ITALIAN PHONETIC SYMBOLS

VOWELS

a1 /a/ /e/ /E/ / i/ /o/ /O/ /u/ / j/ /w/

/ ’mano/ / ’’meta/ / ’bEllo/ / ’bEne/ / i’dea/ / ’kome/

mano meta bello bene idea come

/ ’Oka/ / ‘uno/ / ‘pjatto/ / ‘pjeno/ / ’kwadro/

oca uno piatto pieno quadro

The brackets / / contain the letter or word written in phonetic transcript. The apostrophe is placed before the main stressed syllable of the word.

ITALIAN PHONETIC SYMBOLS

CONSONANTS

a1

/p/ /b/ / t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ /t∫/ /£/ / f/ /v/ /s/ /z/ /∫/ / ts/ /dz/ / l/ /λ/ / r/ / m/ / n/ /3/

/ ’krepa/ / ’banka/ / ’treno/ / ka’dere/ / ’parko/ / ’gatto/ / ‘mant∫a/ / a£i’tare/ / ‘fresko/ / ’vino/ / ’sempre/ / fanta ‘zja/ / ∫ ‘arpa/ / por’tsjone/ / dzaba’jone/ / ‘fat∫ile/ / ‘darλi/ / ’radjo/ / ‘mjo/ / ‘sano/ / ’3Okko/

crepa banca treno cadere parco gatto mancia agitare fresco vino sempre fantasia sciarpa porzione zabaione facile dargli radio mio sano gnocco

The brackets contain the letter or word written in phonetic transcript. The apostrophe ‘ is placed before the main stressed syllable of the word.

ITALIAN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

Italian Vowels

a2 / i/ /e/ /E/ /a/ /O/ /o/ / u/ There are seven vowel sounds in Italian. Many words contain diphthongs (two vowels together: quadro / ‘kwadro/ , viene / ‘vjEne/ ) and there are also some with triphthongs (three vowels together: miei / ‘mjEi/). In Italian the accent is not placed on the stressed syllable, except for when the stress is on the last vowel: virtù, realtà, più, già and when it is necessary to distinguish between some one syllable homonyms, for example: da (preposition) li (pronoun) e (conjunction)

dà (verb dare) lì (place adverb=là) è (verb essere)

This feature of the Italian language can at times not only gives rise to wrong pronunciation but can also cause misunderstanding, as some words have the same spelling but are pronounced differently in order to change meaning, for example: principi

(plural of principe /princes)

principi

(plural of principio/principles)

ITALIAN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

Italian consonants

a2

Double consonants : In Italian a word can have a double consonant. The double consonants can be placed : between two vowels fatto / ‘fatto/ between a vowel and an r or an l attraente /attra’Ente/ Here is a list of some words with double consonants. p cappello /kap’pEEllo/ b abbattere /ab’battere/ t gatto / ‘gatto/ d caddi / ‘kaddi/ k tacco / ‘takko/ g leggo / ‘lEEggo/ t accendere /at’t∫EEndere/ £e/ d legge / ‘led£ f affitto /af’fitto/ v avventura /avven’tura/ s assieme /as’sjEEme/ ts razza / ‘rattsa/ dz razzo / ‘raddzo/ m mamma / ‘mamma/ n canna / ‘kanna/ l bello / ‘bEEllo/ r carro / ‘karro/

acclamare

/akkla ‘mare/

ITALIAN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

a2

The letter z cannot be doubled. The following letters are always pronounced as if double consonants when placed between two vowels:

3 λ ∫

ragno figlio fascia

/ ‘ra33o/ / ‘fiλλo/ / ‘fa∫∫a/

In the North of Italy there is a tendency to give less emphasis to the double consonants when speaking, whereas in Southern Italy single consonants tend to be doubled when positioned between two vowels. Students need to pay special attention to the pronunciation of double consonants. Sometimes if the double consonant is not pronounced, then the word can take on a different meaning; penna (pen) / ‘penna/ sette (seven) / ‘sEtte/ rette (charge/line) / ‘rEtte/ fatto (fact) / ‘fatto/ sanno (they know) / ‘sanno/

pena (punishment/pain etc) sete (thirst) rete (net) fato (fate/destiny) sano (healthy)

/ ‘pena/ / ‘sete/ / ‘rete/ / ‘fato/ / ‘sano/

ITALIAN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

Rules for written Italian.

a2

In Italian some sounds are written in such a way that they can cause problems to the student as they do not correspond to the way the sounds are written in other languages; /ka/ casa / ‘kasa/ /ga/ gatto / ‘gatto/ /ko/ costa / ‘kosta/ /go/ gola / ‘gola/ /ku/ cucina /ku’t∫ina/ /gu/ angustia /an’gustia/ /ki/ chiamare /kja’mare/ /gi/ aghi / ‘agi/ /ke/ banche / ‘banke/ /ge/ paghe / ‘page/ fagiano /fa’£ano/ /t∫a/ mancia / ‘mant∫a/ /£a/ /t∫o/ micio / ‘mit∫o/ /£o/ gioco / ‘£Oko/ /t∫u/ ciurma / ‘t∫urma/ /£u/ giusto / ‘£usto/ /t∫e/ aceto /a’t∫eto/ /£e/ gente / ‘£Ente/ /t∫i/ cucire ku’t∫ire/ /£i/ giglio / ‘£iλλo/ /∫/ scimmia / ‘∫immja/ asciugare /a∫∫u’gare/ /sk/ scherzo / ‘skertso/ scala / ‘skala/ /kw/ acqua / ‘akkwa/ /gw/ guerra / ‘gwErra/ /3/ /λ/ /ts/ /dz/

