Rethinking the Design of Presentation Slides Our aim is to improve the cooling of turbine vanes downstream of the combustor
Compressor
Combustor
Turbine
Flow
Michael Alley Virginia Tech [Pratt & Whitney, 2000]
Source: Chapter 4 in The Craft of Scientific Presentations
The audience remembers more when you use well-designed slides
Hear See Hear and See 10
20
30
40
Recall (%)
50
60
For a technical presentation, you should set high goals for the presentation slides
Perfusion is the microscopic flow is thetissue microscopic flow ofPerfusion blood through Perfusion is the microscopic flow of blood through tissue of blood through tissue
Blood perfusion— Blood perfusion— Bloodnutrients perfusion— carries and waste carries nutrients and waste carries nutrients and waste regulates heat exchange regulates heat exchange heat exchange has regulates units of g/s/mL has units of g/s/mL has units of g/s/mL
Slides should help the audience during the talk
Slides should serve as notes for the audience after the talk
Slides should serve colleagues having to make the same talk
This presentation focuses on two common errors made in the design of slides PRIMARY CONCERNS FIELD JOINT - HIGHEST CONCERN •
Creating slides that no one reads •
EROSION PENETRATION OF PRIMARY SEAL REQUIRES RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL FOR PRESSURE INTEGRITY • IGNITION TRANSIENT - (0-600 MS) • (0-170 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL • (170-330 MS) REDUCED PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL • (330-600 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY
No STEADY STATE - (600 MS - 2 MINUTES) •
t
le b da a re
IF EROSION PENETRATES PRIMARY O-RING SEAL - HIGH PROBABILITY OF NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY • BENCH TESTING SHOWED O-RING NOT CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING CONTACT WITH METAL PARTS GAP OPERATING TO MEOP • BENCH TESTING SHOWED CAPABILITY TO MAINTAIN O-RING CONTACT DURING INITIAL PHASE (0 - 170 MS) OF TRANSIENT
Presentation Outline
Creating slides that no one remembers
• Introduction • Background • Pre-Combustion Methods le b a • Coal switching r o • Coal Cleaning em m • Combustion Method t • Atmospheric Fluidized Bed No • Post-Combustion Methods • Adsorption • Absorption • Conclusions • Questions?
One common error is having a slide format that dissuades the audience from reading
PRIMARY CONCERNS FIELD JOINT - HIGHEST CONCERN •
•
d a re
EROSION PENETRATION OF PRIMARY SEAL REQUIRES RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL FOR PRESSURE INTEGRITY • IGNITION TRANSIENT - (0-600 MS) • (0-170 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL • (170-330 MS) REDUCED PROBABILITY OF RELIABLE SECONDARY SEAL • (330-600 MS) HIGH PROBABILITY OF NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY
u c i f f i
o t lt
STEADY STATE - (600 MS - 2 MINUTES) • IF EROSION PENETRATES PRIMARY O-RING SEAL - HIGH PROBABILITY OF NO SECONDARY SEAL CAPABILITY • BENCH TESTING SHOWED O-RING NOT CAPABLE OF MAINTAINING CONTACT WITH METAL PARTS GAP OPERATING TO MEOP • BENCH TESTING SHOWED CAPABILITY TO MAINTAIN O-RING CONTACT DURING INITIAL PHASE (0 - 170 MS) OF TRANSIENT
D
To avoid this error, you need a typography and layout that are easily read Choose legible type Sans serif type
?
SERIF TYPEFACE ?
Arial Type is to read abcdefghijklmnopqr Garamond TYPE IS TO READ abcdefghijklmnopqr
Choose a helpful layout
words words words
words words words words words
More effective than using PowerPoint’s defaults is using a sentence headline supported by images
Sentence Headline
The sentence headline succinctly states the main assertion of the slide
Body supports with images
Support in Body
Body supports with needed words
compressor combustor
turbine
Four criteria are important in evaluating a layout design for presentation slides
Fillets reduce leading edge vortices in nature and in engineering
Fillet
Fillet on dorsal fin of shark
Fillet on Seawolf submarine
Fillet
[Devenport et al., 1991]
How memorable is the design? How many slides does the design require? Does the design help the slides stand as notes? How effective is the design in an argument?
