REFERENCE

CONVERSION TABLE

482

REFERENCE

SI UNIT

ELECTRICAL DATA

483

REFERENCE

COMMONLY USE PUMP FORMULAS

484

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

485

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS II CLASSIFICATION OF TURBO PUMPS Turbo pumps are loosely grouped into the following three types. Centrifugal Pump Pump head caused primarily by the centrifugal force of impeller rotation. This type pump is widely used for its high head capability.

Mixed Flow Pump Here pump head is derived partly from rotation of the impeller, partly from impeller lift.

Axial Flow Pump Head produced by this pump is primarily a result of impeller action on water. It is used extensively when a large flow with low head is required.

These three kinds of pumps are also classified according to types of casing and impellers.

CASING Volute Pump & Diffuser Pump Water flows from impeller at high speed, which must be efficiently converted into pressure. In a diffuser pump, this conversion is performed by a guide vane installed in contact with the impeller. In a volute pump, conversation is by a volute casing not provided with a guide vane. Because of its high efficiency in handling a wide flow of water, simplicity of construction and compactness, a volute pump is universally used, except for such special use, as with a deep well.

SUCTION TYPES Single Suction & Double Suction When single suction is insufficient to move a large volume of water, two impellers are used back to back, and suction occurs on both sides. This, then, is the double suction type. Double suction improves efficiency, and the axial thrust is, in theory, balanced. However, because of structural complications, double suction is not used in other volute type pumps.

486

REFERENCE

CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS MULTI-STAGES When a single impeller fails to produce the required head, several impeller are arranged on as many stages on the principle of series operation of pumps. Most high-head pumps are multi-stage type.

NON-SELF-PRIMING & SELF-PRIMING PUMPS It is necessary to prime a conventional pump prior to operation to create a water channel from the pump through the suction piping. A self-priming pump can be started without the need for water in the suction pipe. Self-priming pumps works as follows: i) Prior to operation, water is in the casing and the impeller is immersed in water.

ii) With the start of operation, the impeller creates a vacuum in the pump, and air in the suction pipe is gradually drawn into the pump. On the outlet side, air alone is discharged and water circulates within the impeller. iii) With the complete removal of air from the suction pipe, the pump commences regular watering.

SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS Submersible pumps have enjoyed fast progress in recent years because: 1) No installation space is necessary 2) Priming is not required 3) There is no worry about cavitation Another reason for the popularity of submersible pumps is the new reliability of submersible motors and their mechanical seals, plus the availability of these pumps at moderate cost.

OTHER PUMPS In addition to the various types of turbo pumps mentioned above, there are others such as regenerative, reciprocating, rotary, vacuum, jet and air lift pumps. These pumps, however, have special applications. Most widely used among pumps are turbo pumps, and particularly, centrifugal volute pumps.

487

REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD & STATIC HEAD SUBMERSIBLE PUMPS The total head is obtained by the following formula

SURFACE PUMPS

Besides the static head, it is necessary to include the friction loss (head) that is generated when water flows through pipes, bends and valves in the calculation of the total head.

In case of non-submersible pumps (mainly horizontal pumps), it is advisable that it be installed at a place as near as the water level of suction side, for the prevention of cavitation.

STATIC HEAD

Has : suction actual head Had : discharged actual head

In case the water level (in suction tank) is above the pump: Ha = Had – Has

In case the water level (in suction tank) is below the pump: Ha = Had = Has 488

REFERENCE

TOTAL HEAD AND PIPE FRICTION LOSS HEAD The water heights that pump lift up is called head. In the case of transfer pump, the differential head Ha between discharge water level and suction water level is called actual head which is shown in Fig.1. The actual head consists of suction actual head, Has and discharge actual head, Had. Pump total head H means actual head Ha plus pipe friction loss Hf (this consists of suction loss Hfa & discharge loss Hfd)

For transfer pump

For circulating pump

Discharge (Discharge friction loss) water level

(Discharge friction loss) (Actual head)

(Discharge actual head)

(Suction friction loss)

(Actual head)

(Discharge actual head)

(Suction positive head)

Fig.1

Fig.2

(Suction actual head)

(Suction friction loss)

Total head Actual head Pipe friction loss

Remark:

