Quantitative Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Raw Milk Cheeses Manufacturing MPI Technical Paper No: 2015/03

Prepared for the Ministry for Primary Industries by Dr Chawalit Kocharunchitt and Assoc Prof Tom Ross ISBN No: 978-0-477-10551-4 (online) ISSN No: 2253-3923 (online)

February 2015

Disclaimer While every effort has been made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, the Ministry for Primary Industries does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information.

Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/

© Crown Copyright - Ministry for Primary Industries

Scientific Interpretive Summary

Quantitative Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Raw Milk Cheeses Manufacturing The project “Quantitative Assessment of Microbiological Safety of Raw Milk Cheeses Manufacturing” has been undertaken by the University of Tasmania to assess the relative safety of analogous cheeses made from raw or pasteurised milk, and to evaluate the use of predictive models to support food safety risk management decisions about specific cheeses and cheese making processes. A challenge study is one of the most reliable approaches to validation the cheese manufacturing process. As part of this project, a series of challenge studies involving production of Wensleydale, Cheddar, Gouda, Feta (matured at two temperatures) and double-cream Brie cheeses from both raw and pasteurised milk deliberately contaminated with mixtures of Listeria spp. and E. coli strains were conducted. The main conclusion from the studies was that the safety of cheeses is primarily determined by the hygienic quality of the milk used to make the cheese, not by the ability of the process to eliminate pathogens, with the possible exception of Feta-style cheeses and cheeses that involve a cooking step (e.g., hard grating cheese). While good hygiene during manufacture of cheeses made from pasteurised milk can ensure the safety of final product, the risk of pathogen contamination in soft cheeses made from raw milk cannot be mitigated by the process. Key observations include: •

• • • •

There were no systematic differences in the ecology or fate of either Listeria spp. and E. coli in cheeses made from raw or pasteurised milk. While the growth of cheese pathogens in raw milk compared to pasteurised milk during acidification appeared to be slightly slower, pathogen die-off during ripening in raw milk cheeses was slightly faster. In total, the process results in a similar net change in pathogen concentration irrespective of the state of the milk. Rate of acidification can affect the potential for growth of pathogens during acidification and curd formation. Faster acidification results in less growth during cheese making. Pathogen growth and acidification are slower in cheese made using goats milk compared to cows’ milk when manufactured using similar starter cultures and incubation temperatures. Pathogen inactivation rates in cheeses at normal maturation and storage temperatures are very slow requiring weeks to months under commercial conditions to reduce pathogen loads by one order of magnitude, irrespective of the milk species or state. The effect of temperature is such that an increase of 5°C in maturation temperature approximately doubles the inactivation rate, again irrespective of the milk species or state.

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