Recent Developments in Turkish Goat Milk Production Sait Engindeniz1, Kubilay Ucar2 Ege University1,2 Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics 35100 Bornova- Izmir, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Goat breeding is a traditional animal breeding field performed generally in less developed and developing countries. The number of goats takes a considerable part in animal population in Turkey located at quite suitable conditions in terms of animal breeding considering its climate and field conditions. As a result of the increase in the demand for goat milk and related incentives in recent years the number of goats and production volume of goat milk has increased considerably in Turkey. Problems encountered by producers are available also and they have to be solved by various precautions. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the developments in goat milk production between 2003 and -2012 in Turkey and to offer solutions for the encountered problems. Statistical data used in study have been obtained from FAO and Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Keywords: goat breeding, goat milk, goat cheese, marketing, Turkey. JEL Classification: Q13, Q18

1. Introduction Goat breeding is a traditional animal breeding field performed generally in less developed and developing countries. The said production field constitutes a significant means of living and nutritional source for the families in rural and forested areas. Outstanding feature of goat breeding is to allow the production of the animal products in the marginal fields (mountainous, scrubbing and stony fields) which can’t be used in any other way than this (Kaymakci & Engindeniz, 2010). Meat, milk, skin and hair of goat have been used. According to the data of FAO for 2012 there are approximately 996 million goats in the world. Countries having the large number of goats are respectively China (18.57%), India (16.06%), Pakistan (6.32%), Nigeria (5.72%) and Bangladesh (5.52%). The share of Turkey in the global goat population is 0.73% (www.fao.org). Production of goat milk in the world between 2000 and 2012 has increased 39.21%. Most important countries in goat milk production in 2012 are respectively India (26.67%), Bangladesh (14.61%), Pakistan (4.36%), Mali (4.00%), France (3.49%) and Spain (2.48%). Share of Turkey in global goat milk production in 2012 is 1.79%. Many studies on the technical aspects of goat breeding in the world and Turkey have been performed by Veterinary Surgeons and Zoo Technicians (Taskin et al., 2000; Baker et al., 2001; Loretz et al., 2004; Oral & Altinel, 2006; Dellal et al., 2008; Takma et al., 2009; Castro et al., 2009; Semakula et al., 2010; Gunlu & Alasahan, 2010; Faco et al., 2011; Assan 2011; Popescu, 2013). Some studies on its economic aspects are observed to have been done also (Mahanjana & Cronje, 2000; Dellal et al., 2002; Tan & Dellal, 2004; Mowlem, 2005; Kumar, 2007; Keskin et al., 2008; Paksoy & Ozcelik, 2008; Akturk et al., 2009; Kaymakci & Engindeniz, 2010; Singh et al., 2011; Kipserem et al., 2011). But these studies should be repeated in the course of time and solutions should be produced for related problems. Especially analyses to be performed on the basis of countries will be important in introducing the difference of the problems encountered. Main purpose of this study is to analyze the developments in goat milk production between 2003 and 2012 in Turkey and to offer solutions for the encountered problems. 83

2. Data and Methods Statistical data for 2003-2012, used in the study have been obtained from FAO and Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). Data obtained have been shown in the tables and graphs issued by the use of percentage and index calculations. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Goat Milk Production in the World and Developments in European Countries Global goat milk production has increased 24.39% between 2003 and 2012 reached 17.84 million tons (Table 1). According to the data of FAO for 2012, 24.14%, 3.31%, 58.33%, 14.21% and less than %1 of the production of goat milk were performed respectively in Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. Milk production in European countries between 2003 and 2012 has decreased 8.01% and becomes 2.54 million tons in 2012 (Table 2). Highest shares in goat milk production in European Countries belong to respectively France (24.60%), Spain (17.44%), Greece (16.04%) and Netherlands (8.57%) (Graph 1). Table 1: Share of Continents in the World Goat Milk Production (tons) Continents Africa America Asia Europe Oceania World Index (2003=100) Source: FAO (www.fao.org)

2003 3,110,378 520,840 7,957,683 2,757,625 40 14,346,566 100.00

2008 3,748,720 565,677 9,275,702 2,626,258 42 16,216,399 113.03

%

2012 4,308,399 590,761 10,410,137 2,536,773 48 17,846,118 124.39

24.14 3.31 58.33 14.21 0.01 100.00 -

Table 2: Goat Milk Production of Some European Countries (tons) Countries

2003

2008

2012

Albania Austria Netherlands Greece Bulgaria Czech Republic Germany Slovakia France

