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PROPERTIES OF MATTER Produced By… Dr. Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D. Written and Directed By… Dr. Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D. Study Guide Written By… Dr. Brian A. Jerome, Ph.D.

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Properties of Matter Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................1 Links to Curriculum Standards ...........................1 Summary of the Video ..........................................1 Introduction ............................................................2 Instructional Notes ................................................2 Student Preparation...............................................3 Introducing the Video ...........................................3 Student Objectives .................................................4 View the Video .......................................................4 Discussion Questions ............................................4 Blackline Masters ...................................................5 Extended Learning Activities...............................6 Answer Key ............................................................7 Script of Video Narration ...................................13 This video is closed captioned The purchase of this video program entitles the user to the right to reproduce or duplicate, in whole or in part, this teacher's guide and the blackline master handouts that accompany it for the purpose of teaching in conjunction with this video, Properties of Matter. This right is restricted only for use with this video program. Any reproduction or duplication in whole or in part of this guide and the blackline master handouts for any purpose other than for use with this video program is prohibited. 3

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Properties of Matter Teacher’s Guide Grades 5-8 Introduction This video is geared toward students in grades 5 - 8. The goal of the program is to familiarize students with the principles of physical science, particularly the properties of matter. By viewing this program it will help your students understand the physical world around them by learning about matter. They will learn that everything that they touch, taste, and see is made of matter. Links to Curriculum Standards This video correlates to the following: A. National Science Education Standards for Grades 5-8 Physical Science (Content Standard B) Properties and Changes of Properties of Matter 1. A substance has characteristic properties such as density, a boiling point and solubility. B. Benchmark for Science Literacy (American Association for the Advancement of Science - Project 2061) - for Grades 6-8 - The Physical Setting: 4D The Structure of Matter 2. Equal volumes of different substances usually have different weights. Summary of the Video This video explores the many different characteristics of matter, including the chemical properties of matter such as flammability and reactivity, by looking at wood burning and the simple reaction of baking soda with vinegar. It also examines some of the physical properties of matter including color, odor, texture and shape, through vivid vi5

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sual images which students can easily understand. Much emphasis is placed on the concepts of mass and weight by comparing a kilogram of feathers to a kilogram of marble. The similarities and differences between these two very different substances are discussed. The computation of volume is explored via maathematical formulas and displacement techniques. Finally density is made understandable by looking at substances with different densities such as gases, lead, marble and feathers. The video is vocabulary-rich and uses key terminology such as matter, property, chemical properties, flammability, reactivity, physical properties, color, odor, smell, shape, texture, mass, weight, volume and density. Numerous colorful and easy-to-understand graphics greatly enhance student understanding of the key concepts involved with learning about the properties of matter. A strong emphasis is placed on the mathematical equations used in calculating volume and density. The video concludes with a 10question video quiz. Video Quiz The video concludes with a ten-question Video Quiz which may be used to gage student comprehension immediately after the presentation of the video. Blackline Master #1: Video Quiz provides students with a printed copy of the questions and a list from which to choose correct answers. Instructional Notes Before presenting this lesson to your students we suggest that you preview the video and review this guide, and the accompanying blackline master activities in order to familiarize yourself with their content. As you review the materials presented in this guide, you may find it necessary to make some changes, additions, or 6

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deletions to meet the specific needs of your class. We encourage you to do so, for only by tailoring this program to your class will they obtain the maximum instructional benefits afforded by the materials. It is also suggested that the video presentation take place before the entire group under your supervision. The lesson activities grow out of the context of the video, therefore, the presentation should be a common experience for all students. Student Preparation You may want students to look up the vocabulary words addressed in the video, have them write down the definitions, and review their spelling and pronunciation. Terms such as matter, property, chemical properties, flammability, reactivity, physical properties, mass, weight, volume and density may be unfamiliar to students, and studying them before viewing the video will enhance student understanding. Introducing the Video Ask students to define the word “matter.” Note its popular uses, such as “What is the matter with you?” How could this use of the word matter relate to science? Ask students to list things that are made up of matter. Write their answers on the board. Are there similarities between these objects? Differences? Once students have determined their definition of matter, stress that, in reality, everything they touch, taste and see is made of matter. Now list some of the ways in which to describe matter. Use a specific object in your classroom. What is its color? Shape? 7

