Chapter 14
Reproductive System (Male and Female)
Chapter Objectives Upon completion of the chapter the participant will be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Name and locate the organs of the male reproductive system. Describe the functions of the various organs of the male reproductive system. Name the structures of the female reproductive system. Label the structures of the female reproductive system on a diagram. Describe the normal functioning of the female reproductive system. Analyze, define and spell the terms of the male and female reproductive systems. Successfully complete the exercises at the end of the chapter.
Male Reproductive System In the male there is some overlapping of the functioning of the urinary and reproductive systems.
Vas deferens
Bladder Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct
Prostate gland
Urethra
Epididymis
Glans penis Prepuse (foreskin)
Testis Scrotum
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¾ Scrotum: Also known as the scrotal sac, this is an external sac that encloses and supports the testes. It is located behind the penis. ¾ Testes: (didym/o, orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o) Also know as the testicles these are two egg shaped glands that produce sperm or spermatozoa. Prior to birth the testes develop in the abdomen and just prior to birth descend into the scrotal sac. They are suspended in the scrotum by spermatic cords. ¾ Spermatozoa (sperm/o, spermat/o) These are the male reproductive gametes that are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. ¾ Epididymis: A tube found in the upper part of the testes that runs down the length of the testicle and after turning up again becomes the vas deferens. As sperm are formed they move through the seminiferous tubules and are collected in the epididymis where they are temporarily stored. While there they become mobile, or are made capable of spontaneous motion. ¾ Vas deferens: This is a tube that leaves the testes and carries the sperm up into the area around the urinary bladder and then down toward the urethra. ¾ Seminal Vesicles: These are glands that are located at the base of the urinary bladder and that open into the vas deferens as it joins the urethra. These vesicles secrete a substance that provides nutrition to the sperm. One of the final portions of the seminal vesicles is the ejaculatory duct and it passes through the prostate gland and enters the urethra. ¾ Prostate Gland (prostat/o): A gland that lies under the bladder and surrounds the upper end of the urethra. This gland secretes a thick fluid that increases the motility of the sperm. ¾ Urethra: The tube that passes through the penis to the outside of the body. It serves both the urinary and reproductive systems. ¾ Penis (pen/i, priap/o) Termed the male sex organ, it transports the sperm to the outside of the body. It is composed of tissue that is capable of becoming erect to allow sexual functioning to occur.
Semen (semin/i) This is the fluid that is excreted during sexual activity. It contains sperm plus the secretions of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. Its production begins with puberty and is stimulated by hormones that are produced by the endocrine glands (luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone). When released during sexual activity semen will normally contain approximately 250 million sperm.
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Word Parts for the Male Reproductive System Roots ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
andr/o balan/o didym/o, pen/i, priap/o epididym/o olig/o orchid/o, orchi/o, testicul/o perine/o prostat/o semin/i sperm/o, spermat/o vas/o
male glans penis testes epididymis scanty, few testis, testicle perineum prostate gland semen, sperm sperm, spermatozoa vas deferens
Suffixes ¾ -cele ¾ -spadias ¾ -trophy
hernia opening, split nourishment
Prefixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
ancircumhydrore-
without around water back
Term Analysis and Definition Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
andr/o
androgenic
andr = male -genic = producing
Producing male characteristics
balan/o
balanitis
balan = glans penis -itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the glans penis
balanorrhea
-orrhea = flow, discharge
Discharge from the glans penis
epididymitis
epididym = epididymis -itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the epididymis
epididym/o
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Word Part orchid/o, orchi/o, testicul/o
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
anorchism
an = no, lack of orch = testes -ism = condition
Condition where there is an absence of testes
cryptorchidism
crypt = hidden -ism = process
Process where the testes are hidden. “Undescended testicles”
orchidopexy
-pexy = surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of the testes into the scrotal sac Inflammation of the testes
orchitis
-itis = inflammation Pertaining to the testicle
testicular
testicul = testes -ar = pertaining to
prostatitis
prostat = prostate gland -itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the prostate gland
prostatectomy
-ectomy = surgical excision
Surgical excision of the prostate gland
aspermatogenesis
a = no, lack of spermat = sperm -genesis = formation, production
No production of sperm
oligospermia
oligo = scanty, deficient -ia = pertaining to
Pertaining to a deficiency in sperm
spermatocidal
-cidal = to kill
To kill or destroy sperm
vas/o
vasectomy
vas = vas deferens -ectomy = surgical removal
Excision of the vas deferens or a portion of it
-cele
hematocele
hemat = blood -cele = hernia, protrusion
Accumulation of blood around the testicles
hydrocele
hydro = water
Accumulation of water around the testicles.
