

27.31

20.08

19.38

16.59

12.43

C18:2

49.68

58.97

54.15

53.26

45.64

55.97

55.26

62.41

65.83

C18:3

8.09

6.56

6.48

5.43

7.04

7.57

5.66

5.89

7.06

C20:0

0.49

0.70

0.83

0.68

0.31

0.97

0.52

0.83

0.86 1.22

C22:0

1.13

0.87

1.19

0.96

1.08

0.89

1.11

1.15

C24:0

0.26

0.30

0.20

0.49

0.18

0.16

-----

0.16

0.18

TEFA

57.77

65.53

60.63

58.69

52.68

63.54

60.92

68.30

72.89

TS

22.13

18.89

20.71

18.64

20.01

16.38

19.70

15.21

14.68

TUS

77.87

81.11

79.29

81.36

79.99

83.62

80.20

84.89

85.32

C16:0 (Palmitic acid), C18:0 (Stearic acid), C18:1(Oleic acid), C18:2 (Linoleic acid), C18:3 (Linolenic acid), C20:0 (Arachidic acid), C22:0 (Behenic acid), C24:0 (Lignoceric acid), TEFA (Total Essential Fatty Acids), TS (Total Saturated), TUS (Total Unsaturated).

Antioxidant Substances of the Yielded Seed and its Activity: Data in Table 4 demonstrate that all applied treatments caused increases in phenolic content. Yeast extract at 3% and 4% and methanol treatments at 20% and 25% showed the highest significant increases in phenolic content of the yielded seeds. The increase in phenolic content due to methanol treatments were slightly more than that resulted from yeast extracts. All applied treatments caused non-significant increases in flavonoid content of soybean seeds except at 3 and 4 % yeast extract that showed significant increase by 33.97 and 48.3% over control. Regarding tannins, it was noted that all methanol treatments caused significant decreases in tannins content. In addition, non-significant decreases appeared due to yeast extracts except at 1% yeast extract. Antioxidant activity was significantly increased at all treatments. The highest significant increase resulted at treatment 4% yeast extract followed by those of 2 and 3% yeast extract.

(C18:2+C18:3) were increased by all applied treatments except at 25% methanol. Generally, yeast extracts and methanol treatments at all levels caused marked decreases in saturated fatty acids accompanied by marked increases in unsaturated fatty acids. It is imperative to mention that, yeast extracts caused more increases in total unsaturated fatty acids than methanol treatments and more decreases in total saturated fatty acids. DISCUSSION Generally, improvement quality and quantity of plants via natural and safety environmental substances is considered a lofty target all over the world. Exogenous application of methanol and yeast enhanced the growth (Table 1), productivity (Table 3) and quality (Tables 2, 4 and 5) of soybean plant. Regarding methanol effect, several reports demonstrate that foliar application of methanol increased the growth and yield of C3 species that rapidly oxidized to carbon dioxide and incorporated into structural compounds [33]. Ramirez et al. [34] mentioned that methanol application reduced photorespiration, increased photosynthesis activity and cell turgor. Moreover, foliar application of methanol delayed senescence of leaves through its effect on ethylene production, increases photosynthetic active period and leaf area via regulation of pectin methyl esterase gene [8, 11, 34]. Andres et al. [35] found that foliar application of methanol can enhance activity of fructose 2, 6-bisphosphate (FBPase), an important enzyme controlling photosynthesis. Hemming et al. [36] found that methanol application caused rise in carbon fixation efficiency. Furthermore, methanol foliar application

Fatty Acids Composition of the Yielded Oil: It is well known that fatty acids composition of oils is an indication for oil quality. GLC of main fatty acids composition of the yielded soybean oil is presented in Table 5. The predominant saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid, whereas, the predominant unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid followed by oleic acid. Data illustrated that either methanol treatments or yeast extracts caused marked decreases in palmitic acid and linolenic acid accompanied by marked increases in linoleic acid. Regarding oleic acid, all applied treatments caused marked decreases in oleic acid except at 20 and 25% methanol treatments. It is obvious that essential fatty acids 10