ignorante figlia zio zabaione

/ ‘i33orante/ / ‘fiλλa/ / ‘tsio/ /dzaba’jone/

GLOSSARY

a3

abbreviation = it is usually a word which has been shortened, abbreviated, often for a particular use. adjective > adj. un poco > un po’ (a little, a bit). stress = it is a symbol (accent) or usually a certain intonation (cf) of the voice which indicates the stressed vowel (cf). virtù [vir’tu] capitano [kapi’tano]. word stress = it is the intonation of the voice which stresses a particular syllable (cf.) in a word. agreement = it is the sequence of the different parts of speech. For example article (cf.) + noun (cf.) + adjective (cf.) are all in sequence according to the gender (cf.) and number (cf.): le belle ragazze (the pretty girls). accrescitivi = they are modified nouns or adjectives (cf. alteration) which express the idea of something bigger, e.g.: una casona (a big house). affirmative = positive. Affirmative form (cf): for example in answers the affirmative form corresponds to yes. It is the opposite of negative form (cf). affirmative form = a sentence in the affirmative form expresses a statement (yes), it is the opposite of the negative form and it is different from the interrogative and interrogative-negative form. affirmation = opposite of negation. Cf affirmative form. adjective = bello, alto, mio, etc. They are words which are added to the noun (cf.) to describe it. demonstrative adjectives and pronouns = questo, quello, etc. (this, that, etc.) possessive adjectives and pronouns = mio, tuo, suo, etc. alteration = alteration of the noun (cf.) or adjective (cf.): it is a change in the form of the adjective or noun to express a different idea from the original one. For example: un ragazzo piccolo = un ragazzino (a young boy). definite article = il, lo, l’, la, i, gli, le (the). Example: il cane (the dog). indefinite article = un, uno, una, un’ (a/an). Example: un cane (a dog).

GLOSSARY

a3

auxiliary = auxiliary verbs are used to form compound tenses and the passive (cf.). adverbs = they are invariable words (cf.) which are used to modify and specify the meaning of a verb or an adjective. Example : parlare lentamente (speak slowly). Un libro molto bello (a very good book). adverbs of frequency = sempre, spesso, a volte, mai, etc. (always, often, sometimes, never, etc.) action = it is expressed by a verb. comparatives = adjectives or adverbs which express a comparison (cf.) between two or more elements. comparativo di maggioranza = it is expressed by più followed by an adjective or an adverb. Example: Flavio è più vecchio di me (Fabio is older than me.). The comparison is in favour of the first element. comparativo di minoranza = it is expressed by meno followed by an adjective or an adverb. Example: Flavio balla meno elegantemente di sua moglie (Fabio doesn’t dance as elegantly as his wife). The comparison is in favour of the second element. comparativo di uguaglianza = it is expressed by tanto/quanto or così/come with an adjective or an adverb. Example: Flavio è (tanto) simpatico quanto te (Flavio is as nice as you.). The comparison is in favour of neither of the two elements. comparison = it can be between adjectives or adverbs, but also between nouns, pronouns and verbs. comparison of adverbs = adverbs can have comparative forms too, example: Sara ora si comporta più intelligentemente di prima (Sara behaves more intelligently now than she used to.). direct object = it answers the question : chi, che cosa? (who, what?) It undergoes the action of the subject. It has no preposition. E.g.: ho visto Luca (I saw Luca). indirect object = in general, any phrase containing a preposition. agent = it is the phrase which indicates the subject performing the action in the passive. E.g.: la gazzella è stata uccisa dal leone (The gazelle was killed by the lion.)

GLOSSARY

a3

expressions of place = words which define the place; they answer the question: dove? Da dove? etc. (where, where from?, etc.) There are different expressions of place: direction (it indicates movement), state (it does not indicate movement), origin, etc. E.g.: vivo a Perugia, ma vado spesso a Roma per lavoro. (I live in Perugia, but I often go to Rome for work.) expressions of time = words which define the time; they answer the question: quando? Per quanto tempo? Da quanto tempo? (When? For how long? How long?) They express the time, duration, etc. E.g.: Lunedì sono stato a teatro per cinque ore (I spent five hours in the theatre on Monday.) sequence of tenses = it is the agreement of the tenses, for example between main clause and subordinate clause (cf.). E.g.: Spero che tu stia bene (I hope you are well), but speravo che tu stessi bene (I hoped you were well). conditional = finite form (cf.) of the verb. conditional = io avrei (I would have). perfect conditional = io avrei avuto (I would have had). present subjunctive = che io abbia. imperfect subjunctive = che io avessi. past and past perfect subjunctive = che io abbia avuto, che io avessi avuto. conjunction of cause = it introduces the cause. Poiché, dato che, etc. (because, as) conjunction of concession = it introduces a clause of concession. It indicates a circumstance which takes place but does not modify what is stated in the main clause (cf.). E.g.: nonostante faccia freddo, oggi pomeriggio esco in bicicletta (I’m going to ride my bike this afternoon even though it’s cold.). conjunction of condition = it introduces the condition which is required by what is stated in the main clause. E.g.: se domani farà bello, andrò al mare (If the weather is nice tomorrow, I’ll go to the seaside).