spermatocele
spermat = sperm
Accumulation of fluid in the testicles
prostat/o
sperm/o, spermat/o
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Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
variocele
vari = dilated, varicose veins
Dilation of the testicular veins of the scrotum
epispadias
epi = on, upon, above -spadias = opening, slit
Opening of the meatus on the top of the penis
hypospadias
hypo = under
Opening of the meatus on the under side of the penis
-trophy
prostatic hypertrophy
prostat = prostate gland -ic = condition hyper = excessive trophy = nourishment
Enlargement of the prostate gland
circum-
circumcision
circum = around cis = to cut -ion = process
Process of removing the tissue around the head of the penis
re-
transurethral resection
trans = around urethr = urethra -al = pertaining to re = back sect = to cut -ion = process
Process of cutting back all or part of the prostate gland.
-spadias
Abbreviations: BPH:
benign prostatic hypertrophy or hyperplasia
STD’s:
sexual transmitted disease
TUR:
transurethral resection
UG
urogenital
VD
veneral disease
Female Reproductive System The primary function of the female reproductive system is the creation and support of a new life. The system consists of both internal and external organs that will be discussed after the diagram.
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Internal Components of the Female Reproductive System ¾ Ovaries (oophor/o, ovari/o) Two almond shaped glands that are located in the pelvic cavity, one on either side of the uterus. They contain thousands of sacs called graafian follicles each of which contains a single ovum or egg. These ova (oo/o, ov/o, ov/i) are the female gametes. The function of the ovary is to discharge the egg and to produce hormones. When born the female has their lifetime supply of immature eggs already present in the ovaries. When puberty arrives an egg matures and is released on approximately a monthly basis. This process is called ovulation. The ovaries regulate the menstrual cycle by releasing the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen is important in the development of secondary sex characteristics such as breast development and monthly it causes the walls of the uterus to thicken so it will be prepared should an egg get fertilized. Progesterone stimulates the growth of the blood vessels in the uterus, which will be needed if the egg is fertilized once released. If there is no fertilizing of the egg this increased lining will be shed through a process called menstruation. In women the ability to reproduce ceases at some point, usually about 50 years of age, and this is referred to as menopause. ¾ Fallopian Tubes (salping/o): These tubes link the ovaries and the uterus. One end of the tube is shaped like a funnel that is referred to as infundibulum. This end also has finger like projections called fimbriae that catch the ovum when it leaves the ovary and directs it into the fallopian tube. The fallopian tube acts as the duct to convey the ovum from the ovary to the uterus and also directs the sperm after sexual intercourse from the vagina and uterus.
Fallopian Tube Ovary
Uterus Cervix
Bladder
Vagina Urethra Anus
Urethral opening
Vaginal opening
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¾ Uterus (hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o): This is the pear shaped organ that has muscular walls that allow it to expand as the fetus or baby develops. It is held in place in the pelvic cavity by ligaments. It consists of a fundus (fund/o) that is the round bulging part above the fallopian tubes and a corpus (corp/u) that is the body. The lower portion of the uterus that extends into the vagina is the cervix (cervic/o). The walls of the uterus are made up of three layers of tissue. These layers are the: { Perimetrium (peri-) which is the outer membranous layer. { Myometrium (my/o) is the middle muscular layer. { Endometrium (end/o) is the inner layer that is made up of specialized cells. ¾ Vagina (colp/o, vagin/o) This is a muscular tube that is lined with mucous membranes and extends from the cervix to the outside of the body. It is often referred to as the “birth canal”.
Fallopian Tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterus Cervix Vagina
External Components of the Female Reproductive System ¾ External genitalia or vulva (vulv/o, episi/o): This refers to the parts of the reproductive system that are outside the body and that can be seen. The components of this area are the: clitoris, labia majora, labia minora, mons pubis and Bartholin’s glands. ¾ Mammary glands (mamm/o, mast/o) Known as breasts, are the milk producing glands that develop during puberty. They are classified as part of the reproductive system and the integumentary system. Each breast consists of a series of lactiferous glands (lact/i, lact/o) that produce milk after childbirth and lactiferous ducts that direct the milk to the nipple (thel/o) for feeding.
Pregnancy Revised 2005-09-13
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If there is fertilization of an egg that has been released from the ovary pregnancy results. The egg is fertilized in the fallopian tube and then travels into the uterus where it implants in the uterine wall and the fetus or baby begins to develop. A placenta develops and attaches the baby to the uterine wall. It is through the placenta that the fetus gets its nourishment and oxygen. Once the baby has fully developed (nine months) the birth process or parturition occurs. This is accomplished when the muscles of the uterus contract and push the baby out through the cervix, into the vagina and out into the world. The term gravida is used to describe the obstetrical history of the woman and a prefix attached to it to indicate the number of pregnancies there have been.