Positive head

Total head Actual head Pipe friction loss

H = Ha + Hf Ha = Had - (- Has) = Had + Has Hf = Hfs + Hfd

H = Ha + Hf Ha = Had - Has Hf = Hfs + Hfd

FRICTION HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE 1) Head loss for straight pipe a. To find head loss by calculation method: Calculate using the following equation: Hf(m) = L D υ g

: : : : :

2 . L . υ D 2g

overall length of pipe (m) diameter of pipe (m) velocity of flow in pipe (m/s) gravity acceleration (9.8m/s2) value variable with fluid viscosity and flow velocity, pipe diameter and inside roughness, being found, in the case of water, by the following formula: 1 = 0.02 + 2000D

b. To find head loss by graphical method The head loss for a vinyl choloride pipe and that for a steel pipe (the head loss for a cast iron pipe being 1.3 times that for a steel pipe) are as shown in Fig 3 & 4. These graphs however, indicate the head loss per meter for a new pipe, and therefore the results obtained must be translated into the length as desired. Moreover, from a practical viewpoint, the resultant length must be multiplied by 1.5, allowing for aging. Example: For 100mm diameter, 80m lengths straight steel pipe and flow rate 1.2m3/min, pipe friction loss should be calculated as follows: New pipe loss given as 60mm (=0.06m) from fig.4, so that actual pipe loss is Hf = 0.06m x 80 x 1.5 ( design coefficient ) = 7.2(m)

489

REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS TABLE

490

REFERENCE

HEAD LOSS FOR PIPE & FITTINGS

491

REFERENCE

PUMP SYSTEM CURVE

Fig.6 Pipe system curve & flow rate

Pump performance curve Pipe system curve

Total head

Hf’ Hf

H Ha

Flow rate 492

REFERENCE

PUMP SERIES & PARALLEL OPERATION

Series operation pump performance

Fig.7

Total head

Pipe system curve

Pipe system curve

S pe ingle rfo p rm um an p ce

Parallel operation pump performance

Flow rate

Fig.8

Total head

Pipe system curve

S pe ingle rfo p rm um an p ce

Parallel operation pump performance

Flow rate

493

REFERENCE

PUMP SIZE & FLOW RATE

Discharge reducer * Suction reducer

Fig.9

494

REFERENCE

SUCTION TOTAL HEAD

For transfer pump

For circulation pump Discharge water level

Fig.10

Fig.11

Suction side friction loss head Suction total head

Suction head

Suction actual head

Suction total head

Suction side friction loss head

Suction total head (Positive)

Suction total head Hs = – Has – Hfs = – ( – Has + Hfs)

Hs = Has – Hfs

Water Temperature (ºC)

(at R. NPSH 4m)

Fig.12

Positive suction(m)

Negative suction(m) Suction total head Remark: Some margin should be added to this chart for actual use.

495

REFERENCE

SUCTION CONDITION

Elbow

Fig.13 Foot valve

496

REFERENCE

CALCULATING PUMP HEAD

497

REFERENCE

NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD (NPSH)

498

REFERENCE

PRESSURE DROP TABLE

499

REFERENCE

REGULATING FLOW RATE A. Employing a throttle valve Gradually closing a throttle valve installed in a conduit gradually increases frictional losses on the conduit, continuously altering its characteristic curve as shown in the figure at left, in which a pump’s Q-H operating point is progressively displaced from B to BIV.

B. Varying pump speed The best method for regulating flow rate from the standpoint of energy-conversion efficiency is varying pump speed. In the figure at left, varying a pump’s speed, n, displaces its operating point along a curved line segment bounded by B and B II.

C. Employing impellers of differing diameters Employing impellers of differing diameter alters the output power (flow rate x discharge head) of centrifugal pumps for a given drive speed. In the figure at left, altering impeller diameter, D, displaces a pump’s operating point along a curved line segment bounded by B and B II.

500

REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

501

REFERENCE

DETERMINATION OF FLOW RATES

502

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

503

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

504

REFERENCE

VISCOSITY CORRECTION

505

REFERENCE

VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER

506

REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN

Fig.14

Air pocket

Fig.15

Fig.16

Shut-off valve

Fig.17

507

REFERENCE

NOTES FOR PIPE WORK DESIGN Ball tap Water supply Water supply tank

Fig. 18 Foot valve

Air trap

Gate valve

Gate valve

Fig. 20

Fig. 19

Manhole

Flow entrance

Fig. 21

Lifting Chain Guide rail

Discharge

Submersible pump

Fig. 22

508

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA Unit Conversion tables [* refers to International System of Unit (SI)] • Unit of kg Force is expressed in unit of “kgf” (kilogram-force), and mass (quantity of meter) in “kg”; thus, since both use “kg”, they are easily confused (see NOTE). As units, however, they are completely different things. Both have coexisted in this manner for some time now and for the time being will continue to do so.

