PVC

Formulary ~r*A

2nd Edition —

....

George lllypijch

ChemTec Publishing Toronto 2015

Table

of Contents

iii

Table of Contents 1

Introduction

1

2

PVC

5

2.1

Commercial types and grades

5

2.1.1

General purpose resins

5

2.1.1.1

Suspension

5

2.1.1.2

Mass

2.1.2

Dispersion

2.1.3

Specialty

2.1.3.1

Powder process resins

11

2.1.3.2

12

2.1.3.4

Ultrahigh Absorptive resins Deglossing resins

2.1.3.4

Extender resins

14

2.1.4

Copolymers

15

2.1.4.1

VC/VAc copolymers

15

2.1.4.2

Grafted

16

2.2

Forms

2.2.1

Powder

2.2.2

Dryblend

2.2.3

Paste and solution

2.2.4

Latex

2.1.3.3

Properties

7 resins

(emulsion, microsuspension)

7

resins

11

molecular

weight resins

13 13

copolymers

ready

for

processing

17 17

and

pellets

17

18 18

2.3

Physical-chemical properties

2.3.1

Molecular

2.3.2

Particle size and shape

20

2.3.3

Porosity Purity

27

2.3.4 2.3.5

Density

29

2.3.6

30

2.3.9

Crystalline structure, crystallinity, morphology Thermal properties Electrical properties Optical and spectral properties

