[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES]

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL RANGANATHAN POLYTECNIC COLLEGE, VIRALIYUR (post), THONDAMUTHUR (via), CIOMBATORE - 641109 Phone: (042...
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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL

RANGANATHAN POLYTECNIC COLLEGE, VIRALIYUR (post), THONDAMUTHUR (via), CIOMBATORE - 641109 Phone: (0422)2619100-49 Telefax:0422-2619100 Web: www.rrct-rec.org email:[email protected]

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

PREPARED BY Er D. PRABAKARAN, PRINCIPAL RANGANATHAN POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE COIMBATORE

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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL

UNIT -1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

1. What is energy? It is the Ability to do work. 2. What is primary energy? Energy sources which provide a net supply of energy are called primary energy. 3. What are primary energy sources? Coal, natural gas, oil & nuclear energy are primary energy sources. 4. List out any two conventional energy sources.  Fossil fuel energy  Hydraulic energy  Nuclear energy 5. What are the common forms of energy? Fossil fuel (coal, natural gas, oil), hydro-electric power, nuclear power, solar power, biomass power, geo thermal energy, tidal energy, ocean thermal energy, etc… 6. List out any two non-conventional energy sources. Solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy 7. State any two merits of non-conventional energy sources.  Less environment impact than fossil fuel. Page 2

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL  It can be used without depleting. 8. State any two de-merits of conventional energy sources.  Very costly production cost.  Cause of global warming, Greenhouse Effect, Acid rain Etc... 9. What is meant by conventional energy? Energy that has been used from ancient times is known as conventional energy. 10. List any two salient features of non-conventional energy sources.  It can be used without depleting it.  Renewable energy is environmental friendly. 11. Give examples for fossil fuels. Coal, natural gas, petroleum. 12. What is relationship energy consumption and standard of living? The more energy people consume, the more their standard of living improved. 13. What are products obtained from crude petroleum?  Petroleum gas  Petrol  Kerosene  Diesel oil  Residual oil (Lubrication oil, paraffin wax, asphalt)  Fuel oil for boiler & furnace 14. What is energy density of fuel? A measure of the amount of energy stored in a given volume or mass (weight) of that fuel. Unit is KJ/KG 15. What is energy density value of petrol & diesel? Petrol: 46900 KJ/KG Diesel: 45800KJ/KG 16. What are renewable energy sources? The source of energy which are being produced continuously in nature and are Inexhaustible are called renewable source of energy (or) non-conventional energy. 17. What is the potential of wind energy and solar power in India? According To Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources,  Wind: 45000 MW Page 3

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL  Solar: 20MW/Sq.Km These are the potential of wind energy and solar power in India. 18. What is energy conservation? Energy conservation is the practice of decreasing the quantity of energy used. 19. List any two methods of conserving energy.  Be less dependent on your heating and air conditioning units.  Replace old light bulbs with energy saving fluorescent bulbs.  Turn off all electronic devices that are not in use. 20. What is meant by energy chain? The sequence of energy transformations between primary and secondary energy.

UNIT – II SOLAR ENERGY 1. Define solar energy. Energy from the sun is called solar energy. 2. What is diffuse radiation? Diffuse radiation is that solar radiation received from the sun its direction has been changed by reflection & scattering by the atmosphere. 3. What is global radiation? The sum of the direct beam radiation and diffuse radiation flux is referred to as total or global radiation. 4. Mention any two instrument used for measurements of solar radiation. Pyranometer pyrheliometer 5. What are the applications of solar energy? Heating and cooling of residential building. Solar water heating. 6. What is the function of solar energy collectors? A solar collector is a device for collecting solar radiation and transfer the energy to fluid Passing in contact with it.

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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL 7. List any two type’s solar collectors. Non –concentrating (or) flat plate solar collector. Concentrating (focusing) types solar collector. 8. Compare flat plate collectors and concentrating type collector. Flat plate collector It is less efficient solar collector

Concentrating type collector It is the most powerful type of collector

Maximum temperature of fluid is 3000C

Fluid temperature up to around 50000 C can be achieved

It can be used in water heating

It can be used in solar furnaces and solar power plants

9. What is the uses solar furnace? Solar furnace is a structure that captures sunlight to produce high temperature usably for industries. 10. What is solar cooker? Solar cooker is a device which uses the energy of direct sun light to heat, cook the food. 11. What are the different types of solar cooker?  Flat plate box type  Multi reflector type  Parabolic disc concentrator type 12. What are the limitations of solar cooker?  Cooking time is more  It has to cook accordingly to the sun shine 13. What are the components of solar water heater?  Solar hot water collector  Hot water tank  Pumps & controller 14. What is the importance of solar cooker? Solar cooking is simplest, safest, most convenient way to cook food without fuels. 15. What is solar pond? Solar pond is a pool of salt water which acts as large scale solar thermal energy collector Page 5