NOTE: In the past there was also a time when “kg” was used as the unit of force. • Weight “Weight” sometimes refers of force (or gravity, the force of the earth’s pull on a given mass) and sometimes refers to mass (the quantity of matter itself). The former is expressed by either the unit “kgf” or “n”, while the latter by “kg.”

The unit of force, “kgf”, however, will eventually come into disuse and the newton, “N,” will become the only unit used to represent force in both industrial circles and in ordinary use. The unit “kg” will continue to be used as the basic unit of mass in both industrial circles and in ordinary use.

(1) Length Conversion Table Meters (m)*

Centimeters (cm)

Millimeters (mm)

Inches (in [“])

Feet (ft [‘])

Shaku (30.3cm)

Yards (yd)

0.01 1 0.001 0.0254 0.3048 0.30303 0.9144

1 100 0.1 2.54 30.48 30.303 91.44

10 1000 1 25.4 304.8 303.03 914.4

0.3937 39.37 0.03937 1 12 11.939 36

0.032808 3.2808 0.0032808 0.083333 1 0.9942 3

0.033 3.3 0.0033 0.08382 1.0058 1 3.0175

0.01094 1.0936 0.001094 0.02778 0.3333 0.3314 1

Miles (mil)

Kilometers (km)

Metric Nautical Mile

1 0.6214 1.151

1.6093 1 1.852

0.8690 0.5400 1

(2) Area Conversion Table 1 Square Meters (m2)*

Square Centimeters (cm2)

Square Inches (in2)

Square Feet (ft2)

Tsubo (3.31 m2)

Tan (1,000 m2)

Cho (2.451 acres)

0.0001 1 0.0364516 0.092903 3.3058 991.736 9917.36

1 10000 6.4516 929.03 33058 9917360 99173600

0.155 1550 1 144 5124.38 =1537314 15373140

0.0010764 10.764 0.0069444 1 35.584 10675.2 106752

0.043025 0.30250 0.03195 0.02811 1 300 3000

0.061008 0.001008 0.0665 0.04937 0.003333 1 10

0.071008 0.0001008 0.0765 0.05937 0.000333 0.1 1

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.04937 = 0.0000937.

509

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA Area Conversion Table 2 Square Meters (m2)*

Ares (a)

Hectares (ha)

1 100 10000

0.01 1 100

0.0001 0.01 1

(3) Volume Conversion Table Cubic Meters (m3)*

Cubic Decimeters (dm3, l)

Cubic Inches (in3)

Cubic Feet (ft3)

English Gallons (UK gal)

American Gallons (US gal)

Koku (180)

0.001 1 0.0416 0.028317 0.0045465 0.0037852 0.18039

1 1000 0.0016 28.3153 4.5465 3.7852 180.39

61.024 61024 1 1728 277.46 233.5 11009.2

0.035317 35.315 0.03579 1 0.16057 0.13368 6.3707

0.21998 219.98 0.00360 6.22786 1 0.83254 39.676

0.26418 264.19 0.00433 7.4006 1.20114 1 47.656

0.0055435 5.5435 0.0491 0.15696 0.025204 0.020983 1

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.03579 = 0.000579.

(4) Mass Conversion Table Kilograms (kg)*

Metric Tons

t UK Tons

US Tons

Grains (gr)

Pounds (Ib)

Kan (3.75kg)

1 1000 1016 907.185 0.04648 0.4536 3.75

0.001 1 1.0160 0.90719 0.07648 0.034536 0.00375

0.039842 0.9842 1 0.89286 0.07638 0.034464 0.0036906

0.0011023 1.1023 1.12 1 0.07714 0.0351 0.004134

15432 15432000 1568912 13999073 1 7000 57870

2.2046 2204.6 2240 2000 0.031429 1 8.2672

0.26667 266.67 270.95 241.908 0.041728 0.12095 1

Kilograms

Kilogram-Force Second Squared per Meter (kgf•s2/m) 0.10197 1

(kg)* 1 9.807

NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.034464 = 0.0004464.

