RESTORATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LAKES AND RESERVOIRS THIRD EDITION G. DENNIS COOKE EUGENE B. WELCH SPENCER A. PETERSON STANLEY A. NICHOLS

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Published in 2005 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2005 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 International Standard Book Number-10: 1-56670-625-4 (Hardcover) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-5667-0625-4 (Hardcover) Library of Congress Card Number 2004062816 This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs / edited by G. Dennis Cooke … [et al.].—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56670-625-4 (alk. paper) 1. Restoration ecoology. 2. Water quality management. I. Cooke, G. Dennis (George Dennis), 1937- II. Title. QH541.15.R45R49 2005 628.1'68—dc22

2004062816

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Preface Environmental problems usually develop from the interactions of people, consumption, and resources. Increasing population, increasing consumption and limited resources exacerbate these problems. One concern that heads the list of critical problems is the availability of clean, fresh, surface water. It is the basis of the existence of human societies and economies. Fresh water is essential for many forms of life, is required by humans for drinking, agriculture, and most industrial processes, and plays a prominent role in our recreational activities. Since we completed the second edition of this book in 1992 (Cooke et al., 1993), hundreds of millions of people have been added to the human population, each of them exerting demands and impacts on a finite supply of fresh water. As noted in our Introduction, the overall quality of lakes and reservoirs in many areas of the United States, southern Canada, and Europe continues to deteriorate. In some areas, fresh water resources are so polluted that economic systems and human health are impaired. Although there are several urgent global environmental problems, scientists, environmentalists, and policy makers must focus much more attention on the human population explosion and its well-known relationship to fresh water pollution. Certainly all nations should be taking significant steps to reduce the likelihood of global climate change and to limit additional water pollution and aquatic habitat destruction. Lake and reservoir management and restoration methods are new technologies that have developed over the last 35 years, and are ones that promise to be of great significance in protecting and improving fresh water systems. We hope that our book will be a useful addition. Every lake or reservoir utilized by humans requires management. This may involve only monitoring to assure that it is not degraded, or it may require regular efforts to maintain it, perhaps with equipment or techniques that have been adopted to enhance or protect the system. Restoration of impaired lakes and reservoirs, in the strict sense, is not possible, but the term is applied to procedures to return the system to some approximation of an earlier, less disturbed condition. We are just beginning to learn the art and science of management and restoration. Applied limnology developed as an extension of basic sciences. There is a great need to understand fresh water systems if we are to provide for their competent protection, management, and restoration for current and future generations. Long-term funding to support basic and applied limnology must be greatly expanded, and this must be recognized by politicians, administrators, and others who support science through policies and appropriations. We strongly endorse the work of the North American Lake Management Society (NALMS), and other professional and environmental organizations, which together have been so consistent in delivering this message to scientists, appropriate legislators, and citizens. Our goals in this book are to describe the eutrophication process, outline methods for developing a pre-management and restoration diagnosis-feasibility study, and to provide detailed descriptions of scientifically sound management and restoration methods. Each chapter includes an introduction to the scientific basis of the problem, a description of the method’s procedures, and presents some case histories. Potential negative impacts and costs, where known, also are noted. The chapters are updated and extensively referenced, and three new chapters have been added to this edition. Our book will be useful as a classroom text, as a reference manual, and as a general guide for interested lake users. This book is certainly not the last word on the topic. It is our sincere hope that it will stimulate new and improved perspectives and ideas in lake and reservoir management and restoration. The

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content of this book is a product of the study, input, and concurrence of all of the authors, as well as a product of our combined years of field and laboratory research in limnology. Where appropriate and possible, we report costs in 2002 U.S. dollars by correcting for inflation. This was done by using year-to-year increases in the Consumer Price Index (CPI) to correct costs reported for earlier years to their present values. We thank Dr. Thomas S. Lough (Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California) for the use of his CPI scale to correct for inflation. The contributions to this book by Spencer A. Peterson, an employee of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), were made on his own time, with Agency permission. However, the research and writing were independent of USEPA employment and have not been subjected to the Agency’s peer and administrative review. Therefore, the conclusions and opinions stated are solely those of the author and should not be construed to reflect the views of the USEPA. Specific chapter authorship is: G. Dennis Cooke (Chapters 5, 9, 10, 13, 15, and 17), Eugene B. Welch (Chapters 3, 4, 6, 7, 18, and 19), Spencer A. Peterson (Chapter 20), Stanley A. Nichols (Chapters 11, 12, 14, and 16), G. Dennis Cooke and Spencer A. Peterson (Chapters 1 and 2), and Eugene B. Welch and G. Dennis Cooke (Chapter 8).