81,000 16,400 130,500 524,980 101,530 10,250 30,000 8,953 545,650

68,000 17,187 174,000 490,000 77,465 7,309 20,000 7,900 567,265

67,741 20,309 217,330 407,000 53,333 7,320 12,967 7,600 624,016

Spain Switzerland

486,800 18,000

491,000 21,400

443,625 23,000

2,757,625 100.00

2,626,258 95.23

2,536,773 91.99

Europe (Continent) Index (2003=100) Source: FAO (www.fao.org)

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Graph 1: Share of Some Countries in European Goat Milk Production in 2012 (%)

Source: FAO (www.fao.org)

3.2. Developments in the Goat Population of Turkey According to the data of TurkStat for 2012 there are still 8.35 million goats in Turkey. Hair goats which are available in every region of Anatolia constitute approximately 98% of goat population. Hair goats are bred commonly in the inner parts and on the side of forests. Other than hair and angora goats in Turkey comparatively a little number of Maltase goats and cross breeds and Kilis cross breeds have been produced respectively at Western Anatolia coastline and in Kilis and its vicinity. In the recent years, Saanen cross breeding have been observed to be developed in Aegean and Marmara Regions. In 2003-2012 period population of Angora goats has increased 25.83% and population of Angora goat has decreased 38.14 %. In the same period total number of goats has increased 23.41%. Share of goats in the population of small ruminant became 21.03% and 23.35% respectively in 2003 and 2012 (Table 3). Considering the regional distribution of goat population in Turkey in 2012 hair goats are observed to exist in Mediterranean Region at most (26.11%) and Southeastern Anatolia Region (21.66%) and Aegean Region (13.26%). Hair goats are observed to exist in Western Anatolia Region at most (58.19%) and Eastern Marmara Region (16.86%) and Western Black Sea Region (7.19%) are seen to follow it. Table 3: Goat Population of Turkey in Period of 2003-2012 (Head) Years

Hair Goats (Head) (1)

Angora Goats (Head) (2)

Total Goats (Head) (1+2)

Index (2003=100)

2003 2004 2005 2006

6,516,088 6,379,900 6,284,498 6,433,744

255,587 230,037 232,966 209,550

6,771,675 6,609,937 6,517,464 6,643,294

100.00 97.61 96.24

6,095,292 191,066 2007 5,435,393 158,168 2008 4,981,299 146,986 2009 6,140,627 152,606 2010 7,126,862 151,091 2011 8,199,184 158,102 2012 Source: TurkStat (www.tuik.gov.tr)

6,286,358 5,593,561 5,128,285 6,293,233 7,277,953 8,357,286

98.10 92.83 82.60 75.73 92.93 107.47 123.41

Share of Goat Population in Small Ruminants (%) 21.03 20.78 20.45 20.59 19.80 18.92 19.08 21.42 22.53 23.35

3.3 Structural Characteristics of the Goat Farms in Turkey Goat breeding in Turkey has been performed either within an agricultural facility or in form of village herd or migratory herd. However intensive organizations providing milk for the dairy farms producing cheese have performed their activities for the matter involved also in 85

recent years. (Kaymakci & Taskin, 2005). About 500,000 farms are stated to perform goat breeding activities in Turkey (Dellal & Dellal, 2005), and the number of the goat breeding facilities is stated to be 677,223 in some studies (Vural & Fidan, 2007). Average herd size in goat breeding has been informed in the studies performed at different regions. For instance average herd size have been found to be 124.20 (Akturk et al., 2009) and 55.70 (Koyuncu et al., 2006), 124.20 (Bilginturan & Ayhan, 2008) and 60.34 (Paksoy & Ozcelik, 2008) respectively in Canakkale, Burdur & Kahramanmaras. 3.4 Government Supports to Goat Breeding in Turkey Various precautions have been taken by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in order to solve the problems of and to develop goat breeding in recent years. For instance interests are subsidized 100% for the livestock sector in the credits given to Agriculture Sector by the Republic of Turkey, Turkish Agricultural Bank and Agricultural Credit Cooperatives and interest free credit application has started to be implemented since 1st August 2010. Interest free 7-year loan has been offered to the producers to make investment in sheep and goat farming within this scope. Following supports have been applied in 2012 pursuant to the decree no. 2012/3106 taken by the council of ministers on the supports to be made to Agriculture Sector and the notification no. 2012/49 on the codes of practice on Animal Production Supports; - 8 € per brood stock to the producers who feed breeding sheep and goats and are the members of the unions of Goat and Sheep Breeders and the breeders whose animals are registered in the systems of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. - 0.06 €/lt for goat milk to the breeders who sell the raw milk produced to milk processing facilities within the scope of “the Regulation on the Registration and Approval Transactions for Food Establishments” published in the official gazette dated and numbered respectively 17/12/2011 and 28145 and is the member of Animal Breeding Organization which has completed its top organization duly at national level as stated in Article 10 of this decree - 0.21 €/animal for Alum and Brucellosis Vaccine to the Practitioners for the programmed vaccinations determined by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock within the frame of the Struggle with Animal Diseases. - 32 € per animal in ovine breeding for protection and development periods to the breeders taken to the scope of the project applied by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock in order to protect the genetic resources of animal onsite and to develop them, - Furthermore it has been decided to make payment per animal in addition to supports for animal breeders raising organic sheep and goats. Investment and working capital loans are offered to breeders who want to establish an organization with a capacity of minimum 50 animals for sheep or a capacity of minimum 25 animals for goats (Saanen, Kilis, Angora goat breeding and cross breeding with stated races for the eugenics of hair goats) or want to increase its installed capacity to the said capacities. 3.5 Developments in the Number of the Goats Milked and Milk Production in Turkey Most important factors affecting milk productivity in goats are race, nutrition, permanence in productivity, body size, lactation order, milking season, milking frequency and form. (Kaymakci and Taskin, 2005). In parallel with the decrease in the number of goats in Turkey the number of milked animals has decreased. The number of milked goats between 2003 and 2012 has increased 12.02%. Hair goats and Angora Goats constitute 98.21 % and 1.79% of 3.50 million goats milked in 2012. 99.39% and 0.61% of 369,249 ton milk produced in 2012 86