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Texture? Smell? Stress that these qualities are used in science to describe all matter, and that the video they are about to see will explore many facts about matter. Student Objectives After viewing the video and completing the lessons and activities, students should be able to do the following: • Define the vocabulary words addressed in the video and in the Word Search Activity. • Describe some of the properties of matter. • Describe the difference between a chemical property and a physical property • Calculate the amount of volume an object takes up • Calculate the density of a simple object View the Video This video is approximately eighteen minutes in length FOLLOW-UP ACTIVITIES Discussion Questions Following the video, students may have additional questions. Allow time for students to air their questions. Avoid answering the students’ questions directly, ask them additional questions leading them to the answers on their own, or encourage other students in the class to answer questions. There are numerous issues which may warrant further questions. As a class you may want to discuss the following: these questions appear on Blackline Master #2: Discussion Questions, and may be distributed prior to class discussion. Answers to these questions appear in the Answer Key on page— of this guide. 8

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1. Describe some of the properties of matter. 2. Provide examples of chemical properties. 3. Provide examples of physical properties. 4. Provide an example of when you might want to know or calculate the volume of an object. 5. Provide an example of when you might want to know or calculate the density of an object. 6. Explain the difference between mass and weight. Blackline Masters The following Blackline Master activity sheets are included with this guide. You may replicate and distribute them as needed. An Answer Key appears on page ___ of this guide. (1.) Blackline Master #1: Pre-Test is to be given to your students prior to viewing the video to assess their prior knowledge of the topic. (2.) Blackline Master #2 is the sheet corresponding to the Video Quiz questions found at the end of the video. You may want to stop the video before the Quiz in order to distribute this sheet. Students should select the answers from the list at the bottom of the page. Review the questions and answers as a group, or collect the Quizzes for grading; they will help you determine student comprehension immediately following the video but before executing the Follow-up Activities. (3.) Blackline Master #3: Discussion Questions corresponds with the questions presented in the previous section, and may be distributed prior to class discussion. (4.) Blackline Master #4: Word Search is a vocabulary exercise. Once the words have been located on the grid, students should write their own definitions of each term on the sheet. Discuss their definitions, correcting any misconceptions. 9

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(5.) Blackline Master #5: Calculating Volume and Blackline Master #6: Calculating Density are mathematical exercises that offer students a chance to apply formulas provided in the video. Additional problems may be presented based on the mathematical skill of your students. (6.) Blackline Master #7 is an Internet Lesson which guides students to NASA’s website detailing its development of a substance called aerogel. This exercise asks students to locate information on the website. (7.) Blackline Master #8: Identifying Properties of Matter and Blackline Master #9: Finding Density of Unknown Substance are hands-on experiments for the students to complete in class to further stress the concepts of physical properties and density. (8.) Blackline Master #10: Post-Test is to be given to your students after viewing the video and completing the accompanying exercise to assess their knowledge of the topic. Questions are weighted to reflect difficulty of answers. Total point value is 100. Extended Learning Activities 1. Observation Skills - Students can make a list of the objects in the classroom. From the list they can describe the physical and chemical properties of each object. 2. Public Speaking - Divide the students into small groups and give each group four objects from the classroom. Have them calculate the mass, volume and density of objects. Have them report to the class on how they arrived at their answers. 3. Creative Writing - Have students write about these four objects in a short story. In the story have them include information about the general and specific properties of the objects. Have them include the following information about the objects: color, shape, texture, hardness, mass, volume and weight. 10

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4. Career Connection - Research the career of an astronaut, mountain climber, juggler, or scuba diver. Write a one page paper describing how the factors of weight and mass effect the lives of the people who have undertaken these careers. Answer Key Blackline Master #1: Pre-Test 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. F 6. T 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T Blackline Master #2: Video Quiz 1. matter 2. property 3. chemical 4. physical 5. mass 6. scale 7. volume 8. cubic 9. density 10. volume Blackline Master #3: Discussion Questions 1. There are two major categories of properties of matter: physical properties, and chemical properties. Physical properties are the outwardly characteristics of matter. Chemical properties describes how matter changes into other new matter. 11