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Acknowledgments Numerous and often unnamed, our colleagues and students have provided a rich array of ideas, articles, books, theses, and reports from which to draw materials to write the book. Many have spent years in the field and in the laboratory, collecting data and studying lakes. The many stimulating discussions with them have been invaluable as well. We dedicate this book to them. We thank Dr. Brent Bruot, Chair, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, for invaluable facilities and support during the book’s preparation, and Dr. Gertrud Cronberg and the late Dr. Gunnar Andersson for permission to use unpublished figures and photographs, respectively, in Chapter 20. We also thank Chris Lind and the General Chemical Corporation for permission to use a figure in Chapter 8, and Drs. Richard Lathrop, William Walker and Jacob Kann for permission to use unpublished figures in Chapter 3. We thank Tetra Tech, Inc. (Seattle, Washington) for its general office and computer assistance to Eugene Welch. We thank the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for authorizing Spencer Peterson to write this book on his own time, but also to have occasional use of his computing and graphic arts contractor (Computer Sciences Corporation), especially Suzanne M. Pierson, for drafting some new figures for this third edition. We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey Staff, especially Susan Hunt and Mindy James, for graphic, editorial, and computer support for chapters prepared by Stanley Nichols. CRC Press has been a joy to work with. We are especially grateful to Patricia Roberson for her exceptional assistance during the book’s preparation, Jill Jurgensen and Sylvia Wood for their able editorial work, and our editor, Matt Lamoreaux, for his continuous support. Suzanne Pierson and Spencer Peterson assisted CRC’s Shayna Murry to design, compose and select colors for the book cover. G. Dennis Cooke Eugene B. Welch Spencer A. Peterson Stanley A. Nichols January 2005

BOOK COVER PHOTO CREDITS Front Cover Top: A partitioned pond phosphorus inactivation experiment at Cline’s Pond, Oregon (top half of left pond untreated; bottom half of left pond treated with zirconium tetrachloride; right pond is untreated reference pond). Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1974). Bottom: Whole lake phosphorus inactivation at Dollar Lake, Ohio (left, small round lake treated with alum in 1974), West Twin Lake, Ohio (right, round lake treated with alum in 1975) and reference lake (center, irregularly shaped East Twin Lake). Courtesy of Dennis Cooke (1976). Background cover photo is an enlargement of the Twin Lakes photo by Dennis Cooke. Back Cover Left to right, row 1: 1. Shoreline of West Twin Lake, Ohio. Courtesy of Dennis Cooke (1976). 2. IR photo of Lilly Lake, Wisconsin prior to dredging. Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1977).

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3. Sewer pipe installation around Liberty Lake, Washington prior to phosphorus inactivation with alum. Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1977). 4. Dredge pipeline in Lake Trummen, Sweden. Gunnar Andersson (1969), University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. With permission. 5. Milman Mudcat dredge on Lake Jarnsjon, Sweden. Ellicott, Division of Baltimore Dredges LLC (1993), Baltimore, MD. With permission. Left to right, row 2: 1. Mudcat dredge in Mexico (nd). Ellicott, Division of Baltimore Dredges LLC, Baltimore, Maryland. With permission. 2. Aerator installation in Lake Stevens, Washington (nd). Courtesy of Harry Gibbons, Tetra Tech, Inc., Seattle, Washington. 3. Grass carp or white amur (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) (1987). Courtesy of Dennis Cooke. 4. Aquatic plant harvester on Lake Sallie, Minnesota. Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1969). 5. Aquatic plant harvester. Courtesy of Dennis Cooke (1980). Left to right, bottom: 1. Alum application barge on Green Lake, Washington. Courtesy of Eugene Welch (nd). 2. Alum application at Medical Lake, Washington. Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1977). 3. Waldo Lake, Oregon. Courtesy of Spencer Peterson (1982). Bottom of back cover, bar graph figure: Biomass before dredging and over a more than 30-year history following dredging in Lake Trummen, Sweden. Gertrud Cronberg, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden. With permission.