GLOSSARY

a3

conjunction of result = it introduces the consequence of what is stated in the main clause. E.g.: ieri faceva brutto cosicché non sono andato al mare (The weather wasn’t good yesterday so I didn’t go to the seaside). coordinate conjunctions = they are used to join two main clauses. E.g.: e, o, anche, etc. (and, or, also, etc.) E.g.: c’è il sole e fa caldo (The sun is shining and it’s hot). conjunction of purpose = it introduces the clause which expresses the purpose of the action in the main clause. E.g.: Ti do £ 20000 affinché tu vada al cinema (I’m giving you £ 20,000 so you can go to the cinema). subordinate conjunction = it is used to join two clauses in a single sentence, one clause is the main clause, the other is the subordinate. conjunction of time = it joins two clauses by taking time into consideration. E.g.: quando, dopo che, mentre, etc. (when, after, while, etc.). Es.: quando dormo non desidero essere disturbato (I don’t like being disturbed when I’m sleeping). consonant = in general, all the letters of the alphabet, except a, e, i, o, u. opposite = antonym. ending = it is the variable part at the end of a noun, an adjective, a pronoun or a verb. diminutivi = they are modified adjectives or nouns (cf. alteration) which contain the idea of smallness and often express affection. E.g.: una ragazzina (a young girl); un giochino (a little toy). demonstratives = demonstrative adjectives and pronouns; questo, quello, etc. They are used to indicate position in space and time. direct speech = when the exact words of a person are repeated without changing anything. It is introduced by “ “. reported speech = when what was said by someone is reported changing some elements. It is often introduced by the verb dire (say, tell) and che (that). E.g.: Giovanni mi ha detto che domani...... (Giovanni told me that tomorrow ...) diphthong = cf. syllable. exception = something which does not follow the rule.

GLOSSARY

a3

exclamations = words which are used to say something because of joy, admiration, etc. E.g.: Che bello! (How nice!) feminine = grammatical gender, opposite to masculine. There are only two grammatical genders in Italian: feminine and masculine. polite form = when you address someone in a formal way, using the structure with Lei. impersonal form = when the subject is not defined. Impersonal subjects are: si and, in some cases, tu, loro, etc. interrogative form = a sentence in the interrogative form expresses a question, it is different from the negative and affirmative forms. interrogative-negative form = a sentence in the interrogative-negative form expresses a negative question, it is different from the negative and affirmative forms. negative form = a sentence in the negative form expresses a negation (no), it is the opposite of the affirmative form and different from the interrogative and interrogative-negative forms. active = it is a form of the verb. The subject performs the action; e.g.: il cane ha morso il bimbo (the dog bit the little boy). In the passive form instead the subject undergoes the action; e.g.: il bimbo è stato morso dal cane (The little boy was bitten by the dog.). passive = it is a form of the verb. The subject undergoes the action; e.g.: il bimbo è stato morso dal cane (The little boy was bitten by the dog.). In the active form instead the subject performs the action; e.g.: il cane ha morso il bimbo (The dog bit the little boy). formal = cf. formal register. modified forms = the modified forms of nouns, adjectives or adverbs are diminutivi, accrescitivi, etc. (cf.). unstressed pronouns = the unstressed forms of personal pronouns (cf.) are for example: mi, ti, ci, etc. stressed pronouns = the stressed forms of personal pronouns (cf.) are for example: a me, a te, a noi, etc. regular forms = when they follow the rule.

GLOSSARY

a3

irregular forms= when they do not follow the rule. affirmative sentence = cf. affirmative form. negative sentence = cf. negative form. frequency = this indicates how many times a certain word or something else is used. function = some functions: introducing oneself, greeting, etc. future time = future/tomorrow, present/today, past/yesterday. future = io avrò (I’ll have). future perfect = io avrò avuto (I will have had). future in the past = it indicates an action which happens in a future time in relation to the past, however still past in relation to the present. E.g.: mi disse che sarebbe tornato presto (He told me he would come back soon). gender = it is the grammatical differentiation based on sex: feminine or masculine. It is important for the endings (cf.) of adjectives and nouns. gerund = indefinite form (cf.) of the verb. gerund = avendo (having). past gerund = avendo avuto (having had). imperative = finite form (cf.) of the verb. imperative with pronouns = compound form of the imperative with pronouns. E.g.: dagli (give him), parlategliene (speak to him about it). imperfect = io avevo (I had, I used to have). indefinite pronouns or adjectives = pronouns or adjectives which give indefinite information. E.g.: qualche (some, any), qualcosa (something, anything), etc. present indicative = ho (I have). imperfect indicative = avevo (I had, I used to have). passato prossimo indicative = ho avuto (I had, I have had). passato remoto indicative = ebbi (I had). past perfect indicative = avevo avuto (I had had). trapassato remoto indicative = ebbi avuto (I had had).

