Richard F. Green, Javier Diaz Castro, Lori Allen, Elizabeth Alvarez del Castillo, Christopher J. Corbally, Donald Davis, Emilio Falco, Paul Gabor, Jeffrey C. Hall, Christian K. Monrad, G. Grant Williams

Arizona observatories and space science institutions are working together for site protection and economic leverage. ●  Astronomy, Planetary and Space Sciences (APSS) is the title for the voluntary cooperative activities. ●  Initial organization included drafting an Arizona model outdoor lighting code and creation of presentation materials for the public and policy makers. ●  Current focus is working with localities on lighting code updates and enforcement issues. ● 

Arizona  is  one  of  the  best  sites  for  op0cal  astronomy  in  the  world   Arizona  has  the  world’s  largest  op0cal  telescope  –     the  Large  Binocular  Telescope,  11.8-­‐m  aperture,   on  Mt.  Graham  

Arizona  has  the  third,  fiFh  and  sixth  largest  telescopes  in  the  con0nental  U.S.

MMT  6.5-­‐m   Smithsonian/U.  Ariz.

Lowell  Obs.  4.3-­‐m     Discovery  Channel   Telescope  

Mayall  4-­‐m  Telescope   KPNO  

Why  protect  dark  skies  for  astronomy?   Astronomy  is  a  high-­‐tech  industry  as  is  its  spin-­‐off  of  Arizona’s   op0cs  industry.   Dark  skies  make  the  state  compe00ve  for  new  projects,  such  as  the   a[empt  to  a[ract  the  interna0onal  Cherenkov  Telescope  Array,  a   consor0um  of  28  countries  and  more  than  1,100  researchers     Astronomy  uses  nearly  all  of  the  sciences  for  studying  the  universe   which  makes  great  connec0on  with  students/schools  of  all  kinds.   Money  from  other  states,  the  federal  government  and  other   countries  comes  into  Arizona  in  support  of  astronomical  research.   In  a  2008  report,  APSS  research  in  Arizona  had  an  economic  return   of  more  than  than  $250  million  annually.  

Cinzano et al. map with observatories superposed

U.S.  Naval  

Lowell   Discovery  Channel  Tel.  

Mt.  Graham   Mt  Lemmon/Mt  Bigelow   Ki8  Peak  

Smithsonian  

Sponsored by Keystone Center, City of Flagstaff, and Lowell Observatory in August, 2014. ●  Brought together city & county officials, National Parks & public lands managers, astronomers, and business interests. ●  A major goal was to catalyze regional approach to dark skies management for the Colorado plateau. ●  A major outcome was connections & engagement of participants. ●  See www.keystone.org/darkskies. ● 

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City of Tucson code updated just prior to last GA in 2012; already working on revisions to take LED lighting into account. Good progress with smaller communities in Northern Arizona (e.g., Winslow) in preparation for decision about Cherenkov Telescope Array siting. Excellent revision of Outdoor Lighting & Sign Codes in Sierra Vista (SE AZ) –  Improvements in residential shielding and lumen reductions –  Adoption of max 3000K CCT for commercial lighting –  Limit of 100 nits on outdoor signs

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Battle at State level in 2012 over legislative bill to extend lighted signs into previously protected areas. Legislature favored commercial interests over astronomy interests and passed the bill, but previous Governor vetoed to force a compromise, recognizing importance of astronomy to the State. Outcome was that Phoenix metro area can now have bright, animated LED signs, but they are prohibited in much of the rest of the State.

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This year, the City of Phoenix issued an RFP for 90,000 LED replacement street lighting fixtures at CCT of 4000K. They have rejected a request for use of 3000K. Major challenge for public awareness and code updates. (Note parallel to Honolulu…) U of AZ is replacing their campus LPS with 3000K LED fixtures, eliciting complaints from astronomers about “blue-white” color. Copper prices are such that the mining industry is seeking significant expansion. One contested development is at the foot of Mt. Hopkins (FL Whipple Obs. including MMTO). Designs by Monrad Engineering for spectral and beam directional control would make this the model lighting plant for outdoor mining operations. Pima County has taken the mining company to court over the plan’s violation of the lighting protection zone limits, although there will be a jurisdictional dispute.