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Authors G. Dennis Cooke is Emeritus Professor of Biological Sciences and Member of the Water Resources Research Institute at Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. He was a founding member and the first President of the North American Lake Management Society and also served two terms as a board member. He is also a founding member of the Ohio Lake Management Society and served as its president and as a board member. Dr. Cooke is the author of several books, including Reservoir Management for Water Quality and THM Precursor Control, and many articles and reports on limnology and lake and reservoir management. Eugene B. Welch is Emeritus Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering at the University of Washington, Seattle, and is a consultant with Tetra Tech, Inc., in Seattle. He is Past President of the North American Lake Management Society (1992–93 term), was a founding member of the Society, and served on its first Board of Directors. Dr. Welch is author of two other books, including Pollutant Effects in Fresh Water: Applied Limnology, and many reports and articles on applied limnology and lake and reservoir management. Spencer A. Peterson is a Senior Research Ecologist with the USEPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program at the National Health and Ecological Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division, Corvallis, Oregon, and affiliate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Peterson is a founding member of the North American Lake Management Society and the author of many articles on lake management, contaminated sediments, and non-point source and hazardous waste assessment. Stanley A. Nichols is Emeritus Professor of Environmental Sciences at the University of WisconsinExtension in Madison. For most of his career he worked at the Environmental Resources Center and the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. His initial efforts in lake restoration and management began more than 30 years ago as a member of the Inland Lake Renewal and Demonstration Project in Wisconsin and the Lake Wingra International Biological Program team. He has published widely in the areas of aquatic plant ecology and management, lake protection, exotic species control, habitat restoration, and lake sampling. He is a past member of the North American Lake Management Society and the Aquatic Plant Management Society. Presently, he consults and writes on aquatic plants, lake management, and habitat restoration issues.

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Contents SECTION I Chapter 1

Overview

Introduction

1.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and the Quantity of Fresh Water 1.2 Status of Fresh Water in the United States 1.3 Sources of Lake and Reservoir Problems 1.4 Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs 1.5 History of Lake Restoration and Management References Chapter 2

Basic Limnology

2.1 2.2 2.3

Introduction Lakes and Reservoirs Basic Limnology 2.3.1 Physical–Chemical Limnology 2.4 Biological Limnology 2.5 Limiting Factors 2.6 The Eutrophication Process 2.7 Characteristics of Shallow and Deep Lakes 2.8 Ecoregions and Attainable Lake Conditions 2.9 Summary References Chapter 3 3.1 3.2

3.3

Lake and Reservoir Diagnosis and Evaluation

Introduction Diagnosis/Feasibility Studies 3.2.1 Watershed 3.2.2 In-Lake 3.2.3 Data Evaluation 3.2.3.1 Example 1 3.2.3.2 Example 2 Selection of Lake Restoration Alternatives 3.3.1 Algal Problems 3.3.1.1 Nutrient Diversion/Advanced Waste Treatment 3.3.3.2 P Inactivation 3.3.3.3 Dilution/Flushing 3.3.3.4 Lake Protection From Urban Runoff 3.3.3.5 Hypolimnetic Withdrawal 3.3.3.6 Artificial Circulation 3.3.3.7 Food-Web Manipulations 3.3.3.8 Copper Sulfate Treatment

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3.3.4

Macrophyte Problems 3.3.4.1 Harvesting 3.3.4.2 Biological Controls 3.3.4.3 Lake-Level Drawdown 3.3.4.4 Sediment Covers 3.3.4.5 Sediment Removal 3.3.4.6 Hypolimnetic Aeration 3.5 Guidelines for Choosing Lake Restoration Alternatives 3.6 The Lake Improvement Restoration Plan References

SECTION II

Chapter 4

Algal Biomass Control Techniques Directed toward Control of Plankton Algae

Lake and Reservoir Response to Diversion and Advanced Wastewater Treatment

4.1 General 4.2 Techniques for Reducing External Nutrient Loads 4.3 Recovery of World Lakes 4.4 Lake Washington, Washington 4.5 Lake Sammamish, Washington 4.6 Lake Norrviken, Sweden 4.7 Shagawa Lake, Minnesota 4.8 Madison Lakes, Wisconsin 4.8 Lake Zürich, Switzerland 4.9 Lake Søbygaard, Denmark 4.10 Costs 4.11 In-Lake Treatment Following Diversion 4.12 Summary References Chapter 5