GLOSSARY

a3

future indicative = avrò (I will have). future perfect indicative = avrò avuto (I will have had). infinitive = indefinite form (cf.) of the verb. present infinitive = avere (to have). perfect infinitive = avere avuto (to have had). informal = cf.informal register. intonation = they way the voice rises or falls when pronouncing a word or sentence. intransitive verb = a verb which is not followed by the direct object (cf.). It does not answer the question: chi/che cosa? (Who/what?) E.g.: io parlo con mia madre (I’m speaking to my mother). invariable = it does not change. letter = any element of the alphabet: a, b, c, etc. phrases = expressions or sentences; groups of two or more words which form a unit; e.g.: di solito, a proposito, andare giù (usually, by the way, go down). masculine = grammatical gender, different from the feminine. There are two grammatical genders in Italian: feminine and masculine. finite forms = forms of the verb which express the person. Indicative, conditional, subjunctive, imperative. E.g.: io vado (I’m going). indefinite forms = forms of the verb which do not express the person. Gerund, infinitive, participle. E.g.: andando (going). monosyllables = words containing only one syllable (cf.). noun = words which indicate animals, people, things, etc. abstract nouns = they are nouns indicating qualities which cannot be not perceived by the senses. E.g.: amicizia (friendship), libertà (freedom), etc. concrete nouns = they are nouns which indicate tangible things. E.g.: cane (dog), libro (book), uomo (man), etc. non = word used to deny, say no. cardinal numbers = one, two, three, etc.

GLOSSARY

a3

ordinal numbers = first, second, third, etc. number = it is the grammatical differentiation between singular and plural (cf.). It is important for the endings (cf.) of verbs, adjectives and nouns. order = command. participle = indefinite form (cf.) of the verb. present participle = avente. past participle = avuto. partitive = it expresses a part of a whole. Partitive ne, e.g.: “Quanto zucchero vuoi?” “Ne prendo due cucchiaini.” (How much sugar do you take? I’ll have two teaspoonfuls.) past time = past/yesterday, future/tomorrow, present/today. passato prossimo = tense of the indicative. Io ho avuto (I had, I have had). passato remoto = tense of the indicative. Io ebbi (I had). peggiorativi = they are modified adjectives or nouns (cf. alteration) which contain a negative idea and express a negative opinion. E.g.: ragazzaccio (a bad boy). sentence = two or more clauses joined together forming a meaningful unit. hypothetical sentence = two or more clauses in which the subordinate (cf.) is introduced by se (if). person = io, tu, lui/lei, noi, voi, loro (I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they). plural = it indicates a number of people or things above one. prefix = particle added to the beginning of a word. preposition = di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra (of, to, from, in, with, on, for, between/ among). compound form of the preposition with the article = di, a, da, in, con, su, per, tra, fra plus the definite article; e.g.: del, al, dal, etc. (of the, to the, from the, etc.) present time = present/today, past/yesterday, future/tomorrow. present indicative = io ho (I have). first person = singular: io (I), plural: noi (we). pronoun = word which replaces the noun.

GLOSSARY

a3

personal pronoun = pronoun which indicates the person or thing. subject personal pronoun = io, tu, lui/lei, noi, voi, loro. They act as subject (cf.). object personal pronoun = personal pronouns which act as object: mi, ti, ci, me, te, etc. (me, you, us, etc.) combined personal pronoun = double personal pronouns: glielo, te le, etc. (it to him, them to you, etc.) unstressed forms of the personal pronouns = e.g.: mi, ti, ci, etc. They are unstressed because they are weak, they are supported by the verb. stressed forms of the personal pronouns = e.g.: a me, a te, a noi, etc. They are stressed because they are strong, they emphasise the pronoun. relative pronoun = it refers back to a previous noun or sentence. Che, cui, il quale, etc. (who, which, that, etc.) clause = a basic unit which expresses a thought. Two or more clauses joined together form a sentence. main clause = clause which governs other clauses. subordinate clause = clause which depends on the main clause. formal register = it refers to a way of using the language based on social context which usually expresses respect, it is typical of relationships between people who are neither friends nor relatives. In the formal register the structure with Lei is used. It is the opposite of informal. informal register = it refers to a way of using the language based on social context which usually expresses friendship and friendliness, it is typical of relationships between people who are either friends or relatives. In the informal register the structure with tu is used. It is the opposite of formal. rule = the dominant norm in a language. answer = what is said, done or written following a question. second person = singular: tu (you), plural: voi (you).

GLOSSARY

a3

syllable = basic unit in a language, formed by a vowel or by a vowel preceded and followed by one or more consonants. Sometimes there are two or more vowels together (diphthong, triphthong). phonetic symbol = a special way of writing words which reproduces the way they are pronounced: cane = /’kane/. singular = it indicates a number of people or things equivalent to one. synonym = a word which means the same thing as another. subject = the person, thing, etc. which performs the action. spregiativi = they are modified adjectives or nouns (cf. alteration) which contain a negative idea and express scorn. E.g.: ragazzaccio (a very bad boy). structure = the way the elements of a language are organized; or, sometimes: grammatical or syntactical rule. suffix = particle added at the end of a word. superlatives = adjectives or adverbs which express a certain quality at its maximum. superlativo assoluto = there is no comparison with other elements; it ends in -issimo. E.g.: un gatto bellissimo (a very pretty cat). superlativo relativo = there is a comparison with other elements. E.g.: il più bel film di Fellini (Fellini’s best film). stem = part of the word which is left after the ending (cf.) has been taken away. compound tenses = tenses formed by an auxiliary (cf.) and a main verb; e.g.: passato prossimo. term = word. third person = singular: lui/lei (he/she), plural: loro (they). transitive verb = verb followed by an object (cf.). It answers the question chi/che cosa? (who/what?) E.g.: mangio una mela (I’m eating an apple). past perfect = avevo avuto (I had had). trapassato remoto = ebbi avuto (I had had).