have been produced respectively from hair goats and angora goats. Average milk productivity per milked animal in 2012 was 106.75 kg for hair goats and 35.49 kg for angora goats. Total goat milk produced in 2012 constitutes 2.17% of total milk production (Table 4). Table 4: Developments in Goat Milk Production of Turkey Number of Animals Milked (Head) Years

Hair Angora Goats Goats 127,546 2003 2,999,110 97,536 2004 2,379,038 95,437 2005 2,331,556 86,128 2006 2,334,514 73,027 2007 2,190,602 60,302 2008 1,937,387 52,393 2009 1,778,420 66,339 2010 2,516,200 64,954 2011 2,968,157 2012 3,439,708 62,564 Source: TurkStat (www.tuik.gov.tr)

Milk Production (Tons)

Total Goats 3,126,656 2,476,574 2,426,993 2,420,642 2,263,629 1,997,689 1,830,813 2,582,539 3,033,111 3,502,272

Hair Goats 274,350 255,468 250,246 250,594 234,883 207,385 190,286 270,476 318,273 367,208

Angora Goats 3,786 3,619 3,513 3,165 2,604 2,185 1,924 2,335 2,315 2,221

Total Goats 278,136 259,087 253,759 253,759 237,487 209,570 192,210 272,811 320,588 369,429

Index (2003=100) 100.00 93.15 91.24 91.24 93.59 75.35 69.11 98.09 115.26 132.82

Share of Goat Milk in Total Milk Production 2.62 2.43 2.28 2.12 1.93 1.71 1.40 2.01 2.13 2.17

3.6 Process for Goat Milk in Turkey and Milky Product Range Goat milk products produced generally for family consumption in rural area become wanted today upon the concentration of urbanization and developments in tourism. Firms processing the milks collected from goat farms in the integrated plants manufacture pasteurized milk, cheese, strained yoghurt and butter and put them into market. Furthermore some firms use goat milk in ice-cream production. According to data of FAO for 2012 457,401 ton goat cheese has been produced in the world. Turkey takes 0.02% share in the world with its production of 92 tons. Production of goat cheese has increased 31.43 % in Turkey between 2003 and 2012 (Table 5). Table 5: Goat Cheese Production in Turkey and the World (tons) World Cheese Production Years (Tons) 452,025 2003 448,088 2004 468,176 2005 462,527 2006 460,650 2007 458,852 2008 463,345 2009 475,124 2010 368,526 2011 457,401 2012 Source: FAO (www.fao.org)

Turkey Cheese Production (Tons) 70 65 63 63 59 52 48 68 80 92

Index (2003=100) 100.00 92.86 90.00 90.00 84.29 74.29 68.57 97.14 114.29 131.43

Share of Turkey in the World (%) 0,02 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,01 0,02 0,02