Word Parts for the Female Reproductive System Roots ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
abort/o amni/o cervic/o colp/o, vagin/o corp/u, corpor/o culd/o cyes/i, cyes/o ejaculat/o end/o episi/o, vulv/o fet/i, fet/o fibr/o flex/o fund/o galact/o, lact/o, lact/i gravid/o gynec/o hyster/o, metr/o, metri/o, uter/o labi/o lapar/o ligat/o lute/o mamm/o, mast/o men/o, menstru/o, menstruat/o my/o nat/i olig/o oo/o, ov/o, ov/i oophor/o, ovari/o part/o
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miscarriage, abortion amion, sac where the fetus grows cervix, neck of the uterus vagina body cul-de-sac pregnancy throw, hurl out within vulva, external genitalia fetus, unborn child fibers, fibrous tissue bend base, bottom milk pregnant woman uterus lips abdomen binding, tying yellow breast menses, menstruation muscle birth scant few egg ovary labor, childbirth -162-
¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
pelv/i perine/o py/o retr/o salping/o thel/o top/o umbilic/o
pelvis perineum pus behind, backward tube nipple place, position,location navel
Suffixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
-arche -cele -cyesis -emesis -gravida -logy -metry -opsy -para -partum -salpinx -tocia, tocin -ultra
beginning hernia pregnancy vomit pregnancy study of process of measuring to view to bear, give birth labor, delivery fallopian tube labor excess, beyond
Prefixes ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾
antenulliperiprimiretro-
forward, before none surrounding first back, behind
Term Analysis and Definition Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
amni/o
amniocentesis
amni = sac in which the fetus develops -centesis = puncture to obtain fluid
Surgical puncture made to obtain fluid from the amniotic sac
cervic/o
cervicitis
cervic = cervix -itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the cervix.
colp/o,
colporrhaphy
colp = vagina
Suturing of the vagina
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Word Part
Term
vagin/o
Term Analysis
Definition
-rrhaphy = suture
colposcopy
-scopy = process of visually examining
Process of visually examining the vagina
vaginitis
vagin = vagina -itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the vagina
vaginomycosis
myc = fungus -osis = condition
Fungal infection of the vagina
culdocentesis
culd = cul-de-sac -centesis = surgical puncture to remove fluid
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the cul-de-sac of Douglas
culdoscope
-scope = instrument to visually examine
Instrument to visually examine the cul-de-sac of Douglas
episiotomy
episi = vulva, external genitalia -tomy = Surgical incision
Surgical incision into the vulva
episiorrhaphy
-rrhaphy = suture
Suturing of the vulva
vulvectomy
vulv = vulva, external genitalia -ectomy = surgical removal
Surgical removal of the vulva
vulvorectal
rect = rectum -al = pertaining to
Pertaining to the vulva and rectum
fibr/o
fibroid
fibr = fibrous tissue -oid = like
Tissue that is similar to fiber
galact/o
galactorrhea
galact = milk -rrhea = discharge, flow
Discharge of milk from the breast after breast feeding has stopped
gynec/o
gynecologist
gynec = woman -logist = specialist
Specialist who works with diseases of women
gynecology
-logy = study of
Study of women’s diseases.