GLOSSARY

a3

variable = something which changes. E.g.: masculine/feminine, singular/plural, etc. verb = word which indicates an action or a way of being. auxiliary verb = avere (to have) and essere (to be), in compound tenses. Venire and andare in the passive (cf.). impersonal verb = a verb without a definite subject. reflexive verbs = verbs in which the action falls back onto the subject; e.g.: io mi lavo (I’m getting washed). vezzeggiativi = they are modified adjectives and nouns (cf. alteration) which express affection. E.g.: la mia casetta (my little house). vowel = the letters: a, e, i, o, u. stressed vowel = vowel where the stress falls.

INDEX

A A A (for place) A (for time) A condizione che A costo di A forza di A meno che non A patto che Abbastanza Accanto a Agreement of the past participle Accrescitivi Affinché’ Adjectives Possessive adjectives Demonstrative adjectives Al Alcuno Modifying the noun Altrimenti Anche Anche se Anni Appena, non appena Definite articles

unità 24, 27, 29

24 27 70 89 89 70 70 22, 57 26 31 96 70, 96 10 11 12 23 55 96 93 92 95 18, 23, 27 94 5

INDEX Definite article with possessives Definite article with prepositions Indefinite article Attraverso Avere, infinitive, present indicative Adverbs Adverbs of manner, time, place, quantity, doubt Adverbs of frequency Confirming and denying adverbs

unità 11

23 6 26 2 21 21 22. 21

B Bellissimo, superlativo assoluto Bello Benché’ Buono

60 10 70 10

C Che Che, relative pronoun Che cosa Che ore sono? Chi Chiunque

19, 20 45 19 17 19, 45 56

INDEX Ci Ciascuno Cioè’ Codesto Come Come se Comparatives Irregular comparatives Comparativo di maggioranza Comparativo di minoranza Comparativo di uguaglianza Comparative forms of adverbs Con Sequence of tenses Conditional Conditional Conditional - structure Conditional - use Perfect conditional Subjunctive Present subjunctive - structure Imperfect subjunctive - structure Past and past perfect subjunctive - structure Subjunctive - use Coordinate conjunctions Subordinate conjunctions Così’...che/cosicché’

unità 42

55 92 12 20 95 59, 61, 62, 70 61 59 59 59 62. 30 71, 72, 73 49, 50, 51, 74 49, 50, 74 49 50, 74 51, 74 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 66 67 68 69, 70 92, 93 94, 95 95

INDEX Così’...come Cui

unità 59

45

D Da Da (for place) Da (for time) Da dove Da quando Da... A... (For time) Dal momento che Da & per + infinitive Dates, 20 dicembre 1999 Dato che Davanti a Dei, degli, delle Del Dentro Di Di (for time) Di chi Di fianco a Dietro Diminutivi Demonstratives

25, 28, 30 25 28 20 94 28 94 87 18, 27 94 25 6, 23 23 25 28, 29 28 19 26 25 96 12, 13

INDEX Reported speech Dopo Dopo che Dopo che + future perfect Dopo che + trapassato remoto Dopo + perfect infinitive Dove Dunque Durante

unità 81, 82, 83

28, 88 94 47 80 88 20 92 28

E E Exclamations Essere, infinitive, present indicative

92 20 1

F Fino a Fino a (for place) Fino a (for time) Finché’/fino a quando Impersonal form Negative, interrogative and interrogative-negative form Fra/tra Fra/tra (for place)

26, 28 26 28 94 79 1 25, 30 25

INDEX Fuori Future Future perfect

unità 25

37 47

G Gender of nouns Gerund

7 90

I Il cui, etc. Il più’..., superlativo relativo Il, lo, la, i, gli, le Il/la quale, i/le quali Imperative Imperative - structure Imperative with pronouns Imperative - use Imperfect Imperfect - structure Imperfect - use In In (for place) In (for time) In modo da

46 60 5 46 63, 64, 65 63 64 65 33, 34, 36, 52, 74 33 34, 36, 52, 74 24, 27, 30 24 27 89

INDEX

Indefiniti Indefinite - adjectives and pronouns Indefinite adjectives Indefinite pronouns Present indicative Present indicative (regular verbs) Present indicative (irregular verbs) Infinitive Present infinitive Perfect infinitive Infinitive with other expressions Question words Invece di Io, tu, lui, etc.

unità 54, 55, 56, 57, 58

55 54 56 3, 4 3 4 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 84, 85, 86, 88, 89 88 89 19, 20 89 38

L The time Lo, la, li, le, pronouns Lontano da Loro, impersonal form Lungo

17 40 26 79 26

INDEX

M Ma Mai Malgrado Me, te, stressed personal pronouns Me lo, te lo, glielo, combined personal pronouns Meglio, comparative form of the adverb Meno Mentre Mi, ti, unstressed personal pronouns Mica Migliore, irregular comparatives Mio, tuo, suo, possessive adjectives and pronouns Indefinite forms Molto

unità 92

22 70 39 44 62 59, 60 28, 94 40 21 61 11 84, 85, 86, 88, 89 22, 58

N Ne Ne partitivo Né’...né’ Neanche Nel Nel caso che Nemmeno

42 43 91 92 23 70 93

INDEX Neppure Nessuno Niente/nulla Masculine and feminine nouns Nonostante Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers

unità 93

55 56 7 70 15 16

O O Ogni Ognuno Oppure

92 54 56 93

P Parecchio Participle Past participle Agreement of the past participle Present participle Passato prossimo Passato remoto Passive Peggio, comparative form of the adverb