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2. Some examples of chemical properties include flammability, reactivity, and combustibility. 3. Some examples of physical properties include color, odor, texture, weight, and density. 4. An example of needing to calculate the volume of a substance might occur when purchasing a refrigerator. The size of a refrigerator is stated in cubic feet. One needs to know the length, width, and height of the refrigerator and space size opening in the kitchen before a reasonable purchase can be made. 5. An example of when you might want to know or calculate the density of an object occurs when making jewelry. You need to know how malleable the different metals are, such as copper or gold, when pounding or bending the materials. 6. Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. Mass stays constant regardless of the gravitational force applied to the object. Weight is a measure of mass of an object in a specific gravitational field. Weight can vary depending on the force of gravity on the object. The weight of an object is more on earth, than the same object on the moon where the gravitational force is less. The mass of the object remains the same regardless of the object. Blackline Master #4: Word Search Vocabulary Definitions: matter - any thing that takes up space property - a trait or characteristic of matter chemical properties - describe how mater changes into other new matter flammability - ability of an object to burn reactivity - ability to react with other matter physical properties - outwardly observable characteristics of matter color - the outwardly observable color of matter odor - the smell of matter smell - the odor of matter 12

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shape - the outwardly general form of matter texture - property that describes how rough or smooth an object is mass - the amount of matter in a given amount of matter weight - measure of mass with the force of gravity acting on object volume - the amount of space matter takes up density - the amount of mass per unit of volume p

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Blackline Master #5: Calculating Volume 1. Volume = length x height x width V = 29 cm x 22 cm x 12 cm V = 7659 cm 3 2. 218 ml - 150 ml = 68 ml Volume of quartzite rock = 68 ml Water to remove from aquarium = 68 ml 13

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Blackline Master #6: Calculating Density 1. Calculate cm 3 and ml 6 ml of milk = 6 cm3 31 ml of orange juice = 31 cm 3 54 cm 3 of root beer = 54 ml 2. Calculating density of an object with a regular shape: Density = Mass /Volume or D = M/V Mass = 226.8 gr Volume = length x width x height Volume = 20 x 8 x 14 cm3 V = 2240 cm3 Density = 226.8 gr /2240 cm3 D = .101 gr/cm3 3. Calculating density of an object with an irregular shape: a. Volume: 278 ml - 200 ml = 78 ml b. Density = 122 gr/78 ml = 1.56 gr/ml Blackline Master #7: Internet Lesson http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/aerogel.html Aerogel - A Little Bit Of Almost Nothing 1. A silicon-based solid with a porous sponge-like structure in which 99% of the volume is empty space. 2. Aerogel is 1000 times less dense that glass 3. Aerogel is 29 times more insulating than the best fiberglass insulation on the market. 4. Aerogel will be used on the Stardust mission. 5. It will collect comet dust on the Stardust mission. 6. Scientists sometimes call aerogel Blue Smoke. 7. Aerogel is 99.8% air. 8. Aerogel was used on the Mars Rover mission. 9. It significantly reduced the weight of the spacecraft.

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Blackline Master #8: Identifying Properties of Matter Answers will vary depending on the objects chosen, but an example is provided below for a single object. Example: Data Table Object

Color

wooden tan ruler

Texture

Odor

Density (low or high)

Shape

Other Properties

smooth with a sharp edge

none

low

long thin rectangle

has numbers and lines on it; floats in water

Conclusion Describing the color, texture, shape, and odor of objects is a relatively easy task to carry out, although there may be exceptions. Density requires some more thought and experience. In this particular exercise, students are asked to state merely if they think the density is high or low (relative estimate). If a more exact measurement is needed, students would need to weigh the object, calculate its volume, and then compute its density. Other properties that would be useful in describing an object would be its various chemical properties. Properties such as flammability and reactivity would aid in the description of an object. Student answers will vary concerning the chemical properties of objects. In the case of a wooden ruler, some of its chemical properties include the fact that it is flammable and is made of wood.

