Energy Harvesting/ Regeneration for Electric Vehicles Land, Water & Air 2015-2025

Dr Harry Zervos and Dr Peter Harrop IDTechEx www.IDTechEx.com

Energy Harvesting/Regeneration for Electric Vehicles Land, Water & Air 2015-2025

Contents

Page

1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1

1.1.

What is energy harvesting?

1

1.2.

Choices of harvesting

5

1.3.

Opportunities for energy harvesting in cars

8

1.4.

Market size of EV energy harvesting 2014-2025

13

1.5.

Largest sectors

14

1.6.

Regenerative braking

19

1.7.

Large UK Government grants for KERS harvesting

20

1.8.

Energy harvesting for racing cars shows the way

24

2.

INTRODUCTION

27

2.1.

Energy harvesting

27

2.1.1.

Textron Bell helicopter sensing

27

2.1.2.

Train brakes

29

2.1.3.

MEMS

30

2.2.

Electric vehicle

30

2.3.

Needs

31

2.3.1.

Range and cost

31

2.3.2.

Hybrid vs pure electric

32

2.3.3.

Biomimetics

32

2.4.

Options and examples

34

2.4.1.

ETH, QinetiQ solar plane

34

2.4.2.

Amerigon thermoelectrics for cars, etc

35

2.4.3.

Military land vehicles

37

2.4.4.

NASA on Mars- planetary exploration vehicles

38

2.5.

Bluecar

38

2.6.

Nissan Capacitor Hybrid truck, forklift

40

2.7.

Toyota Prius

41

2.8.

Multi-mode harvesting

43

2.8.1.

Alongside

43

2.8.2.

Smart skin

45

2.8.3.

EH in tire pressure monitoring

47

2.8.4.

Issues with TPMSs using batteries

47

2.8.5.

Energy harvesters for TPMS

48

2.9.

Microhybrids

49

3.

TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

51

3.1.

Photovoltaic

51

Energy Harvesting/Regeneration for Electric Vehicles Land, Water & Air 2015-2025

3.1.1.

Flexible, conformal

51

3.1.2.

Technological options

52

3.1.3.

Principles of operation

53

3.1.4.

Options for flexible PV

54

3.1.5.

Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting

56

3.2.

Limits of cSi and aSi technologies

56

3.3.

Limits of CdTe

57

3.4.

GaAs-Ge multilayers

57

3.5.

DSSC

58

3.6.

CIGS

60

3.7.

Organic

61

3.8.

Nanosilicon ink

65

3.9.

Nantenna – diode PV

65

3.9.1.

Nanowire solar cells

66

3.9.2.

UV, visible, IR

67

3.10.

Technology trends – electrodynamic

68

3.11.

Vibration harvesting

69

3.12.

Movement harvesting options

69

3.12.1.

Piezoelectric – conventional, ZnO and polymer

69

3.12.2.

Electrostatic

73

3.12.3.

Magnetostrictive

74

3.12.4.

Energy harvesting electronics

74

3.13.

Electroactive polymers

75

3.14.

Electrodynamic

78

3.14.1.

Generation of electricity

78

3.14.2.

Regenerative braking

78

3.14.3.

Energy harvesting shock absorbers

78

3.14.4.

Regenerative soaring

80

3.15.

Thermoelectrics

81

3.15.1.

Great increase in interest in 2014

82

3.15.2.

Thermoelectric construction

83

3.15.3.

Advantages of thermoelectrics

85

3.15.4.

Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG)

86

3.15.5.

Heat pumps

89

3.15.6.

Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting in Japan

90

3.15.7.

Ford, Volvo, Renault

95

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3.16.

Flywheels

3.17.

Electromagnetic field harnessing

102

3.18.

Microbial and other fuel cells

103

3.19.

Other harvesting options

103

4.

EH FOR LAND VEHICLES

105

4.1.

Solar Prius

105

97

Energy Harvesting/Regeneration for Electric Vehicles Land, Water & Air 2015-2025

4.2.