510

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA (5) Flow Conversion Table Liters per Second (l/s)

Cubic Meters Day (m3/d)

Cubic Meters Hour (m3/h)

1 0.2778 16.6667 1000 28.3152

86.4 24 1440 86400 2446.44

3.6 1 60 3600 101.934

Cubic Meters Minute Cubic Meters Second Cubic Feet Second (m3/min) (m3/sec) (ft3/sec) 0.060 0.16667 1 60 1.6989

0.001 0.0002778 0.16667 1 0.02832

0.3532 0.009810 0.588608 35.3165 1

(6) Force Conversion Table Newtons (N)*

Kilogram-Force (kgf)

1 9.807

0.10197 1

1N = 1kg•m/s2

(7) Pressure Conversion Table Megapascals

Pascals

Bars

Pound-Force per Square Centimeter (psi, Ibf/in2)

Standard Atmospheric

(bar)

Kilogram-Force per Square Centimeter (kgf/cm2)

(MPa)*

(Pa)*

0.1 0.09807 0.006895 0.10133 0.0313332 0.009807 10-6

105 9.80665x104 6.895x103 1.01325x105 133.32 9.807x103 1

(atm)

(mm)

(m)

1 0.9807 0.06895 1.0133 0.0013332 0.09807 0.00001

1.0197 1 0.07031 1.0332 0.0013595 0.10000 0.0410197

14.50 14.22 1 14.70 0.01934 1.422 0.03145

0.9869 0.9678 0.6805 1 0.0013158 0.09678 0.059869

750.1 735.6 51.71 760 1 73.55 0.007501

10.197 10.000 0.7031 10.33 0.01360 1 0.0310197

1 Pa = N/m2, 1 mbar (millibar) = 1 hPa (hectopascal) NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.0410197 = 0.000010197.

(8) Stress Conversion Table Megapascals (MPa)* 1 9.807

Newtons per Square Kilogram-Force per Millimeter Square Millimeter (N/mm2)* (kgf/mm2)* 1 9.807

0.10197 1

511

Millimeters of Mercury

Meters of Water

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA (9) Work, Energy and Quantity of Heat Joules (J)

Kilogram-Force Meters

Foot-Pound-Force (ft’lbf)

Kilowatt-Hours (kWh)

Kilocalories (kcal)

1 9.807 1.356 3.6x106 4186

0.10197 1 0.1383 3.671x105 426.9

0.7376 7.233 1 2.655x106 3087

0.062278 0.02724 0.063766 1 0.001163

0.032389 0.02343 0.03239 860.0 1

1 J = 1 N•m NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.032389 = 0.0002389.

(10) Power Conversion Table Kilowatts (kW)*

French/Metric Horsepower (PS)

British Horsepower (HP)

0.7355 0.746 1 0.009807 0.001359 4.186 1.055

1 1.0143 1.3596 0.01333 0.001843 5.691 1.434

0.9859 1 1.3405 0.1315 0.001817 5.611 1.414

Kilogram-Force Foot-PoundMeters per Second Force per Second (kgf•m/s) (ft•lbf/s) 75 542.5 76.07 550.2 101.97 737.6 1 7.233 0.1383 1 426.9 3087 107.6 778.0

Kilocalories per Second (kcal/s)

British Thermal Units per Second (BTU/s)

0.1757 0.1782 0.2389 0.002343 0.033239 1 0.2520

0.6973 0.7072 0.9480 0.009297 0.001285 3.968 1

1 W = 1 J/s NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.033239 = 0.0003239.

(11) Viscosity Conversion Table Pascal-Seconds (Pa•s)* 1 0.001 0.1 9.807

MillipascalSecond (mPa•s)*

Poise

Centipoise

(P)

(cP)

Kilogram-ForceSeconds per Square (kgf•s/m2)

1000 1 100 9807

10 0.01 1 98.07

1000 1 100 9807

0.10197 0.0310197 0.010197 1

1 W = 1 J/s NOTE: Subscript numerals appearing in the above table are used as in the following example: 0.0310197 = 0.00010197.