Lake and Reservoir Protection From Non-Point Pollution

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

Introduction In-Stream Phosphorus Removal non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Introduction non-point Source Controls: Manure Management non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Ponds and Wetlands 5.5.1 Introduction 122 5.5.2 Dry And Wet Extended Detention (ED) Ponds 5.5.3 Constructed Wetlands 5.6 Constructed Wetlands: Case Histories 5.7 Pre-Dams 5.8 Riparian Zone Rehabilitation: Introduction 5.9 Riparian Zone Rehabilitaton Methods 5.10 Reservoir Shoreline Rehabilitation 5.11 Lakeshore Rehabilitation 5.12 Summary References

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Chapter 6

Dilution and Flushing

6.1 6.2 6.3

Introduction Theory and Predictions Case Studies 6.3.1 Moses Lake 6.3.2 Green Lake 6.3.3 Lake Veluwe 6.4 Summary: Effects, Applications, and Precautions References Chapter 7

Hypolimnetic Withdrawal

7.1 7.2

Introduction Test Cases 7.2.1 General Trends 7.2.1 Specific Cases 7.2.1.1 Mauen See 7.2.1.2 Austrian Lakes 7.2.1.3 U.S. Lakes 7.2.1.4 Canada 7.3 Costs 7.4 Adverse Effects 7.5 Summary References Chapter 8 8.1 8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

Phosphorus Inactivation and Sediment Oxidation

Introduction Chemical Background 8.2.1 Aluminum 8.2.2 Iron and Calcium Dose Determination and Application Techniques 8.3.1 Aluminum 8.3.2 Iron and Calcium 8.3.3 Application Techniques for Alum Effectiveness and Longevity of P Inactivation 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Stratified Lake Cases 8.4.2.1 Mirror and Shadow Lakes, Wisconsin (WI) 8.4.2.2 West Twin Lake (WTL), Ohio 8.4.2.3 Kezar Lake, New Hampshire 8.4.2.4 Lake Morey, Vermont 8.4.3 Shallow, Unstratified Lake Cases 8.4.3.1 Long Lake, Kitsap County, Washington 8.4.3.2 Campbell and Erie Lakes, Washington 8.4.3.3 Green Lake, Washington 8.4.4 Reservoirs 8.4.5 Ponds 8.4.6 Iron Applications 8.4.7 Calcium Applications to Hardwater Lakes Problems that Limit Effectiveness of P Inactivation

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8.6 8.7 8.8

Negative Aspects Costs Sediment Oxidation 8.8.1 Equipment and Application Rates 8.8.2 Lake Response 8.8.3 Costs 8.8.4 Prospectus References Chapter 9

Biomanipulation

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6

Introduction Trophic Cascade Basic Trophic Cascade Research Biomanipulation Shallow Lakes Biomanipulation: Shallow Lakes 9.6.1 Cockshoot Broad (UK) 9.6.2 Lake Zwemlust (and Other Dutch Lakes) 9.6.3 Lake Vaeng (and other Danish Lakes) 9.6.4 Lake Christina, Minnesota 9.7 Biomanipulation: Deep Lakes 9.7.1 Lake Mendota, Wisconsin 9.7.2 Bautzen Reservoir And Grafenheim Experimental Lakes (Germany) 9.8 Costs 9.9 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 10 Copper Sulfate 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Principle of Copper Sulfate Applications 10.3 Application Guidelines 10.4 Effectiveness of Copper Sulfate 10.5 Negative Effects of Copper Sulfate 10.6 Costs of Copper Sulfate References

SECTION III

Macrophyte Biomass Control

Chapter 11 Macrophyte Ecology and Lake Management 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4

Introduction Planning and Monitoring for Aquatic Plant Management 11.2.1 Case Study: White River Lake Aquatic Plant Management Plan Species and Life-Form Considerations Aquatic Plant Growth and Productivity 11.4.1 Light 11.4.2 Nutrients 11.4.3 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH, and Oxygen (O2)

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11.4.4 Substrate 11.4.5 Temperature 11.5 Plant Distribution within Lakes 11.6 Resource Allocation and Phenology 11.7 Reproduction and Survival Strategies 11.8 Relationships with Other Organisms 11.9 The Effects of Macrophytes on Their Environment References Chapter 12 Plant Community Restoration 12.1 12.2