hysterectomy
hyster = uterus
Surgical removal of the uterus
culd/o
epis/o, vulv/o
hyster/o, Revised 2005-09-13
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Word Part
Term
metr/o, uter/o
Term Analysis
Definition
-ectomy = surgical removal
hysterotomy
endometrosis
endometrium
metroptosis
metrorrhagia
parametrium
perimetrium intrauterine
rectouterine
-tomy = Surgical incision endo = within metr = uterus
Surgical incision into the uterus
-osis = abnormal condition
Tissue of the inside of the uterus found in areas other than the uterus
-ium = structure
Inner wall of the uterus
-ptosis = drooping
Displacement of the uterus into the vaginal canal (uterine prolapse)
-rrhagia = burst forth
Uterine bleeding other than during the menstrual cycle
para = near, inside
Structures found beside the uterus
peri = around
Outer most wall of the uterus
intra = within uter = uterus -ine = pertaining to
Pertaining to within the uterus
recto = rectum
Pertaining to the rectum and uterus
labi/o
labial
labi = lips -al = pertaining to
Pertaining to the lips
lact/o
lactogeneis
lact = milk -genesis = production
Production of milk by the breast
lapar/o
laparoscopy
lapar = abdomen -scopy = visual examination using a scope
Visual examination of the abdomen using a scope
ligati/o
tubal ligation
tub = fallopian tube -al = pertaining to
Method of sterilization where the fallopian tubes are blocked
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Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
ligati = binding, tying -ion = process
by tying
mammary
mamm = breast -ary = pertaining to
Pertaining to the breast
mammography
-graphy = process of recording
X-ray to diagnose problems in the breast
mammoplasty
-plasty = surgical repair
Surgical repair or reconstruction of the breast
mastectomy
-ectomy = surgical removal
Surgical removal of the breast
mastopexy
-pexy = surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of the breast
amenorrhea
a = no, lack of men = menses, menstruation -rrhea = discharge
No menstruation
dysmenorrhea
dys = difficult, painful
Painful menstruation
menopause
-pause = stoppage
Stoppage of menstruation
menorrhea
-rrhea = discharge, flow
Menstrual flow
oligomenorrhea
oligo = scant
Diminished menstrual flow
nat/i
postnatal
post = after nal = birth -al = pertaining to
Pertaining to after birth
o/o, ov/o
oocyte
o = egg -cyte = cell
Egg cell
ovoid
-oid = like ov = egg
Resembling an egg
Oophororrhagia ovarian
oophor = ovary -rrhagia = burst forth oavri = ovary -ian = pertaining to
Hemorrhaging from the ovary
mamm/o, mast/o
men/o menstru/o, menstruat/o
oophor/o, ovari/o
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Pertaining to the ovary
Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
perine/o
colpoperineo -plasty
colp = vagina perine = perineum -plasty = surgical repair
Surgical repair of the vagina and perineum
salping/o, salpinx
hysterosalpingectomy
hyster = uterus salping = fallopian tube -ectomy = surgical removal
Surgical removal of the uterus and fallopian tubes
hysterosalpingogram
-gram = record
Record of the uterus and fallopian tubes
salpingopexy
-pexy = surgical fixation
Surgical fixation of the fallopian tubes
salpingooophorectomy
oophor = ovary -ectomy = surgical removal
Surgical removal of the ovary and fallopian tube
hematosalpinx
hemat = blood -salpinx = fallopian tube
Accumulation of blood in the fallopian tube
pyosalpinx
py = pus
Accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube
polythelia
poly = many thel = nipple -ia = condition
Condition of having more than one nipple per breast
thelitis
-itis = inflammation
Inflammation of the nipple
top/o
ectopic pregnancy
ec = out top = place -ic = pertaining to
Pertaining to a pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus
-arche
menarche
men = menses, menstruation -arche = beginning
Beginning of regular menstrual cycles
-cele
cystocele
cyst = bladder -cele = hernia, protrusion rect = rectum
Hernia of the bladder against the vaginal wall
thel/o
rectocele
pseudo = false Revised 2005-09-13
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Hernia of the rectum against the vaginal wall
Word Part
Term
Term Analysis
Definition
-cyesis
pseudocyesis
-cyesis = pregnancy
False pregnancy
-emesis
hyperemesis gravidarum
hyper = excessive -emesis = vomit gravaridum = pregnancy
Excessive vomiting during pregnancy
-gravida
multigravida
multi = many gravida = pregnancy
Many pregnancies
nulligravida
null = none
A woman who has not been pregnant
primigravida
primi = first
A woman’s first pregnancy
-logy
cytology
cyt = cell -logy = study of
Study of cells
-metry
pelvimetry
pelv = pelvis -metry = process of measuring
Process of measuring the pelvis
-opsy
biopsy
bio = life -opsy = to view
To take living tissue and examine it to determine if there is a problem
-para
multipara
multi = multiple -para = give birth
Woman who has given birth two or more times
nullipara
nulli = none
Woman who has never given birth
primipara
primi = first
A woman who has given birth to her first baby
antepartum
ante = before -partum = delivery
Before delivery of a baby
postpartum
post = after
After delivery of a baby
-tocia, -tocin
oxytocin
oxy = sharp tocin = labor
Hormone secreted that causes sharp labor
ante-
anteflexion
ante = before flex = bending -ion = process versi = turning, tipping
Bending forward of a part of the organ
retro = back, behind
Bending back of a part of an
-partum
anteversion RetroRevised 2005-09-13
retroflexion
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Tipping forward of an organ
Word Part
Term
Term Analysis -ion = process flex= bending
retroversion
versi = turning, tipping
Abbreviations:
AB:
abortion
BBT:
basal body temperature
C-section:
cesarian section
D and C:
dilation (dilatation) and curettage
EDC:
estimated date of confinement
Grav 1:
pregnancy 1
Gyne:
gynecology
IUD:
intrauterine device
LMP:
last menstrual period
PID:
pelvic inflammatory disease
WNL:
within normal limits
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Definition organ
Tipping backward of an organ