(12) Kinematic Viscosity Conversion Table Square Meters per Second (m2/s)*

Square Millimeters per Second (mm2/s)*

Stokes

Centistokes

(St, cm2/s)

(cSt)

1 0.000001 0.0001

1000000 1 100

10000 0.01 1

1000000 1 100

512

BASIC DATA

BASIC DATA (13) Temperature Conversion Formulas Kelvin (K) Degrees Celsius

= = = Degrees Fehrenheit = =

SI Prefixes

Degrees Celsius (°C) + 273.15 Kelvin (K) - 273.15 5/9 (Degrees Fahrenheit [°F] - 32) 9/5 x Degrees Celsius (°C) + 32 9/5 x Kelvin (K) - 459.67

Multiple

Prefix

Prefix Abbreviation

109

Giga

G

6

Mega

M

10

3

(14) Temperature Interval Conversion Table

10

Kilo

k

102

hecto

h

10

deka

da

Kelvin (K)*

Deg Celsius (°C)

Deg Fahrenheit (°F)

10-1

deci

d

-2

centi

c

1 0.55556

1 0.55556

1.8 1

10-3

milli

m

10-6

micro



10-9

nano

n

pico

p

10

NOTE: Recognize the difference between the temperature (warmth) and the temperature interval.

10

(15) Specific Heat/ SH Capacity Conversion Table Joules per Gram-Kelvin (J/[g•K])* 1 4.186

Calories per Gram-Deg Celsius (cal/[g•°C])

Kilocalories per Kilogram-Deg Celsius (kcal/[kg•°C])

0.2389 1

0.2389 1

(16) Heat Capacity Conversion Table Kilojoules per Kelvin (kJ/K)*

Kilocalories per Deg Celsius (kcal/°C)

1 4.186

0.2389 1

(17) Thermal Conductivity Conversion Table Watts per Meter-Kelvin (W/[m•K]) 1 1.1628

Kilocalories per HourMeter-Deg Celsius (kcal/[h•m•°C]) 0.86001 1

(18) Heat Transfer Coefficient Conversion Table Watts per Square Meter-Kelvin (W/[m•K])

Kilocalories per Sq Meter-Hour-Deg Celsius (kcal/[m2•h•°C])

1 1.1628

0.86001 1

513

-12

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA (1) Physical Properties of Water Temperature

Density

t (°C)

p (g/cm3)

Steam Pressure P (MPa)

Specific Heat Cp (J/[g•K])

Viscosity



Kinematic Viscosity v=/p (cm2/s)

Thermal Conductivity Ko (W/[m•K])

Thermal Diffusivity  = Ko/Cpp (cm2/s)

Prandti Number  Pr = v/

0

0.99987

0.000611

4.2174

(mPa•s) 1.789

0.01789

0.558

0.00132

13.6

10

0.99973

0.001227

4.1919

1.306

0.01307

0.577

0.00138

9.46

20

0.99823

0.002338

4.186

1.005

0.01006

0.597

0.00143

7.04

30

0.99568

0.004245

4.1782

0.8019

0.008054

0.615

0.00148

5.45

40

0.99225

0.007381

4.1783

0.6533

0.006584

0.633

0.00153

4.30

50

0.98807

0.012345

4.1804

0.5497

0.005564

0.647

0.00157

3.55

60

0.98324

0.019934

4.1841

0.4701

0.004781

0.658

0.00160

2.99

70

0.97781

0.031179

4.1893

0.4062

0.004154

0.667

0.00163

2.55

80

0.97183

0.047377

4.1961

0.3556

0.003659

0.673

0.00165

2.22

90

0.96534

0.70121

4.2048

0.3146

0.003259

0.678

0.00167

1.95

100

0.95838

0.101325

4.2099

0.2832

0.002944

0.681

0.00169

1.74

120

0.9434

0.19849

4.2312

0.232

0.00246

0.685

0.00171

1.44

140

0.9264

0.36120

4.2559

0.196

0.00212

0.684

0.00173

1.23

160

0.9075

0.61766

4.2840

0.174

0.00192

0.680

0.00175

1.10

180

0.8866

1.0019

4.3953

0.153

0.00173

0.673

0.00173

1.00

200

0.8628

1.5536

4.5000

0.136

0.00158

0.665

0.00171

0.923

220

0.837

2.3179

4.6046

0.126

0.00151

0.652

0.00169

0.894

240

0.809

3.3447

4.7302

0.117

0.00145

0.634

0.00166

0.874

260

0.785

4.6892

7.9813

0.109

0.00139

0.613

0.00157

0.885

280

0.750

6.4127

5.2325

0.101

0.00135

0.558

0.00150

0.900

300

0.714

8.5832

5.6930

0.095

0.00133

0.564

0.00139

0.957

1 MPa = 10.2 kgf/cm2

514

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA (2) Density, Modulus of Elasticity and Thermal Conductivity of Metallic Materials Material