34

2.3.10

Shrinkage

35

2.3.11

Chemical resistance

36

2.3.12

Environmental stress

2.3.13

Mechanical

2.3.7 2.3.8

weight

of pure and

compounded

and its distribution

PVC

18

18

29

cracking

31 34

37 38

2.3.14

properties Other properties of PVC

3

PVC Additives

45

3.1

Plasticizers

45

3.2

Fillers

50

42

iv

Table of Contents

3.3

Pigments and dyes

55

3.4

Thermal stabilizers

58

3.5

UV stabilizers

59

3.6

Impact modifiers

60

3.7

Antiblocking agents

64

3.8

Release agents

64

3.9

Slip agents

65

3.10

Antistatics

65

3.11

Flame retardants

67

3.12

Smoke suppressants Lubricants

71

3.13 3.14

Process aids

75

3.15

Vicat/HDT modifiers

3.16

Foaming agents

3.17

Antifog agents Crosslinking agents

78

3.18 3.19

Adhesion promoters

79

3.20

Brighteners

81

3.21

Biocides and

3.22

Magnetic

73

76

and promoters

77

79

fungicides

82

additives

84

3.23

Flexibilizers

84

3.24

Nucleating agents

85

4

The PVC Formulations

89

4.1

Blow

89

4.1.1

Bottles and containers

4.1.1.1

Formulations

4.1.1.2

Formulations found in open literature

91

4.1.1.3

Patented inventions

91

4.1.2

Other

4.1.2.1

Formulation

4.1.2.3

Patented inventions

4.1.3

Conclusive remarks

4.2

Calendering

4.2.1

Film

4.2.1.1

Formulations

4.2.1.2

Patented inventions

101

4.2.2

Floor coverings

107

4.2.2.1

Patented inventions

107

4.2.3

Pool liner

4.2.3.1

Formulation

4.2.3.2

Patented inventions

4.2.4

Roofing membrane

4.2.4.1

Formulation

4.2.4.2

Formulations found in open literature

molding

90

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

products

90

94

proposed by

material

raw

supplier

94

95 98 100 100

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

100

109

proposed by

proposed by

raw

materials

suppliers

109 109 110

raw

material

suppliers

110 111

Table of Contents

v

4.2.4.3

Patented inventions

4.2.5

Sheet

4.2.5.1

Formulation

4.2.5.2

Patented inventions

4.2.6

Sponged

4.2.6.1

Formulation proposed by

4.2.7

Conclusive remarks

116

4.3

Composites

118

4.3.1

Formulation found in open literature

118

4.3.2

Patented inventions

119

4.3.3

Conclusive remarks

121

4.4

Dip coating

123

4.4.1

Patented inventions

124

4.4.2

Conclusive remarks

129

4.5

Extrusion

131

4.5.1

General section

131

4.5.1.1

Patented inventions

131

4.5.2

Blinds

137

4.5.2.1

Formulation found in open literature

137

4.5.2.2

Patented invention

138

4.5.3

Clear compound

4.5.3.1

Formulation

112 113

proposed by

raw

material

supplier

113 113

leather

115 raw

material

supplier

115

138

proposed by decking

raw

material

supplier

138

4.5.4

Fencing

4.5.4.1

Formulation found in open literature

139

4.5.5

Foamed

139

and

4.5.5.1

profiles Formulation proposed by

4.5.6

Gaskets

4.5.6.1

Formulation

139

raw

material supplier

raw

material

139 140

4.5.7

proposed by Interior profiles

4.5.7.1

Formulation found in open literature

140

4.5.8

Panels

141

4.5.8.1

Technology proposed by

4.5.8.2

Patented inventions

4.5.9

Pipes

4.5.9.1

Formulations

4.5.9.2

Formulations found in open literature

144

4.5.9.3

Patented inventions

148

4.5.10

Planks

151

4.5.10.1

Patented inventions

151

4.5.11

Rigid

4.5.11.1

Formulations

4.5.11.2

Formulation found in open literature

155

4.5.11.3

Patented inventions

156

4.5.12

Sheet

4.5.12.1

Formulation

supplier

140 140

raw

material

supplier

141 141 142

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

articles

142

153

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

153

157

proposed by

raw

material

supplier

157

vi

Table of Contents

4.5.12.2

Formulations found in open literature

158

4.5.12.3

Patented inventions

158

4.5.13

Siding

4.5.13.1

Formulations

4.5.13.2

Formulations found in open literature

163

4.5.13.3

Patented inventions

164

4.5.14

Tubing

4.5.14.1

Formulation

4.5.14.2

Patented invention

4.5.15

Water stop seal

4.5.15.1

Formulation

4.5.15.2

Patented inventions

4.5.16

Window and door

4.5.16.1

Formulations

4.5.16.2

Formulations found in open literature

170

4.5.16.3

Patented inventions

172

4.5.17

Other

175

4.5.17.1

Products discussed in open literature

175

4.5.18

Conclusive remarks

177

4.6

Fiber and thread

181

4.6.1

Patented inventions

181

4.7

Film

184

4.7.1

Film

4.7.1.1

Formulation

4.7.1.2

Patented inventions

4.7.2

Food wrap

4.7.2.1

Formulations

4.7.2.2

Patented invention

190

4.7.3

Conclusive remarks

191

4.8

Foaming

4.8.1

Formulations

4.8.2

Formulations found in open literature

194

4.8.3

Patented inventions

197

4.8.4

Conclusive remarks

204

4.9

Gel & sealant formulations

4.9.1

Formulation

4.9.2

Patented inventions

206

4.9.3

Conclusive remarks

213

4.10

Injection molding

215

4.10.1

General

4.10.1.1

Formulations

4.10.1.2

Patented inventions

4.10.2

Couplings

160

proposed by

material

suppliers

160

166

proposed by

material

raw

supplier

166 166 166

proposed by

material

raw

supplier

166 167 167

profile

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

products

coating

production

167

184

proposed by

raw

material

supplier

184 184

189

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

and foam extrusion

proposed by

proposed by

189

192

raw

raw

material suppliers

192

206 material supplier

206

215

proposed by

raw

material

suppliers

215

216

and

fittings 4.10.2.1 Formulations proposed by 4.10.2.2

raw

219 raw

material

Formulations found in open literature

suppliers

219

220

Table of Contents

vii

4.10.3

Toys

4.10.3.1

Formulation

4.10.3.2

Patented invention

221

4.10.4

Other

222

4.10.4.1

222

4.10.4.2

Formulations found in open literature Patented inventions

4.10.5

Conclusive remarks

226

and

228

221

proposed by

raw

material

supplier

products

221

223

4.11

Joining

4.11.1

Patented inventions

228

4.12

Lamination

244

4.12.1

Patented inventions

244

4.13

Metallization

248

4.13.1

Patented invention

248

4.14

Powder coating

249

4.14.1

Patented inventions

249

4.15

Printing

252

4.15.1

Patented inventions

252

4.16

Rotational

4.16.1

Formulation used

4.16.2

261

4.16.3

Formulation found in open literature Patented inventions

4.16.3

Conclusive remarks

265

4.17

Sealants

4.17.1

Formulations

4.17.2

Patented inventions

266

4.18

Sintering

268

4.18.1

Patented inventions

268

4.19

Slush

270

4.19.1

Patented inventions

270

4.20

Solvent

272

4.20.1

Patented inventions

272

4.21

Spraying

273

4.21.1

Patented inventions

273

4.22

Thermoforming

275

4.22.1

Formulation found in open literature

275

4.22.2

Patented inventions

275

4.23

Web

277

4.23.1

General

4.23.1

Formulations

4.23.2

Patented inventions

4.23.2

Coated fabrics

4.23.2.1

Formulations proposed by

4.23.2.2

Formulation found in open literature

285

4.23.2.3

Patented inventions

285

4.23.3

Conveyor

assembly

molding by

261 material

raw

supplier

261

262 266

proposed by

raw

material suppliers

molding casting

coating

266

277

given by

belts

raw

material

suppliers

277

277 284 raw

material

suppliers

284

287

Table of Contents

viii

287

4.23.3.2

Formulation found in open literature Patented inventions

4.23.4

Flooring

287

4.23.3.1

material

287

supplier

287

4.23.4.1

Formulation

4.23.4.2

Formulations found in open literature

289

4.23.4.3

Patented inventions

290

4.23.5

Swimming pool

4.23.5.1

Formulation found in open literature

301

4.23.6

Tarpaulin

302

4.23.6.1

Formulation

4.23.7 4.23.8

Upholstery Wallcovering

4.23.8.1

Formulations found in open literature

4.23.2

Formulation

4.23.8.3

Patented inventions

4.23.9

Other

4.23.9.1

Patented inventions

308

4.23.10

Conclusive remarks

315

4.24

Wire & cable

318

4.24.1

Formulations

4.24.2

Patented inventions

4.24.3

ExxonMobil wire insulation formulas

4.24.3.1

Formulations

4.24.4

Traditional lead stabilizers in wire and cable

332

4.24.4.1

Formulations found in open literature

332

4.24.5

Conclusive remarks

334

4.25

General remarks

335

5

Data

337

5.1

General data and nomenclature

337

5.2

Chemical

338

5.4

composition and properties Physical properties Mechanical properties

5.5

Health and safety

349

5.6

Environmental data

352

5.7

Use and

5.3

Index

proposed by

raw

301

liners

proposed by

raw

material

supplier

302 304 304

proposed by

raw

material

304

supplier

306

308

products

proposed by

proposed by

application data

305

raw material

suppliers

318 319

raw

material supplier

332 332

340 347

352

355