Introduction The “Do Nothing” Approach 12.2.1 Case history: Lake Wingra, “Doing Nothing” 12.3 The Habitat Alteration Approach 12.3.1 Case History: No-Motor, Slow-No-Wake Regulations 12.3.1.1 Long and Big Green Lakes: Heavily Used Recreational Lakes in Southeastern Wisconsin 12.3.1.2 Active Habitat Manipulation: Engineering and Biomanipulation Case Studies 12.4 Aquascaping 12.5 The Founder Colony: A Reasonable Restoration Approach 12.5.1 Case Studies 12.5.1.1 Founder Colonies in North Lake, Lake Lewisville, and Lake Conroe, Texas and Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama 12.5.1.2 Cootes Paradise Marsh: Volunteers in Action 12.5.1.3 Rice Lake at Milltown, Wisconsin: Lessons Learned 12.6 Concluding Thoughts References Chapter 13 Water Level Drawdown 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4

Introduction Methods Positive and Negative Factors of Water Level Drawdown Case Studies 13.4.1 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoirs 13.4.2 Louisiana Reservoirs 13.4.3 Florida 13.4.4 Wisconsin 13.4.5 Connecticut 13.4.6 Oregon 13.5 Fish Management with Water Level Drawdown 13.6 Case Histories 13.7 Summary References Chapter 14 Preventive, Manual, and Mechanical Methods 14.1 14.2

Introduction Preventive Approaches

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14.2.1 The Probabilities of Invasion 14.2.2 Education, Enforcement, and Monitoring as Preventive Approaches 14.2.3 Barriers and Sanitation 14.3 Manual Methods and Soft Technologies 14.4 Mechanical Methods 14.4.1 The Materials Handling Problem 14.4.2 Machinery and Equipment 14.4.3 Cutting 14.4.3.1 Case Study: Water chestnut (Trapa natans) Management in New York, Maryland, and Vermont 14.4.3.2 Case Study: Pre-Emptive Cutting to Manage Curly-Leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton crispus) in Minnesota 14.4.3.3 Case Study: Deep Cutting, Fish Lake, Wisconsin 14.4.3.4 Case Study: Cutting the Emergents, Cattails (Typha spp.) and Reeds (Phragmites spp.) 14.4.4 Harvesting 14.4.4.1 Efficacy, Regrowth, and Change in Community Structure 14.4.4.2 The Nutrient Removal Question 14.4.4.3 Environmental Effects 14.4.4.4 Operational Challenges 14.4.5 Shredding and Crushing 14.4.6 Diver-Operated Suction Dredges 14.4.7 Hydraulic Washing 14.4.8 Weed Rollers: Automated, Untended Aquatic Plant Control Devices 14.4.9 Mechanical Derooting 14.4.10 Costs and Productivity 14.5 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 15 Sediment Covers and Surface Shading for Macrophyte Control 15.1 15.2

Introduction Comparison of Synthetic Sediment Covers 15.2.1 Polyethylene 15.2.2 Polypropylene 15.2.3 Aquascreen 15.2.4 Burlap 15.3 Application Procedures for Sediment Covers 15.4 Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers References Chapter 16 Chemical Controls 16.1 16.2 16.3

Introduction Effective Concentration — Dose, Time Considerations, Active Ingredients, Site-Specific Factors, and Herbicide Formulation Types of Chemicals 16.3.1 Contact vs. Systemic 16.3.2 Broad-spectrum vs. Selective Herbicides 16.3.3 Persistent vs. Non-Persistent 16.3.4 Tank Mixes

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16.3.5 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) 16.3.6 Adjuvants 16.4 Increasing Herbicide Selectivity 16.5 Environmental Impacts, Safety and Health Considerations 16.5.1 Herbicide Fate in the Environment 16.5.2 Toxic Effects 16.5.2.1 Direct Effects 16.5.2.2 Indirect Impacts 16.5.2.3 What Should a Lake Manager or Concerned Citizen Do? 16.6 Ways of Minimizing Environmental Risks 16.7 Case Studies 16.7.1 Plant Management with Fluridone in the Northern United States 16.7.1.1 Minnesota Experiences 16.7.1.2 Wisconsin Experiences — Potters and Random Lakes 16.7.1.3 Michigan Experiences 16.7.1.4 Vermont Experiences — Lake Hortonia and Burr Pond 16.7.1.5 Increasers and Decreasers 16.7.2 2,4-D in Cayuga Lake, New York and Loon Lake, Washington State 16.7.2.1 Cayuga Lake 16.7.2.2 Loon Lake 16.7.3 Triclopyr in Pend Oreille River, Washington State and Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota 16.7.3.1 Pend Oreille River 16.7.3.2 Lake Minnetonka 16.8 Costs 16.9 Concluding Remarks References Chapter 17 Phytophagous Insects, Fish, and Other Biological Controls 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6