Webasto pioneers see-through solar car

105

4.3.

Pure EV motive power

108

4.4.

EH shock absorbers in trucks, buses, cars

112

4.4.1.

Levant Power

112

4.4.2.

Wattshocks

118

4.5.

Regenerative braking

122

4.6.

Electricity from engine and exhaust heat

123

4.6.1.

Copenhagen bicycle

125

4.6.2.

Volvo hybrid bus

128

4.6.3.

Fisker Karma car

128

4.6.4.

Tesla car

130

4.7.

Cruise car solar golf cars

131

4.8.

Ford unveils solar powered car with new system that tracks the sun

132

4.9.

Vibration harvesting ATV in India

133

4.10.

Piezoelectric roads for California?

134

4.11.

Award for railroad energy harvesting

134

5.

EH FOR VEHICLES ON WATER

137

5.1.1.

Example of US navy unmanned surface vehicles

137

5.1.2.

Tamarack Lake foldable inland boat USA

139

5.1.3.

Kitegen seagoing kite boats Italy and Sauter UK

140

5.1.4.

Larger solar lake boats Switzerland

144

5.1.5.

SCOD / Atlantic Motors high performance cabin cruiser USA

144

5.1.6.

MW Line solar seagoing boat Switzerland

145

5.1.7.

Unmanned boat gathering oil USA

145

5.1.8.

Seagoing yachts France

147

5.1.9.

Tag plug in hybrid large sail boat South Africa, New Zealand

148

5.1.10.

Türanor PlanetSolar solar catamaran Germany

153

5.1.11.

Energy harvesting superyacht UK

156

6.

EH FOR UNDERWATER CRAFT

159

6.1.

Swimmers vs gliders

160

6.2.

Wave and sun powered sea gliders

161

6.2.1.

Virginia Institute of Marine Science USA

162

6.2.2.

Falmouth Scientific Inc USA

162

6.2.3.

Liquid Robotics USA

163

Robot jellyfish USA and Germany

165

6.4.

Wind + Solar for ships

169

7.

EH FOR AIRCRAFT

171

7.1.

Energy harvesting

171

7.1.1.

Multiple forms of energy to be managed

171

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6.3.

Energy Harvesting/Regeneration for Electric Vehicles Land, Water & Air 2015-2025

7.1.2.

AeroVironment / NASA USA

173

7.1.3.

Boeing USA

174

7.1.4.

École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Switzerland

175

7.1.5.

ETH Zurich Switzerland

178

7.1.6.

Green Pioneer China

179

7.1.7.

Gossamer Penguin USA

179

7.1.8.

Néphélios France

180

7.1.9.

QinetiQ UK

180

7.1.10.

Soaring China

181

7.1.11.

Solair Germany

182

7.1.12.

Solar Flight USA

182

7.1.13.

Sunseeker USA

183

7.1.14.

University of Applied Sciences Schwäbisch Gmünd Germany

183

7.1.15.

US Air Force

183

7.1.16.

Northrop Grumman USA

184

7.2.

Beamed energy

185

8.

EV CHARGING STATIONS WITH HARVESTING

189

8.1.

Energy harvesting

189

8.1.1.

Solar powered charging stations

190

8.1.2.

Alpha Energy USA

191

8.1.3.

Beautiful Earth USA

192

8.1.4.

Envision Solar International USA

193

8.1.5.

E-Move Denmark

193

8.1.6.

EVFuture India

194

8.1.7.

Sanyo Japan

195

8.1.8.

Solar Bullet train

197

8.1.9.

Solar Unity Company USA

199

8.1.10.

SunPods USA

199

8.1.11.

Toyota Japan

200

8.1.12.

Innowattech Israel

203

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9.

MARKET FORECASTS 2013-2024

207

9.1.

Largest sectors

208

9.2.

Numbers of manufacturers

216

APPENDIX 1: WIRELESS CHARGING

221

IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS

231

IDTECHEX CONSULTANCY

232