Today production of special and quality goat cheese from goat milk is handled seriously by European countries and related production is performed commonly in first France and Spain, Italy, and Greece. Such kind of products may be produced in Turkey with similar conditions and economically considerable earnings may be obtained. Considering the aspects of Turkey regarding agriculture and animal breeding milked goat and production of goat milk are known to have a great potential as in Mediterranean countries. But cheese range manufactured 87

commercially and its quantity are true to be low and insufficient in number and quantity. A great part of traditional cheese specific for locations and regions has continued to be produced and sold therein. 3.7 Market Structure to Goat Milk and Products in Turkey Goat milk and products become more important today than ever. This is caused by three important reasons. First goat milk is used commonly for domestic consumption. Thus it is called as “the cattle of the poor”. Second, interest in cheese and yoghurt manufactured from goat milk has increased in the developed countries. Especially due to cow’s milk allergies has increased its importance. On the other hand goat milk is used in the production of many cheeses. Goat milk cheeses are classified as fresh and matured. Turkish entrepreneurs have imported Saanen and Boer goats from Australia, Togenburgs from Swiss and USA, Damascus Goats from Syria and created a new market of 425 million € in the farms that they have established. Goat farms give the entrepreneurs to take the return of investment in 6-8 years since the amount of investment is little and the price of goat milk is two-and-half times more than the price of cow’s milk. Together with recent developments the share of goat milk exceeds 5% in the market of milk and milky products of 5 billion €. The number of goat farms established with average 750,000 € exceeds 50, the number of registered goats reaches approximately 8.4 million and amount of obtained annual goat milk reaches 370,000 tons. Furthermore most preferred goat type in the farms is the Saanen goats which take origin from Australia and may triple milk productivity. Producers are dependent on the purchasers fully and unilaterally in the marketing of products. Most important reason of it is the lack of governmental support to this part as well as unorganized state of producers (Kaymakci and Engindeniz, 2010). A great part of the milk produced from goats is consumed within the body of organization. Remaining part is marketed as raw product in dairy farms or processed in cheese and sold to the purchasers in local markets. Goat milk is processed together with cattle milk or cattle and sheep milk in the production of white cheese. According to the results of 2006 Agricultural Enterprise Animal Production Research, 3.3% of total milk quantity produced in agricultural enterprises in research period is goat milk and 42.4% of the produced goat milk is sold in dairy farms (www.tuik.gov.tr)

According to the data FAO for 2011 the price obtained by producer in Turkey is 617.66 €/tons. In this sense Turkey has a similar position with Greece (582.62 €/tons) and production quantity is over Spain (479.15 €/tons), Switzerland (483.69 €/tons) and Albania (346.74 €/tons) (Table 6). Table 6: Goat Milk Prices Received by Farmers in Some European Countries (€/tons) Countries Turkey Greece Spain Switzerland Albania Source: FAO (www.fao.org).

2003 429,64 527,57 450,45 493,69 238,02

2008 528,18 544,40 545,09 440,19 254,91

2011 617,66 582,62 479,15 483,69 346,74

4. Conclusion As a result of the information given up to now it is possible to say that the demand for goat products increases gradually both in the world and Turkey. There are important investments made by Private Sector to this area in recent years. If technical and economic problems 88

encountered by producers are solve by short- and long-term precautions, goat breeding will make important contributions to the economy of both region and country. However in the event that safety product range to be exported is enlarged, Turkey will be able to compete with other countries. Suggestions both to develop goat breeding and to increase the alternative market opportunities in Turkey are as follows; - Appropriate crossbreeding programs should be prepared for hair goats and cultivated races in order to increase milk productivity in breeding organizations. - Breed stock flow from breeding organizations to production organizations should be performed highly on the basis of breeding goat. - Milk and sperm productivity of race should be taken to higher levels by the use of brood tests to be applied on Kilis goats. - Main source for breeding should be maquis groves in feeding cross breed milky goats. But hand feeding should be made in last 1.5 months of pregnancy and the first months of lactation. - Considering different physiological periods in the enterprises involved in the intensive and half-intensive milky goat breeding in closed areas a feeding order should be carried out, which is suitable for the requirements of animals. - Periodical preventive vaccination and struggle with internal and external parasites should be performed for goats. Deficiencies in protecting the health of goat affect foreign trade negatively. Thus health protection measures should be improved for goats. - Illegal animals and meat entrance to Turkey should be prevented. When live stock is exported, tested male goats should be selected and appropriate genotypes should be preferred. - Structural changes are necessary in the medium and long terms as well as the continuance of the supports by price in order to increase the production in goat breeding. For this purpose growth and merge of little and dispersed enterprises and conversion of the enterprises to enterprises specialized in ovine breeding for milk and meat production and related inputs for these enterprises should be provided. - An organizational model should be prepared based on horizontal and vertical integration within the period from the production of goat products to consumption by consumers. Such an organization model will not only increase the production and but also protect both consumer and producer in marketing. This model will be formed by cooperatives. Cooperatives will be determinative in not only production stage but also in processing and marketing the products. Producers should be promoted in this direction. - Milk collection order followed by milk processing firms and dairy farms as a production model should be developed the rights of producer. - Live stock exchange markets should be developed and legal regulations to encourage cooperative formation should be made. - EU has important deficits in goat products and this deficit can be met by Turkey in most rational way. This goat breeding in Turkey should be supported directly and indirectly in accordance with EU standards.

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