57 91 31, 91 31 91 31, 32, 36 35, 36 75, 76 62

INDEX Peggiorativi Peggiore, irregular comparatives Per Per (for place) Per (for time) Perché Perciò’ Hypothetical clauses Però’ Più’ Plural of nouns Irregular plurals of nouns Poco Poiché’ Potrei Prepositions Compound prepositions with the definite article Prepositions of place Prepositions of time Present indicative Present indicative of the verb essere Present indicative of the verb avere Prima Prima che Prima di Primo, secondo, terzo, ordinal numbers Demonstrative pronouns

unità 96

61 26, 27, 30 26 27 20, 94 93 74 93 59, 60 8, 9 9 22, 57 94 14 23, 24, 27, 29, 30 23 24 27 1, 2, 3, 4 1 2 28 70, 89, 94 89 16 13

INDEX

Personal pronouns Subject personal pronouns Object personal pronouns - stressed forms Object personal pronouns - unstressed forms Combined personal pronouns Possessive pronouns Relative pronouns Proprio Purché’ Pure

unità 38, 39, 40, 44

38 39 40 44 11 45, 46 11 70 93

Q Qualche Qualcosa Qualcuno Quale Qualsiasi/qualunque Quando Quanto Questo, quello, demonstratives Quindi

54 56 56 19 54 20, 47, 94 19, 20 12, 13 93

INDEX

S Salvo che/tranne che Se Sé Sebbene Secoli Sempre Senza Senza che Impersonal si Passive structure with si Sia...sia Siccome Sotto Spesso Stare + gerund Stare per + infinitive Su Su (for place) Sul Superlatives Superlative form of the adverb Irregular superlatives Superlativo assoluto Superlativo relativo

unità 94

74, 95 39 70 18, 23, 27 22 89 70 78 77 92 94 25 22 52 53 30 25 23 60, 61, 62 62 61 60 60

INDEX

T Tanto Tanto....quanto Tenses and forms of the verb: Io sono, etc. Io ho, etc. Io ho, present indicative Io ho avuto, passato prossimo Io avevo, imperfect Io ebbi, passato remoto Io avrò’, future Io avrò’ avuto, future perfect Io avevo avuto, past perfect Io avrei, conditional Io avrei avuto, perfect conditional Abbi...!, affermative form of the imperative Non avere...!, negative form of the imperative (Che) io abbia, present subjunctive (Che) io abbia avuto, past subjunctive (Che) io avessi avuto, past perfect subjunctive (Che) io avessi, imperfect subjunctive Io ebbi avuto, trapassato remoto Io sto mangiando Io sto per mangiare Avendo, gerund Avente, present participle

unità 58

59 1 2 2, 3, 4 31, 32, 36 34, 36, 52, 74 35, 36 37 47 48 49, 50 51, 74 63, 65 63, 65 66, 69, 70 66, 68, 69, 70 68, 69, 70 67, 68, 69, 70 80 52 53 90 91

INDEX Avuto, past participle Avere, present infinitive Avere avuto, perfect infinitive Tra/fra (for time) Past perfect Trapassato remoto Troppo Tu, impersonal form Tuttavia Tutto

unità 31,91

2, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89 88 27 48 80 22, 58 79 93 58

U Un po’ Un, uno, una, un’ Uno, due, tre, cardinal numbers, etc. Uno, indefinite Uno, impersonal form

22, 57 6 15 56 79

V Vari, diversi Venire/andare, passive Reflexive verbs Verbs/adjectives + a + infinitive Verbs/adjectives + di + infinitive Vicino a Visto che Vorrei

57 76 41 85 86 26 94 14

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNITA’ 1

THE VERB ESSERE -INFINITIVE -PRESENT INDICATIVE (io sono, tu sei, ecc.) (I am, you are, etc)

UNITA’ 2

THE VERB AVERE (INFINITIVE-PRESENT INDICATIVE) (io ho, tu hai, ecc.) (I have, you have etc)

UNITA’ 3

PRESENT INDICATIVE (REGULAR VERBS) (io amo, tu vedi, ecc.) ( I love, you see, etc)

UNITA’ 4

PRESENT INDICATIVE (IRREGULAR VERBS) (io vado, tu vai, etc.) (I go, you go etc)

UNITA’ 5

FORMS OF THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (il, lo, l’, la, i, gli, le) (The)

UNITA’ 6

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE (un, uno, una) (a, an)

UNITA’ 7

NOUNS AND GENDER (maschile, femminile) (masculine, feminine)

UNITA’ 8

THE PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS (1) (il libro - i libri) (the book- the books)

UNITA’ 9

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS (1) (l’uomo-gli uomini) (the man-the men)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNITA’ 10

ADJECTIVES (alto, bello, ecc.) ( tall, beautiful etc.)

UNITA’ 11

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS (la mia casa e la tua) (my house and yours)

UNITA’ 12

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES (questo libro, quella casa) (this book, that house)

UNITA’ 13

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN (questa + la mia casa) (this is my house)

UNITA’ 14

VORREI E POTREI (vorrei una birra, per favore, ecc.) (I’d like a beer, please, etc.)

UNITA’ 15

CARDINAL NUMBERS (uno, due, tre, ecc.) (one, two, three, etc.)