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indirectly stimulated symbiotic bacteria called methyltrophic that lived on most plants leaves. These bacteria consumed some of the methanol received in the leaves and induced plant growth through auxin and cytokinins production [37], production of vitamin B12 [38] and improvement plant growth. Gout et al. [11] demonstrated that the methanol-C14 was rapidly metabolized by plant tissues; methanol carbon was incorporated in the organic acids, sugars, amino acids (serine, methionine) and phosphatidylcholine. Li et al. [39] and Zbiec et al. [40] claimed that foliar application of methanol increased soybean growth and yield by enhancing photosynthetic capacity and internal CO2 concentrations. The improvement of soybean growth in response to the exogenous application of yeast extract may be attributed to its contents of macro and micro nutrients, growth regulators, sugars, vitamins (especially vitamin B) [22] and a relatively large proportion of free amino acids and short peptides of two or three amino acids as well as long chain protein hydrolysates [41]. It is also a natural source of cytokinins that stimulates cell proliferation and differentiation, controlling shoot and root morphogenesis and chloroplast maturation [42]. Wanas [43] and ElSherbeny et al. [44] mentioned that enhancement effect of yeast extract might be attributed to its stimulating effect on photosynthetic pigments and improvement of photosynthesis process and enzyme activity which in turn encourage vegetative growth of broad bean. Shalaby and El-Nady [45] reported that the increase in photosynthetic pigments could be attributed to the role of yeast cytokinins in delaying the aging of leaves by reducing the degradation of chlorophyll and enhancing the protein and RNA synthesis as well as affecting the balance between photosynthesis and photorespiration in plants [46]. Moreover, yeast increased the release of carbon dioxide through fermentation process that effectively activates the photosynthesis and accelerates the biosynthesis of carbohydrates [47, 48]. Hence, the increase of chlorophyll and carotenoids contents may enhance photosynthesis efficiency, increase of dry matter production and an indicator for expectable high yielded seeds. Concerning the positive effect of yeast extract on yield, Mekki and Ahmed [20] reported that the increase in yield and yield components of soybean plants as a result of yeast treatment mainly attributed to its stimulating effect on the plant for building up dry matters [49] and enhanced orientation and translocation of photoassimilates from leaves (source) to flowers and

immature seeds (sink) [50]. Furthermore, yeast extract may play a beneficial role in improving flower formation and their set of some plants as well as enhanced the accumulation of carbohydrate due to its high auxin and cytokinin contents [51]. Moreover, Khalil and Ismael [19] indicated that the highest growth parameters, yield and yield attributes of Lupinus termis were observed when plants treated with yeast by different ways. The promotive effect of yeast extract on oil percentage of soybean seeds may be due to its contents of organic substances that play effective roles in improving the growth and initiation of flower formation and reflected on oil content [52]. Moreover, Robinson [53] revealed that yeast contains vitamins recognized as coenzymes involved in specific biochemical reaction in the plant such as oxidative and non oxidative carboxylation process. In this connection, the oil biosynthesis in plant is the integration of several metabolic pathways which require linking of several steps such as continuous production of precursors, their transport and translocation to the active site of synthesis. It depends finally upon normal functioning of associated metabolic pathways such as carbon fixation, respiration, isoprenoid pathway, thus the exogenous applications of yeast extract may play an important role in these steps [44]. The increase in protein percentage under the effect of yeast application could be attributed to the growth hormones produced by yeast [54] and/or stimulation the synthesis of protein [55]. Hayat [56] indicated that the positive effect of yeast treatment under water stress conditions may be due to that yeast provided plants with essential nutrients elements required for protein formation. Furthermore, the increase in total carbohydrates percentage as a result of yeast application may be due to the increases in photosynthetic pigments. El-Tohamy and El-Greadly [57] revealed that yeast treatments improved pods quality of snap beans plants (Phaseouls vulgaris) in terms of chlorophyll, protein, carbohydrates and decreased fiber content. Regarding antioxidant of the yielded soybean seeds, Al-Tawaha [58] reported that exogenous application of yeast extract resulted in an increase in the seed concentration of the soybean isoflavone. Further, treatment of Lupinus albus seeds with yeast extract increased isoflavonoid content of seedlings [59]. The accumulation of various isoflavone suggests that yeast extract activates the phenylpropanoid pathway leading to increases in the synthesis of isoflavones in soybean. ElLethy et al. [60] mentioned that yeast extract pronouncedly increased total phenols, total flavonoids and the antioxidant activity of Pelargonium graveolens at both cuttings. The yeast treatment not only stimulated 11

World Appl. Sci. J., 26 (1): 06-14, 2013

oil production but also activated the antioxidative properties of flax seeds [61]. The positive effect of exogenous application of yeast extract on fatty acids composition of soybean oil is in harmony with those reported by Emam [61], who demonstrated that yeast treatment markedly decreased the saturated fatty acids [palmitic (C 16:0) and stearic acid (C 18:0)] and stimulated linolenic acid (18:3, -3) production at the expense of linoleic acid (18:2, -6) and oleic acid (18:1, -9) contents. Generally, foliar spray of yeast extract represents the more quick and efficient treatments in many cases which lead to vigorous vegetative growth and plenty of chemical constituents [44].

5.

CONCLUSION

9.

6.

7.

8.

Generally, the enhancement effects of yeast extracts were more pronounced than methanol treatments in improving growth, yield and quality of soybean plants. The yeast treatments at 3and 4% as well as 20% methanol treatment had the superiority effects in improving quality of the yielded seed specially oil, protein, carbohydrate, antioxidant substances (phenolic compound and flavonoids) as well as unsaturated fatty acids in favour of essential fatty acids [linolenic acid (18:3, -3) + linoleic acid (18:2, -6)].

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