17.7 17.8

Introduction Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides) Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Grass Carp 17.6.1 History and Restrictions 17.6.2 Biology of Grass Carp 17.6.3 Reproduction of Grass Carp 17.6.4 Stocking Rates 17.6.5 Case Histories 17.6.5.1 Deer Point Lake, Florida 17.6.5.2 Lake Conway, Florida 17.6.5.3 Lake Conroe, Texas 17.6.5.4 Smaller Lakes and Ponds 17.6.6 Water Quality Changes Other Phytophagous Fish Developing Areas of Macrophyte and Algae Management 17.8.1 Fungal Pathogens 17.8.2 Water hyacinth 17.8.3 Hydrilla

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17.8.4 17.8.5 17.8.6 17.8.7 17.8.8 17.8.9 References

Eurasian Watermilfoil Allelopathic Substances Plant Growth Regulators Barley Straw Reducing Algae Growth with Bacteria Viruses for Blue-Green Algae Management

SECTION IV

Multiple Benefit Treatments

Chapter 18 Hypolimnetic Aeration and Oxygenation 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Description and Operation of Units 18.3 Unit Sizing 18.4 Beneficial Effects and Limitations 18.5 Undesirable Effects 18.6 Costs 18.7 Summary References Chapter 19 Artificial Circulation 19.1 19.2 19.3

Introduction Devices and Air Quantities Theoretical Effects of Circulation 19.3.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 19.3.2 Nutrients 19.3.3 Physical Control of Phytoplankton Biomass 19.3.4 Effects on Phytoplankton Composition 19.4 Effects of Circulation on Trophic Indicators 19.5 Undesirable Effects 19.6 Costs 19.7 Summary and Recommendations References Chapter 20 Sediment Removal 20.1 20.2

20.3

20.4 20.5

Introduction Objectives of Sediment Removal 20.2.1 Deepening 20.2.2 Nutrient Control 20.2.3 Toxic Substances Removal 20.2.4 Rooted Macrophyte Control Environmental Concerns 20.3.1 In-Lake Concerns 20.3.2 Disposal Area Concerns Sediment Removal Depth Sediment Removal Techniques 20.5.1 Mechanical Dredges

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20.5.2 Hydraulic Dredges 20.5.3 Special-Purpose Dredges 20.5.4 Pneumatic Dredges 20.6 Suitable Lake Conditions 20.7 Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design 20.7.1 Dredge Selection 20.7.1.1 Plan to Optimize the Available Disposal Area 20.7.1.2 Analyze the Production Capacity of Available Dredging Equipment 20.7.1.3 Compute Dredging Days Required to Complete the Job 20.7.1.4 Determine the Required Head Discharge Characteristics of the Main Pump When Pumping Material with the Specific Gravity of Lake Sediment (Approximately 1.20) 20.7.1.5 Determine Minimum Head Conditions When Pumping to the Nearest Disposal Area 20.7.1.6 Analyze Booster Pump Requirements for Pumping to Distances Beyond the Capacity of the Main Pump 20.7.2 Disposal Area Design 20.7.2.1 Flocculent Settling Procedure 20.7.2.2 Zone/Compression Settling Test Procedure 20.7.2.3 Design Procedures 20.8 Case Studies 20.8.1 Lake Trummen, Sweden 20.8.2 Lilly Lake, Wisconsin 20.8.2.1 Initial Diagnosis and Results 20.8.2.2 Long-Term Effects 20.8.2.3 Other WDNR Dredging Experiences 20.8.3 Lake Springfield, Illinois 20.8.3.1 Sediment Removal Guidelines 20.8.3.2 Sediment Removal Techniques and Disposal Site Selection 20.8.3.3 Permits 20.8.3.4 Disposal Site 20.8.3.5 Sediment Removal 20.8.4 Lake Järnsjön, Sweden 20.9 Costs 20.10 Summary References

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