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL with integral heat storage for supplying thermal energy. 16. Name three zones in solar pond.  Upper convective zone  Non convective zone  Lower convective zone 17. List any two advantages of solar pond.  It has very large heat collection area at low cost.  Heat storage is massive, so no batteries or other storages needed. 18. What is the purpose of solar greenhouse? Greenhouse is a building in which allow certain plants are grown throughout the year & increasing important in the food supply of high latitude areas. 19. What is the purpose of solar distillation? Solar distillation is used for water purification by means of heat & solar radiation. 20. What is distributed solar collector? Individual solar collector modules interconnected to a single power producing unit by means of a heat transfer medium. This is known as distributed solar collector. 21. Define photo voltaic effect. A solar cell is a solid state electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity is known as photovoltaic effect. 22. What is the function of solar photo voltaic system?  Solar water heater circulation pumps.  Earth quake monitoring systems. 23. List out any two types of solar cells.  Single crystal silicon cell  Polycrystal silicon cell  Ribbon silicon cell  Amorphous silicon cell 24. What are the different applications of solar photo voltaic system in rural area?  Lighting and power supplies for remote villages.  Street lighting.  Mini grids. 25. What is solar radiation?

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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL Due its temperature, sun emits energy in the form of electromagnetic waves which is called as radiation energy.

Unit –III WIND ENERGY 1. What is wind energy? Wind energy is type of energy derived from kinetic energy of air. 2. What is wind data? For estimating the wind energy potential of a site, data collected from Site is known as wins data. 3. State any two applications of wind energy Grid-connected power generation  Water pumping  Telecommunications  Weather stations  Air-traffic control 4. List out any two advantages of wind energy.  Renewable energy  Reduces fossil fuels consumption  Less air and water pollution  5. List out any two disadvantages of wind energy.  Noise disturbances  Threat to wildlife  Wind speed can never be predicted 6. What is wind rose? Wind rose is a map diagram that summarizes information about the wind at a particular location over a specified time period 7. What is the use of wind rose? Wind rose used by meteorologists gives the percentage of the time the wind blows from each direction during the observation period 8. What is anemometer? The instrument used to measure wind speed is called an anemometer 9. What is the use of anemometer? Page 7

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL It is used to measure the wind speed. 10. What are essential components of a wind electric generator? Major components of wind electric generator are  Tower  Rotor  Gear box  Generator  Safety systems 11. What is nacelle? It is a cover to product wind turbine components on the tower. 12. Name the type of wind turbine. 1. Horizontal axis wind turbines 2. Vertical axis wind turbine 13. What are advantages of horizontal axis wind turbine?  The tall tower base allows access to stronger wind  High efficiency and increase in power output 34% 14. Name type of vertical axis wind turbine.  Darrieus wind turbine  Savonius wind turbine 15. What are advantages of vertical axis wind turbine?  No yaw mechanisms is needed  VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited 16. What are environmental impacts of wind turbine?  Bird deaths  Climate change 17. What are safety hazards in wind turbine?  Electric shock  Throwing ice in polar countries  Tower collapse  Affecting radar and radio signals  Public health issues  Blade failure 18. What are sources of risk in wind turbine operation? Page 8

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL     

Blade ejection Tower collapse Hazardous weather conditions Oil spills Ice shedding

19. Name safety devices used in wind turbine.  Vibration sensor  Electronic thermometers  Aerodynamic breaking system  Mechanical braking system

UNIT -IV BIO ENERGY 1. What are the applications of Bio-Energy?  Converting biomass into liquid fuels for transportation.  Burning biomass directly, or converting it into a gaseous fuel or oil, to generate electricity.  Converting biomass into chemicals for making products that typically are made from petroleum. 2. What is Bio-Mass? Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. 3. Give examples for biomass. Wood, waste, aquatic plants and crops are examples for biomass. 4. Define Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a chemical process that converts carbon dioxide into organic Compounds by means of sugars, using energy from sunlight. 5. What are Bio-Mass resources?  Pulp & paper (industry residues)  Timber, wood etc..(forest residue)  Leaves, wheat straw, rice straw ect..( agricultural residue)  Saw dust, trunks, wood pallets (urban wood waste) Page 9

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL  Wheat grass, switch grass, bamboo (energy crop waste) 6. What are advantages of biomass?  It reduces climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emission.  Biomass crop consumes carbon dioxide and produce oxygen.  Easy availability and produce as renewable resources. 7. What are energy recovery methods from urban waste?  Thermal conversion  Biochemical method  Thermo-chemical method .  Electrochemical method 8. What is pyrolysis? Pyrolysis is a process of chemical decomposition of organic matter by means of heat.