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The Department of Energy chose the Mayall 4-meter telescope on Kitt Peak for the execution of the Dark Energy spectroscopic experiment (for baryon acoustic oscillation measurement) and NASA chose WIYN 3.5m for spectrograph for exoplanet masses. The pressure to support forefront science therefore remains for site protection and light pollution reduction in Southern Arizona. Three weeks ago, the Cherenkov Telescope Array consortium announced that they were beginning negotiations with Spain to locate the Northern Hemisphere array on La Palma in the Canary Islands. As Dan D showed, dark sky conditions were not a deciding factor against the Northern Arizona site, but the onus for sky protection will definitely be on the IAC, as we are about to hear.

SITE PROTECTION EXPERIENCE AND UPDATED REGULATIONS IN CANARY ISLANDS OBSERVATORIES

Focus Meeting (FM#21) on "Mitigating Threats of Light Pollution

JAVIER DÍAZ CASTRO OFICINA TÉCNICA PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DE LA CALIDAD DEL CIELO (O.T.P.C.)

Honolulu, Hawaii. 2015 - August 11-13

THE SKY LAW !  Law 31/1988 and Regulation R.D. 243/1992 OBSERVATORY OF EXCELLENT ASTRONOMIC QUALITY

LARGE PUBLIC INVESTMENTS

THE SKY LAW MAINTAIN THE ASTRONOMIC QUALITY

LIGHT POLLUTION

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PROTECTED AIRSPACE

ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

Of those four aspects regulated by Law, light pollution is the most time consuming for the OTPC.

ELECTROMAGNETIC POLLUTION !  LIMITS: < 10-6 w/m² (interference on instruments). !  Annual measurements are made between 30kHz to 30GHz in both observatories.

AIRCRAFT FLIGHT PROTECTED AIRSPACE !  RESTRICTED AREA : radio 5km around observatories + cone 10º ORM & 20º OT !  PUBLICATION: AIP-ESPAÑA ENR5.6-6 1998-05-17

AIR POLLUTION !  NO PROBLEM AS OBSERVARIES ARE SURROUNDED BY NATIONAL PARKS AND NATURAL PROTECTED AREAS.

LIGHT POLLUTION (The protected observatory is the ORM)

!  SHORT SUMMARY OF ACTUAL REQUIREMENTS: - No Upward Flux (special cases up to 1% in pedestrian areas) - LPS lamp in La Palma and HPS in Tenerife (100-150km from La Palma) - Switch off at midnight all lights ornamental, advertisement, recreation, sports, .. - Half flux reduction at midnight or minimum level stablished by rules. - Maximum light levels stablished by rules (no more than 20% over illumination permitted) - Minimum maintenance utilization factor “fum” >40% (> 60% same cases) (fum = maintenance light level (lux) by useful squared meter lighted (m²) divided by total output flux (lm) of luminaire used to light that useful area) (minimum lost of light outside the useful area)

- Normally, all light have no emission under 550nm. Exception: White light up to 15% under 500nm (only pedestrian areas) No restriction on sport, advertisement and ornamental lighting. - More flexible criteria for small pedestrian areas in garden or surrounding building, “avoiding” upward flux but using up to 900lm for LED (≤3000ºK) and fluorescent lamps up to 1500lm (≤ 2700ºK) (We call “Uso Especial”)

LED LIGHT SPECTRAL

IAU

“Spectral radiance ≈ 0 for< 500nm”

WHERE IT IS POSSIBLE TO USE WHITE LIGHT, IT SHOULD BE BELOW 3200ºK for LED (