Density (g/cm3)

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

Rigidity Modulus (GPa)

Thermal Conductivity (W/[m•K])

Cast iron (FC)

7.2 - 7.3

78 - 130

28 - 38

23 - 41

Steel casting and steel sheet (SC, SS)

7.85 - 7.9

175 - 210

70 - 84

27 - 45

18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel

7.93

195 - 202

-

25 - 33

13 chrome stainless steel

7.75

205 - 210

-

12 - 15

Bronze (BC)

8.4 - 8.7

80 - 90

28 - 30

Approx. 35

Brass bar (BsBM)

8.3 - 8.6

70 - 100

27 - 38

Approx. 60

Zinc (Zn)

7.13

80 - 130

Approx. 40

-

Aluminium (AI)

2.7

62 - 74

23 - 27

-

Chromium (Cr)

7.19

-

-

-

Nickel (Ni)

8.9

200 - 220

76 - 84

-

Mercury (Hg)

13.55

-

-

-

Lead (Pb)

11.34

10 - 17

Approx. 5.5

-

Tin (Sn)

7.30

45 - 55

Approx. 18

-

Tungsten (W)

19.3

-

-

-

NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2 NOTE 2 : 1 W/(m•K) = 0.86001 kcal/(h•m•°C) NOTE 3 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the heat treatment method, type and other factors.

(3) Density, Modulus of Elasticity of Nonmetallic Materials Material Sand, clay, muck

Density (g/cm3)

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

2 - 2.9

-

Material

Density (g/cm3)

Young’s Modulus (GPa)

Chestnut/teak

0.6

4 - 10

Lime

1.3 - 2.0

-

Japanese cypress/lauan

0.5

4 - 10

Limestone

2.7 - 3.0

-

Oak

0.9

4 - 10

Diatomite

1.92 - 2.17

-

Paper

0.52 - 0.8

-

2.7 - 3.2

-

Hemp

1.5

-

Cotton

1.5

-

Wool

1.3

-

Cement Concrete

2-3

Approx. 20

2.2 - 4.3

48 - 90

Anthracite

1.5

-

Leather

0.53 - 1.3

-

Sulfur

2.07

-

Rubber

0.9 - 1.5

-

2.5 - 6.0

-

Ceramics

2.7 - 6

200 - 400

Glass

Ore (copper/iron) Bauxite

2.5

-

Phenol resin

1.25 - 1.5

0.08 - 0.15

Salt

2.16

-

Silicon resin

1.3 - 1.8

0.11 - 0.18

Wax

Acrylic resin

0.96 - 1.0

-

Japanese cedar

0.4

4 - 10

Teflon

Japanese red/black pine

0.6

4 - 10

Polyethylene

1.19

0.03

2.1 - 2.3

0.004 - 0.006

0.92 - 0.93

0.003

NOTE 1 : 1 GPa = 1.0197 x 102kgf/mm2 NOTE 2 : Approximate values have been given, since such values change according to the temperature, humidity, place of production, manufacturing method, sample size, deterioration and other factors.

515

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA (4) Fluid Density Density (g/cm3)

Fluid Air

0.001293 (0°C, 760 mmHg)

Liquid oxygen

1.14

Gasoline

0.65 - 0.75

Light oil

0.83 - 0.88

Heavy oil

0.90 - 0.98

Lube oil

Approx. 0.9

Vegetable oil

0.9 - 0.97

Animal oil

0.86 - 0.94

Water

1.0

Seawater

1.025

10% solution of salt

1.07

20% solution of salt

1.15

(5) Specific Heat Capacity at Constant Pressure of Various Solids and Liquids J/(g•K) Metal

Various Solids

Liquid

Aluminium

0.92

Wood (ordinary)