9. What is biomass gasification? It is a thermo chemical process which converts biomass materials into gaseous components. 10. What is biogas? Biological breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen is known as Biogas. 11. Write the composition of biogas. The compositions of biogas are follows,  Methane (CH4) :40-70%  Carbon dioxide (CO2):30-60%  Hydrogen (H2): 0-1%  Hydrogen sulfide(H2S):0-3% 12. What are types of biogas plants?  Floating-drum plants  Fixed-dome plants 13. List out two advantages of floating drum biogas plant.  Construction is easy.  low cost. 14. List out two advantages of fixed-dome biogas plants.  No moving parts involved.  Low initial cost. Page 10

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL  Long life span. 15. State any two application of Bio-gas plant. Applications of Bio-gas plant are follows,  Domestic cooking.  Drying grains in agriculture. 16. What is biodiesel? Biodiesel is a renewable fuel produced from vegetable oils and animal fat. 17. List out the advantages of biodiesel.  It is a clean burning fuel.  It is safe compared to other fossil fuel.  It does not emit toxic emissions.

18. What are biodiesel feedstocks? Biodiesel is made from soya bean oil, Recycled cooking oil, Animal fats, other vegetable oils like coconut oil etc…

UNIT -V OCEAN & GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 1. What are ocean energy resources? Ocean energy resources includes  Tidal Energy  Wave Energy  Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) 2. Define ocean energy. The movement of water in the oceans creates a vast storage of kinetic energy is called ocean energy. 3. What is ocean thermal energy? Sun’s heat warms the surface of the water more than deep ocean water, due to this temperature difference thermal energy occurs. This is known as ocean thermal energy. 4. What is the working principle of ocean thermal energy? Ocean thermal energy works in principle of thermal conductivity, where surface water as heat source and deep cold water as heat sink due to this temperature difference ocean Page 11

[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL thermal energy occurs. 5. List two advantages of ocean thermal energy. It will not pollute environment. This energy is produce all around the year in any climate. 6. What are limitations of ocean thermal energy?  It has lower capacity, need more technical improvement for higher energy Production capacity.  Power production depends on size and geographical area of the power plant. 7. What are types of OTEC systems?  Closed cycle systems  Open cycle systems  Hybrid systems

8. What are working fluids in OTEC? OTEC working fluids are,  Ammonia  Fluorinated carbons such as CFCS &HCFCs  Pentane 9. What is tidal energy? Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the energy of tides into useful forms Of power –mainly electricity. 10. List out any two merits of tidal energy.  It is inexhaustible sources of energy.  The life of tidal energy power plant is very long.  The energy density of tidal energy is higher than renewable energy. 11. State any two limitations of tidal energy.  The high and low tides must reach16 feet.  Construction cost is high.  Limited availability of sites. 12. What is meant by wave machines? The device which is used to convert wave energy into mechanical energy called wave machines.

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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL 13. List out wave energy conversion device.  Oscillating water column  Tapchan  Pendulor device (or) dolphin type device. 14. State any two advantages of Geo thermal energy.  Low running cost  Reduce fossil fuel, global warming & pollution. 15. Define Geo thermal energy. It is defined as thermal energy generated and stored in under the earth. 16. List out Geo thermal sources.  Hydrothermal  Geopressured  Petro thermal 17. What are types of Geo thermal power plants?  Dry steam geothermal plant  Flash steam geothermal plant  Binary cycle geothermal plant 18. What are applications of geothermal energy?  To generate electricity, plastics, salt form sea water.  To purify sewage water.  To separate aluminum form bauxite. 19. What are methods of geothermal exploration?  Drilling  Seismology  Gravity  Resistivity & Magnetotellurics  Magnetic  Geochemistry 20. What are environmental issues from geothermal plant?  Air pollution  Water pollution  Physical impacts (Land erosion, Noise pollution, heat pollution)

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[RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES] DEPT .OF. MECHANICAL

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