Our goal is to test a fillet design for turbine blades and vanes downstream of the combustor Combustor
[Pratt&Whitney, 2000]
The purpose of the fillet design is to reduce vortices that disrupt the film cooling of the blades and vanes
Fillets reduce leading edge vortices in nature and in engineering
Fillet
Fillet on dorsal fin of shark
Fillet on Seawolf submarine
Fillet
[Devenport et al., 1991]
Use a headline that succinctly states the purpose or assertion of the slide A strong headline— identifies the slide’s purpose for the audience
identifies the slide’s purpose for the speaker
Downstream of the combustor simulator is a section to test turbine vanes Combustor Simulator Turbine Vanes
Computations show that the fillet prevents the Results leading edge vortex and delays the passage vortex Tinf– Taw Tinf– Tslot 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 Passage vortex
0 -0.1 Leading edge vortex
-0.2 -0.3
Without Fillet
-0.4 -0.5
With Fillet
The body of a slide should support the headline with images and words Supports with images
Supports with necessary words clear familiar concise
Measurements show that the fillet prevents formation of the leading edge vortex 0.25
0.25 0.20
0.20
0.15
0.15
z/S z/S
z/S 0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
Leading edge vortex 00 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05
x/C Velocity profile: vane without fillet
0
0 -0.25 -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05
x/C
Velocity profile: vane with fillet
0
• Hefner developed a dynamic electro-thermal model for IGBT, from of the temperature-dependent IGBT silicon chip, packages and heat sinks. The temperaturedependent IGBT electrical model describes the instantaneous electrical behavior in terms of the instantaneous temperature of the IGBT silicon chip surface. The instantaneous power dissipated in the IGBT is calculated using the electrical model and determines the instantaneous heat rate that is applied to the surface of the silicon chip thermal model. Hefner incorporated this methodology into the SABER circuit simulator.
• Adams, Joshi and Blackburn considered thermal interactions between the heat sources, substrate, and encloses walls as affected by the thermal conductance of the walls and substrate with the intent of determining which physical effects and level of detail are necessary to accurately predict thermal behavior of discretely heated enclosures.
•
Chen, Wu and Borojevich are modeling of thermal and electrical behavior using several commercial softwares (I-DEAS, Maxwell, Flotherm and Saber) and 3-D, transient approaches.
Joint Force Projection Concept/Requirement -- AXXI Enabling Strategic Maneuver - (Circa 2010)
Initial Deployment Force 96 hrs Ready to Fight
X
X
Contingency Response Force [Division (-)] closes in 120 hours & Ready to Fight
STRIKE
cc
XXX
XVIII
Immediate Reinforcement Forces 120 hrs Ready to Fight
XXX
III
X
X STRIKE
ISB/FOB
Campaign Forces (3 Div+ w/Support) C + 30
Area of Operation
ISB/ FOB
Advanced Full Dimensional Operations: A Continuum of Early & Continuous Joint Operations CONTINGENCY RESPONSE OPERATIONS Missions: •Strategic preclusion •Prevent “set” / Seize initiative •Shape conditions for Decisive Ops Deployment Requirement Milestones: C+ 96 hrs
EXTENDED OPERATIONS Missions: •Sustained, decisive ground operations •Conflict Termination on US dictated terms
C+ 120 hrs
Initial Deployment Contingency Response Immediate Reinforcement Force (Air)-- Ready to Fight in 120 hours Force (Air)--Ready to fight in 96 hours • Armor/Mech Brigade TF w/support & •minus) Two Brigade Task Force (Division Strike Force • Mission tailored • Mission tailored • Subordinate to JTF • “Plugs” into Initial Deployment Force HQs • “In-stride” coordination & team building • Joint Force support
C+30 days
C+60 days
Campaign Forces: Corps w/ 3 Divisions (+) (Sea/Air)--Ready to fight by C + 30 • Mech/Armor/Inf Division mix • Capable of conducting sustained, decisive operations as part of Joint Force •Follow-on Forces (E - Bdes & an additional divisions as required)
A second common error is showing slides that the audience reads, but does not remember
Presentation Outline • Introduction • Background • Pre-Combustion Methods –coal switching
e l b a r o em
–coal cleaning •Combustion Method –atmospheric fluidized bed • Post-Combustion Methods –adsorption
m t o
N
–absorption •Conclusions • Questions?