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Blackline Master #9: Finding Density of Unknown Substances Answers will vary depending on the size of the objects given out to the students, but a modified example is provided below. Data Table Object

Mass (Weight)

Volume in container before object

Volume in container after object

Volume of object

Density (Density = Mass/Volume)

Composition of object

nail

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

7.9 gr/cm3

iron

cork

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

7.24 gr/cm3

cork

sugar

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

1.6 gr/cm3

sugar

white rock Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

2.6 gr/cm3

quartz

wire

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

Answers will vary

8.9 gr/cm3

copper

Answers will vary

Conclusion: Students may have encountered difficulties in using scales or balances to calculate the mass (weight) of objects. They may also have encountered difficulties calculating volume via displacement or via the mathematical equation for volume. Measurements could be made more precise by using a more sophisticated scale or balance. Other tests of the physical properties of the objects could be administered such as color, taste, texture, etc. The chemical properties of the objects could be administered, although these are often more difficult to carry out. Blackline Master #10: Post- Test 1. matter 2. taste, see 3. flammability, reactivity. 4. color, odor, shape, texture 5. mass 6. A person weighs less on the moon than on earth because the moon has less gravitational pull than earth. 16

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7. The mass of an object is the same on the moon as it is on earth. 8. Displacement is measured by submerging an object in water and then identifying the amount of water that moves up. 9. 71 ml 10. Volume is calculated by multiplying length x height x wieght. 11. 350 cubic centimeters 12. Density is measured by dividing mass by volume. 13. 2.5 grams/cubic centimeters Properties of Matter Script of Narration Everywhere you look you see objects. You see objects with different shapes and different colors. All these things consist of matter. Matter is the substance from which all living things are made. Plants are made of matter Animals like these fish are made of matter Matter is also the substance which non-living things, such as the rocks in this mountain are made. Buildings and cars are made of matter and this plane is made of matter. Water is made of matter. Even the air we breathe is made of matter There are thousands of different kinds of objects in the world - all made up of matter. During the next few minutes we are going to explore the many different characteristics of matter. First, what is matter? Matter is anything that takes up space. Solid objects like this tractor are made of matter Liquid, like water in this river, is also made of matter. And gas filling up this balloon is made of matter. Even people are made of matter Everything we touch, taste, and see is made of matter As we have seen, there are many different types of matter. There are many ways to describe it as well. Different types of matter have different characteristics or properties. A property is a trait or characteristic of matter. Matter can be described by its properties. For example, this ball can be described as being round, blue, rubbery, and smooth - to name just a few properties. Matter has two kinds of properties - chemical properties and physical properties. Chemical properties describe how matter changes into other new matter. Let's take a common substance - wood that comes from trees. 17

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Throughout the world wood is cut and used for cooking and heat. That is because wood has the chemical property called flammability. Flammability is the ability of an object to burn Many types of matter have the ability to react with other matter. This is called reactivity. For instance, when vinegar is added to baking soda a reaction takes place. Physical properties are the outwardly observable characteristics of matter. You can see, touch or taste physical properties. Let us see what physical properties we can observe in this piece of rock called marble. Marble is a rock that is taken from the ground in quarries like this one. It is used in making buildings and is useful in household items and is important in making many products like paint. Marble has many physical properties, some of which we will discuss in a few moments. One of the most obvious physical properties of solid matter is color. This piece of marble has a light, whitish color. Leaves on these trees have a green color. This cow is black and white and these pumpkins are orange. Odor or smell is another physical property of matter. For example, this gasoline has a strong odor, many flowers have a sweet odor, and many objects like our piece of marble have no odor at all. Shape is another physical property of matter. Liquids do not have a definite shape and take on the shape of the container. Whereas solids like this egg have an oval shape, and other objects like these floating pieces of ice have an irregular shape. Our piece of marble once had an irregular shap, but now it has a regular shape called a cube. Texture is a physical property that describes how rough or smooth an object is. Some objects like this bark on a tree are rough, whereas these silk scarves have a soft, smooth texture. Color, shape, odor, and texture are just a few physical properties. Mass and weight are other physical properties that we will now consider. Here is a tricky question so think carefully - What weighs more, a kilogram of feathers or a kilogram of rock? If you said neither, and that they both weigh the same, then you are not easily fooled. Even though these two types of matter weigh the same, they are quite different from each other . Let's see how. Mass is a physical characteristic of matter. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. Different objects have different amounts of mass. Weight is another physical property. Weight and mass are not the same thing. Weight is a measure of mass. While the mass of an object can stay constant its weight can change. Weight is the force of an object due to the gravitational pull of the planet. For example, the weight of a person on earth is much greater than the 18