- 13

Ammonia

4.2

Copper

0.50

Polythylene

1.3 - 1.8

Seawater

3.93

1.1 - 2.0

Iron

0.48

Rubber

Volatile oil

2.93

Nickel

0.46

Silt (includingmoisture)

1.89

Hydrochloric acid

2.51

Constantan

- 0.4

Ebonite

1.38

Alcohol

2.43

Phosphor bronze

0.40

Lime

1.30

Ether

2.26

Nickel silver

0.40

Concrete

- 0.84

Paraffin oil

2.13

Zinc

0.39

Earthenware

1.09

Acetic acid

2.13

Brass

0.39

Marble

- 0.9

Petroleum

2.09

Solder

0.19

Brick

0.88

Nitrogen (liquid)

1.80

Tin

0.23

Asbestos

- 0.84

Turpentine

1.76

Antimony

0.21

Charcoal

0.84

Aniline

1.67

White alloy

0.17

Coke

0.84

Olive oil

1.97

Mercury

0.19

Granite

0.80 - 0.84

Benzol

1.67

Stainless steel (18Cr/8Ni)

0.47

Graphite Gypsum

0.84 0.84

Machine oil Oxygen (liquid)

1.67 1.47

Stainless steel (18Cr/12Ni)

0.47

Glass

- 0.67

Sulfuric acid

1.42

Stainless steel (24Cr/20Ni)

0.46

Sulfur

0.75

Mercury

0.14

516

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA (6) Constant-Pressure Specific Heat Capacity of Gas J/(g•K)

(8) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Miscellaneous Solids (Avg within 0-100°C)

Temperature (°C)

Cp

Air (dry)

20

1.006

Rubber

Oxygen

16

0.922

Ebonite

0.64 - 0.77

Nitrogen

16

1.034

Concrete

0.10 - 0.14

16

1.034

Slate

0.104

100

1.038

Glass

0.088

0

14.191

100

14.358

Granite

0.083

400

14.777

Gas

Hydrogen

Hydrogen

Metal

Brick

16

0.837

Methane

15

2.210

Nitrogen oxide (NO)

13 - 172

0.971

Marble

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

15

0.636

Earthenware

0.04 - 0.07 0.035 - 0.044 0.036

(9) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Liquids (At Normal Temperature)

 x 10-4

Zinc

0.263 - 0.528

Lead

0.08 - 0.05 0.055

Building stone

(7) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Metals (Avg within 0-100°C) Metal

0.77

Wood (perpendicular to fiber)

Carbon dioxide

 x 10-4

Metal

 x 10-4

Ether

16.0

0.276

Pentane

15.9

White alloy

0.25

Chloroform

12.6

Cast aluminium

0.222

Benzine

12.5

Tin

0.214

Carbon tetrachloride

12.3

Aluminium

0.207

Methanol

12.2

Brass bar

0.193

Alcohol

11.0

0.19

Acetic acid

10.7

Silver

0.188

Petroleum

10.0

Cast brass

0.187

Turpentine

10.0

Copper

0.167

Aniline

8.5

Gold

0.139

Paraffin oil

7.6

Nickel

0.128

Olive oil

7.2

Wrought iron

0.119

Coal tar

6.0

Antimony

0.110

Sulfuric acid

5.5

Steel

Glycerin

5.0

Cast iron

0.102

Water

1.8

Platinum

0.089

Mercury

1.8

18-8 chrome nickel stainless steel

0.171

13 chrome stainless steel

0.105 - 0.110

(10) Coefficient of Linear Expansion of Gases

0.09 - 0.1

A uniform coefficient of

517

1 applies to all gases. 273

PRACTICAL DATA

PRACTICAL DATA (11) Contraction of Casting Compared to Mold (%) Casing Material

Contraction (%)

Zinc

Casing Material

1.60

Aluminium Aluminium bronze Antimony

Lead

1.7 - 1.8

Bismuth + 0.12% tin

1.65

White alloy

0.3 - 0.7

Molten steel

Brass

1.54

Gray cast iron

Tin (sand mold)

0.225

Chilled cast iron

Tin (chilled)

0.695

Bronze + 10% zinc

Contraction (%) 1.1 0.3 - 0.4 0.55 1.60 1 - 1.1 1.5 1.5

Cast steel

0.77

(12) Industrial Viscosity Diagram Note : The density is found by reading the viscosity at the same temperature.

518

0.8 - 2.0