To make slides memorable, you have to consider what to include and what to exclude Three This presentation classes of methods comparesexist several formethods reducing emissions of of sulfur for reducing emissions sulfurdioxide dioxide What to include
pre-combustion methods
combustion methods
What to exclude post-combustion methods
Slides should include key results and images
Results
Images
Specific Work
100 9
7
5
Temperature Ratio
10 3
1
Pressure Ratio
Slot
Slides should also include signals for the presentation’s organization Three classes of methods exist for reducing emissions of sulfur dioxide
Methods to Reduce Sulfur Dioxide Emissions From Coal-Fueled Utilities
g n i p p Ma pre-combustion methods
Beginning
le t i T
combustion methods
Cynthia Schmidt Mechanical Engineering Department University of Texas
post-combustion methods
The most effective combustion method is an atmospheric fluidized bed
Coal switching and coal cleaning are two pre-combustion methods
Middle
Coal Switching High Sulfur Mine
cleaned exhaust
1 e l d id
Coal Cleaning
Low capital cost—can use in existing equipment
Low S ulfur Mine
M
High operating cost Ability to use different grades of coal
grid air inlet
By using these methods, coal utilities can greatly reduce SO2 emissions
n o i s u l c n Co
coal cleaning
Ending
2 e l dd i M
90% removal capability
separator
40% 40%
coal switching
80%
fluidized bed
90%
95%
absorption
80%
adsorption
25
50
75
Percentage Reduction of SO2
Computational Analysis of the Aerodynamic Energy Required of Morphing Wings
Greg Pettit, Harry Robertshaw, and Daniel J. Inman Center for Intelligent Materials, Systems and Structures Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-99-1-0294)
CIMSS
Computational Analysis of the Aerodynamic Energy Required of Morphing Wings
Greg Pettit, Harry Robertshaw, and Daniel J. Inman Center for Intelligent Materials, Systems and Structures Air Force Office of Scientific Research (F49620-99-1-0294) CIMSS
This presentation evaluates composite materials for the bipolar plates of fuel cells Role of bipolar plates in fuel cells
Comparison of bipolar plate materials
Evaluation of bipolar plate performance
The experimental setup included a Kapton torus and several sensor/actuator combinations
CIMSS
Torus: 1.8 m ring diameter, 0.15 m tube diameter, and 46μm thick (aspect ratio = 0.08)
4
In summary, the phantom for blood perfusion has many useful applications
The phantom can— produce reasonable and reproducible perfusion allow for simple and inexpensive construction be modified for future experiments
Questions?
Questions?
Review of Test Data Indicates Conservatism for Penetration • The existing SOFI on tile test data used to create Crater was reviewed along with STS-87 Southwest Research data – Crater overpredicted penetration of tile coating significantly • Initial penetration to described by normal velocity – Varies with volume/mass of projectile (e.g. 200ft/sec for 3cu.in)
• Significant energy is required for the softer SOFI particle to penetrate the relatively hard tile coating – Test results do show that it is possible at sufficient mass and velocity
• Conversely, once tile is penetrated SOFI can cause significant damage
– Flight condition is significantly outside of test database • Volume of ramp is 1920cu in vs 3 cu in for test
2/21/’03
6
Force Structure--Why Change? Because we have too much to throughput
1 Vehicle every 39 Seconds for 180 days
1 Vehicle every 4 seconds in peak period
In summary, the slide design given here is much stronger than PowerPoint’s default design Fillets reduce leading edge vortices in nature and in engineering
Fillet
Fillet on dorsal fin of shark
Fillet on Seawolf submarine
The design is more memorable for audience The design requires fewer slides (thus better pacing)
Fillet
[Devenport et al., 1991]
The design produces notes that stand alone The design creates a more compelling argument
Free Templates: http://writing.eng.vt.edu/slides.html