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same person on the moon because the gravitational pull on the moon is much less. Even though the person's weight changes his mass stays the same. The weight of objects is most commonly measured on a scale or balance. The metric system uses kilograms and grams to measure weight. In our example of the feather and rock - they have the same weight of about kilogram. So what makes them different? While they have the same weight they have different volumes. Volume is the amount of space something takes up. Solids such as these crystals, liquids such as this glass of juic, and gases like this propane burning on this stove all have volume. All matter has volume - in other words all matter takes up space. There are different ways to measure volume, depending on whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas we want to measure. Liquid, like this milk is measured out in containers using units of milliliters, whereas in the laboratory, beakers or graduated cylinders are commonly used. Gases are measured by weight with different containers that measure gas in cubic centimeters or by weight. The volume of solids can be measured in a couple of different ways. For solids with a regular shape like our piece of marble the volume can be computed using a ruler and doing some simple calculations. Volume equals length times height times width With our piece of marble the length is 6.7 cm., the height is 7.5 cm., and the width is 7.5 cm. These are then multiplied to get a volume of 376.9 cm3 This method works well with regularly shaped solids, but what about irregularly shaped solids like this rabbit figurine that is difficult to measure with a ruler? Displacement is a method for measuring volume of irregularly shaped solids. For example, when you put your hand into a beaker of water watch what happens to the water in the glass - it goes up or displaces. Displacement involves submerging an object in water and then identifying the amount of water that moves up or displaces. To compute the volume of an object using displacement, first it is necessary to read the initial amount of water in a beaker and record it. The value reads 150 ml. Then the object is placed under the water so the water rises. You can see the new level of the water is 175 ml. The initial amount of water is then subtracted from the new value to get the amount of space or volume that the figurine took up in the water to get a value of 25 ml. You may be wondering why the units of volume for the piece of marble were in cubic centimeters, and the units for the rabbit figurine were in milliliters This is the beauty of the metric system, 1 milliliter of water = 1 cubic centimeter of water To prove this, let's look at a cubic centime19

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ter. See how its length, height, and width are one centimeter. If we multiply the length by the height then by the width we get onecubic centimeter This is an actual representation of a cubic centimeter You can see here that one cubic centimeter is equivalent to one milliliter of water Going back to our feathers, they have an uncompressed volume of 16,000 cubic centimeters. The rock and feathers weighed the same, but the feathers had a much greater volume. You may be wondering what causes this difference? It is the same principle that causes some objects like this rock to sink in water and cause other objects like this log to float. The difference between the two has to do with their density. Density is the amount of matter per unit of volume. Different objects have different densities. For example, most metals, like this piece of lead have a high density. Whereas gas has a low density.Density can be calculated using the equation Density equals Mass divided by Volume With our piece of marble, we found the mass to be 1000 grams and the volume to be 376.9 cm3 by dividing the mass by the volume we get a density of 2.65 gr./cm3 Do you think the density of the feathers will be greater or less than the density of the piece of marble? Let's do the math. We know the feathers weigh 1000 grams and the volume is 16,000 milliliters. By dividing the mass by the volume we get a density of .06 grams per cubic centimeter. As you can see, the feathers have a lower density than the marble. In other words, the marble has more mass per unit of volume. During the past few minutes we have explored some of the chemical properties of matter such as flammability and reactivity. We also explored some of the physical properties of matter including color, odor, texture and shape as well as mass, volume, and density. These are just some of the many properties of matter Next time you get a chance -- try to identify some of the properties of matter in your surroundings -- you just might be surprised at what you find. Fill in the blank with the correct word when you hear this tone. Good luck and let’s get started. 1. Anything that takes up space is made of ____________. 2. A ______ is a characteristic of matter. 3. ________ properties describe how mater changes into new matter. 4. Color, shape, and texture are __________ properties. 5. ______ is the amount of matter in an object. 6. The weight of objects is commonly measured on a _______. 7. _________ is the amount of space something takes up. 8. Volume can be measured in milliliters or _____ centimeters. 9. _______ is the amount of matter per unit of volume. 10. Density equals mass divided by ________. 20

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PROPERTIES OF MATTER from Physical Science Series Cat. No. 2337 ISBN No. 1-56007-770-0

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