UNITA’ 16

ORDINAL NUMBERS (primo, secondo, ecc.)(first, second, etc)

UNITA’ 17

THE TIME (sono le 10 e mezza)(it’s half past ten)

UNITA’ 18

DATES, YEARS AND CENTURIES (30 dicembre 1995 - XX secolo) (30th December 1995-XX century)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNITA’ 19

QUESTION WORDS (1) (chi?, che cosa?, ecc.) (who?, what?, etc.)

UNITA’ 20

QUESTION WORDS (2) AND EXCLAMATIONS (perch+?, dove?, quanto!, etc.) (why?,where?, What a ...!)

UNITA’ 21

ADVERBS (1) (facilmente, bene, ecc.) (easily, well, etc.)

UNITA’ 22

ADVERBS(2) (molto, sempre, ecc.) (much, always, etc.)

UNITA’ 23

COMPOUND PREPOSITIONS WITH THE DEFINITE ARTICLE (nel, del, sul, ecc.) (in the, of the, on the, etc.)

UNITA’ 24

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (in, a) (in, at)

UNITA’ 25

PREPOSITIONS AND EXPRESSIONS OF PLACE (da, su, fuori, ecc.) (from, on, outside etc.)

UNITA’ 26

PREPOSITIONS AND OTHER EXPRESSIONS OF POSITION(2) (accanto a, per, ecc.) (next to, ) etc

UNITA’ 27

TIME PREPOSITIONS (1) (a, in, per, tra) (at, in, for)

(1)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 28

TIME PREPOSITIONS (2) (da, di, fino a, ecc.) (since/for, in, until etc)

UNITA’ 29

PREPOSITIONS (1) (di, a, da) (of/in/about, to, by etc)

UNITA’ 30

PREPOSITIONS (2) (in, con, su, ecc.) (by, with, about, etc)

UNITA’ 31

IL PASSATO PROSSIMO (1) (io ho mangiato) (I’ve eaten, I ate)

UNITA’ 32

IL PASSATO PROSSIMO (2) (loro sono andati, mi sono lavata) (they have gone/they went etc)

UNITA’ 33

THE IMPERFECT - FORM (mangiavo, andavi, ecc.) (I ate, I was eating, I used to eat)

UNITA’ 34

IMPERFECT - USE (mentre andavo a casa, ecc.) (while I was going home, etc.)

UNITA’ 35

IL PASSATO REMOTO (io ebbi, noi fummo) (I was, we were)

UNITA’ 36

IMPERFECT/PASSATO PROSSIMO/PASSATO REMOTO (io andavo vs. io andai/sono andato) (I was going vs. I went/ I have gone)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 37

THE FUTURE SIMPLE (canterò, leggerò, ecc.) (I will/ I’m going to sing/I’m singing)

UNITA’ 38

SUBJECT PRONOUNS (io, tu, ecc.) (I, you, etc.)

UNITA’ 39

STRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS (me, a te, ecc.) (me, to you etc.)

UNITA’ 40

UNSTRESSED OBJECT PRONOUNS (mi, ti, ecc.) (me, you, etc.)

UNITA’ 41

REFLEXIVE VERBS (lavarsi, svegliarsi) (get washed, wake up)

UNITA’ 42

CI AND NE (ci vado domani, ne parlerò bene) (I’m going there tomorrow, I’ll speak well about it))

UNITA’ 43

THE PARTITIVE NE (ne voglio tre) (I want three of them)

UNITA’ 44

COMBINED PRONOUNS (me lo, gliene, ecc.)

UNITA’ 45

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (1) (che, cui, ecc.) (who, which, that, etc.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 46

RELATIVE PRONOUNS (2) (il quale, della quale, ecc.) (who, of which, etc.)

UNITA’ 47

FUTURE PERFECT (avrò mangiato, sarai andato) (I will have eaten, you will have gone)

UNITA’ 48

PAST PERFECT (avevo mangiato, eri andato) (I had eaten, you had gone)

UNITA’ 49

CONDITIONAL - STRUCTURE (mangerei, andresti) (I would eat, you would go)

UNITA’ 50

CONDITIONAL - USE (mangeresti una mela?, ecc.) (would you eat an apple?, etc.)

UNITA’ 51

PERFECT CONDITIONAL (avrei mangiato, saresti andato) (I would have eaten, you would have gone)

UNITA’ 52

STARE + GERUND (sto mangiando) (be + -ing, e.g. I am eating)

UNITA’ 53

STARE PER + INFINITIVE (sto per mangiare) (to be going to + infinitive, e.g. I am going to eat)

UNITA’ 54

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES (ogni, qualche, ecc.) (every, some, etc.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 55

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS (alcuno, nessuno, ecc.) (some, any, no, etc.)

UNITA’ 56

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (niente, ognuno, ecc.) (nothing, no one, etc.)

UNITA’ 57

QUANTIFIERS (1) (un po’, poco, abbastanza, ecc.) (little, few, enough, etc.)

UNITA’ 58

QUANTIFIERS (2) (molto, tutto, ecc.) (many, all, etc.)

UNITA’ 59

COMPARATIVES (più bello, più alto) (more beautiful, taller)

UNITA’ 60

SUPERLATIVES (il più bello, il più alto) (the most beautiful, the tallest)

UNITA’ 61

IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES - OTHER FORMS (buono, migliore, ottimo, ecc.) (good, better, best, etc.)

UNITA’ 62

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADVERBS (bene, meglio, benissimo, ecc.) (well, better, very well, etc.)

UNITA’ 63

IMPERATIVE - STRUCTURE (mangia!, andate!, non andare!) (eat!, go!, don’t go!)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 64

IMPERATIVE WITH PRONOUNS (mangialo!, andateci!, non parlargli!) (eat it!, go there!, don’t speak to him!)

UNITA’ 65

IMPERATIVE - USE (torna qui!) (come back here!)

UNITA’ 66

PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE - STRUCTURE (che io mangi, che tu vada)

UNITA’ 67

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - STRUCTURE (che io mangiassi, che tu andassi)

UNITA’ 68

PAST AND PAST PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE - STRUCTURE (che io abbia mangiato, che tu fossi andato)

UNITA’ 69

SUBJUNCTIVE - USE (1) (penso che l’inglese sia facile, ecc.) (I think English is easy, etc.)

UNITA’ 70

SUBJUNCTIVE - USE (2) (affinché, benché, ecc.) (so that, although, etc.)

UNITA’ 71

SEQUENCE OF TENSES - WITH THE INDICATIVE (sono sicuro che tu mangi molto, ecc.) (I’m sure you eat a lot, etc.)

UNITA’ 72

SEQUENCE OF TENSES (1) - WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE (spero che tu mangi, ecc.) (I hope you’ll eat, etc.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 73

SEQUENCE OF TENSE (2) - WITH THE SUBJUNCTIVE (speravo che tu andassi, ecc.) (I hoped you would go etc.)

UNITA’ 74

HYPOTHETICAL CLAUSES (se tu mangerai, io...., ecc.) (if you eat, I’ll ..., etc.)

UNITA’ 75

THE PASSIVE (1) (sono stato aiutato, ecc.) (I have been helped, etc.)

UNITA’ 76

THE PASSIVE (2) - VENIRE/ANDARE (il giornale viene letto, ecc.) (the newspaper is/gets read, etc.)

UNITA’ 77

PASSIVE STRUCTURES WITH SI (a Firenze si insegna l’italiano, ecc.) (Italian is taught in Florence, etc.)

UNITA’ 78

IMPERSONAL SI (si mangia molto qui, ecc.) (You eat a lot here, etc.)

UNITA’ 79

IMPERSONAL STRUCTURES WITH LORO, TU AND UNO (hanno mangiato tutto, ecc.) (they have eaten everything, etc.)

UNITA’ 80

THE TRAPASSATO REMOTO (ebbi mangiato, fosti andato) (I had eaten, you had gone, etc.)

UNITA’ 81

REPORTED SPEECH (1) (lui dice che ha mangiato tutto, ecc.) (he says he has eaten everything, etc.)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UNITA’ 82

REPORTED SPEECH (2) (lui crede che io vada..., ecc.) (he thinks I’m going ..., etc.)

UNITA’ 83

REPORTED SPEECH (3) (lui dice che quella è la sua casa, ecc.) (he says that is his house, etc.)

UNITA’ 84

INDEFINITE FORMS - PRESENT INFINITIVE (mangiare, andare) (to eat, to go)

UNITA’ 85

VERBS/ADJECTIVES + DI + INFINITIVE (spero di andare, etc.) (I hope to go, etc.)

UNITA’ 86

VERBS/ADJECTIVES + A + INFINITIVE (non riesco a mangiare, etc.) (I can’t eat, etc.)

UNITA’ 87

DA & PER + INFINITIVE (un libro da leggere, etc.) (a book to read, etc.) PERFECT INFINITIVE (avere mangiato, essere andato) (have eaten, have gone)

UNITA’ 88

UNITA’ 89

OTHER EXPRESSIONS WITH THE INFINITIVE (prima di, senza, etc.) (before, without, etc.)

UNITA’ 90

INDEFINITE FORMS - THE GERUND (mangiando, essendo andato) (eating, having gone)

TABLE OF CONTENTS UNITA’ 91

INDEFINITE FORMS - PARTICIPLE (mangiante, andato) (eating, gone)

UNITA’ 92

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (1) (e, o, né...né, etc.) (and, or, neither ...nor, etc.)

UNITA’ 93

COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (2) (tuttavia, perciò, etc.) (nevertheless, therefore, etc.)

UNITA’ 94

SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (1) (poiché, quando, etc.) (as, when, etc.)

UNITA’ 95

SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (2) (anche se, se, etc.) (even if, if, etc.)

UNITA’ 96

MODIFYING NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES (bellino, casetta, etc.) (pretty, little house, etc.)

APPENDIX 1

ITALIAN PHONETIC SYMBOLS

APPENDIX 2

ITALIAN VOWELS AND CONSONANTS

APPENDIX 3

GLOSSARY

INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CREDITS Traduzioni : Francese: Alba Pessini Elena Pessini. Inglese: Anila Scott-Monkhouse Patricia Taylor. Spagnolo: Elsa Orellana. Tedesco: Gabriele Teutsch.

Vignette: Abel Herrero Registrazioni audio: Roberto Abbati Cristina Cimicchi Francesco Mezzadri Viola Pacini. Ha collaborato: Linuccio Pederzani

Si ringrazia : Scuola di lingue Teletra di Parma; Centro linguistico, Università di Parma; Escuela de Idiomas Modernos, facultad de Humanidades y Educación, Universidad Central de Venezuela; Facultad de Lenguas, Universidad de La Habana; Scuola Cocconi di Parma; Scuola Carducci di Reggio Emilia; Sprachenzentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg.

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